英语作文指导

nullGuidance of English WritingGuidance of English WritingYiyong-jiang Golden Audit College英语作文指导英语作文指导I. 英语写作基础知识 II. 英语常用写作方法 III. 英语常用句型功能 IV. 英语写作背诵200句 V. 英语考级范文50篇I. 英语写作基础知识I. 英语写作基础知识1.英语作文的基本结构 文章由段落构成，而段落的基本结构由主题句、支撑句和结尾句构成。英语考级作文通常采用三段论模式，即：开头段（Introduction）、主体段（Body Paragraph）和结尾段（Conclusion） 1) 开头段：一般不长，几句话就能达整篇文章的主题或中心论点.开头精彩能抓住读者.I. 英语写作基础知识I. 英语写作基础知识2) 主体段:写作方法多种多样.不同的方法需要不同的组织形式,因此动笔前要根据内容要求选择恰当的方法,然后确定相应的结构模式.思路要清晰明了,语言要生动流畅. 3) 结尾段: 注意与开头段提出的主题或论点形成呼应,使读者感觉全文论述完整,圆满结束.好的文章结尾应该起到”画龙点睛”的作用.I. 英语写作基础知识I. 英语写作基础知识2. 英语基本句子结构和类型 1) 简单句基本结构： S+V 主谓结构 S+V +P 主系表结构 S+V+O 主谓宾结构 S+V+O1+O2 主谓双宾结构 S+V+O+C 主谓宾补结构 There+Be+S there+be结构I. 英语写作基础知识I. 英语写作基础知识They listened carefully. The flowers smell sweet and nice. He suffered from cold and hunger. My ink has run out. He seem interested in the book. The story sounds interesting. China belongs to the third world country. He has grown taller than before.I. 英语写作基础知识I. 英语写作基础知识Have you read the story? They have taken good care of the children. He asked me a question. He offered me his seat. They deprived him of his right to speak. They robbed the old man of his money.I. 英语作文基础知识I. 英语作文基础知识They made the girl angry. They felt the car moving fast. I heard the glass broken just now. I saw him come in and go out. There exist some new problems such as being dishonest. There are many ways to solve the tuition and fees of college education.I. 英语写作基础知识I. 英语写作基础知识3.基本句子类型(Types of Sentences) According to their use, sentences are Declarative Sentence 陈述句 Interrogative Sentence 疑问句 Imperative Sentence 祈使句 Exclamatory Sentence 感叹句I. 英语写作基础知识I. 英语写作基础知识According to their structure, four categories can be divided: Simple Sentence 简单句 Compound Sentence 并列句 Complex Sentence 复杂句 Compound-complex Sentence 并列复合句I. 英语写作基础知识I. 英语写作基础知识What has happened here？ Man holds in his mortal hands the power to abolish all forms of human poverty and all forms of human life. Mary majors in English; Tim majors in Economics. Although the shop sold some bargains, I didn’t buy what I didn’t need.I. 英语写作基础知识I. 英语写作基础知识The heavy rain started suddenly, so we had to cancel all the outdoor activities. The government took some effective measures to purify the air, because the air pollution became serious. When an examination is approaching, some students begin to study harder than before, and other students still keep their usual attitudes towards it.I. 英语写作基础知识I. 英语写作基础知识Helen hated overtime work, because the boss was mean with the overtime pay and it made her very tired. whenI returned to school after a long absence, the warm-hearted English teacher helped me with my make-up work, but the cold-hearted Physics teacher made me flunk.I. 英语写作基础知识I. 英语写作基础知识松散句(Loose sentence) A loose sentence puts the main idea before all unimportant information. In other words, it puts the more important things first to let the reader know what it is mainly about when he has read the first few words.I. 英语写作基础知识I. 英语写作基础知识圆周句(Periodic sentence) The reverse arrangement makes a periodic sentence: the main idea is expressed at or near the end of it, and it is not grammatically complete until the end is reached. The reader does not know what it is mainly about until he finishes reading it. I. 英语写作基础知识I. 英语写作基础知识Compare: The scientist was offered a long-term professional contract after he won the Nobel Prize in Medicine, according to the newspaper reports. According to the newspaper reports, after he won the Nobel Prize in Medicine, the scientist was offered a long-term professional contract.I. 英语写作基础知识I. 英语写作基础知识Short and long sentences A short sentence is usually emphatic and powerful, whereas a long sentence is capable of expressing complex ideas with precision, because it may contain many modifiers. Short sentences are suitable for the presentation of important facts and ideas, and long sentences for the explanation and illustration of views and theories, or the description with many details.I. 英语写作基础知识I. 英语写作基础知识He crouched a little, spreading his hand under the water and moving them round, trying to feel for her. The dead cold pond swayed upon his chest. He moved again, a little deeper, and again, with his hands underneath, he felt all around under the water. And he touched her clothing. But it evaded his fingers. He made a desperate effort to grasp it.I. 英语写作基础知识I. 英语写作基础知识…upon the valance curtains of faded rose colour, upon the rose-shaded light, upon the dressing table, upon the delicate array of crystal and the man’s toilet things backed with tarnished silver, silver so tarnished that the monogram was obscured. Among them lay a collar and tie, as they had just been removed, which, lifted, left upon the surface a pale crescent in the dust. Upon a chair hung the suit , carefully folded; beneath it the two mute shoes and the discarded socks. The man himself lay in the bed.II. 英语常用写作方法II. 英语常用写作方法常用写作方法(一）： 对立法 文章开头引出对要讨论的问题的不同看法，然后提出作者的看法。多用于有争议性的主题。 1. When asked about..., the vast / overwhelming majority of（/most / many / quite a few） people say / think / believe / answer that.... But other people regard / view / see / think of.. . as.... I think /view quite a bit differently. 常用写作方法(一）： 对立法常用写作方法(一）： 对立法1.1 When asked about the biggest problem today, many people say that it is the serious energy crisis. They are afraid that the world will soon run out of oil and run short of food. But other people hold optimistic views: they regard it as a natural result of the economic development and believe it will be only solved with further advances in economy and technology. 常用写作方法(一）： 对立法常用写作方法(一）： 对立法当问起世界上现在最大的问题是什么，许多人说是严重的能源危机。他们担心人类不久会用完石油、发生食品短缺！但有些人则持乐观的看法。他们把能源危机看成是经济发展的自然结果，而且只有随着经济和技术的进一步发展才能得以解决。 常用写作方法(一）： 对立法常用写作方法(一）： 对立法1.2 When asked what kind of career they will pursue upon graduation, most college students say that they would choose a job which will bring them lot of money and a conformable life. Working in a big bank or company is what they desire. But I think quite differently. I would prefer a career which will help realize my potentials. 常用写作方法(一）： 对立法常用写作方法(一）： 对立法 当问起毕业后干什么，大多数大学生说，他们会找一个能给他们带来许多钱和舒适生活的工作。在一家大银行或大的公司里工作。这是他们所向往的。但是我的想法大不相同。我要选择一个能够发挥我的才能的职业。 常用写作方法(一）： 对立法常用写作方法(一）： 对立法2 . When It comes to..., some people think / believe that.... // Others argue / claim that the opposite / reverse is true. // There Is probably some truth in both arguments /statements , but.... 2.1 When it comes to international sport such as the Olympic Games and the World Cup soccer game, some people believe that it creates goodwill between the nations and that if countries play games together they will learn to live together.常用写作方法(一）： 对立法常用写作方法(一）： 对立法Others say that the opposite is true: that international contests encourage false national pride and lead in misunderstanding and hatred. There is probably a little bit of truth in both arguments, but in recent years the Olympic Games have done little to support the view that sports encourage international brotherhood. null当说到国际体育比赛，诸如奥林匹克运动会和世界杯足球赛，有些人认为它能增进国与国之间的友善。如果许多国家在一起比赛交流， 他们就会知道怎么一起生活。但另一些人则持相反的观点。他们认为国际体育竞赛只会造成虚假的民族自豪感，导致相互间的误解和仇恨. 这两种观点可能都有点道理，但是从最近几年的奥林匹克运动会来看，很少能证明体育运动可以增进国与国之间的友好感情。 常用写作方法(一）： 对立法常用写作方法(一）： 对立法 2.2 In the last decades, advances in medical technology have made it possible for people to live longer than in the past. Yet when it comes to the desirability of extending the life of the terminally ill, some people, including some doctors, say that the quality of life is as important as life itself, and that people should in be forced to go on living when the conditions of life have become unbearable. 常用写作方法(一）： 对立法常用写作方法(一）： 对立法They argue that people should be to die. However, those who are in favor of life-extending measures argue that life under any circumstances is better than death and that the duty of doctors is always to extend life as long as possible. There is probably some truth on both sides, but recently the public clamor for the legalization of allowed to die with dignity and decide when they want voluntary euthanasia seem increasingly strong. 常用写作方法(一）： 对立法常用写作方法(一）： 对立法 在最近几十年，医学技术的进步使得人类有可能比过去活得长了。但是当论及延长一个无可挽救、濒临死亡的人的生命是否必要时，有些人，包括有些医生认为生命的质量和生命本身同样重要；当病情已变得不堪忍受了，就不应迫使这些人再活下去。他们坚持说应允许一个人尊严地死去，允许他们决定什么时候死。但是赞成采取延长生命的方法的人认为在任何情况下生总比死好；一个医生的责任就是尽可能延长一个人的生命。或许双方都有点道理，但是最近公众要求对自愿安乐死合法化的呼声似乎越来越高。 常用写作方法(一）： 对立法常用写作方法(一）： 对立法3. There is a public (general / much) debate /discussion /controversy today / nowadays on (about /over /as to)the problem (issue of.... ) // Those who criticize /oppose / object to ... contend / argue that. //...They believe that .... // But people who advocate /favor ..., on the other hand, maintain / assert that.... 常用写作方法(一）： 对立法常用写作方法(一）： 对立法3.1 There is much discussion today about whether fast economic growth is desirable. Those who criticize economic growth argue that we must slow down. They believe that society is approaching certain limits on growth. These include the fixed supply of natural resources, and the possible negative effects of industry on the natural environment. People who want more economic growth, on the other hand, argue that even at the present growth rate, there are still many poor people.常用写作方法(一）： 对立法常用写作方法(一）： 对立法They maintain that only continued growth can create the capital needed to improve the quality of life and provide the financial resources required to protect our natural surroundings from industrialization. 现在围绕快速的经济发展是否应该正展开一场热烈的讨论。那些持反对意见者认为我们必须放慢发展速度。他们说发展已接近某种极限！这其中包括有限的自然资源供应和工业对环境造成的消极影响。然而要求更快发展的人则认为，即使按目前的发展速度还是有许多穷人。他们认为经济的持续快速发展才能创造提高生活质量所必需的资本，才能提供用来保护环境不受工业化破坏的资金。 常用写作方法(一）： 对立法常用写作方法(一）： 对立法 3.2 There is a general debate on the campus today over the phenomenon of college students' doing a part-time job. Those who object to it argue that students should not spend their precious time in this way. But people who advocate it, on the other hand, claim that, by taking a major-related part-time job or summer job, students can not only improve their academic studies, but gain much experience, experience they will never be able to get from the textbooks. 常用写作方法(一）： 对立法常用写作方法(一）： 对立法关于大学生打工这一现象，校园里正展开一场讨论。反对大学生打工的人指出大学生不应该把宝贵的时间花在这上面。然而赞成者则认为, 通过从事一些与专业有关的工作，可以提高学生的学习，还可获得到书本上得不到的许多。 常用写作方法(一）： 对立法常用写作方法(一）： 对立法4. Now, It is commonly / generally / widely believed / thought /held / accepted / felt / recognized /acknowledged that.... // They claim /believe /argue that .... // But I wonder /doubt whether ... 4.1 It is commonly believed that the rise in teenage smoking is the inevitable result of economic development. 常用写作方法(一）： 对立法常用写作方法(一）： 对立法They argue that if there are no cigarette advertisement on TV, no cigarettes available everywhere, and no adequate pocket money, teenagers are unlikely to take up the habit of smoking. But I doubt that it is a satisfactory explanation. While conceding the effect of advertising and other commercial factors, I think that the primary cause is social and individual rather than economic.常用写作方法(一）： 对立法常用写作方法(一）： 对立法人们普遍认为青少年吸烟人数上升是经济发展不可避免的结果。他们认为：如果电视上没有香烟广告，香烟不是到处可买得到，孩子的 零用钱不是很多的话，青少年不太可能染上吸烟的习惯。但我怀疑这是否是一个满意的解释。虽然有广告和其它商业因素的影响，我认为 主要原因是社会和个人因素而不是经济上的。 常用写作方法(一）： 对立法常用写作方法(一）： 对立法4.2 It is widely felt that there is a fear plainly uppermost in the minds of most people today. They are afraid of the future, and if you ask them why, they conveniently blame the atomic bomb. But I suspect that the nuclear weapon is only the scapegoat for our fears. 常用写作方法(一）： 对立法常用写作方法(一）： 对立法We are not afraid of the future because of a bomb. We are afraid of bombs because we have no faith in the future. I believe people no longer have faith in our ability to control our own future. 人们普遍感到现在大多数人明显地有一种恐惧感。他们怕将来。如果问他们为什么怕，他们会很随意地怪原子弹。但我怀疑，核武器不过是我们害怕的替罪羊。我们怕将来不是因为有了原子弹，说我们怕原子禅，实际上是对未来没有信心。我认为人们对自己是否有能力控制 将来已丧失信心。常用写作方法(一）： 对立法常用写作方法(一）： 对立法5 To the general public / To most people / In the popular mind / In most people's opinion .... // But despite / in spite of / for all .... // I believe..../ one should ... 5.1 In the popular mind, it is immediately assumed that when morals are discussed, it is sexual morals that are meant.常用写作方法(一）： 对立法常用写作方法(一）： 对立法The morals of salesmen, doctors, and taxi drivers are only moderately interesting to the general public, while the relations between men and women are frequent themes in novels and movies, themes which no amount of repetition makes stale. Yet in spite of this immense preoccupation with sex, much attention should be drawn to the general moral standards. null当讨论起道德问题时，大多数人会立即认为是指性道德。一方面售货员、医生和出租车司机的职业道德不大为公众所关心，而另一方面男女间的关系却是小说和电影中经常出现的主题，再怎么不断重复也不会失去其新鲜感。因此尽管人们对性的题目津津乐道，我认为应注意整个道德水平。 常用写作方法(一）： 对立法常用写作方法(一）： 对立法5.2 To most Chinese parents, college is a place their children should go. And their children, for the most part, are also anxious to go. It is in Chinese tradition that there is something about a college that transfers an ordinary child into a superior adult. But in spite of this belief, men and women who have been to college suspect that this is not the case. 常用写作方法(一）： 对立法常用写作方法(一）： 对立法大多数中国父母看来，大学是他们的子女应该去的地方。而他们的孩子在大多数情况下也渴望上大学。中国的传统观点是大学能把一个普普通通的孩子培养成一个超人一等的人。但是尽管人们有这个观点，凡是读过大学的人却认为情况并非如此。 常用写作方法(一）： 对立法常用写作方法(一）： 对立法6. Now a lot of / the majority of / many / most people believe / think / feel that.... But although / Admittedly, ... there is no / little evidence that it is questioned /doubted ... 6.1 A lot of people believe that television has a harmful effect on children. A few years ago, the same criticisms were made of the cinema.常用写作方法(一）： 对立法常用写作方法(一）： 对立法But although child psychologists have spent a great deal of time studying this problem, there is not much evidence that television brings about juvenile delinquency.许多人都认为电视会给孩子带来危害。前几年，对电影也有类似的指责。然而尽管青少年心理学者花了许多时间来研究这个问题，却很少有证据表明电视造成了青少年犯罪。常用写作方法(一）： 对立法常用写作方法(一）： 对立法6.2 Most people believe that our society of consumption creates the greatest happiness for the greatest number. Although this view is widely held, there is little evidence that Money brings about happiness. Instead, we find our present way of life leads to increasing anxiety, helplessness, and, eventually, to the disintegration of our culture. I refuse to identify consumption with joy and fun with happiness. 常用写作方法(一）： 对立法常用写作方法(一）： 对立法许多人认为，我们这个消费社会给绝大多数人带来了最大的幸福。尽管人们普遍这样认为，却很少有证据表明钱能给人带来幸福。相反，我们发现，现在的全活方式使人越来越感到焦虑不安，孤立无援，最终导致我们文化的崩溃。我不认为消费就是快乐，玩乐就是幸福。常用写作方法(一）： 对立法常用写作方法(一）： 对立法 6.3 There is some feeling nowadays that reading is not as necessary as it once was. Radio and especially television have taken over many of the functions once served by print. Admittedly, television serves some of these functions extremely well; the visual communication of news events, for example, has enormous impact. The ability of radio to give us information while we are engaged in doing other things --- for instance, driving a car --- is remarkable, and a great saving of time. 常用写作方法(一）： 对立法常用写作方法(一）： 对立法But it may be seriously questioned whether the advent of modern communications media has much enhanced our intellectual skills. 现在有些人觉得，阅读没有像过去那样有必要了。无线电广播，尤其电视已代替了曾经由印刷所起的许多作用。确实，电视极好地发挥了其中的一些功能，如新闻通过图像来传送有很大的影响。无线电广播能使我们边干事，如开车，边收听消息，真是了不起，且可节约许多时间。但是人们或许会认真发问，这些现代传播媒体的出现是否已提高了我们的知识技能。 常用写作方法(一）： 对立法常用写作方法(一）： 对立法7 .... In reaction / response / answer to the event/ phenomenon / idea / question, some people say / think .... But do they realize...? 7.1 Now most people get their news and information about the things that are happening at home and abroad from television. They believe the things 常用写作方法(一）： 对立法常用写作方法(一）： 对立法they hear and see on television. Probably most of the information is true, and we can believe it. But shall we always believe the information which television gives us? Do we never suspect that the given information might be slanted, distorted or the truth totally denied? 常用写作方法(一）： 对立法常用写作方法(一）： 对立法现在大多数人都是从电视上知道国内外发生的事和新闻的。他们都相信在电视上看到和听到的事。大多数消息可能是真的，我们能相信。但是我们是否总是要相信电视给我们的消息呢？难道我们从不怀疑所给的消息可能有偏见，或已歪曲了，或真相已被彻底隐瞒了？ 常用写作方法(一）： 对立法常用写作方法(一）： 对立法7.2 In the past few years big business has fallen to a low level in public esteem. A recent Gallup poll shows that big business came in last, in terms of the quality of the products, among all the enterprises which sell household appliances in Shanghai; at the top of the list were small business or business from small towns. 常用写作方法(一）： 对立法常用写作方法(一）： 对立法in response to the poll, many businessmen argue that this public attitude is due to the inadequacy of their advertising and can be cured by stepping up their advertising campaigns. They are only fooling themselves. Do they realize that the real problem for their loss of public respect is what they have been doing, not what they have been saying about themselves? 常用写作方法(一）： 对立法常用写作方法(一）： 对立法在过去几年里，大企业在公众中的信誉已下降到一个低水平。最近的盖洛普民意测验表明，就产品质量来说在上海出售家用电器的所有企业中，大企业位居榜末，而小企业或乡镇企业名列前茅。对此许多大企业人士认为公众的这种态度是由于广告宣传不够造成的，只要加大广告宣传声势，就会扭转局面。这是在自欺欺人。难道他们没有认识到失去公众信誉的真正问题在于他们所做的，而不是所说的？常用写作方法(一）： 对立法常用写作方法(一）： 对立法8 ... is a popular /widespread /common method /way of..., / but is it a fair /wise /reasonable one? The /Its method / way /values / wisdom is now being questioned /challenged by more and more people. 8.1 Throwing criminals in jail is an ancient and widespread method of punishment, but is it a wise one? 常用写作方法(一）： 对立法常用写作方法(一）： 对立法It does seem reasonable to keep wrongdoers in a place where they find fewer opportunities to hurt innocent people, and where they might discover that crime doesn't pay. The system has long been considered fair and sound by those who want to see the guilty punished and society protected. Yet the values of this form of justice is now being questioned by more and more people.null把罪犯丢进监狱是个古老又被广泛采用的惩罚方法。但这个方法是否明智？把做坏事的人关在一个地方，使他们没有机会再损害无辜的人，使他们感到犯罪划不来，似乎确实有道理。这种一直被那些希望罪恶得到惩罚，社会得到保护的人视为公平而有效。但是这种司法形式的合理性现在正受到越来越多的人的质疑。 常用写作方法(一）： 对立法常用写作方法(一）： 对立法8.2 Required class attendance, like an old custom, is so common in in Chinese colleges and universities that many teachers and even students themselves simply assume it is a good thing. But is it a wise method? It does contribute to the rise in the number of students attending class. 常用写作方法(一）： 对立法常用写作方法(一）： 对立法But is there any proven co-relation between attendance and performance in a course? The values of required attendance is now being questioned by more and more teachers and students. 上课点名制，如同一种古老习俗，在中国的大学里非常普遍，许多教师甚至学生自己都认为这种做法是对的。但这种方法是否明智？上课点名确实有助于学生出勤率的上升，但是到教室上课和这个学生在这门课上的学习表现，两者之间是否已证实有联系？上课点名制度的合理性已受到越来越多的教师和学生的怀疑。 常用写作方法(一）： 对立法常用写作方法(一）： 对立法9 These days we often hear about.... They claim / argue / say that.... But has is it? Close examination / analysis / scrutiny doesn't bear out the claim / argument. 9.1 These days we often hear about "the classless society". They say that all men are equal, and they can enjoy the same educational and job opportunities, and the distinction between rich and poor has lost. nullBut has it ? Close examination doesn't bear out the claim. 近来我们一直听到关于“无阶级社会”的说法。他们称人人平等他们都享受同等的教育机会和工作机会；穷人和富人的界限已经消失。果真如此吗？分析一下就证明这种观点站不住脚。 常用写作方法(一）： 对立法常用写作方法(一）： 对立法 9.2 These days I have heard many exasperated students and working adults alike express a strong desire to take an English course and a computer course. They believe that such knowledge will enhance their job opportunities or promotion opportunities. But will it? The information I've collected over last few years leads me to believe that this knowledge may be less useful than most people think. null这些日子我听到不少因学习或工作而感到痛苦的学生和工人表示要上英语课或电脑课的强烈愿望。他们认为这些知识会增加他们找工作、晋级的机会。是这样吗？从我最近几年得到的来看，我认为这些知识并不像大多数人认为的那么有用。 常用写作方法(一）： 对立法常用写作方法(一）： 对立法10 We are often shown /told these days that.... But is this really the case? 10.1 We are often told that technological know-how, acquired in exploring space, will be utilized to make life better on earth. Is this really the case? What has the space exploration done to relieve the su