新GRE写作（夏鹏）

nullGRE ANALYTICAL WRITINGGRE ANALYTICAL WRITING夏鹏 联系方式：人人网公共主页 夏鹏[正版] 新浪微博：夏鹏左派的温柔关于新GRE写作的几个重要概念关于新GRE写作的几个重要概念核心测试点：（OG P11）核心测试点：（OG P11）ISSUE目：ISSUE题目：针对一般性话题提出观点，包含如何就话题进行回应提出 明确的写作要求。 任务： 评估话题 考虑复杂性 推理和实例展开论证并支持自己的观点 ARGUMENT题目：ARGUMENT题目：依据具体题目要求对已有的论证进行评估。 任务： 论证是否符合逻辑 考试模式：考试模式：在所有GRE考试内容的第一项出现 Issue 30分钟 Argument 30分钟 所有AW的考题均出自于官方题库 www.ets.org/gre/revised/awtopics 每项满分6分，2012年开始启动e-rater计划课时分配课时分配Issue: 6节课 Language: 2节课 Argument: 2节课几个学生经常问到的问题几个学生经常问到的问题GRE写作需要准备多长时间GRE写作需要准备多长时间GRE写作用模板会怎样GRE写作用模板会怎样会死GRE写作需要背范文么GRE写作需要背范文么不GRE分数和字数有关系么GRE分数和字数有关系么没GRE借鉴别人的文章会被判抄袭么GRE借鉴别人的文章会被判抄袭么会网上有很多GRE写作的高频，要看么？网上有很多GRE写作的高频，要看么？这个可以有推荐几本GRE写作复习的参考书推荐几本GRE写作复习的参考书OG The Economist TIME 《民主的细节》 《重新发现社会》 Elements of Styles A People’s History of The United States 旧《GRE官方题库范文》上课如何听讲上课如何听讲鼓励录音回家听课间休息不答疑，有问题写纸条课间休息不答疑，有问题写纸条如何与老师互动互动提问的要求互动提问的要求不是你提的问题我都会回答，我回答的都是有意义的问题，不回答的问题，一般是没有什么意义的 如何避免提没有意义的问题如何避免提没有意义的问题认真听课，你的绝大多数问题，其实都在课上回答了。不要为了提问而提问 对于其他门派的复习问题，不回答 例如：我听XXX老师说要这样…… 对于情商不高的问题（挑战我思路的问题），基本不回答 例如：夏总，你这个点讲错了。 你这么宣扬美国民主，难道美国的民主制度就没有缺陷么？ 你为什么这么自大？ 如何避免GRE备考中出现自虐从而虐他的惨剧如何避免GRE备考中出现自虐从而虐他的惨剧不要钻牛角尖 ，很多问题是无解的 不要完美主义，你如果不能理解我的思路，索性就不要理解了 针对不会写的题目，请自我安慰：这个题不会考的，不会考的，不会的，不会的，夏总会保佑我的。 GRE考不好，还可以扫大街。Tomorrow is another day 面对自己的无知和无能的最为重要的社会底线，就是不要用自己的无知和无能去麻烦别人，即便你给了别人钱GRE写作有什么捷径GRE写作有什么捷径死磕那听新东方的课，或者说听你的课，对GRE提分帮助大么那听新东方的课，或者说听你的课，对GRE提分帮助大么不大那么可以退班么？那么可以退班么？试听期内 可以鼓励鼓励我，听完你讲的，我都绝望了鼓励鼓励我，听完你讲的，我都绝望了从绝望中寻希望，人生终将辉煌那你的课到底能帮助我们什么那你的课到底能帮助我们什么为成为一个合格的知识分子，打下最为基本的理性思维和人文关怀ISSUE的评分 ISSUE的评分标准 SCORING 6 SCORING 6 In addressing the specific task directions, a 6 response presents a cogent and well-articulated analysis of the issue and convey the meaning skillfully   Articulates a clear and insightful position on the issue in accordance with the assigned task Develops the position fully with compelling reason and/or persuasive examples Sustains a well-focused, well-organized analysis, connecting ideas logically Conveys ideas fluently and precisely, using effective vocabulary and sentence variety Demonstrates superior facility with the conventions of standard written English (grammar, usage, and mechanics) but may have minor errors 回忆一下回忆一下Style Language logicanalysis写作时要避免发生的情况 （SCORING 3及以下）写作时要避免发生的情况 （SCORING 3及以下）Vague or limited in addressing the specific task directions and/or in presenting or developing a position on the issue Weak in the use of relevant reasons or examples or relies largely on unsupported claims Limited in focus and/or organization Has problems in language and sentence structure that result in a lack of clarity Contains occasional major errors or frequent minor errors in grammar, usage or mechanics that can interfere with meaning 什么样的文章是3分以下什么样的文章是3分以下毛新宇范文分析范文分析6分范文分析6分范文分析As people rely more and more on technology to solve problems, the ability of humans to think for themselves will surely deteriorate. Discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the statement and explain your reasoning for the position you take. In developing and supporting your position, you should consider ways in which the statement might or might not hold true and explain how these considerations shape your position. nullThe statement linking technology negatively [立场明确] with free thinking plays on recent human experience over the past century. Surely [逻辑承接] there has been no time in history where the lived lives of people have changed [埋下伏笔] more dramatically. A quick reflection on a typical day [针对前文的change给出进一步扩展] reveals how technology has revolutionized [立场词] the world. Most people commute to work in an automobile that runs on an internal combustion engine. During the workday, chances are high that the employee will interact with a computer that processes information on silicon bridges that are .09 microns wide. Upon leaving home, family members will be reached through wireless networks that utilize satellites orbiting the earth[对于上文的typical day中technology如何revolutionized the world给出具体描述]. Each of these common occurrences could have been inconceivable at the turn of the 19th century[再次明立场]. 逻辑结构逻辑结构Technology changed human lifecarcomputerMobile phoneTechnology changed human lifestatementnullThe statement attempts to bridge these dramatic changes to a reduction in the ability for humans to think for themselves [重述题目]. The assumption [挖掘题目成立的逻辑前提] is that an increased reliance on technology negates the need for people to think creatively to solve previous quandaries. Looking back at the introduction, one could argue that without a car, computer, or mobile phone[与第一段出现的例子次序完全对应], the hypothetical worker would need to find alternate methods of transport, information processing and communication[再次对应]. Technology short circuits this thinking by making the problems obsolete[给出technology让人们思考能力下降的原因，sub-point].nullTechnology changed human lifecarcomputerMobile phoneTechnology changed human lifestatementnullHowever[逻辑转折], this reliance on technology does not necessarily preclude the creativity that marks the human species [重复转折法]. The prior examples reveal that technology allows for convenience. The car, computer and phone [一致性] all release additional time for people to live more efficiently. This efficiency [重复前词，顶真结构] does not preclude the need for humans to think for themselves.[树立对立观点] In fact, technology frees humanity to not only tackle new problems, but may itself create new issues that did not exist without technology[sub-point]. For example, the proliferation of automobiles has introduced a need for fuel conservation on a global scale. With increasing energy demands from emerging markets, global warming becomes a concern inconceivable to the horse-and-buggy generation[针对create new issue给出的具体事例]. Likewise[并行例子] dependence on oil has created nation-states that are not dependent on taxation, allowing ruling parties to oppress minority groups such as women. Solutions to these complex problems require the unfettered imaginations of maverick scientists and politiciansnull Rebuttal New issue raisedautomobileGlobal warmingoppressionNew issue raisednullIn contrast to the statement [逻辑词], we can even see how technology frees the human imagination[sub-point现象列举，证明technology frees human imagination].  Consider how the digital revolution and the advent of the internet has allowed for an unprecedented exchange of ideas. WebMD, a popular internet portal for medical information, permits patients to self research symptoms for a more informed doctor visit. This exercise opens pathways of thinking that were previously closed off to the medical layman [将例子回归主旨]. With increased interdisciplinary interactions, inspiration can arrive from the most surprising corners [再次现象列举]. Jeffrey Sachs, one of the architects of the UN Millenium Development Goals, based his ideas on emergency care triage techniques. The unlikely marriage of economics and medicine [对应前文中的interdisciplinary interactions] has healed tense, hyperinflation environments from South America to Eastern Europe.nullThis last example provides the most hope in how technology actually provides hope to the future of humanity.[sub-point] By increasing our reliance on technology, impossible goals [对hope to the future of humanity的进一步论述] can now be achieved.  Consider how the late 20th century witnessed the complete elimination of smallpox.[例证，对应impossible goals] This disease had ravaged the human race since prehistorical days, and yet with the technology of vaccines[technology的具体化], free thinking humans dared to imagine a world free of smallpox.  Using technology, battle plans were drawn out, and smallpox was systematically targeted and eradicated.nullnullTechnology will always mark the human experience, from the discovery of fire to the implementation of nanotechnology. Given the history of the human race, there will be no limit to the number of problems, both new and old, for us to tackle [对应之前的sub-point]. There is no need to retreat to a Luddite attitude to new things, but rather embrace a hopeful posture to the possibilities that technology provides for new avenues of human imagination. 整体文章结构整体文章结构Relied on tech, human fails to think creativelyTech changes human lifeCar/computer/ mobile phoneTech short circuits human thinkingNew issues arisenTech does not deteriorate human thinkingimaginationHope to humanityWebMDInterdisciplinarysmallpoxTech, in spite of some shortcomings, still boosts civilization forward GRE写作到底考什么GRE写作到底考什么GRE写作流程GRE写作流程null如何审题如何审题nullDiscuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the statement and explain your reasoning for the position you take. In developing and supporting your position, you should consider ways in which the statement might or might not hold true and explain how these considerations shape your position.文章结构文章结构nullDiscuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the recommendation and explain your reasoning for the position you take. In developing and supporting your position, describe specific circumstances in which adopting the recommendation would or would not be advantageous and explain how these examples shape your position.文章结构文章结构nullDiscuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the claim. In developing and supporting your position, be sure to address the most compelling reasons and/or examples that could be used to challenge your position. 文章结构文章结构nullDiscuss which view more closely aligns with your own position and explain your reasoning for the position you take. In developing and supporting your position, you should address both of the views presented.文章结构文章结构nullDiscuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the claim and reason, on which that claim is based.文章结构文章结构nullDiscuss your views on the policy and explain your reasoning for the position you take. I developing and supporting your position, you should consider the possible consequences of implementing the policy and explain how these consequences shape your position.文章结构文章结构审题就是梳理行文结构审题就是梳理行文结构逻辑形式逻辑形式null破题破题对于题目如何分解对于题目如何分解It is primarily in cities that a nation's cultural traditions are generated and preserved. Cities—rural areas Cultural traditions? Generated preserved进一步的逻辑层次进一步的逻辑层次Cultural traditionsgeneratedpreservedcitiesRural areas分解的思路分解的思路定义核心词 取反 第三种可能例题例题Some people claim that you can tell whether a nation is great by looking at the achievements of its rulers, artists, or scientists. Others argue that the surest indicator of a great nation is, in fact, the general welfare of all its people. Write a response in which you discuss which view more closely aligns with your own position and explain your reasoning for the position you take. In developing and supporting your position, you should address both of the views presented. GRE题材分类GRE题材分类存在论：主观意识与客观存在 认识论：人类的经验、知识、超验 时间性：历史观 道德论：人性—社会组织形式—政治 社会发展论：人性的物化 全球化浪潮 存在论存在论REALISM VS IDEALISMREALISM VS IDEALISM对于现实的妥协让人能够生存，而对于理想的追求能让人真正的生活 The compromise with reality makes people survive, but the pursuit of ideal makes people truly live. We are all in the gutters, but some of us are looking at the stars. ---Oscar Wilde例题 例题 Educational institutions should dissuade students from pursuing fields of study in which they are unlikely to succeed。 Write a response in which you discuss your views on the policy and explain your reasoning for the position you take. In developing and supporting your position, you should consider the possible consequences of implementing the policy and explain how these consequences shape your position. 文章结构文章结构思路思路反思反思现实主义：成功，吃喝玩乐，人的基本需求，不反抗，逆来顺受、活得很自在，被世俗所接收。 和现实做敌人，其实生活的很累 但是做了现实的奴隶，我们其实就没有活过 我们当中的绝大多数人在绝大多数情况下，都是现实主义者 通过容易成功的学科学习让绝大多数学生更加成功 学的简单 符合规律思路思路例题 例题 Claim: Imagination is a more valuable asset than experience. Reason: People who lack experience are free to imagine what is possible without the constraints of established habits and attitudes.[理想与现实、创新与继承] Write a response in which you discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the claim and the reason on which that claim is based. 文章结构文章结构思路思路反思反思主观：想象力 客观：基于经验的认知规律 客观强调存在 主观强调超越（transcendentalism） 对于比较类型的题目，如：Imagination is a more valuable asset than experience. 可以谈两者同等重要 null存在论存在论例题例题The luxuries and conveniences of contemporary life prevent people from developing into truly strong and independent individuals Write a response in which you discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the statement and explain your reasoning for the position you take. In developing and supporting your position, you should consider ways in which the statement might or might not hold true and explain how these considerations shape your position. 文章结构文章结构思路思路反思反思心外无物 任何既成的事实都是在人脑中的映像 Inner heart decides outer world 奢侈品和便利品关键看使用者如何去看待他们 练习练习The primary goal of technological advancement should be to increase people's efficiency so that they have more leisure time Write a response in which you discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the statement and explain your reasoning for the position you take. In developing and supporting your position, you should consider ways in which the statement might or might not hold true and explain how these considerations shape your position. 思路思路认识论EPISTEMOLOGY认识论EPISTEMOLOGY知识到底 是经验的（EMPIRICAL） 还是超验的（TRANSCENDENTAL）知识到底 是经验的（EMPIRICAL） 还是超验的（TRANSCENDENTAL）几个问题给大家思考几个问题给大家思考美，到底是主观的还是客观的？ 这个世界上到底存不存在上帝？ 为什么2+2=4？是因为1+1=2么？那么为什么1+1=2？ 实践是检验真理的唯一标准，这句话对么？ Isaac Newton vs Albert Einstein KNOWLEDGE IS BASED ON OUR EXPERIENCE AND LOGICS, YET KNOWLEDGE ITSELF DOES NOT EQUAL TO TRUTH, FOR TRUTH CAN ONLY BE APPROXIMATED BUT NEVER REACHED.KNOWLEDGE IS BASED ON OUR EXPERIENCE AND LOGICS, YET KNOWLEDGE ITSELF DOES NOT EQUAL TO TRUTH, FOR TRUTH CAN ONLY BE APPROXIMATED BUT NEVER REACHED.AS A RESULT一道曾经做过的题目一道曾经做过的题目Claim: Imagination is a more valuable asset than experience. Reason: People who lack experience are free to imagine what is possible without the constraints of established habits and attitudes.[理想与现实、创新与继承] Write a response in which you discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the claim and the reason on which that claim is based. 思路思路过往经验由于人类认知能力的局限，有可能是错误的例题例题Students should always question what they are taught instead of accepting it passively. Write a response in which you discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the statement and explain your reasoning for the position you take. In developing and supporting your position, you should consider ways in which the statement might or might not hold true and explain how these considerations shape your position. 文章结构文章结构思路思路Acquiring knowledge, students should adopt critical thinking, for it is the only means to seclude falsehood and approximate the truth Knowledge taught by the teacher or alleged in the book could be outdated and misleading. Questioning motivates students and ensures their reception of knowledge Critical thinking is based on thorough comprehension of the existing knowledge, not questioning for questioning’s sake Certain premises of knowledge should not be easily challenged, for the challenge of those axioms are not compatible for the most students Critical thinking is rational, and rationality requires instructional scaffolding that cannot be questioned 反思反思批判的是必要的，但是其前提是继承 批判思维的过程： 感性上升为理性 具体上升为抽象 特殊上升为一般 批判思维的特征是：不断否定，在否定中找到人生的真谛 教育的本质：通过束缚和继承的方式达到颠覆和启迪目的例题例题Educators should teach facts only after their students have studied the ideas, trends, and concepts that help explain those facts. Write a response in which you discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the recommendation and explain your reasoning for the position you take. In developing and supporting your position, describe specific circumstances in which adopting the recommendation would or would not be advantageous and explain how these examples shape your position. 文章结构文章结构思路思路For efficiency’ sake, teaching trends and concepts ahead of facts quickens the learning process. It is target-oriented. With general ideas, facts are self-evident, easily-remembered and ready-to-use From the perspective of natural learning order, idea-fact module is spoon-feeding instruction It neglects the natural learning order—from details to generality It atrophies students’ experimental capability, thus discouraging innovation and originality时间性 （历史性）时间性 （历史性）几个给大家思考的问题几个给大家思考的问题世界上历史悠久的国家是？ 成王败寇在历史中是什么意思？ null历史无用论: Yesterday is history; tomorrow is mystery; today is a gift, and that is why we call it present. 历史借鉴论： My feet is guided by nothing but the lamp of history. 勿忘国耻！ 以史为鉴 历史甄别论： Who controls the past controls the future, and who controls the present controls the past ---George Orwell 例题 例题 The main benefit of the study of history is to dispel the illusion that people living now are significantly different from people who lived in earlier times. Write a response in which you discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the statement and explain your reasoning for the position you take. In developing and supporting your position, you should consider ways in which the statement might or might not hold true and explain how these considerations shape your position. 文章结构文章结构思路思路History, as a record of past events, differs from present life Throughout history, technological innovations constantly shapes people’s life Social perspective Political perspective Daily life Eternal problems keep plaguing human, for the nature of human remains unchanged Wealth out work/pleasure without conscience/science without humanity/knowledge without character/politics without principle/commerce without morality/worship without sacrifice history is written by the winner, and thus, the bygone truth, no matter how similar to or different from present perception, should be, as the main duty of historians, explored and examined. 反思反思历史的真实性是研究历史的基础 表象上历史不同于今日，而历史的客观规律无法改变，这来自于人性的缺陷 时间既是经验的，因为我们感受到了时间的流逝 时间又是超验的，因为我们感受到的时间的流逝，无非是我们自身的衰老例题例题When old buildings stand on ground that modern planners feel could be better used for modern purposes, modern development should be given precedence over the preservation of historic buildings. Write a response in which you discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the statement and explain your reasoning for the position you take. In developing and supporting your position, you should consider ways in which the statement might or might not hold true and explain how these considerations shape your position. 文章结构文章结构思路思路Modern development should be given precedence over the preservation of historic buildings Contemporary needs other than the preservation of historic buildings are more closely related to people’s welfare The preservation of historic buildings is also a must The value of historic buildings issues modern people a sense of cultural identity, without which, it is hard for them to find their locations in the psychological coordinates Modern development and historic building preservation are not a dilemma Assess the historical value Rebuild historic buildings Convert the historic building for modern use 反思：历史还能带给我什么反思：历史还能带给我什么身份认同 (identity) 没有历史，则没有价值 对于过往的继承，要利用时间这把刻刀，去筛选出最普世的，最震撼人类心灵的过往道德论道德论道德论道德论人类唯一区别于动物的标志 不是劳动，是道德感 道德感指的是超越生存需求的发展愿望 道德存在于理想世界，是超验的; 道德存于经验时间的刚性表现便是法律，法律具有底线性（是最后的挡箭牌）例题例题Some people believe that corporations have a responsibility to promote the well-being of the societies and environments in which they operate. Others believe that the only responsibility of corporations, provided they operate within the law, is to make as much money as possible Write a response in which you discuss which view more closely aligns with your own position and explain your reasoning for the position you take. In developing and supporting your position, you should address both of the views presented. 文章结构文章结构思路思路Corporations, by nature, seek the utmost profitability, and laws just merely restrain the commerce from breaking the most