限制非限制从句9

限制非限制性定语从句 　　1) 定语从句有限制性和非限制性两种。限制性定语从句是先行词不可缺少的部分，去掉它主句意思往往不明确；非限制性定语从句是先行词的附加说明，去掉了也不会影响主句的意思，它与主句之间通常用逗号分开，例如： 　　This is the house which we bought last month.　这是我们上个月买的那幢房子。（限制性） 　　The house, which we bought last month, is very nice.这幢房子很漂亮，是我们上个月买的。（非限制性） 　　2) 当先行词是专有名词或物主代词和指示代词所修饰时，其后的定语从句通常是非限制性的，例如： 　　Charles Smith, who was my former teacher, retired last year. 查理·史密斯去年退休了，他曾经是我的老师。 　　My house, which I bought last year, has got a lovely garden.　我去年买的的那幢房子带着个漂亮的花园。 　　This novel, which I have read three times, is very touching. 这本小说很动人，我已经读了三遍。 　　3) 非限制性定语从句还能将整个主句作为先行词, 对其进行修饰, 这时从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数，例如： 　　He seems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me. 他似乎没抓住我的意思，这使我心烦。 　　说明：关系代词that和关系副词why不能引导非限制性定语从句。 区别： 一、在句中作用不同 　　限制性定语从句对被修饰的先行词有限定制约作用，使该词的含义更具体，更明确。限制性定语从句不能被省略，否则句意就不完整。 非限制性定语从句与先行词关系不十分密切，只是对其作一些附加说明，不起限定制约作用。如果将非限制性定语从句省去，主句的意义仍然完整。 二、外在表现形式不同 　　限制性定语从句因与先行词关系密切，所以不可以用逗号将其与主句隔开；而非限制性定语从句与先行词关系不十分密切，所以可用逗号将其与主句隔开。 　　例 1. Do you remember the girl who taught us English？ 你还记得教我们英语的那个女孩吗？ 　　例 2. This is the place where he used to live. 　这就是他过去居住的地方。 　　例 3. Mr. Zhang， who came to see me yesterday， is an old friend of mine. 张先生昨天来看我，他是我的一位朋友。 　　例 4. We walked down the village street， where they were having market day. 　　我们沿着村里的大街向前走去，村民们正在那里赶集。 　　析：在前三个例句中，定语从句与先行词关系密切，为限制性定语从句，不可用逗号将其与主句隔开。在后两个例句中，定语从句与先行词关系不密切，为非限制性定语从句，可用逗号将其与主句隔开。 三、先行词内容有所不同 　　大多数限制性和非限制性定语从句的先行词往往为某一个词或短语，而特殊情况下非限制性定语从句的先行词也可为整个主句，此时非限制性定语从句常由 which 引导。 1. A middle-aged woman killed her husband， which frightened me very much. 一个中年女子杀害了自己的丈夫，这令我十分恐惧。 析：由语境可知，令“我”恐惧的内容应为“中年女子杀害了自己的丈夫”这整个一件事，因此先行词为整个主句，此时应由 which 引导定语从句。 　 2. A five-year-old boy can speak two foreign languages， which surprises all the people present. 　　一个五岁男孩会讲两门外语，这令所有在场的人感到非常惊讶。 　析：由语境可知，令所有在场的人感到惊讶的内容是“一个五岁男孩会讲两门外语”这整个一件事，因此先行词为整个主句，此时应由 which 引导非限制性定语从句。 四、关系词的使用情况有所不同 （一） that 不可用于引导非限制性定语从句 　所有关系代词和关系副词均可引导限制性定语从句，大多数关系代词和关系副词可引导非限制性定语从句，但 that 不可。 　　例 1. 他送给他母亲一台彩电作为生日礼物，这使她非常高兴。 　　误： He gave his mother a color TV set for her birthday， that pleased her a lot. 　　正： He gave his mother a color TV set for her birthday， which pleased her a lot. 　　值得注意的是，不少同学误认为只有 which 才能引导非限制性定语从句，这个观点是不正确的。使用非限制性定语从句时，如果先行词指人，则用 who ， which 或 whose 引导非限制性定语从句；先行词指物可用 which 引导非限制性定语从句；先行词表时间或地点且在从句中作时间状语或地点状语时，可用 when ， where 引导非限制性定语从句。 　1. We'll graduate in July， when we will be free. 我们将于七月份毕业，到那时我们就自由了。 　2. Last Sunday they reached Nanjing， where a conference was to be held. 他们上周日到达南京，有个会议要在那里举行。 （二）关系代词替代情况不同 　　关系代词 whom 在限制性定语从句中作宾语时可用 who 代替 whom ，但 whom 在非限制性定语从句中作宾语时不可用 who 来代替。 　　例 1. This is the girl whom\who\that I met in the street. 这是我在街上遇到的那个女孩。 　　析：先行词 the girl 在限制性定语从句中作宾语，可用 who 代替 whom . 　　例 2. A young man had a new girl friend， whom he wanted to impress. 　　一个年轻的小伙子新交了一个女朋友，他想给她留下深刻的印象。 　　析：先行词 a new girl friend 在非限制性定语从句中作宾语，不可用 who 代替 whom . 　　在限制性定语从句中，先行词指人时可用 that 代替 who/ whom ，但在非限制性定语从句中先行词指人时，不可用 that 代替 who/whom . 　　例：她有一个姐姐，她是教师。 　　误： She has a sister， that is a teacher. 　正： She has a sister， who is teacher. （三）关系代词省略情况不同 　　关系代词在限制性定语从句中作宾语时可以省去，非限制性定语从句的所有关系词均不可省。 　　例 1. This is the book （which/that） he lost yesterday. 这就是他昨天丢的那本书。 　　析：先行词 the book 在限制性定语从句中作宾语，关系代词 which 或 that 可以省略。 　　例 2. The book， which he lost yesterday， has been found. 　他昨天丢了这本书，但现在已找到了。 析：先行词 the book 在非限制性定语从句中作宾语，关系代词 which 不可省 一、as, which 非限定性定语从句 由as, which 引导的非限定性定语从句，as和which可代整个主句，相当于and this或and that。As一般放在句首，which在句中。 As we know, smoking is harmful to one's health. The sun heats the earth, which is very important to us.　　 典型例　 1）Alice received an invitation from her boss, ___came as a surprise. A. it　 B. that　 C. which　 　D. he 　 答案C. 此为非限定性从句，不能用 that修饰，而用which.，it 和he 都使后句成为句子，两个独立的句子不能单以逗号连接。况且选he句意不通。 2）The weather turned out to be very good, ___ was more than we could expect.  A. what　B. which　C. that　D. it 　 答案B。which可代替句子，用于非限定性定语从句，而what不可。That 不能用于非限定性定语从句，it不为连词，使由逗号连接的两个句子并在一起在英语语法上行不通。 3）It rained hard yesterday, ____ prevented me from going to the park.. A. that　B. which　　C. as　 D. it 　答案B. as 和which在引导非限制性定语从句时，这两个关系代词都指主句所表达的整个意思，且在定语从句中都可以作主语和宾语。但不同之处主要有两点： 　(1） as 引导的定语从句可置于句首，而which不可。 　(2） as 代表前面的整个主句并在从句中作主语时，从句中的谓语必须是系动词；若为行为动词，则从句中的关系代词只能用which.。 在本题中，prevent由于是行为动词，所以正确选项应为B。 二、As 的用法 例1. the same… as；such…as 中的as 是一种固定结构, 和……一样……。 　　 I have got into the same trouble as he (has). 例2. as可引导非限制性从句，常带有'正如'。 As was expected, he succeeded at last. 正如我们所料，他终于成功了。 I had coffee after dinner, as is my usual practice. 我饭后喝咖啡，这是我的习惯。 三、关系代词that 的用法 1）不用that的情况 　a) 在引导非限定性定语从句时。 (错)　The tree, that is four hundred years old, is very famous here. 　b) 介词后不能用。 　 We depend on the land from which we get our food. We depend on the land that/which we get our food from. 2) 只能用that作为定语从句的关系代词的情况 　　a)　在there be 句型中，只用that，不用which。 　　b)　在不定代词，如：anything, nothing, the one, all, much, few, any, little等作先行词时，只用that，不用which。 　　c)　先行词有the only, the very修饰时，只用that。　  　　d)　先行词为序数词、数词、形容词最高级时，只用that。. 　　e)　先行词既有人，又有物时。 举例：All that is needed is a supply of oil.  所需的只是供油问题。 　 Finally, the thief handed everything that he had stolen to the police.　 那贼最终把偷的全部东西交给了警察。 1. Don’t talk about such things of _______ you are not sure. A. which B. what C. as D. those 2. Is this the factory __________ you visited the other day? A. that B. where C. in which D. the one 3. Is this factory __________ some foreign friends visited last Friday? A. that B. where C. which D. the one 4. Is this the factory __________ he worked ten years ago? A. that B. where C. which D. the one 5. The wolves hid themselves in the places __________ couldn’t be found. A. that B. where C. in which D. in that 6. The freezing point is the temperature __________ water changes into ice. A. at which B. on that C. in which D. of what 7. This book will show you __________ can be used in other contexts.. A. how you have observed B. what you have observed C. that you have observed D. how that you have observed 8. The reason is __________ he is unable to operate the machine. A. because B. why C. that D. whether 9. I’ll tell you __________ he told me last week. A. all which B. that C. all that D. which 10. That tree, __________ branches are almost bare, is very old. A. whose B. of which C. in which D. on which 11. I have bought the same dress __________ she is wearing. A. as B. that C. which D. what 12. He failed in the examination, __________ made his father very angry. A. which B. it C. that D. what 13. We’re talking about the piano and the pianist _______ were in the concert we attended last night. A. which B. whom C. who D. that 14. The girl ________ an English song in the next room is Tom’s sister. A. who is singing B. is singing C. sang D. was singing 15. Those _______ not only from books but also through practice will succeed. A. learn B. who C. that learns D. who learn 16. Anyone ________ this opinion may speak out. A. that against B. that against C. who is against D. who are against 17. Didn’t you see the man ________? A. I nodded just now B. whom I nodded just now C. I nodded to him just now D. I nodded to just now 18. Can you lend me the novel ______ the other day? A. that you talked B. you talked about it C. which you talked with D. you talked about 19. Is there anything _______ to you? A. that is belonged B. that belongs C. that belong D. which belongs 20. ---- “How do you like the book?” ---- “It’s quite different from _______ I read last month.” A. that B. which C. the one D. the one what 21. Mr. Zhang gave the textbook to all the pupils except _______ who had already taken them. A. the ones B. ones C. some D. the others 22. The train _______ she was travelling was late. A. which B. where C. on which D. in that 23. He has lost the key to the drawer _______ the papers are kept. A. where B. in which C. under which D. which 24. Antarctic _______ we know very little is covered with thick ice all the year round. A. which B. where C. that D. about which 25. It’s the third time _______ late this month. A. that you arrived B. when you arrived C. that you’ve arrived D. when you’ve arrived 26. It was in 1969 _______ the American astronaut succeeded in landing on the moon. A. that B. which C. when D. in which 27. May the fourth is the day ______ we Chinese people will never forget. A. which B. when C. on which D. about which 28. We are going to spend the Spring Festival in Guangzhou, _______ live my grandparents and some relatives. A. which B. that C. who D. where 29. The hotel _______ during our holidays stands by the seaside. A. we stayed at B. where we stayed at C. we stayed D. in that we stayed 30. Is it in that factory _______ “Red Flag” cars are produced? A. in which B. where C. which D. that 1—5 AADBA 6—10 ABCCA 11—15 AADAD 16—20 CDDBC 21—25 ACBDC 26—30 AADAD 1. I,________ is your good friend, will of course try my best to help ________ you out. 2. He reached London in 1996,________ , some time later, he became a famous actor.  3. Mr Green will come to the party on Sunday, ________ he promised to every one of us. 4. The professor has two sons, both of ________ are teaching in the same university. 5. The film brought the hours back to me ________ I was taken good care of in that far away village 1. who 2. where 3. which 4. whom 5. when 二、选择填空（每小题1分，计16分） 16. Here are some flowers ________ you ________ our best wishes. A. to; for             B. for; with          C. of; to         D. from; to 17. All of the books, I think I prefer __. A. a Chinese B. some Chinese C. Chinese one D. a Chinese one 18. Remember to return the book to the school library in time, __ you will be fined(罚款). A. or B. and C. but D. then 19. —Did you have a good May Day holiday? —_________. I enjoyed myself with my family on the beach． A. I’m afraid not B. I’m not sure C. Of course D. I hope so 20. The young lady _____ we met yesterday is our new math teacher. A. what B. whose C. who D. which 21. No one can be sure______ in a million years. A.what man looks like B. what will man look like C. what man looked like D. what man will look like 22. Attention, please. The flight has to be __ because of the heavy rain. A. put on B. put off C. put away D. put up 23. The new bridge in Wenchuan __ last month. Now it’s easy to go to the city center. A. built B. was built C. has been built D. were built 24. My daughter wants a rabbit for long, but I have no time to buy__ for her. A. it B. one C. the one D. that 25.—Are you going to the picnic with us tonight? –Yes. —You won’t be late, __? A. should you B. will you C. don’t you D. can you 26. —I’m leaving for Disneyland for my summer vocation soon. —That’s nice. __. A. Never mind B. Have a good trip C. You’d better not D. I have known 27. Something smells __, you’d better clean your house often. A. good B. nice C. terrible D. terribly 28. __ years ago, very large animals called dinosaurs __ in some areas of the world. A. Many million, have been living B. Million, had lived C. Several millions of, are alive D. Millions of, lived 29. Shanghai World Expo(世博会) will open __ a __ time. A. in, year’s B. after, years C. in, years’ D. after, years’ 30. If the traffic light is red, you __ cross the road. It’s dangerous. A. don’t B. needn’t C. mustn’t D. wouldn’t 31. Wow! There are so many books. I really can’t decide __. A. where to buy B. which to buy C. what to buy D. how to buy 三、完形填空（每小题1分，计15分） All over the world people swim for fun. Swimming is enjoyed by people of 32 ages, from the very young to the very old. There are many places for people to swim in swimming pools. Many schools, hotels and clubs have swimming pools. Some people have pools of 33 in their yards. Swimming is one of 34 forms of exercise. It can 35 hearts and bodies strong. It can also help blood circulate(循环). Handicapped people can keep their bodies in better condition by swimming 36 they can't enjoy sports. 37 is a good idea for parents to see to it(务必做到) that their children learn to swim 38 an early age. So their children will 39 it for the rest of their lives. There are many rules for water safety. These rules can help save not only your life 40 the life of a friend. First of all, know 41 . Many schools 42 swimming lessons to children. Adults(成人) can learn to swim at public pools. 43 rule to remember is never to swim 44 . Always swim with a friend and know 45 in the water at all times. It is best to swim 46 in safe places if you are beginners. If every one learned to swim and obeyed the rules for water safety, most drawing(溺水) could be avoided. 32. A.all B. any C. some D. both 33.A.themselves B.their own C. theirs own D. their own’s 34.A.good B. better C. best D. the best 35.A.help B. let C. make D. show 36.A.though B. as C. so D. until 37.A.That B. There C. This D. It 38.A.over B. during C. at D. on 39.A.learn B. enjoy C. stop D.know 40.A.and aim B. still C.and yet D. but also 41.A.how to swim B. why swimming C. how swimming D. why to swim 42.A.have B. take C. give D. make 43.A.The other one B. Other C. An other D. Another 44.A.alone B. yourself C. lonely D. together 45.A.who what person is B. where that person is C. who is that person D. where is that person 46.A.nearly B. hardly C. almost D. only Young people and older people do not always agree. They sometimes have different ideas about living, working and playing. But in one special program in New York State, adults and teenagers live together in a friendly way. 　　Each summer 200 teenagers and 50 adults live together for eight weeks as members of a special work group. Everyone works several hours each day. They do so not just to keep busy but to find meaning and fun in work. Some teenagers work in the forests or on the farms near the village. Some learn to make things like tables and chairs and to build houses. The adults teach them these skills. 　　There are several free hours each day. Weekends are free, too. During the free hours some of the teenagers learn photo-taking or drawing. Others sit around and talk or sing. Each teenager chooses his own way to pass his free time. 　　When people live together, they should have rules. In this program the teenagers and the adults make the rules together. If someone breaks a rule, the problem goes before the whole group. They talk about it and ask, “Why did it happen? What should we do about it?” 　　One of the teenagers has said something about it, “You have to stop thinking only about yourself. You learn how to think about the group.” 47. In one special program in New York State, young and older people_______. 　A. don’t work well together                   B. are friendly to each other 　C. teach each other new ways of building houses 　D. spend eight weeks together, working as farmers 48. All the members work some time every day mainly to________. 　A. lead a busy life                           B. learn new skills of farming 　C. get used to the life on the farms   D. find useful things and pleasure in work 49. Living together, ________. 　A. the teenagers don’t have to obey the rules 　B. the members have to obey the rules the adults make 　C. the members have no free time but on weekends 　D. the members should not break the rules they make together 50.The best title for the passage is________. 　A. The Rules of Living Together B. Life in New York State 　C. Teenagers and Adults Together D. Free Hours in the Special Work Group　 66. It’s too dangerous to __________alone. 67. Jack is the __________of the five boys. 68. September is the __________ month of a year. 69. Sandy enjoys reading books and she has been to many__________. 70. Don’t forget to check your test paper__________before the exam is over. library tall carefully nine swim PAGE 4