非谓语动词

非谓语动词 A 动词－ed形式作表语 1 动词－ed形式在连系动词后作表语，说明主语的状态。 　　The students are fully prepared. 　　学生们已做好了充分的准备。 　　When we got there, the shop was closed. 　　我们到那儿时，商店已经关门了。 比　较 　要把动词-ed形式作表语和被动语态区别开来。作表语的-ed形式表示状态，被动语态表示被动动作。 Peter the Great is buried here. 彼得大帝就埋葬在这里。 Peter the Great was buried here in 1725. 彼得大帝于1725年被埋葬在这里。  2 同一动词的－ed形式与－ing形式作表语时的区别。 　　动词-ed形式作表语，主要表示主语的心理感觉或所处的状态，含有被动的意思，而动词-ing形式作表语多表示主语具有的特征，含有主动的意思。 They were frightened to hear the frightening sound. 　　他们听到那可怕的声音很害怕。 　　At the sight of the moving scene, all the people present were moved. 　　看到这么动人的情景，所有在场的人都感动了。 比 较： amusing  使人高兴的  amused 开心的 encouraging  鼓舞人心的  encouraged 受鼓励的 disappointing  令人失望的  disappointed  失望的 exciting  使人激动的  excited  激动的 puzzling  迷惑人的  puzzled  迷惑的 satisfying  令人满意的  satisfied  感到满意的 Worrying  令人烦恼的  worried 烦恼的  tiring  引起疲劳的  tired  疲劳的 pleasing  令人愉快的  pleased 高兴的 astonishing  令人惊讶的  astonished 惊讶的 B 动词－ed形式作宾语补足语 当作宾语补足语的动词和前面的宾语之间是被动关系时，一般应用动词-ed形式作宾语补足语。 1 在感觉动词see, hear, feel, notice, watch, find等后作宾语补足语。 I heard the Ninth Symphony played last nght. 昨晚我听了第九交响乐的演奏。 We found all the rivers seriously polluted. 我们发现所有的河流都被严重污染了 2 在使役动词get, have, make, leave, keep等后作宾语补足语。 　　① 动词-ed形式作get的宾语补足语。 　　 Doris got her bad tooth pulled out in the hospital. 　　 多丽丝在医院把坏牙拔了。 　　 I'll just get these dishes washed and then I'll come. 　　 我得先把盘子洗了，然后就来。 ② 动词-ed形式作make的宾语补足语。 　　 He raised his voice in order to make himself heard. 　　 他提高了嗓门为了使别人听清他的讲话。 You should make your views known to the public. 　　 你应该让公众知道你的观点。 ③动词-ed形式作keep或leave的宾语补足语。 　　 They all went home, leaving all the work undone. 　　 所有的工作都没完成，他们就回家了。 　　 The detective and his assistant kept themselves locked in the room all night. 　　 侦探和他的助手把自己整夜反锁在房。 比　较 动词get后也可接动词不定式或动词-ing形式作宾语补足语，和宾语是主动关系。 　I couldn't get the car to start this morning. 　今早我无法把汽车发动起来。 　He got his sister to help him with his clothes. 　他让姐姐帮他洗衣服。 　It is not hard to get him talking; the problem is stopping him! 　让他说话不难，难的是说开了止不住他。 Can you really get that old clock going again? 　你真的能让那只旧钟再走起来吗？ 点　津　坊 　动词make后的宾语补足语可用不带to的动词不定式或动词-ed形式，但不可用动词-ing形式。 　【误】Can you make the students understanding the text? 　【正】Can you make the students understand the text? 你能让学生理解这篇课文吗？ 　【正】Can you make the text understood by the students? 你能让学生理解这篇课文吗？ ④ 使役动词have后既可接动词-ed形式，也可接动词不定式和动词-ing形式作宾语补足语。三者之间有一定的区别。 　　 不定式动作由宾语发出，表示让某人做某事 　 *I'm going to have the teacher answer this question after class.　　我打算课后让老师回答这个问题。 （1）. 让某人做某事或让某种情况发生。  　 *He had the car waiting outside.　他让小汽车在外面等着。  　（2）. 常用于否定结构，表示“不容忍”、“不能让”。   　*We won‘t have the child talking to his mother like that.　　我们不能容忍那个孩子那样对他的妈妈说话。  　（3） 宾语和补足语之间有逻辑上的被动关系，表示某事由别人做。   　*Where did you have your hair cut?　你在哪儿理的发？ （4）. 表示主语遭到某种不幸或陷入恶劣的环境。   　*The house had its roof blown off.　房子的屋顶被吹掉了。  　 （5）. 完成某事(自己也可能参与)。   　*He has had one thousand yuan saved. 　他已存了1000元。  　（6）. 否定式表示“不允许”。   　*I won't have anything said against her. 　　我不允许别人说反对她的话。 3 动词－ed形式也可用在with (without) 结构中，作介词的宾语补足语。 　　With everything well arranged, he left the office. 　　一切都安排妥善之后，他离开了办公室。 　　She has come back with her backpack filled with interesting picture-books. 　　她已经回来了，背包里塞满了有趣的图书。 Without any more time given, we couldn't finish the task in three weeks. 　　如果不再给我们任何时间的话，我们三星期之内完成不了任务。 4 某些动词后(如want, need, prefer, would like等)，作宾语补足语的不定式被动形式省略“to be”，就成了动词－ed形式作宾语补足语。 　　I would like this matter (to be) settled immediately. 　　我希望这事立即得到解决。 The peasants don't want good farmland (to be) built on. 　　农民们不想让好好的农田被用来建造房子。 C 动词－ed形式作状语 动词-ed形式作状语和动词-ing形式作状语一样，也可以表示时间、原因、条件、让步、方式或伴随情况等。 1  表示时间 　　动词-ed形式作状语表示时间，相当于一个时间状语从句。 Seen from the tower, the city looks beautiful.从塔上往下看，城市显得很美丽。 (= When the city is seen from the tower...) Shown the lab, we were taken to see the library. 带我们参观了实验室之后，又带我们参观了图书馆。 (= After we had been shown the lab ...) Completely examined by the doctors, he went back to school right away.经过医生彻底检查以后，他立刻回到了学校。 (= After he was completely examined...) 点　津　坊 　　有时动词-ed形式前可加连词when, while等来强调时间概念。 　　Once recovered, he went all out to do his work. 　　一恢复健康，他就全力以赴地干起了工作。 　　When asked why she was late for class again, she hung her head in shame. 　　当被问到为什么上课又迟到时，她羞愧地低下了头。 　　Once started, the clock will go half a month and keep good time. 　　一旦给这钟上了发条，它就会走半个月，并且走得很准。 2 表示原因 　　动词-ed形式作状语表示原因，相当于一个原因状语从句。 　　Moved by the heroic deeds, the children couldn't help crying. 　　孩子们被英雄事迹感动，情不自禁地哭了起来。 (= Since they were moved by the heroic deeds ...) 　　Written in haste, her letter is very hard to read. 　　因为写得快，她的信很难阅读。 (= As it was written in haste ...) 　　Excited by the new discovery, we decided to go out and celebrate. 　　我们因为新发现而激动万分，决定出去庆祝一下。 (= Because we were excited by...) 3 表示条件 　　动词-ed形式作状语表示条件，相当于一个条件状语从句。 Heated, water changes into steam.　加热，水就能变成蒸汽。 (= If water is heated...) Given more time, he would be able to do better. 假如多给一些时间，他会干得更出色。 (= If he was given more time ...) Compared with other professors, she was an excellent speaker.　与其他教授相比，她是一个优秀的演说家。 (= If she was compared with other protessors...) 点　津　坊 　　为了使-ed形式表示的条件、动词让步意义更加明显，我们可以加上适当的连词。 　　Even if invited, I won't go. 即使受到邀请，我也不去。 　　Though beaten by the opposite team, they did not lose heart. 虽然被对手打败，但他们并没有丧失信心。 　　Unless invited, he will not come back to the company. 除非被邀请，不然他不会回到公司来的。 4 表示让步 　　动词-ed形式作状语表示让步，相当于一个though/although引导的让步状语从句。 Exhausted by the running, they went on running after the robber.尽管已经跑得筋疲力尽，他们还是继续追赶着那个强盗。 (= Although they were exhausted by the running ...) Laughed at by many people, he continued his research. 尽管被许多人嘲笑，他还是继续他的研究。 (= Even if he was laughed by many people ...) 点　津　坊 　　有时动词-ed形式作状语和动词-ing形式被动式作状语，并没有多大的区别，可以互换。 Suddenly seized with a high fever, he was unable to attend school. = Being suddenly seized with a high fever, he was unable to attend school.　他因突然发热不能来上学。 Brought up in the countryside, he found it hard to get used to town life. = Having been brought up in the countryside, he found it hard to get used to town life. 　　因为是在农村长大的，他感到很难适应城镇生活。 5 表示行为方式、伴随情况或补充说明 　　动词-ed形式作状语表示行为方式、伴随情况或补充说明时，通常位于的后面，相当于一个并列分句。 　　The teacher stood there, surrounded by the students. 　　老师站在那儿，被学生围住了。 　　(= and he was surrounded by the students) 　　He went into the office, followed by some children. 　　他走进办公室，后面跟着一些孩子。 　　(= and he was followed by some children) 点　津　坊 　动词的-ed形式在句中不能用作主语或宾语。 【误】I cannot stand laughed at. 　 【正】I cannot stand being laughed at. 　　　我不能容忍被人嘲笑。 【误】Invited to the state banquet is a great honour. 　 【正】To be invited to the state banquet is a great honour. 动词－ed形式的逻辑主语 A 动词－ed形式作状语或表语时 1 动词-ed形式在句中作状语或表语时，它的逻辑主语一般来说就是句子的主语，动词-ed形式和主语之间是被动关系。 Locked up, he had no way to escape. 他被锁了起来，没有办法逃跑了。 Lost in thought, he almost ran into the car in front of him. 他陷入了沉思，几乎撞到了前面的汽车。 She became discouraged at the news. 听到这个消息，她泄气了。 B 动词－ed形式作定语时 当动词-ed形式在句中作定语时，它的逻辑主语是被它修饰的名词，它和名词之间是被动关系。 　　The first textbooks written for teaching English as a foreign language came out in the 16th century. 　　第一批编写出来作为英语教材的课本是16世纪出版的。 C 动词－ed形式在句中作宾语补足语或主语补足语时，它的逻辑主语是句子的主语或宾语，它们之间的关系是被动关系。 Vivien got her fingers trapped in the bicycle chain. 　　薇薇恩把手指卡在自行车链条里了。 　(trapped的逻辑主语是句子的宾语fingers) The valuable vase was found stolen. 　　那个珍贵的花瓶发现被盗了 (stolen的逻辑主语是句子的主语vase) 　We got home only to find the whole house turned upside down. Thieves obviously had broken in. 　　我们回到家发现整幢房子被翻得乱七八糟，很明显小偷闯进来了。 (turned up side down的逻辑主语是句子的宾语house) D 动词－ed形式有时可有独立的逻辑主语 动词-ed形式有时可有其独立的逻辑主语，常用作状语 Everything done, we went home. 　　一切事情都做完了，我们就回家了。 　　All our money run out, Henry had to find another job. 　　钱都用完了，亨利不得不再找一份工作。 E 动词－ed形式作独立成分 动词-ed形式的一些固定词组也可在句中作独立成分，不受逻辑主语的限制。 　　Put frankly, I don't agree with what he said. 　　坦白地说，我不同意他所说的。 　　Given the general state of his health, it may take him a while to recover from the operation. 　　考虑到他一般的身体状况，手术后的恢复可能需要一段时间。 独立主格结构 （ 所谓独立主格结构，分词的逻辑主语不是句子主语，而是有自己的逻辑主语时，叫独立主格结构。） 1. Today ____( be ) Sunday, the library doesn’t open. 2. There _____( be ) no buses, we had to walk home. 3. The signal _____( give ), the bus started. 4. Weather ____ ( permit ), we’ll visit the Great Wall. 5. A teacher from England ____( teach ) us English, we’re sure to learn it well. 6. With him ____( give ) us a lead, our team is to win. 7. With the worker ____( lead ), the Young Pioneers went through the forest and started towards the mountain village.