16-心理障碍

Myers’ PSYCHOLOGY Chapter 16 Psychological Disorders Psychological Disorders  Psychological Disorder  a “harmful dysfunction” in which behavior is judged to be: atypical--not enough in itself disturbing--varies with time and culture maladaptive--harmful unjustifiable--sometimes there’s a good reason Historical Perspective  Perceived Causes movements of sun or moon  lunacy--full moon  evil spirits  Ancient Treatments  exorcism, caged like animals, beaten, burned, castrated, mutilated, blood replaced with animal’s blood Psychological Disorders  Medical Model  concept that diseases have physical causes  can be diagnosed, treated, and in most cases, cured  assumes that these “mental” illnesses can be diagnosed on the basis of their symptoms and cured through therapy, which may include treatment in a psychiatric hospital Psychological Disorders  Bio-Psycho-Social Perspective  assumes that biological, sociocultural, and psychological factors combine and interact to produce psychological disorders Psychological Disorders Psychological Disorders--Etiology  DSM-IV  American Psychiatric Association’s Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (Fourth Edition)  a widely used system for classifying psychological disorders  presently distributed as DSM-IV-TR (text revision) Psychological Disorders- Etiology  Neurotic Disorder (term seldom used now)  usually distressing but that allows one to think rationally and function socially  Psychotic Disorder  person loses contact with reality  experiences irrational ideas and distorted perceptions Anxiety Disorders  Anxiety Disorders  distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety  Generalized Anxiety Disorder  person is tense, apprehensive, and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal Anxiety Disorders  Panic Disorder  marked by a minutes-long episode of intense dread in which a person experiences terror and accompanying chest pain, choking, or other frightening sensation Anxiety Disorders  Phobia  persistent, irrational fear of a specific object or situation  Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder  unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsessions) and/or actions (compulsions) Anxiety Disorders  Common and uncommon fears Anxiety Disorders Anxiety Disorders  PET Scan of brain of person with Obsessive/ Compulsive disorder  High metabolic activity (red) in frontal lobe areas involved with directing attention Mood Disorders  Mood Disorders  characterized by emotional extremes  Major Depressive Disorder  a mood disorder in which a person, for no apparent reason, experiences two or more weeks of depressed moods, feelings of worthlessness, and diminished interest or pleasure in most activities Mood Disorders  Manic Episode  a mood disorder marked by a hyperactive, wildly optimistic state  Bipolar Disorder  a mood disorder in which the person alternates between the hopelessness and lethargy of depression and the overexcited state of mania  formerly called manic-depressive disorder Mood Disorders- Depression Mood Disorders- Depression  Canadian depression rates Mood Disorders- Suicide Mood Disorders- Bipolar  PET scans show that brain energy consumption rises and falls with emotional switches Depressed state Manic state Depressed state Mood Disorders- Depression  Altering any one component of the chemistry- cognition-mood circuit can alter the others Mood Disorders- Depression  The vicious cycle of depression can be broken at any point Dissociative Disorders  Dissociative Disorders  conscious awareness becomes separated (dissociated) from previous memories, thoughts, and feelings  Dissociative Identity Disorder  rare dissociative disorder in which a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating personalities  formerly called multiple personality disorder Schizophrenia  Schizophrenia  literal translation “split mind”  a group of severe disorders characterized by:  disorganized and delusional thinking  disturbed perceptions  inappropriate emotions and actions Schizophrenia  Delusions  false beliefs, often of persecution or grandeur, that may accompany psychotic disorders  Hallucinations  sensory experiences without sensory stimulation Schizophrenia Schizophrenia Schizophrenia Schizophrenia Personality Disorders  Personality Disorders  disorders characterized by inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning  usually without anxiety, depression, or delusions Personality Disorders  Antisocial Personality Disorder  disorder in which the person (usually man) exhibits a lack of conscience for wrongdoing, even toward friends and family members  may be aggressive and ruthless or a clever con artist Mood Disorders- Depression  Boys who were later convicted of a crime showed relatively low arousal Personality Disorders  PET scans illustrate reduced activation in a murderer’s frontal cortex Normal Murderer Personality Disorders Rates of Psychological Disorders Myers’ PSYCHOLOGY � Psychological Disorders Historical Perspective Psychological Disorders Psychological Disorders Psychological Disorders Psychological Disorders--Etiology Psychological Disorders- Etiology Anxiety Disorders Anxiety Disorders Anxiety Disorders Anxiety Disorders Anxiety Disorders Anxiety Disorders Mood Disorders Mood Disorders Mood Disorders-Depression Mood Disorders-Depression Mood Disorders- Suicide Mood Disorders-Bipolar Mood Disorders-Depression Mood Disorders-Depression Dissociative Disorders Schizophrenia Schizophrenia Schizophrenia Schizophrenia Schizophrenia Schizophrenia Personality Disorders Personality Disorders Mood Disorders-Depression Personality Disorders Personality Disorders Rates of Psychological Disorders