非谓语动词

nullnull一.定义及构成 非谓语动词主要包括 不定式&动名词&分词（现在分词和过去分词） null它有三种形式： 不定式:（the Infinitive） 动名词:（the Gerund） 分词: 现在分词（the Present Participle） 过去分词（the Past Participle） null1．非谓语动词与谓语动词的相同点有： （1）如果是及物动词都可与宾语连用，例如： They built a garden. They suggested building a garden. null（2）都可以被状语修饰： The suit fits him very well. The suit used to fit him very well. null（3）都有主动与被动, “体”式（一般式；进行式；完成式）的变化。例如： He was punished by his parents.（谓语动词被动语态)） He avoided________________ (punish) by his parents.（动名词的被动式）being punishednullWe have written the composition.（谓语动词的完成时） ________________(write) the composition, we handed it in. （现在分词的完成式） Having written null（4）都可以有逻辑主语 They started the work at once.（谓语动词的逻辑主语） The boss ordered them to start the work.（动词不定式的逻辑主语） nullWe are League members. （谓语动词的主语） We being League member, the work was well done. （现在分词的逻辑主语） null2、非谓语动词与谓语动词的不同点有： （1）非谓语动词可以有名词作用（如动词不定式和动名词），在句中做主语、宾语、语。 null（2）非谓语动词可以有形容词作用（如动词不定式和分词），在句中做定语、表语或宾语补足语。 （3）非谓语动词可以有副词作用（如动词不定式和分词），在句中作状语。 　　null（4）谓语动词在句中作谓语，受主语的人称和数的限制；非谓语动词在句中不能单独作谓语，它不受主语的人称和数的限制。 null功能及用法 (一)动词不定式：具有名词、形容词、副词的特征. 否定式：not + to do null不定式的构成: 时态, 语态to doto be doneto have doneto have been doneto be doing null(1）一般式：不定式的一般式所表示的动作与谓语动词动作几乎同时发生或发生在谓语动词动作之后. I'm glad to meet you. We plan to pay a visit. 几乎同时之后动词不定式的时态nullThe patient asked__________ (operate) on at once. The teacher ordered the work ___________(do). to be operatedto be donenull2）进行式：不定式的进行式所表示的动作与谓语动词动作同时发生，例如： The boy pretended to be working hard. He seems to be reading in his room. null（3）完成式：不定式的完成式表示的动作发生在谓语动词动作之前，例如： I happened to have seen the film. He is pleased to have met his friend. null动词不定式的被动语态当不定式逻辑上的主语是不定式所表示的动作的承受者时,不定式一般要用被动式.He asked __________(send) to work in Tibet. Do you have anything _____________ (take) to town?to be sent to be takennull3.The book is said __________________________ (translate) into many languages. 4.She is the first one _____________________ (elect) to the leading position. to have been translated intoto have been elected 注意: 不定式修饰的名词或代词和不定式逻辑上构成主谓关系时,不定式往往用主动式.Have you got the key to unlock the door? (A key unlock the door)null注意:不定式和它前面被修饰的名词或代词和不定式构成逻辑上的动宾关系,又和该句主语构成逻辑上的主谓关系时,不定式往往用主动式.1.I have a letter to write 2.He needs a room to live in 3.I know what to do (I write a letter)(He lives in a room) (I do what)null注意:不定式作表语形容词的状语,和句子中主语构成逻辑上的动宾关系时,不定式往往用主动式. The book is difficult to read He is easy to get along with He is hard to talk tonull不定式的句法功能： 1）作主语： To finish the work in ten minutes is very hard. To lose heart means failure. null注意: 动词不定式短语作主语太长时，常用it作形式主语，真正的主语不定式置于句后，例如上面两句可用如下形式：It is very hard to finish the work in ten minutes. It means failure to lose heart. null常用句式有：1、It+be+名词+to do。 2、It takes sb.+some time+to do。 3、It+be+形容词+of sb +to do。4、It+be+形容词+for sb.+to do。 null常用(of)的adj有careless,clever,good,foolish,honest,kind,lazy,nice,right,silly,stupid,wise,等表示赞扬或批评的形容词表示人物的性格，品德.不定式前的sb.可作其逻辑主语。 It is very nice of you to help menull常用(for)的adj有: easy / difficult / important / possible / comfortable / necessary / hard / impossible / interesting等,用于表示事物的特征特点.It is very important for us to learn English wellfor与 of的判定方法:You are nice (通顺,所以用of) We are important (我们是重要的,不通,用for)null（2）作表语： Her job is to clean the hall. He appears to have caught a cold. null（3）作宾语： 常与不定式做宾语连用的动词有：want, hope, wish, offer, fail, plan, learn, pretend, refuse, manage, help, agree, promise, prefer, 如果不定式（宾语）后面有宾语补足语，则用it作形式宾语，真正的宾语（不定式）后置，放在宾语补足语后面，例如： nullMarx found it important to study the situation in Russia. *动词不定式也可充当介词宾语，如： I have no choice but_______(stay) here. He did nothing last Sunday but _______(repair) his bike. to stayrepairnull注意: but和 except.如果but前有实意动词do后面用不带to的动词不定式.null*动词不定式前有时可与疑问词连用(即疑问词+ 不定式可作某些动词或介词的宾语)如： He gave us some advice on how to learn English. I don’t know how to do it这类动词有: decide / know / consider / forget / learn / remember / show/ understand / see / wonder / explain null（4）作宾语补足语： 　　　在复合宾语中，动词不定式可充当宾语补足语，如下动词常跟这种复合宾语：want, wish, ask, tell, order, beg, permit, help, advise, persuade, allow, prepare, cause, force, call on, wait for, invite. nullFather won’t allow us to go fishingWe believe him to be kind重点:Find 的特殊用法:find+宾语+分词(宾补) find+ it+形容词(宾补)+不定式 find+从句We found him looking out of the windowI find it important to learn EnglishI find that to learn English is importantnull重点: to be……/to+不定式 能带这种结构的动词有:believe / think / find / guess / prove / show / suppose / take /acknowledge / consider We consider him to be the honest student in our class Charlie is considered to have invented the first computer剩余重点: p5 3.4null此外，介词有时也与这种复合宾语连用，如： With a lot of work________(do) , he didn‘t go to the cinema． 有些动词如 使役动词:make, let, have 　　to donull感官动词: see, watch, hear, observe, listen to , notice, look at , feel, 等与不带有to的不定式连用，但改为被动语态时，不定式要加to, 如： I heard him sing a song We made Tom clean the classroomHe was heard to sing a song (by me)Tom was made to clean the classroom (by us)nullI saw him ______(cross) the road. He was seen _______the road. crossto cross （5）作定语： 　　动词不定式作定语，放在所修饰的名词或代词后。与所修饰名词有如下关系： ①动宾关系： I have a meeting to attend. null注意：不定式为不及物动词时，所修饰的名词如果是地点、工具等，应有必要的介词，如： He found a good house to live in. The child has nothing to worry about. What did you open it with? null如果不定式修饰time, place, way，可以省略介词： He has no place to live. This is the best way to work out this problem. 　　如果不定式所修饰名词是不定式动作承受者，不定式可用主动式也可用被动式,根据说话人的句意猜测： nullHave you got anything to send? Have you got anything to be sent? You send somethingOther people send something for younull②说明所修饰名词的内容： We have made a plan to finish the work. ③被修饰名词是不定式逻辑主语： He is the first to get here. null6）作状语： 　　①表目的： 　　He worked day and night to get the money. 　　She sold her hair to buy the watch chain. 　　null注意:不定式放句首时，逻辑主语与句子主语要一致： 1).To save money, every means has been tried. 2).To save money, he has tried every means. 　　wrongright高考重要考点null3).To learn English well, a dictionary is needed. 4).To learn English well, he needs a dictionary. wrongright注意:in order to / to 可放于句首, so as to不可放于句首null②表结果： He arrived late to find the train gone. 常用only放在不定式前表示强调出乎意料的结果： I visited him only to find him out. ③表原因： They were very sad to hear the news. 　null④表程度： 　　It's too dark for us to see anything. 　　The question is simple for him to answer. 注意: too……to的特殊用法:1). too……to 太……而不能……He is too young to go to schoolnull2).too后有anxious / eager / willing / ready / hungry/nervous/happy/pleased/glad等, 表肯定 * They were too anxious to to leave 他们迫不及待想离开 * He is too hungry to eat anything他饿得什么都想吃* He was too ready to help others他很乐于助人null* She was too surprised to see that Jack was angry.看到杰克很气愤她感到很惊讶* He was too pleased to help you with your English.他非常乐于帮你学英语null3). too前有only , all , but时, 意思是:非常He was but too eager to get home他非常想回家4) too前有否定词,整个句子表达肯定意思,另外,在to前加not,也表肯定.It is never too late to mend改过不嫌晚nullHe is too wise not to know it他那么聪明能不知道这件事吗?null（7）作独立成分： To tell you the truth, I don't like the way he talked. 不定式常见固定词组:to tell the truth 老实说 to be exact 确切得说 to begin with/ to start with 首先,开头 to be frank with you 坦白对你说nullto do him justice 说句对他公道的话 to be honest 说实在 to be brief 简而言之 等常用来表示说话人的立场/态度/观点,被看作一种固定的习惯用法. To be brief , I disagree with you.null8）不定式的省略：保留to省略do动词。 If you don't want to do it, you don't need to. 　　 * 在be+形容词(glad / happy / pleased / anxious / willing / ready等词后保留to*在love / like / mean / hope / advise / expect / want / persuade / refuse / wish / seem等词后保留tonull*在have / need / ought / be able / be going / used等词后保留to*在ask / tell / advise / persuade / wish / permit / allow sb to do sth 等结构中保留to*不定式的否定形式后保留to*不定式的完成式后一般保留to have*used to be结构中的be不能省略null*China is no longer what is used to be *I saw him riding his bike in the park and I told him not to * ---You ought to have finished your homework. ---I know I ought to have *--- Will you join us in a talk? --- Yes, I’ll be glad tonull（9）不定式的并列：由and, or和than连接两个不定式,第二个不定式可省略to。 He wished to study medicine and become a doctor. null(10) 特殊结构: would rather do ……than do…… had better do…… do nothing but / except do…… Why not do ……. Why don’t you do…… 不得不做: Can’t help but do…… Can’t but do…… Can’t choose but do…… null* He would rather have nothing to do than go out for a job.* I can’t (help ) but admit the truth of your remarks.我不得不承认你说的是真话* I can’t choose but go.我非去不可null{remember to do sthremember doing sth{forget to doforget doing{regret to doregret doing 记起要去做……记起曾经做过……(11).下列动词接不定式或ing形式意义不同 忘记要去做……忘记曾经做过…… 遗憾地去做…… 后悔曾经做过……null{try to dotry doing{go on to dogo on doing{can’t help to docan’t help doing{stop to dostop doing努力,企图做…试着做…接着做另一件事继续做同一件事不能帮助做……禁不住去做……停下来去做另一件事停下正在做得事null{mean to do mean doing{see sb do… see sb doing{be worth doing be worthy to be done打算做…意味着……看见某人做…(全过程)看见某人正做…(正在进行) 值得做…(主动表被动)值得做…(被动表被动) null(12)用作介词的 tobe /get used to be opposed to=object to be devoted to stick to get down to lead to look forward to 习惯于……反对……致力于……坚持……着手于……导致……期待….,盼望……nullpay attention to…… turn to admit to perfer……..to……注意……转向…., 求助于……承认……null二）动名词： 　　动名词既具有动词的一些特征，又具有名词的句法功能。 　　动名词的时态与语态一般式完成式主动语态被动语态doingbeing donehaving donehaving been donenull(1)．动名词的形式： Ving 　　否定式：not + 动名词 　　（1）一般式： 　　眼见为实。 　　 Seeing is believing. null（2）被动式： 　他未被邀请就来到了晚会。 　　 He came to the party without being invited．(3).完成式： 　　我们记得看过这部电影。 We remembered having seen the film.null　　(4）完成被动式： 他忘记五岁时曾被带到广州去过。 　　He forgot having been taken to Guangzhou when he was five years old. null（5）否定式：not + 动名词 　　我后悔没听他的劝告。 　I regret not following his advice.null（6）复合结构：物主代词（或名词所有格）+ 动名词 他建议我们再试一次。 　　 他不懂英语给他带来许多麻烦。 He suggested our trying it once again.His not knowing English troubled him a lot.null2．动名词的句法功能： （1）作主语： 　朗读是很有好处的。 　集邮很有趣。 　　Reading aloud is very helpful.Collecting stamps is interesting. null当动名词短语作主语时常用it作形式主语。 争吵是没用的。 It's no use quarrelling.注意: It is no use / good / useless +doingnull（2）作表语： 　　In the ant city, the queen's job is laying eggs. 　 （3）作宾语： 　　They haven't finished building the dam. 　　We have to prevent the air from being polluted. 　　null注意: 动名词既可作动词宾语也可作介词宾语，如上面两个例句。此外，动名词作宾语时，若跟有宾语补足语，则常用形式宾语it，例如： 我们发现取笑他人不好。 We found it no good making fun of others.null高考重点考词如下动词及短语只跟动名词作宾语： enjoy finish suggest avoid（避免） excuse delay, imagine, keep, miss, consider, nulladmit（承认） deny（否认） mind permit, forbid, practise, risk（冒险）, appreciate（感激）, be busy, be worth, nullfeel like, can't stand, can‘t help（情不自禁地）, think of, dream of, be fond of, nullprevent…(from), keep …from, stop…（from）, protect…from, set about, be engaged in, spend…(in), succeed in, nullbe used to, look forward to, object to, pay attention to, insist on, null（4）作定语： 他没有拐杖不能走路。 你们学校有游泳池吗？ 　　He can't walk without a walking-stick.Is there a swimming pool in your school?null（5）作同位语： The cave, his hiding-place is secret. His habit, listening to the news on the radio remains unchanged． 那个山洞，他藏身的地方很秘密。 他收听收音机新闻节目的习惯仍未改变。null3.分词分词分为:现在分词和过去分词 构成:语态,时态,doing being done having done having been done done null分词作定语 分词作定语,单个的现在分词和过去分词作定语放在所修饰词之前,相当于一个形容词.分词短语作定语放在所修饰词之后,相当于一个定语从句. 现在分词作定语表示主动或动作正在进行,而过去分词作定语则表示被动或动作已完成.null现在分词(1).作定语 单个的v-ing形式 developing countries = countries that are developingan ordinary-looking house = a house that looks ordinarya puzzling problem = a problem that puzzles somebody *常作前置定语，相当于定语从句 nullVerb-ing短语 The bottle containing vinegar should be sent to the laboratory. They lived in a house facing south. which contains vinegar↓↓which faced south*常作后置定语，也相当于定语从句 null注意: 某些情况下，定语不能用v-ing形式，必须用定语从句。① 作定语的动词-ing形式表示的动作要与主句谓语的动作同时发生，如两者不能同时发生的话，则需使用定语从句。 昨天来的教授将要给我们作一个讲座。 *The professor coming here yesterday will give us a lecture. * The professor who came here yesterday will give us a lecture. 【误】【正】null② v-ing形式的完成式一般不作定语，只作状语。 被地震毁坏的庙宇很快就要重建了。 * The temple having been destroyed by the earthquake will be rebuilt soon. * The temple which has been destroyed by the earthquake will be rebuilt soon. 【正】【误】null(2).作表语现在分词作表语表示主语的特征The story is touching The book is interestingnull(3).作补语(作宾语补足语, 作主语补足语)作宾语补足语现在分词作宾语补足语表示宾语执行的动作正在进行.I saw him getting on the bus I found him reading in the room He kept me waiting for a long time.注意: 在have, get 和leave后可接现在分词表示动作正在进行,还可接过去分词作宾语null补足语表示动作由别人完成I have my hair cut He had the TV repaired yesterday They had the light burning all night long He got the room cleaned He can get the machine starting He left his work undone(别人理的)(别人修的)一直着着打扫完了null注意:在某些感官动词后,如see , hear , watch , observe , notice , look at , listen to 等 ,即可以接现在分词作宾补,又可接省略to的不定式作宾补.现在分词作宾补表示动作正在进行,省略to的不定式作宾补表示动作已完成.*I heard someone knocking at the door *I heard someone knock at the door three times 正在敲门敲了三下null作主补分词做主补同宾补相同,只是谓语动词是被动式.They were seen walking across the street The boy was heard singing in the room We were kept waiting for a long timenull（4）现在分词作状语： ①作时间状语： (重点) 现在分词作状语,句中的主语为现在分词的执行者 Working in the factory, he was an advanced worker.注意: 在when和while后,直接可接现在分词作表示时间的状语.Be careful when crossing the street(While)null②作原因状语： 由于是共青团员，他经常帮助他人。 　　 Being a League member, he is always helping others. Not knowing his address I can’t get in touch with himSeeing nobody at home , he left them a notenull③作方式和伴随状语： 他呆在家里，又擦又洗。 ④作条件状语： 要是整天玩，你就会浪费宝贵的时间。 　　He stayed at home, cleaning and washing. He came running (If) Playing all day, you will waste your valuable time.null⑤作结果状语： 　他把杯子掉了，结果摔得粉碎。 He dropped the glass, breaking it into pieces.Her husband died, leaving her four children.null⑦作让步状语： 　Though raining heavily, it cleared up very soon. ⑧与逻辑主语构成独立主格： I waiting for the bus, a bird fell on my head． null独立主格结构: 构成n / pron +现在分词 / 过去分词 / 形容词 / 副词 / 不定式 / 介词短语 (1).表时间 (2).表原因We arriving in ChangChun , it was midnightHer mother being ill , she had to look after her at homenull(3).表条件 (4). 表伴随Weather permitting , I’ll go there.We crossed the street , he leading the way.nullAll the tickets having been sold out, they went away disappointedly. 　 Time permitting, we'll do another two exercises. 　　null有时也可用 with (without) +名词（代词宾格）+现在分词/过去分词 / 不定式 / 形容词 / 副词 / 介词短语 他点着灯睡着了。 With the lights burning, he fell asleep.The light burning , he fell asleepnull⑨作独立成分： 从外表看，他一定是个演员。 一般说来，女孩子更细心。 　　Judging from(by) his appearance, he must be an actor.Generally speaking, girls are more careful.null过去分词： 　　 过去分词只有一种形式：规则动词由动词原形加词尾-ed构成。不规则动词的过去分词没有统一的规则要求，要一一记住。 null过去分词的句法功能： 1．过去分词作定语:(表示被动或动作已完成) 上周一我们班开展了一次有组织的旅行。 　　 当选为委员的人将出席这次会。 　　Our class went on an organized trip last Monday.Those selected as committee members will attend the meeting.nullv-ed形式作定语单个动词-ed形式作定语 *A watched pot never boils心急锅不开。 * All the broken doors and windows have been repaired. * When we arrived, we each were given a printed question paper. *常作前置定语，相当于定语从句 null Money spent is more than money earned. 入不敷出。 提示 : 如表示强调,单个v-ed形式也可作后置定语。nullVerb-ed短语作定语 We have read many novels written by this author. The meeting, attended by 1,000 students, was a success. ↓(= that are written by this author) ↓(= which was attended by 1,000 students) *常作后置定语，也相当于定语从句 null注意: 当过去分词是单词时，一般用于名词前，如果是过去分词短语，就放在名词的后面。过去分词做定语相当于一个被动语态的定语从句。 nullv-ing & v-ed作定语的区别1．及物动词的-ing形式作定语表示与被修饰名词是主动关系，及物动词的-ed 形式表示与被修饰名词是被动关系。 *The group ______( call) Green Hand is trying to help protect the environment. *The group ______ ( call) itself Green Hand is trying to help protect the environment. calledcallingnull2．不及物动词-ing形式表示动词正在进行，而-ed形式表示动作已完成，并不带有被动的含义。 falling leaves  fallen leaves  an escaped prisoner = a prisoner who has escaped a retired worker = a worker who has retired 正在飘落的叶子落叶逃犯退休工人null固定搭配:boiling water boiled water developing country developed country an exciting story an excited personnullSmoked fish Moved audience Coming week Oppressed nationsnull2．过去分词作表语：(表示主语的状态) The window is broken. They were frightened at the sad sight. 　注意：be + 过去分词，如果表示状态是系表结构，如果表示被动的动作是被动语态。区别： 　　nullThe window is broken. The window was broken by the boy. 　　 （系表）（被动）null有些过去分词是不及物动词构成的，不表示被动，只表示完成。如： boiled water fallen leaves newly arrived goods the risen sun the changed world 　　（开水） （落叶）（新到的货）（升起的太阳）（变了的世界）null这类过去分词有：gone, come, fallen, risen, changed, arrived, returned, passed等。 null3．过去分词作宾语补足语： *上周我听见这首歌被唱了好几次。 　　 *有时过去分词做with短语中的宾语补足语： 工作做完了，他们出去玩去了。 I heard the song sung several times last week. With the work done, they went out to play.过去分词作宾补表被动或动作已完成null4．过去分词作状语： 动词-ed形式作状语和动词-ing形式作状语一样，也可以表示时间、原因、条件、让步、方式或伴随情况等。但其动作执行者与句子主语是被动一致。 null(1 )动词-ed形式作状语表示时间，相当于一个时间状语从句。 Seen from the tower, the city looks beautiful. Once recovered, he went all out to do his work. = When the city is seen from the tower...有时动词-ed形式前可加连词when, while等来强调时间概念。 null2 v-ed形式作状语表示原因，相当于一个原因状语从句。 　Moved by the heroic deeds, the children couldn't help crying. 　 3 v-ed形式作状语表示条件，相当于一个条件状语从句。 Heated, water changes into steam.　 (= Since they were moved by the heroic deeds ...) (= If water is heated...) null如果给予更多的时间，我能做得更好。（表示条件） (4).表示让步　 虽然被告之有危险，他仍然冒生命危险去救那个孩子 　　Given more time, I'll be able to do it better. Though told of the danger, he still risked his life to save the boy.nullFilled with hopes and fears, he entered the cave. 心中充满了希望与恐惧，他走进山洞。 null有几个常见的分词词组:等常用来表示说话人的立场/态度/观点,被看作一种固定的习惯用法.generally speaking 一般说来 strictly speaking 严格说来 roughly speaking 粗略说来 judging from/by 在…看来 talking of 说起…… considering…… taking sth into consideration null1).Talking of the football match , which side won? 2).It has cost , roughly speaking $500 . 3).Supposing(假定) we lose, what then? 4).Considering the radio is damaged badly , better get a new one.null1．The Olympic Games, ______ in 776 B.C,did’t include women players until 1919. A.first playing B.to be first played C.first played D.to be first playing 　　析：根据题干，必须选表示被动的选项，故排除A、D；因B选项表“将要被举行”意，不合题干之用，只有C选项（相当于which was first played）才合用。 　　 null2．European football is played in 80 countries, ______ it the most popular sport in the world. A.making B.makes C.made D.to make 　　　 析：B、C是谓语动词，在此不可用。D项to make或表目的，或表“将要使得”，这都不合题干情景。只有A.making,可作状语，表结果。再举一现在分词作结果状语例： 　　 null公共汽车被大风雪所阻，因而耽误了。The bus was held up by the snowstorm,causing the delay.null3．Little Jim should love ______ to the theatre this evening. 　　A.to be taken B.to take C.being taken D.taking 　　析：根据this evening,应选表示将来义的选项，C、D应排除。Take后无宾语，必然要用被动式，故答案为A。 　　 null4．John was made ______ the truck for a week as a punishment. A.to wash B.washing C.wash D.to be washing 　　析：根据be made to do sth.句式，可定答案为A。 null5．The patient was warned ______ oily food after the operation. A.to eat not B.eating not C.not to eat D.not eating 　　　　析：根据warn sb.(not)to do sth.句式，可排除B、D两项；又根据非谓语动词的否定式not总是在首位的规律，又可排除A，而定C。 null6．——I usually go there by train. ——Why not ______ by boat for a change? A.to try going B.trying to go C.to try and go D.try going 　　析：此题可根据why not后直接跟原形动词规律而一举确定正确答案为D。若将B项改为try to go，则要根据其与try going意义之别来确定答案。依据题干对话内容，乙方是建议甲方尝试乘船变变花样，所以答案仍为D。 　　 null7．______ a reply,he decided to write again. 　　A.Not receiving B.Receiving not C.Not having received D.Having not received 　　析：非谓语动词的否定式not应置于首位，B、D皆为错误形式。A项不能表达先于decided的动作，只有选C项才表没收到信在先，决定再写信在后，所以C为正确答案。 　　null8．Charles Babbage is generally considered ______ the first computer. A.to invent B.inventing C.to have invented D.having mvented 　　析：consider表“考虑”意时，其后动词用doing形式，此处不表“考虑”，而表“认为”，这时consider后作宾语补足语或主语补足语多为to do,to have done,to be等形式。据此可排除B、D两个选项。又因A表“要发明”意，不合题用，只有C表“发明了”意，才合题用，故选C。 　　 null9．Most of the artists ______ to the party were from South Africa. 　A.invited B.to invite C.being invited D.had been invited 　　析：“被邀请参加晚会”，应选表被动意的选项，B不可用。D项少引导词who，也应排除。又因短暂动词的现在分词被动式不可作定语，C也应排除，只有A.invited(＝who were invited)才是正确答案。 null 　　10．The murderer was brought in,with his hands ______ behind his back. A.being tied B.h