英国文学选读二三名词解释一网打尽

The Victorian era：refers to Queen Victoria's rule which began in June 1837 and concluded in January 1901. Under the rule of Queen Victoria, the British people enjoyed a long period of prosperity. Profits gained from the overseas British Empire, as well as from industrial improvements at home, allowed a large, educated middle class to develop. Tragicomical novel：fictional work that blend aspects of the genres of tragedy and comedy. In English literature, from Shakespeare's time to the nineteenth century, tragicomedy refers to a serious play with either a happy ending or enough jokes throughout the play to lighten the mood. British novelist George Meredith’ novel The Egoist is a tragicomical novel by published in 1879.. Satire:often strictly defined as a literary genre or form; In satire, human or individual vices or shortcomings are gathered together by means of ridicule, derision, irony, or other methods, ideally with the intent to bring about improvement. Although satire is usually meant to be funny, the purpose of satire is not primarily humor in itself so much as an attack on something of which the author strongly disapproves, using the weapon of wit. A common, almost defining feature of satire is its strong vein of irony or sarcasm. Drama:Like prose fiction, drama utilizes plot and characters, develops a theme, arouse emotion or appeals to humor. Like poetry, it may draw upon all the language, including verse. Much drama is poetry. But it has one peculiar feature to itself: it is written to be performed, not read.It normally presents its action(1)through actors (skillful actors), (2) on a stage, (sets, lights, costuming, makeup, gestures, stage movements, musical effects of song and dance) and (3) before audience.The successful playwright combines the power of words, the power of fiction, and the power of dramatic technique to make possible the achievement of that force. Naturalism:a movement in theatre, film, and literature that seeks to repeat/copy a believable everyday reality, as opposed to such movements as Romanticism in which subjects may receive highly symbolic, idealistic, or even supernatural treatment.Naturalistic writers were influenced by the evolution theory of Charles Darwin. They believed that one's heredity and social environment decide one's character. A light dramatic work in which highly improbable plot situations, exaggerated characters, and often slapstick elements are used for humorous effect. The Aesthetic Movement:The Aesthetic Movement is a loosely defined movement in literature, fine art, the decorative arts, and interior design in later nineteenth-century Britain. Generally speaking, it represents the same tendencies that Symbolism stood for in France, and may be considered the British branch of the same movement. It belongs to the anti-Victorian reaction and had post-Romantic roots, and as such anticipates Modernism. Art for art's sake:It is the usual English version of a French slogan, from the early 19th century, and expresses a philosophy that the intrinsic value of art, and the only ”true“ art, is divorced from any didactic, moral or utilitarian function. Such works are sometimes described as ”autotelic“, “complete in itself”, a concept that has been expanded to embrace ”inner-directed" or "self-motivated" human beings. Anti-hero:anti‐hero, a central character in a dramatic or narrative work who lacks the qualities of nobility and magnanimity expected of traditional heroes and heroines in romances and epics. Unheroic characters of this kind have been an important feature of the Western novel. Cervantes‘s Don Quixote (1605). Flaubert’s Emma Bovary (in Madame Bovary, 1857) and Joyce‘s Leopold Bloom (in Ulysses, 1922) are outstanding examples of this antiheroic ordinariness and inadequacy. Modernist Literature: is the literary form of Modernism. Modernist literature developed a style that can be characterized by a preoccupation with stylistic innovation, formal fragmentation, multiple perspectives, and alternatives to traditional narrative forms. Modernist literature involved such authors as Virginia Woolf , T. S. Eliot, Gertrude Stein, James Joyce, William Faulkner, Conrad, W.B.Yeats, D.H.Lawrence, Katherine Mansfield,etc.. The Bloomsbury Group :an English collectivity of loving friends and relatives who lived in or near London during the first half of the twentieth century. Their work deeply influenced literature, aesthetics, criticism, and economics as well as modern attitudes towards feminism, pacifism, and sexuality. Its best known members were Virginia Woolf, John Maynard Keynes, E. M. Forster, and Lytton Strachey. Stream of consciousness:is a narrative mode that seeks to portray an individual's point of view by giving the written equivalent of the character's thought processes, either in a loose interior monologue, or in connection to his or her actions. Stream-of-consciousness writing is usually regarded as a special form of interior monologue and is characterized by leaps in syntax and punctuation that can make the prose difficult to follow, tracing a character's fragmentary thoughts and sensory feelings. Modernism:Modernism describes a group of cultural movements rooted in the changes in Western society in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century. The term covers a series of reforming movements in art, architecture, music, literature and the applied arts which emerged during this period. At its most basic level, Modernism could be described as the experimentation and fragmentation of the human experience, characterized by deviations from the norms of society. Oedipus complex:In psychoanalytic theory, a desire for sexual involvement with the parent of the opposite sex and a sense of rivalry with the parent of the same sex. The term was introduced by Sigmund Freud in his Interpretation of Dreams (1899) and is derived from the mythological Oedipus, who killed his father and married his mother; its female analogue is the Electra complex. Considered a normal stage in the development of children ages three to five, it ends when the child identifies with the parent of the same sex and represses its sexual instincts. Freud believed that the process of overcoming the Oedipus complex gave rise to the superego. In Sons and Lovers, the main character Paul has a serious Oedipus complex. campus novel:known as an academic novel, is a novel whose main action is set in and around the campus of a university. The genre in its current form dates back to the early 1950s. exploit the closed world of the university setting, with stock characters inhabiting unambiguous hierarchies. Many well-known campus novels, such as Kingsley Amis’s Lucky Jim and those of David John Lodge,are comic or satirical, often counterpointing intellectual pretensions and human weaknesses. Thomas Hardy was an English novelist and poet. While his works typically belong to the Naturalism movement, several poems display elements of the previous Romantic and Enlightenment periods of literature, such as his fascination with the supernatural. While he regarded himself primarily as a poet who composed novels mainly for financial gain, during his lifetime he was much better known for his novels, such as Tess of the d'Urbervilles and Far from the Madding Crowd, which earned him a reputation as a great novelist Transcendentalism:was a group of new ideas in literature, religion, culture, and philosophy that emerged in New England in the early to middle 19th century. It is sometimes called American transcendentalism to distinguish it from other uses of the word transcendental. Transcendentalism began as a protest against the general state of culture and society. Among transcendentalists' core beliefs was an ideal spiritual state that 'transcends' the physical and empirical and is only realized through the individual's intuition, rather than through the doctrines of established religions. Feminist literary criticism:It is literary criticism informed by feminist theory. Its history has been broad and varied, from classic works of nineteenth-century women authors such as George Eliot to cutting-edge theoretical work in women‘s studies and gender studies by “third-wave” authors. In the most general and simple terms, feminist literary criticism before the 1970s was concerned with the politics of women’s authorship and the representation of women‘s condition within literature. Melodrama:The theatrical genre, uses theme-music to manipulate the spectator‘s emotional response and to denote character types. The term combines “melody” and “drama” . While the use of music is nearly ubiquitous in modern film, in most cases it is used within a fairly rigid structure.Melodramas tend to be rigid productions, with a clearly constructed world of connotations. As against tragedy, melodrama can have a happy ending, but this is not always the case. Farce:A light dramatic work in which highly improbable plot situations, exaggerated characters, and often slapstick elements are used for humorous effect. Farce is not merely a genre but a highly flexible dramatic mode that often occurs in combination with other forms, including romantic comedy. The Fabian Society:It is a British intellectual socialist movement, whose purpose is to advance the principles of Social democracy via gradualist and reformist, rather than revolutionary means. It is best known for its initial ground-breaking work beginning late in the 19th century and continuing up to World War I. The society laid many of the foundations of the Labour Party and subsequently affected the policies of states emerging from the decolonization of the British Empire, especially India. Today, the society is one of 15 socialist societies affiliated to the Labour Party. Symbols:Symbols are objects, characters, figures, or colors used to represent abstract ideas or concepts. Romanticism: a complex artistic, literary, and intellectual movement that originated in the second half of the 18th century in Western Europe, and gained strength during the Industrial Revolution. It was partly a revolt against aristocratic social and political norms of the Age of Enlightenment and a reaction against the scientific rationalization of nature, and was embodied most strongly in the visual arts, music, and literature. George Meredith (Victorian Era) The Egoist(Willoughby patterne //clara middleton women are women; they swim in infidelity, from wave to wave)/ Modern Love/ Essay on Comedy/ Poems and Lyrics of the Joy of Earth/The Ordeal of the Richard Feverel/Diana of the Crossways/The Idea of Comedy and the Use of the Comic Spirit 2.Thomas Hardy Tess of the D'Urbervilles(Tess Angel Clare)/Under the Greenwood Tree/Far from the Wadding Crowd/The Return of the Native/The Mayor of Casterbridge/The Woodlanders/ Jude the Obscure/Wessex Poems/The Dynasts Oscar Wilde A Ideal Husband（Sir Robert Chiltern Mrs.Cheveley/The Picture of Dorian Gray/The Happy Prince and Other Tales/De Profundis/The Ballead of Reading Gaol/Lady Windermere's Fan/A Women of No Importance/The Importance of Being Earnest 4.George Bernard Shaw An Unsocial Socialist/Widowers'Houses/Mrs.Warren's Profession/The Devil's Disciple/Man and Superman/John Bull's Other Island/Major Barbara/Pygmalion/Heartbreak House/The Apple Cart/Too True to be Good/Quintessence of Ibsenism Joseph Conrad Almayer's Folly/The Nigger of the 'Narcissus'/Lord Jim/Nostromo/The secret Agent/ Chance/ Victory/ Youth /Heart of Darkness William Butler Yeats The Tower and The Winding Stair and New Poems /The Poetry of Sir Samuel Ferguson/The Countess Kathleen /A Dramatic Poem /The Green Helmet and Responsibilities Edward Morgan ForsterMaurice/A Passage to India (Dr. Aziz, Mr. Fielding, Adela Quested, Mrs. Moore/Where Angels Fear to Tread /Aspects of the Novel /The Longest Journey /A Room with a View /Howards End /The Celestial Omnibus/The Eternal Moment James JoyceUlysses/Finnegans Wake /Dubliners/A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man /Exiles/Chamber Music /Stephen Hero /Giacomo Joyce /Pomes Penyeach Virginia Woolf (modernist; stream of consciousness)Mrs Dalloway /Orlando/A Room of One's Own /The Voyage Out/Night and Day /Jacob's Room /Mrs Dalloway (Clarissa Dalloway, Peter Walsh)/To the Lighthouse /The Waves /The Years /Between the Acts/A Haunted House and Other Short Stories /Modern Fiction /On Being Ill /Three Guineas / David Herbert Lawrence Sons and Lovers(Mrs. Morel's,William)/The White Peacock/The Trespasser/The Rainbow/Women in Love/Kangaroo/Lady Chatterley's Lover/The Prussian Officer and Other Stories /The Plumed Serpent /Birds, Beasts and Flowers Katherine Mansfield Life of ma parker/In a German Pension/Bliss/The Gardon Party/The doves nest/Something childish/ WH Auden who’s who /the unknown citizen/their lonely betters/Poems /the orators /look stranger /Spain/the dog beneath the skin,/the ascentF6,1936, /on the frontier /the sea and the mirror/the age of anxiety/the shield of Achilles/homage to clio/about the house/the dyer’s hand/secondary worlds William Golding Lord of the flies(Ralph Piggy Jack /The inheritors/Pincher martin/The pyramid/The spire Doris Lessing The grass is singing(Mary Dick turner Moses)/African stories/Martha guest/A proper marriage/A ripple from the strom/Landlocked/The four-gated city/Children of violence/The golden notebook/Briefing for a descent into hell/The summer before the dark Kingsley AmisLucky jim(Jim Welch Bertrand Christine callagham Margaret Catchpole Goldsmith Gore-urquhart)/My enemy’s enemy/one fat Englishman/that uncertain feeling/take a girl like you/ending up 16.John OsborneLook back in anger(Alison Cliff Helena)/Luther/Inadmissible evidence/Time present and hotel in Amsterdam A Deep-Sworn VowYeats loved Maud Gonne very much but was rejected while proposing to her several times. Written in 1915, this proem expresses Yeats’ deep obsessive infactuation with Maud Gonne and his pessimism towards Maud Gonne’s breaking their “deep-sworn vow”, for she married an Irish nationalist in 1903.Because of Maud Gonne’s breaking their “deep-sworn vow”, Yeats began to make friends with “others”, here ”others” doesn’t refers to other lovers, but those “things” mentioned in the following three lines—“death” “the heights of sleep” and “wine”. But these friends didn’t help him forget her, instead, they brought the image of Maud Gonne’s face into his mind.Without too much ornate language, Yeats conveyed his obsessive infactuation and heart-broken feeling towards this unrequited love. Who’s who A sonnet in 1934First part: a man’s way to succes Second part: his love for his wife.Words plain but conveying deep emotions.The poem is about a very famous person who achieved a great deal with his life (the first eight lines - the octave - deals with this).The sestet then says that even though is life was so successful he spent his whole life yearning to be with someone who had a quiet home loving life.