非谓语动词

null非谓语动词考点归纳 非谓语动词考点归纳 null非谓语动词使用条件一个句子当中，已经存在一个主句（谓语动词）,又没有连词的情况下, 还有别的动词出现时。She got off the bus, leaving her handbag on her seat. She got off the bus, but left her handbag on her seat.null非谓语动词的句法功能null不定式不定式动词不定式无人称和数的变化,但有时态和语态的变化。nullnull 不定式运用口诀 本领最多不定式，主、表、宾、补、定和状。 样样成分都能干，只有谓语它不敢。 大家千万要当心，有时它把句型改， 作主宾时用“it”, 自己在后把身藏。 七个感官三使役， 宾补要把to甩开； 疑问词后接上它，宾语从句可充当； 逻辑主语不定式，不定式前for sb. ; to前not是否定， 各种用法区别开。不定式在七个感官动词see, hear, feel, watch, find, notice, listen to, 三个使役动词 let, have, make等后作宾补时,to要省略1. 作主语1. 作主语侧重于动作的具体性和将来性 To play basketball is a great pleasure. 但为使句子平衡,常用it 代它作主语, 把它移到句子后部去. It is a great pleasure to play basketball. (二)、不定式的句法功能主语 宾语 表语 定语 状语 2. 作宾语2. 作宾语A. 跟不定式作宾语的常见动词: （１）hope, want , expect, wish, desire, like, love, dislike ,hate, plan, intend, mean, prepare, decide, determine, afford, fail, manage, try、dare, help , promise、refuse、 learn、offer、 agree、forget ,bother . nullB. 常跟疑问词+不定式作宾语的动词: tell, advise, show, teach, find out, decide, discuss, learn, explain… tell sb what to do…3. 作表语3. 作表语A.表示按计划和安排将要发生的事情。 He is to marry Rose. B.表示主语的内容，但侧重于目的性。 Her wish was to become an artist. C. 表示情态意义(应该, 必须)。 The form is to be filled in and returned within a week. She is to blame. 4.不定式作定语4.不定式作定语A.一般表示将发生的情况，放在名词后。 Charles Lindbergh is the first man to fly the Atlantic alone.(主谓关系) She has a good chance to go to college. (同位关系) He has got lots of questions to ask. (动宾关系) null注意:1.如不定式与它所修饰的词有动宾关系,而这个不定式又是不及物动词, 它后面应有必要的介词。 There is nothing to worry about. 2.不定式所修饰的名词是不定式的动作所发生的地点或所使用的工具时, 它后面要带上必要的介词。 I need a pen to write with. He is looking for a room to live in. 5.不定式作宾语补足语5.不定式作宾语补足语跟不定式作宾语补足语的动词 A. let, have, make, get等表使役的动词 They made us go with them. 注意: Let/ have/make sb. do ; get sb. to do They got us to go with them. B. ask, tell, request, order等表要求,命令的动词 The chairman requested the members to be silent. nullE. see、watch、notice、hear、listen to、observe、feel等表感官的动词 I noticed tears come into his eyes. We often hear her sing the song at home. 注: 感官动词后的不定式均不带to C. allow, permit, forbid等表许可或禁止的动词 The guard forbade me to enter. D. wish, want, expect, intend等表希望的动词(hope无此用法) Many parents expect their children to study abroad. nullF. 其他动词 advise, help, persuade, encourage, warn, cause, force, remind … Please remind me to take the raincoat.6. 不定式作状语6. 不定式作状语1)不定式作目的状语 Tim sat near the fire to get warm. The athletes practised hard to win the match.强调作目的状语的不定式, 常用in order (not) to，so as (not) to短语.前者可放在句首,也可放在句中;后者只能放在句中。 null2).不定式作结果状语 作结果状语的不定式常用于一些固定搭配中。如:too …to, enough to，sufficient to，only to，never to，so + 形容词/副词 + as to, such + 名词+ as to do引导。 Would you be so kind as to step this way, please? I tried the door, only to find it locked inside. 点击Practice1 (09江苏,26）Schools across China are expected to hire 50,000 college graduates this year as short-term teachers, almost three times the number hired last year, ______ reduce unemployment pressures. A. help B. helped C. to help D. having helpedC高考点击null2 (09全国Ⅰ)The children all turned _______ the famous actress as she entered the classroom. A. looked at B. to look at C. to looking at D. look atB3 (09山东，22) We are invited to a party ______ in our club next Friday. A. to be held B. held C. being held D. holdingAnull 4 (09辽宁，27) ______, you need to give all you have and try your best. A. Being a winner B. To be a winner C. Be a winner D. Having been a winner 5. (09安徽，28) The play ______ next month aims mainly to reflect the local culture. A. produced B. being produced C.tobeproduced D.havingbeen producedBCnull6.They would not allow him______ across the enemy line. A. to risk going B.risking to go C. for risk to go D.risk going A ask,tell,invite,force,get, beg,allow,help,wish want,like,hate,prefer, expect,encourage,advise, persuade,instruct, permit,request,order,warn. cause,urge等等 动词后可接不定式作宾补。 null7.Though he had often made his little sister ____, today he was made____by his little sister. A.cry,to cry B.crying,crying C.cry,cry D.to cry,cry8.As you’ve never been there before,I’ll have someone_____you the way. A.to show B.show C.showing D.showed B使役动词 make,let只接不带to的不定式作宾补。 A Let me do it for you. I had my TV set repaired yesterday. Don’t have him waiting in the rain for so long.null9.---Good morning.Can I help you? ---I’d like to have this package___,madam. A.be weighed B.to be weighed C.to weigh D.weighed10.It’s very cold. Let’s make a fire_______ ourselves. A.warm B.to warm C.warming D.warmed11.I have a suggestion____at the meeting. A.put forward B.putting forward C.to put forward D.to be put forwardDBC have(有),make(“做”等非使役意义)时接带to的不定式作定语或目的状语 null12.In Australia, he made a lot of friends_____ a very practical knowledge of the English language. A.get B.to get C.getting D.got 13.I’m going to Shanghai next week.Have you anything_____ to your parents? A.to buy B.to be bought C.to take D.to be takenB D null14.The missing boy was last seen_____near the river. A.playing B.to be playing C.play D.to play15.The boy who was caught_____in the examination will be punished by the teacher. A.Cheat B.cheating. C.to cheat D.cheated16.The stranger you saw_____with a big travelling bag stayed in Room 104 yesterday. to come in B.come in C.has come in D.who came in1)感官动词， 2）“致使”动词have,get,keep,leaveABBnull17.When he was a boy, he used to go there and watched______. A.bicycles repaired B.bicycles to be repaired C.bicycles being repaired D.to repair bicycles18.Who did the teacher have______an article for the wall newspaper just now? A.written B.writing C.write D.to write注意这一结构的活用。 I saw the bike being repaired. I saw the bike repaired. We often heard the song being sung.ccnull 19.In order to improve English,______. A.Jenny’s father bought her a lot of tapes B.Jenny bought a lot of tapes for herself C. a lot of tapes were bought by Jenny. D.a lot of tapes were bought by Jenny’s father 不定式作状语，其逻辑主语 通常是句子 的主语。 Bnull1> I’ll write down his telephone number in order to call him when necessary. 2>In order not to be late, we took a taxi instead of a bus.3>She lived to be over 100.4>She was not old enough to understand all that.5>We are proud to be young people of China.null20.We should prevent pollution_____happily. A.from living B.to live C.living D.to living21.I’m examining the composition he has just finished_____the possible mistakes in it. A.to correct B.correct C.corrected D.correcting22.The day we look forward to_____at last. A.come B.coming C.came D.to come BAC二、动名词二、动名词(一).动名词的语法形式 动名词无人称和数的变化,但有时态和语态的变化. (二)、动名词的句法功能(二)、动名词的句法功能具有名词的特征,可充当成分: 主语 宾语 表语 定语 1. 动名词作主语1. 动名词作主语Seeing is believing. Playing chess is fun. It's no use waiting here. 动名词作主语,也可用it 作形式主语.但只限于下面句型: null1） 动名词在“It is no use/ no good/ fun / a waste of time/ a good pleasure 等名词 + doing”结构中作主语，it为形式主语。例如： 　　It is no good writing to him; he never answers letters.　　 　　 It is no use talking too much. 　　null2） 动名词在“It is useless/ nice/ good/ interesting/ worthwhile 等形容词 + doing”结构中作主语。例如： 　　It is nice playing chess after supper.　3） 动名词在“There is(was) no + doing”结构中作主语。例如： 　　There is no denying that she is very efficient.　　2. 动名词作表语 2. 动名词作表语 动名词作表语起名词作用,表示主语的内容,这时动名词和主语的位置是可以交换的。 The nurse's job is looking after the patients.= Looking after the patients is the nurse's job. Four skills of English learning are listening, speaking, reading and writing. = listening, speaking, reading and writing are four skills of English learning .注: 动名词和不定式都可以作主语或表语,没有太大区别。在表示经常习惯性动作多用动名词; 在表示具体某次动作, 特别是将来的动作时,多用不定式。3. 动名词作定语 3. 动名词作定语 动名词作定语时，动名词和它所修饰的词没有逻辑上的主谓关系.。表示名词用途。 a racing car= a car that is used to race a swimming pool= a pool that is used to swim in 单个的动名词作定语,放在被修饰的词前;动名词短语作定语,放在被修饰的词语后; Do you know the sleeping car on show ? The boy sitting under the tree is reading.4. 动名词作宾语 4. 动名词作宾语 1）动名词作动词宾语 ①下列动词后只能接动名词：suggest, finish, avoid, stop, can’t help, mind, enjoy, require, practise, miss, escape, pardon, advise, consider, imagine, keep, appreciate, escape, permit。 I can’t imagine marrying a girl of that sort. I recommend buying the dictionary. Will you admit having broken the window? 　　 null②有些动词短语后也要求跟动名词作宾语。常这样用的动词短语有：leave off, put off, give up, look forward to, feel like, have trouble / difficulty (in) doing sth. devote to, get used to, pay attention to, be fond of, stick to, be worth, can’t stand , can’t help . null2）动名词作介词宾语 注意: 介词后如果需要非谓语动词作宾语,只能是动名词,不可用不定式 。 Are you good at playing football? 其他介词不易错,重点是介词to .因为不定式符号也是to ,所以一定要记住有关的短语。 look forward to ,devote…to, get used to, pay attention to, stick to, on one’s way to…这些短语中的to都是介词。I am used to watching TV in the evening. 高考点击1. The man insisted________ a taxi for me even though I told him I lived nearby. A. find B. to find C. on finding D. in finding 2. It’s necessary to be prepared for a job interview. _______ the answers ready will be of great help. A. To have had B. Having had C. Have D. Having高考点击Practicenull3. I really can't understand ______ her like that. you treat B. you to treat C. why treat D. you treating 4. He got well-prepared for the job interview, for he couldn’t risk _______ the good opportunity. to lose B. losing C. to be lost D. being lost返回null5.I don’t mind _____by bus,but I hate _____ in queues. A.traveling;stand B.to travel;to stand C.traveling;to stand D.traveling;to standing6.----When did you go to Shanghai? ------I remember _____there when I was a child. A.having taken B.having been taken C.to be taken D.taken 7.The squirrel was lucky that it just missed___. A.catching B.to be caught C.being caught D.to catchCBCnull8._____to sunlight for too much time will do harm to one’s skin. A.Expose B.Having exposed C.Being exposed D.After being exposed C 9.I can hardly imagine Peter____across the Atlantic Ocean in 15 days. A.sail B.to sail C.sailing D.to have sailed C 动名词的复合结构：动名词的逻辑主语+动名词 Mary’s complaining annoyed him. I don’t mind him coming.null 10.What worried the boy was_____to visit his father in the hospital. A.his not allowing B.his not being allowed. C.his being not allowed D.having not been allowed B 三、分词三、分词现在分词与过去分词. 充当成分: 宾语补足语,表语, 定语, 状语.null（一）现在分词(1).现在分词(1).现在分词现在分词无人称和数的变化,但有时态和语态的变化.其时态和语态的变化形式与动名词相同. null(2)、现在分词的句法功能 具有形容词和副词的特征,可充当成分:表语 定语,宾语补足语, 状语 1. 现在分词作表语1. 现在分词作表语现在分词作表语起形容词作用,说明主语的特征及主语所具备的动作功能。常译为”使(令) … 怎样。” 如: The news is very disappointing. His story is very moving. (Encouraging, inspiring, exciting, interesting….)2. 现在分词作定语2. 现在分词作定语现在分词作定语, 表示主动意义,它与所修饰的名词构成 主谓关系,通常可改为定语从句。它从以下两方面来说明中心词。 A.表示动作正在进行 Don’t wake up the sleeping boy. = Don’t wake up the boy who is sleeping I don’ t know the man writing something over there. =I don’ t know the man who is writing something over there. 3.现在分词作宾语补足语3.现在分词作宾语补足语用现在分词作宾补，说明宾语是动作的执行者，形成逻辑上的主谓关系； A.作感官动词的宾补, 如: see, look at ,watch, notice, find, observe, listen to, hear, smell taste, feel… 表示正在进行的意义 We found them reading in the classroom. 4. 现在分词作状语4. 现在分词作状语现在分词可在句中作时间、原因、条件、结果, 让步、伴随或方式等状语。 B. 作使役动词的宾补, 如: have, get, keep , send, leave, catch…表示”使…进行/处于(某种状态)” ,强调动作或状态的持续性. Can you keep the clock going? null1)作时间状语, 可以表示三个时间概念 A.表示和谓语动作同时发生,相当于 “as soon as” 引导的时间状语从句 Hearing the good news, he jumped up with joy. = As soon as he heard the good news, he … = On hearing the good news, he… nullB.谓语动词的动作发生在分词动作的过程中,表示”在做某事期间”相当于由when/while 引导的时间状语从句。 Walking in the street, I came across an old friend. = When/While I was walking in the street, I came across an old friend. = When/While walking in the street, I came across …null C.如果分词的动作发生在谓语动作之前,分词就要用完成时。如: Having done his homework, the boy went out to play. Having written his composition, he began to do his Maths homework.2)作原因状语,相当于由because/as 引导的原因状语从句。 nullA.和谓语动词的动作同时发生 Being ill, he didn’t go to school. =Because/As he was ill, he didn’t go … Not knowing what to do next, he went to his teacher for advice. = Because/As he didn’t know what to do next, he went to …nullB.如果分词的动作发生在谓语动作之前,分词就要用完成时。 Having seen the film many times, he didn’t go to see it last night.3)作条件状语,相当于由 if 引导的条件状语从句 (If) Using your head, you will find a way. =If you use your head, you will find … null4)作让步状语,相当于由 although/though 引导的让步状语从句 Although/Though getting up early, he was late for the meeting. = Although/Though he got up early, he was late for the meeting. null5)作伴随状语(方式状语),表示同谓语的动作同时发生,相当于由并列连词连接的两个并列动作。 They sat there on the stone, talking with each other. =They sat there on the stone and talked with each other. 注意:只有现在分词的一般式才可作伴随状语,且常放于主句后。 null6)作结果状语,现在分词的动作同谓语动词的动作几乎同时发生。 The mother died, leaving five children behind. They fired at the enemy, killing two. 现在分词无论作何种状语, 它的逻辑主语必须是句子的主语,句子的 主语可能是分词动作的执行者, 句子的 主语也可能是分词动作的承受者。 null但在一些表示说话者态度的固定表达方式中, 分词短语的逻辑主语和句子的主语是不一致的。这种结构常见的有: 1)generally/strickly/+speaking 2)Judging from…/talking of…/allowing for.. 3) Considering that …/seeing that… /supposing that… null注意：现在分词作状语的几个特性。 ①时间性。与谓语动词同时发生，用一般时，如发生在谓语动作之前时则用完成式having done。 ②语态性。与句子的主语之间的关系，是主谓关系或动宾关系。 ③人称一致性。分词的逻辑主语就是句子的 主语。 高考点击 1. ______ the program, they have to stay there for another two weeks. A. Not completing B. Not completed C. Not completing D. Not having completed （原因状语） 高考点击Practicenull2．The manager, _______ it clear to us that he didn’t agree with us, left the meeting room. （时间或伴随状语） A．who has made B．having made C．made D．making 3．The storm left , ______a lot of damage to this area . （结果状语） A．caused B．to have caused C．to cause D．having causednull4．______from other continents for millions of years ,Australia has many plants and animals not found in any other country in the world.（原因状语） A．Being separated B．Having separated C．Having been separated D．To be separatednull（二）过去分词(1).过去分词的语法形式(1).过去分词的语法形式过去分词无人称和数的变化,也没有时态和语态的变化。(done)(2)、过去分词的句法功能具有形容词和副词的特征,可充当成分: 表语 定语,宾语补足语, 状语 1.过去分词作表语1.过去分词作表语过去分词作表语,相当于一个形容词,说明主语的状态。如， He is gone. The glass is broken. He was lost in thought. They were deeply moved.null 注意:被动结构与系表结构的区别 这两种结构形式都是be+过去分词。 这两种结构的主要区别是:被动语态强调所发生的动作,而系表结构表示的是主语的特点或状态。 The cup was broken by my little brother. (被动结构) The cup is broken.(系表结构) 2.过去分词作定语2.过去分词作定语过去分词作定语, 它的逻辑主语就是它所修饰的词,有以下三个特点 : A.及物动词的过去分词作定语和它的逻辑主语的关系是被动的。所表示的时间概念是完成。 The building built last year can hold 1,000 people= The building that was built last year can… nullB.不及物动词的过去分词作定语只表示动作的完成。与它所修饰的名词没有被动关系。 fallen leaves=leaves that have fallen a retired worker=a worker who has retired the risen sun=the sun that has risen nullC.有些表示心理活动的过去分词作定语,表面是修饰它后面的名词,但实质是说明当事者的心理状态。所以过去分词与它所修饰的名词没有被动关系。 The surprised look showed that he hadn’t expected this. = (He was surprised and his look showed his surprise)nullThe father’s loud voice made a frightened look appear on his daughter’s face. (The father’s daughter was frightened and her face showed her fright.)3. 过去分词作宾补3. 过去分词作宾补过去分词作宾补,过去分词和宾语的关系是被动关系,说明宾语的状态,表示动作的完成。常用来 作感官动词,如: see, look at ,watch, notice, find, observe, listen to, hear, smell taste, feel… 和使役动词如: have, get, keep , send, leave, catch…的宾补 nullWhen I walked home, I saw a man caught by the police. As soon as he returned home, he found his house broken into. He kept himself covered with a blanket.4. 过去分词作状语4. 过去分词作状语过去分词可在句中作时间、条件、原因、让步,方式或伴随情况等状语。 过去分词无论作何种状语, 它的逻辑主语必须是句子的主语, 而且存在着逻辑上的被动关系. null1)做时间或条件状语,通常放在句首。 Seen from the top of the hill, the town looks even more beautiful. =If the town is seen from the top of the hill, the town … = When the town is seen from the top of the hill, the town … null2) 作原因状语 Deeply moved by the story, the children began to cry. =As/Because they were deeply moved by the story, the children…. 3)作让步状语 Seriously wounded, he still kept on fighting. =Although/Though he was seriously wounded, he still kept…. null4)作方式或伴随情况状语 She walked out of the house, followed by her little daughter. =She walked out of the house, and was followed by her little daughter. He sat there, lost in thought. = He sat there, and was lost in thought. Practice 高考点击 1._______ more attention, the tree could have grown better. （条件状语）    A. Given       B. To give        C. Giving         D. Having given. 2.The first textbooks ________ for teaching English as a foreign language came out in the 16th century（定语）     A. having written B. to be written    C. being written    D. written Practice 高考点击 null3.. ________ in thought, he almost ran into the car in front of him.（原因）      A. Losing      B. Having lost      C. Lost          D. To lose 4. The research is so designed that once ________ nothing can be done to change it.（条件） begins            B. having begun C. beginning    D. begun null6.This is one of the problems____at the meeting at present. A.discussed B.discussing C.to be discussed D.being discussed7.The problem_____tomorrow has something to do with our daily life. A.discussed B.being discussed C.to be discussed D.been discussed 5. The first textbooks_______for teaching English as a foreign language, were produced in the 16th century. A.written B.to be written C.being written D.having writtenADCnull C 8.The child ___by his father left home yesterday. A.having been punished B.to be punished C.punished D.who has been punished 现在分词的完成（被动）式一般只用作状语，不用作定语 9.The captain was the last one_____the sinking ship. A. to leave B. leaving C. left D.to have left. A 当the first/the second…the last(one)作名词中心词时，其后的定语习惯上用不定式，不用分词。null10.If you go to Xi’an,you’ll find the palaces there more magnificent than commonly_____. A.supposing B.supposed C.to suppose D.suppose 连词than,as,once,if ,unless,though,even if等之后，可以加一个过去分词作状语， 11.When_____up,he felt himself ____to the tree. A.he woke,tie B.waking,tied C.he wakes,tied D.waking,tying12._____to make a speech,he said he would be glad to. A.When asked B.When asking C.When he was asking D.when to ask BBA解题步骤 一、分析句子结构 解题步骤 null1. ________many times , but he still couldn't understand it . A. Having been told B. To be told  C. He was told D. Though he was told 分析：用连词but 引导并列句子，因此，前面也是个独立句子，故选C。 null2. ________many times , he still couldn't understand it . A. Having been told B. To be told  C. He was told D. Though he was told 分析：句中用逗号隔开，且无连词引导，因此，前面不是句子结构，只是句子的一个成分，故选A，用非谓语动词作状语。 null二、分析逻辑主语 非谓语动词虽不能作谓语，但仍具有动词特点，其逻辑上的动作执行者就叫做逻辑主语。非谓语动词作状语时，其逻辑主语须和句子的真正主语一致。若不一致，则须加上自己的逻辑主语。 null1. ________no buses , we have to walk home . 2. ______Sunday , I shall have a quiet day at home . A. There being B. It were C. There were D. It being  分析：句1. 表示“没有公共汽车”，应用“there be”结构，即逻辑主语是“the buses”，故选A 。 句2. 同理选D。null三、分析语态 分析语态就是在确定逻辑主语之后，分析非谓语动词和逻辑主语在搭配使用时是主动还是被动关系。 null1. ______from space , the earth looks blue . 2.______from space , we can see the earth is blue . A. Seen B. Seeing C. To see D.See 这两个题选项中的非谓语动词都没有加自己的逻辑主语, 因此其逻辑主语就是句子的主语。 分析：句1. “地球被看”，表被动，故选A，用过去分词表被动。 句2. 我们“主动看……”即表主动，故选B。null 四、分析时态，在选定了主动或被动后，还要考虑动作发生的时间问题，即时态。 null1. The building ______now will be a gym . 2. The building ______next year will be a gym. 3. The building ______last year is a gym. A. having been built B.to be built  C.being built D. built 分析：句1中 now 说明大楼正在被修，故用进行式，选C。句2中next year 说明大楼将在明年被修，故用表将来的不定式，选B。句3中 last ye