中医诊断学复习资料

Deixis1.Timedeixis2.PersondeixisDeictic usagesNon-deicticusagesPre-emptiveness of Deictic WordsFactorsInfluencingChoicesbetweenDeicticandNon-deicticUsagesFirstpersondeixisSecondpersondeixisThirdpersondeixisBy陈静宜柳晨曦杨沁玉余昕钰袁邑婷张金张秦张玉梅张扬红Time Deixis .Time expressions can be used deicticly, when the speaker uses his own time of speaking as the reference time, or non—deicticly when the fixed time of an important event is used as the reference point of time. .Deictic Usages The following is an illustration of the time deixis in deictic uses, that is, the time of speaking is used as the reference point: A.Time adverbialsB.Deictic modifier + Non-deictic name (measure word)C.Tense of verbs (a grammatical category).A.Time adverbialsnow — the time point of speaking today yesterday — the day before that of speaking tomorrow— the day after that of speaking (two days)ago — (two days) before the time of speaking  Examples:  now, then, today, yesterday, tomorrow, soon, recently, two days ago, in three minutes, from now on, right away BACK.Examples:  this/that   morning/afternoon/week/month/year          next/last   Monday/January/February/decade/century B.Deictic modifier + Non-deictic name (measure word)子页３ABC主页MAIN.C.Tense of verbs (a grammatical category)ABCMAINExamples:  Mary is reading on the lakeside. (Happening at the time of speaking)I wrote a letter to him.(Happening before the time of speaking) I’m going to see the movie.(Happening after the time of speaking)  BACK.C.Tense of verbs (a grammatical category)ABCMAINAsarule,indeicticuseoftense,thetimeofspeakingisusedasthedeicticcenter.So,presenttenseisusedfortheeventhappeningat/duringthetimeofspeaking,pasttensefortheeventhappeningbeforethetimeofspeaking.However,thisruleissometimesviolatedinordertoachievepragmaticeffect.Thefollowingaretwotypicalexamplesofdeicticprojectionorfunctionalvariationoftenses.BACK.C.Tense of verbs (a grammatical category)ABCMAIN(a)HistoricalPresent:usingpresenttensetorefertopastevents,bringingthehistoricaleventclosertotheaddresseeandvividtolife.(b)SubjunctiveMood:Usepasttensetorefertotheeventsthatareimpossibletoberealizedorfarawayfromthereality.Examples:IfIwereyou,I…HadIarrivedalittleearlierattheairport…BACK.Non-Deictic Usages Whenthereferencepointoftimedeixisisafixedtimeoriginratherthanthetimeofspeaking,itisusednon-deicticly.Calendricusagesareexamplesofnon-deicticusages..Thefollowingaresomeexamplesofnon-deictictimeexpressions:Sept.15th,2005—Calendricuse(Nomatterbywhomitissaid,itreferstothesameyear)onThursday—Itmightrefertothesametimeperiodwhenspokenbydifferentspeakersatdifferentpointsoftimeofaweek;post-war(construction)—aftertheWorldWarII;.Pre-emptiveness of Deictic Words(指示语的先用性)1.Levinsonputsforwardthisviewpointin1983.2.Levinson points out, the deictic terms yesterday, today and tomorrow pre-empt the calendrical or absolute(non-deictic) expressions (e.g.onThursday)when referring to the same time entities.Thatis,whenyesterday, today and tomorrowcanbeusedthecalendricalexpressiononMonday,onTuesday…willnotbechosen.e.g.TodayisTuesday,one would not usually say(1)(2)(3)torespectivelyrefertothedaybefore,onoraftertheCT(codingtime—themomentofutterance):(1)HewenttothesupermarketonMonday.(yesterdayismorepreferredthanonMonday.)(2)HeisinthesupermarketonTuesday.(todayismorepreferredthanonTuesday.)(3)He’llgotothesupermarketonWednesday.(tomorrowismorepreferredthanonWednesday.).WhenutteredonTuesday,lastMondayrefersto“theMondayoflastweek”(Otherwise,yesterdayisused);nextWednesdayrefersto“theWednesdayofnextweek”(Otherwise,tomorrowisused);nextThursday,FridayorSaturdayisambiguous,whichmightrefertotheThursday,FridayorSaturdayofthesameweekorthenextweek.Similarly,whenutteredonFriday,lastMonday,TuesdayorWednesdayisambiguous,whichmightrefertotheMonday,TuesdayorWednesdayofthesameweekorthelastweek.Levinsonsaysthat“thispre-emptivenatureofpuredeicticwordsisageneraltendency:it…wouldbestrangetosayDoitat10:36insteadofDoitnow,whennowis10:36.”Levinsondoesnotdefinetheterm“puredeicticword”.Presumably,itreferstowordslikeI,you,now,today,yesterday,tomorrow,thereferenceofwhichentirelydependsonthespeechsituation.ButLevinsonnotesthathereseemstobeanexception,whichdoesnothavethepre-emptiveforcethoughitisapuredeicticword.OnecansayWuhaninsteadofhereifoneisinWuhan..FactorsInfluencingChoicesbetweenDeicticandNon-deicticUsages子页３1.Whethertochoosedeicticornon-deicticexpressionsoftimedependslargelyonthedistancebetweenthecodingtimeandtheexpressedtime.Generallyspeaking,theshorterthedistance,themorepossiblethechoiceofdeicticterms,andviceversa.Forexample,ifthecodingtimeisThursday,and(1).theexpressedtimeisthenextday,thentomorrowismorepreferabletoonFriday;(2).theexpressedtimeistwodayslaterthanthecodingtime,thenthedayaftertomorrowandonSaturdaymaybeequallypreferred;(3).theexpressedtimeisthreedayslaterthanthecodingtime,thenthenon-deictictermonSundaywillbemorefrequentlychosen.2.Whethertochoosedeicticornon-deicticexpressionsoftimealsodependsonformalityofthespeech.Themoreformalthespeech,thegreaterthepossibilitytousethenon-deicticexpressionsoftime,andviceversa..PersonDeixis.Persondeixisconcernstheencodingoftheroleofparticipantsinthespeecheventinwhichtheutteranceinquestionisdelivered:thecategoryfirstpersonisthegrammaticalizationofthespeaker’sreferencetohimself,secondpersonistheencodingofthespeaker’sreferencetooneormoreaddressees,andthirdpersontheencodingofthereferencetopersonsandentitieswhichareneitherspeakersnoraddresseesoftheutterance.Briefly,firstpersonisspeakerinclusion(+S)，secondpersonisaddresseeinclusion(+A),andthirdpersonisspeakerandaddresseeexclusion(-S,-A).Fromaboveanalysis,wecanseethirdpersonisquitedistinctfromfirstorsecondperson,inthatitdoesnotrefertoanyspecificparticipant-roleinthespeechevent..Inmanylanguages,therearetwovariantsoffirstperson“plural”pronouns,correspondingto“we-inclusive-of-addressee”and“we-exclusive-of-addressee”.ThisdistinctioncanbeseeninChinesefirstpersonpluralvariants“我们”and“咱们”.Forexamples:(a)你的动作太慢，我们先走了。(exclusiveoftheaddressee)(b)动作快点，不然我们/咱们又要迟到了。(inclusiveoftheaddressee)TheChinesenortherndialect“咱们”isusuallyusedtoincludeboththespeakerandtheaddressee;“我们”,however,maybeusedtoincludeorexcludetheaddressee,dependingonthecontext.FirstPersonDeixis.TheabovedistinctionisnotmanifestedinEnglishdirectly,butitisperhapsindirectly.Forexample,usinletusmayormaynotbeaddressee-inclusive,asin(a)and(b);usinthecontractionformlet’s,however,mustbeunderstoodasaddressee-inclusive,asin(c)—thatiswhy(d)isconsideredasunacceptable.(a)Letusdoittogether.(inclusiveoftheaddressee)(b)Letusknowthetimeofyourarrival.(exclusiveoftheaddressee)(c)Let’sgotothecinema.(inclusiveoftheaddressee)(d)Let’sgotoseeyoutomorrow.(unacceptable).InEnglish,weistheonlyformofthefirstpersonpluralpronouninnominativecase,sowhetheritisaddressee-inclusiveorexclusivedependsmuchonthecontext.Thesameutterancemightbeinterpretedindifferentwaysindifferentcontexts:eg.Wehaven’treceivedfromJohnforalongtime.WewouldbeunderstoodasinclusiveoftheaddresseeincaseamotheristalkingwithherhusbandabouttheirsonwhosenameisJohn,exclusiveoftheaddresseeincaseamotheristalkingwithherfriendaboutherownson..1stpersondeixiswithfunctionalvariation:(a)(Mothertochildren)咱们别闹了，我带你们出去玩。(1stpersonshiftedtoexpresstheaddressee:toshowintimacy)(b)我们说话得讲良心。(1stpersonshiftedtoexpresstheaddressee:tomakethecriticismlessdirect)(c)(Doctortopatient)Howarewefeelingtoday?(''We''usedtorefertotheaddressee:tobringthedistancecloser&makethepatientlessnervous)..SecondPersonDeixisInmodernEnglish,thesecondpersonpronounhasonlyoneform—you,forboththesingularandplural.Youmightbeuseddeicticly,referringtooneormorespecificaddresseeswhoseidentificationreliesmuchonthecontextinwhichthedeixisoccurs,asin(a)itmightalsobeusednon-deicticly(“genericyou”)withageneralreference,whichdoesnotrelysomuchontheconcretecontextforitsinterpretation,asin(b).(a)You,you,you,cometotheteacher’soffice,please.(deictic,withspecificreference)(b)Youcannotcountyourchickensbeforetheyarehatched.(non-deictic,withageneralreference).However,inmanyotherlanguagesthereisadistinctionbetweentheinformalandformal(honorific)formsofthesecondpersondeixis.Oneexampleisthedistinctionbetween“你”and“您”inChinese.Theinformal“你”ispreferredwhenaddressingsomebodyequalorlowerinstatusorrank,oraddressingsomebodymoreimportantoninformaloccasion.However,onformaloccasion,especiallywhentheaddresseeissomebodyolderorsuperiorinstatus,themoreformalandhonorificform“您”isabetterchoice.Thisformal(honoric)/informaldistinctioncanalsobeseeninthesecondpersondeixisofsomeotherlanguageslikevous&tuinFrench(Thepluralformvousisusedasanhonorificsubstituteforthesingulartu),Sie&duinGerman,Lei&tuinItalian,vous&tuinSpanish,Ye&thouinarchaicEnglish..Aspecialuseofthesecondpersondeixisistheuseofvocatives(呼语),whicharenounphrasesthatrefertotheaddressee.Vocativescanbefurtherdividedinto“calls”(or“summonses”)(呼唤语)and“addresses”(称呼语)accordingtotheirrespectivegesturalandsymbolicuse.Thegestural“calls”or“summonses”arenounphrasesusedtoarousetheattentionoftheaddressee(s)towhatistobesaidbythespeaker.Sotheynaturallyoccurintheinitialpositionofanutteranceoraconversation,andfunctionasindependentspeechacts,suchas:.(a)Mary,thereisalongdistancecallforyou.(b)Heyyou,youjuststeppedonmyfoot!Thesymbolic“addresses”,bycontrast,arenounphrasesusedtokeeptheattentionorinterestoftheaddresseewhohasalreadybeenreadyfororinvolvedintheconversationwiththespeaker,sotheyoftenoccurinmiddleorfinalpositionofanutteranceasaparenthesis,asin:(c)Theproblemis,Sir,wehavenomoreroomforyou...(d)WhatIwanttosayis,mychild,mumwillalwaysbesupportingyouItseemsthatalladdressescanbeusedassummonses,butnotallsummonsescanbeusedasaddresses.Take(b)and(c)asexamples,Sircanreplace''Heyyou''tosay''Sir,youjuststeppedonmyfoot”whereas''heyyou''cannotreplace''Sir''tosay“Theproblemis,heyyou,wehavenomoreroomforyou.”.ThirdPersonDeixisItisgenerallyunderstoodthatthirdpersonisdistinctfromfirstorsecondpersoninthatitdoesnotrefertoanyspecificparticipant-roleinvolvedinthespeechevent,orinBurling’swords,itis“speakerandaddresseeexclusion(-S,-A)”.Butinspecificcontexts,thirdpersondeixiscanalsoencodethereferencetopersonandentitywhichiseitherthespeakeroraddresseeoftheutterance.Thiscontextualreferenceandfunctionofthethirdpersondeixisistheconcernofpragmatics.Insomecommunicationsituations,thethirdpersondeixis,whichisanominalphrase,mightbeemployedtorefertothespeakerhimself/herselfortheaddressee,forexample:Mothertoherlittleson:“Comehere,Bill,tellMummywhatmademybabycry.”.Inthesetence,thethirdpersondeicticsMummyandmybaby,insubstitutionforthefirstpersonmeandthesecondpersonyou,refertothespeakerandaddresseerespectively.Suchuseofthirdpersoniscommonlyfoundinverbalexchangesbetweenparentsandchildrentoexpressthespeaker’stenderfeelingfortheaddresseeaswellastheirintimaterelationship(intimacy&care).Thisfunctionalvariationofthethirdpersondeixismayalsobefoundintelephoneconversation.Insteadof“I’mX”,asishabituallysaidinface-to-faceintroduction,thetelephoneinterlocutorsaresupposedtostarttheirconversationbysaying“ThisisX”or“Xisspeaking”,toindicatetheexistenceofadistance(physicalorpsychological)betweenthespeakerandtheunknownhearer..Moreexamplesofthirdpersondeicticswithfunctionalvariation:(a)(Wifetohusband)Wouldhishighnesslikesomecoffee?(Thirdpersonshiftedtoexpresstheaddressee:Tobehumorous,tomakecomplaint,toindicatedistance,toshowrespect,etc.)(b)(Mothertoherson)Somebodydidn’tcleanupafterhimself.(Thirdpersonshiftedtoexpresstheaddressee:tomakepotentialaccusationlessdirect)(c)Eachpersonhastocleanupafterhimself.(Thirdpersonshiftedtoexpresstheaddressee:tomakepotentiallypersonalissueseemlikeanimpersonalone).b.赵宏伟,尹立鑫.指示语先用现象的可及性阐释.北方工业大学学报，2007（6）c.Levinson 1983: Chapter 2: Deixis         陈治安, 彭宣维. 人称指示语研究 [J]. 外国语, 1994, (3).          张权. 试论指示词语的先用现象 [J]. 现代外语, 1994, (2).d.http://wenku.baidu.com/view/7433f50a7cd184254b35352d.htmla.曾江霞，王寒冰，邹涛.称呼语翻译及其人际功能等值.西南交通大学学报，2002年1期e.http://wenku.baidu.com/view/732a041e10a6f524ccbf85c3.htmlReferences:.Thankyou!.