轮胎变油（英）

Portland Cement Association Sustainable Manufacturing Fact Sheet TIRE-DERIVED FUEL Portland Cement Association Sustainable Manufacturing Fact Sheet TIRE-DERIVED FUEL HORIZONTAL CONFIGURATION VERTICAL CONFIGURATION May 2008 Scrap tires, if not properly managed, can create an environmental nuisance and eyesore. What’s more, they can constitute an environmental hazard if they burn in an uncontrolled manner, such as in a field or landfill. However, by utilizing cement kilns’ controlled combustion environment, scrap tires can be an environmentally-sound source of energy in the manufacture of cement. more Under their program for the voluntary reporting of greenhouse gases, the United States Department of Energy (USDOE) has estimated that the combustion of TDF produces less carbon dioxide (CO2) per unit of energy than coal [USDOE 2007a]. This means that when TDF replaces coal in a portland cement kiln—for example, when scrap tires are used to heat the precalciner vessel instead of coal—less CO2 will be produced. The Mojave Desert Air Quality Management District in California has determined that TDF use is NOx RACT (“Reasonably Available Control Technology”) for portland cement kilns [CARB, 2002]. The use of TDF is common in other parts of the world. In Japan, there were 103 million scrap tires generated in 2006 with 16% being used as a fuel in the cement industry. For that year Japan recycled 54% of all scrap tires through heat utilization [JATMA 2007]. Of the approximately 3.2 million metric tons of scrap tires handled annually in Europe, 31.6% are directed to energy recovery systems including portland cement kilns [ETRMA 2007]. continued HORIZONTAL CONFIGURATION VERTICAL CONFIGURATION © Portland Cement Association. All rights reserved. IS325.02 Portland Cement Association 5420 Old Orchard Road Skokie, Illinois 60077-1083 847.966.6200 Fax 847.966.9781 www.cement.org 500 New Jersey Avenue, N.W. 7th Floor Washington, DC 20001 202.408.9494 Fax 202.408.0877 Portland Cement Association is a trade association representing cement companies in the United States and Canada. PCA’s U.S. membership consists of 30 companies operating 115 plants in 36 states. PCA members account for more than 98 percent of cement-making capacity in the United States and 100 percent in Canada. P R IN TE D O N R E C YC LE D P A P E R References Air Emissions Data Summary for Portland Cement Pyroprocessing Operations Firing Tire-Derived Fuels, PCA R&D Serial No. 3050, John Richards; David Goshaw; Danny Speer, and Tom Holder, Portland Cement Association, Skokie, IL, USA, 2008. End of Life Tyres Management in Europe, European Tyre and Rubber Manufacturers’ Association, Brussels, Belgium, July 2007. http://www.etrma.org/public/activitieseoflttrenf.asp Instructions for Form EIA-1605, Voluntary Reporting of Greenhouse Gases, Energy Information Administration, United States Department of Energy, Washington, DC, USA, October 2007a. Management of Scrap Tires – Tired Derived Fuel, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, USA, September 7, 2007b. http://www.epa.gov/epaoswer/non-hw/muncpl/tires/tdf.htm “Rule 1161 – Portland Cement Kilns,” (Adopted: 06/28/95; Amended: 10/22/01; Amended: 03/25/02), Mojave Desert Air Quality Management District, California Air Resources Board, Sacramento, CA, USA, 2002. http://www.arb.ca.gov/drdb/moj/curht- ml/r1161.pdf Tyre Industry of Japan 2007, Japan Automobile Tyre Manufacturers Association, Inc., Tokyo, Japan, July 2007. U.S. and Canadian 1994 Labor-Energy Input Survey, Portland Cement Association, Skokie, IL, USA, December 1995. U.S. and Canadian 2000 Labor-Energy Input Survey, Portland Cement Association, Skokie, IL, USA, March 2002. U.S. and Canadian 2006 Labor-Energy Input Survey, Portland Cement Association, Skokie, IL, USA, 2007a. U.S. and Canadian Portland Cement Industry: Plant Information Summary, December 31, 2006, Portland Cement Association, Skokie, IL, USA, 2007b. U.S. Scrap Tire Markets 2005 Edition, Rubber Manufacturers Association, Washington, DC, USA, November 2006. Portland Cement Association Sustainable Manufacturing Fact Sheet TIRE-DERIVED FUEL Like fossil fuels such as coal, oil, and natural gas, tires contain hydrocarbons. Pound for pound, tires have more fuel value than coal. Hundreds of millions of used tires are generated annually in the United States. By simply disposing of these tires, we miss an important recycling oppor- tunity: the chance to recover their energy and conserve our resources of fossil fuels. Cement making is an ideal process for recovering this energy. The intense heat of the kiln ensures complete destruction of the tires. There is no smoke or visible emissions from the tires. In fact, the use of tires as fuel can actually reduce certain emissions. An Alternative to Traditional Fossil Fuels The Rubber Manufacturers Association (RMA) has estimated that 58 million scrap tires were used as fuel in portland cement plants in 2005 out of the 299 million tires produced that year [RMA 2006]. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) states that tire- derived fuel (TDF) contains about the same amount of energy as oil and 25% more energy than coal [USEPA 2007b]. This means that each ton of TDF used by a portland cement plant has the potential to replace 1.25 tons of coal, and the impacts of coal mining, processing, and transporting are avoided. In energy terms, the cement industry consumed 12.6 trillion BTUs of TDF in 2006 which is approximately 3.6% of all of the non-electrical energy required by the manufacturing process [PCA 2007a]. TDF Use Is Increasing The number of cement plants utilizing scrap tires as a supplemental fuel has risen dramati- cally over the last 19 years. Figure 1 shows the increase in portland cement plants utilizing TDF [PCA 1995, 2002, and 2007a]. As of 2006, state and local environmental agencies have approved the use of TDF at 48 plants in 21 states (Table 1). Additional U.S. plants have expressed interest in obtaining a permit or have received a permit but have not begun utilizing scrap tires as a fuel. The delay in utilizing TDF may be due to equipment limitations at the cement plant, regional TDF availability, state regulatory agency review, and local community discussions. Figure 2 shows the locations of all of the facilities currently utilizing in TDF. Beneficial Effects The environmental benefits of utilizing scrap tires as a supplemental fuel in the portland cement manufacturing process are multifold. When whole tires are combusted in cement kilns, the steel belting becomes a component of the clinker, replacing some or all of the iron required by the manufacturing process. In 2008, PCA member companies completed a study on the impact of TDF firing on cement kiln air emissions. The study’s data set included emission tests from 31 of the cement plants presently firing TDF. Dioxin-furan emission test results indicated that kilns firing TDF had emissions approxi- mately one-third of those kilns firing conventional fuels – this difference was statistically significant. Emissions of particulate matter (PM) from TDF-firing kilns were 35% less than the levels reported for kilns firing conventional fuels (not statistically significant due to the low PM emissions reported for essentially all cement plants). Nitrogen oxides, most metals, and sulfur dioxide emissions from TDF-firing kilns also exhibited lower levels than those from conventional fuel kilns. The emission values for carbon monoxide and total hydrocarbons were slightly higher in TDF versus non-TDF firing kilns. However, none of the differences in the emission data sets between TDF versus non-TDF firing kilns for sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, total hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, and metals were statistically significant. Separate studies conducted by governmental agencies and engineering consulting firms have also indicated that TDF firing either reduces or does not significantly affect emissions of various contaminants from cement kilns [PCA 2008]. ThE CEmEnT-mAkIng PRoCEss Portland cement manufacturing is a four-step process: 1. Raw materials, including limestone and small amounts of sand and clay, come from quarries usually located near the cement manufac- turing plant. Limestone is typically about 80% of the raw mix and is the source of calcium. The remain- ing raw materials provide the silica and the necessary small amounts of alumina and iron. 2. The materials are carefully analyzed, precisely combined and blended, and then ground for further processing. 3. The ground materials are heated in an industrial furnace, called a kiln; kilns are a rotating vessel ranging in length from 60 to over 200 meters (200 to >650 feet) long with a diameter ranging from 3 to 7.5 meters (10 to 25 feet). The kiln reaches temperatures of 1,450° C (2,650° F). The heat causes the materials to turn into a new marble-sized substance called clinker. The kiln flame is fueled by powdered coal, powdered petro- leum coke, natural gas, oil, and/or recycled materials burned for energy recovery. 4. Red-hot clinker is cooled and ground with a small amount of gypsum. The end-result is a fine powder called portland cement. At each stage, process data are con- tinuously monitored to produce a high-quality product, improve ener- gy efficiency, and minimize emissions. CEmEnT oR ConCRETE? The terms cement and concrete are often misused. Cement is an ingredient of concrete. It is the fine powder that, when mixed with water, sand, and grav- el or crushed stone, forms the rock-like mass known as concrete. Cement acts as the binding agent or glue in concrete. mID-kIln InjECTIon oF sCRAP TIREs With every revolution of their kiln, the Ash Grove Cement Company plant in Midlothian, TX injects one or two scrap tires through a special port. This automated system allows the plant to utilize whole tires to replace up to 25% of the traditional fossil fuels required by the manufacturing process. continued FIgURE 1 U.s. Portland Cement Plants Utilizing Tire-Derived Fuel [PCA 1995, 2002, and 2007a] TABlE 1 summary of 48 Portland Cement manufacturing Plants Currently Permitted and Utilizing Tire-Derived Fuels [PCA 2007b and RMA 2006] FIgURE 2 U.s. Portland Cement Plants Currently Utilizing Tire-Derived Fuel TIRE hAnDlIng sysTEm AT A PoRTlAnD CEmEnT PlAnT At the Capital Aggregates cement plant in San Antonio, TX, scrap tires are received and stored in semi trailers. These trailers are hydraulically lifted to allow the tires to roll into a singulator which extracts one tire at a time and places it on the conveyor system. The automated conveyor transports the scrap tires to the injection point in the kiln system. FoR ADDITIonAl InFoRmATIon REgARDIng ThIs sUBjECT, PlEAsE ConTACT: Tyrone Wilson, Ph.D. Portland Cement Association 500 New Jersey Avenue, N.W. 7th Floor Washington, DC 20001 Voice: 202.408.9494 Fax: 202.408.0877 Email: twilson@cement.org more Portland cement plants currently permitted and utilizing tire-derived fuels (48 plants) 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 YEAR N U M BE R OF P LA N TS 55 50 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 55 50 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 Ash grove Cement Co. Chanute, KS Durkee, OR Foreman, AR Inkom, ID Midlothian, TX Nephi, UT Seattle, WA Buzzi Unicem UsA, Inc. Cape Girardeau, MO Oglesby, IL Pryor, OK Sweetwater, TX California Portland Cement Co. Colton, CA Capitol Aggregates, Inc. San Antonio, TX CEmEX Brooksville, FL (South) Brooksville, FL (North) Clinchfield, GA Demopolis, AL Knoxville, TN New Braunfels, TX Odessa, TX Victorville, CA EssRoC Cement Corp. Bessemer, PA Frederick, MD Florida Rock Industries, Inc. Newberry, FL holcim (Us) Inc. Ada, OK Clarksville, MO Dundee, MI Florence, CO Hagerstown, MD Mason City, IA Midlothian, TX Morgan, UT Theodore, AL lafarge north America Inc. Calera, AL Grand Chain, IL Harleyville, SC Tulsa, OK Whitehall, PA lehigh Cement Company Fleetwood, PA Leeds, AL Redding, CA mitsubishi Cement Corp. Lucerne Valley, CA monarch Cement Company Humboldt, KS national Cement Company Lebec, CA Ragland, AL Texas Industries, Inc. New Braunfels, TX Oro Grande, CA Texas-lehigh Cement Company Buda, TX Note: No cement plants in Alaska and Hawaii WA OR CA NV ID MT WY UT AZ NM CO KS OK TX LA AR MO IA MN WI MI IL IN OH KY TN MS AL GA SC FL NC VA WV PA NY VT NH ME MA CT NJ MD DENE SD ND Portland Cement Association Sustainable Manufacturing Fact Sheet TIRE-DERIVED FUEL Like fossil fuels such as coal, oil, and natural gas, tires contain hydrocarbons. Pound for pound, tires have more fuel value than coal. Hundreds of millions of used tires are generated annually in the United States. By simply disposing of these tires, we miss an important recycling oppor- tunity: the chance to recover their energy and conserve our resources of fossil fuels. Cement making is an ideal process for recovering this energy. The intense heat of the kiln ensures complete destruction of the tires. There is no smoke or visible emissions from the tires. In fact, the use of tires as fuel can actually reduce certain emissions. An Alternative to Traditional Fossil Fuels The Rubber Manufacturers Association (RMA) has estimated that 58 million scrap tires were used as fuel in portland cement plants in 2005 out of the 299 million tires produced that year [RMA 2006]. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) states that tire- derived fuel (TDF) contains about the same amount of energy as oil and 25% more energy than coal [USEPA 2007b]. This means that each ton of TDF used by a portland cement plant has the potential to replace 1.25 tons of coal, and the impacts of coal mining, processing, and transporting are avoided. In energy terms, the cement industry consumed 12.6 trillion BTUs of TDF in 2006 which is approximately 3.6% of all of the non-electrical energy required by the manufacturing process [PCA 2007a]. TDF Use Is Increasing The number of cement plants utilizing scrap tires as a supplemental fuel has risen dramati- cally over the last 19 years. Figure 1 shows the increase in portland cement plants utilizing TDF [PCA 1995, 2002, and 2007a]. As of 2006, state and local environmental agencies have approved the use of TDF at 48 plants in 21 states (Table 1). Additional U.S. plants have expressed interest in obtaining a permit or have received a permit but have not begun utilizing scrap tires as a fuel. The delay in utilizing TDF may be due to equipment limitations at the cement plant, regional TDF availability, state regulatory agency review, and local community discussions. Figure 2 shows the locations of all of the facilities currently utilizing in TDF. Beneficial Effects The environmental benefits of utilizing scrap tires as a supplemental fuel in the portland cement manufacturing process are multifold. When whole tires are combusted in cement kilns, the steel belting becomes a component of the clinker, replacing some or all of the iron required by the manufacturing process. In 2008, PCA member companies completed a study on the impact of TDF firing on cement kiln air emissions. The study’s data set included emission tests from 31 of the cement plants presently firing TDF. Dioxin-furan emission test results indicated that kilns firing TDF had emissions approxi- mately one-third of those kilns firing conventional fuels – this difference was statistically significant. Emissions of particulate matter (PM) from TDF-firing kilns were 35% less than the levels reported for kilns firing conventional fuels (not statistically significant due to the low PM emissions reported for essentially all cement plants). Nitrogen oxides, most metals, and sulfur dioxide emissions from TDF-firing kilns also exhibited lower levels than those from conventional fuel kilns. The emission values for carbon monoxide and total hydrocarbons were slightly higher in TDF versus non-TDF firing kilns. However, none of the differences in the emission data sets between TDF versus non-TDF firing kilns for sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, total hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, and metals were statistically significant. Separate studies conducted by governmental agencies and engineering consulting firms have also indicated that TDF firing either reduces or does not significantly affect emissions of various contaminants from cement kilns [PCA 2008]. ThE CEmEnT-mAkIng PRoCEss Portland cement manufacturing is a four-step process: 1. Raw materials, including limestone and small amounts of sand and clay, come from quarries usually located near the cement manufac- turing plant. Limestone is typically about 80% of the raw mix and is the source of calcium. The remain- ing raw materials provide the silica and the necessary small amounts of alumina and iron. 2. The materials are carefully analyzed, precisely combined and blended, and then ground for further processing. 3. The ground materials are heated in an industrial furnace, called a kiln; kilns are a rotating vessel ranging in length from 60 to over 200 meters (200 to >650 feet) long with a diameter ranging from 3 to 7.5 meters (10 to 25 feet). The kiln reaches temperatures of 1,450° C (2,650° F). The heat causes the materials to turn into a new marble-sized substance called clinker. The kiln flame is fueled by powdered coal, powdered petro- leum coke, natural gas, oil, and/or recycled materials burned for energy recovery. 4. Red-hot clinker is cooled and ground with a small amount of gypsum. The end-result is a fine powder called portland cement. At each stage, process data are con- tinuously monitored to produce a high-quality product, improve ener- gy efficiency, and minimize emissions. CEmEnT oR ConCRETE? The terms cement and concrete are often misused. Cement is an ingredient of concrete. It is the fine powder that, when mixed with water, sand, and grav- el or crushed stone, forms the rock-like mass known as concrete. Cement acts as the binding agent or glue in concrete. mID-kIln InjECTIon oF sCRAP TIREs With every revolution of their kiln, the Ash Grove Cement Company plant in Midlothian, TX injects one or two scrap tires through a special port. This automated system allows the plant to utilize whole tires to replace up to 25% of the traditional fossil fuels required by the manufacturing process. continued FIgURE 1 U.s. Portland Cement Plants Utilizing Tire-Derived Fuel [PCA 1995, 2002, and 2007a] TABlE 1 summary of 48 Portland Cement manufacturing Plants Currently Permitted and Utilizing Tire-Derived Fuels [PCA 2007b and RMA 2006] FIgURE 2 U.s. Portland Cement Plants Currently Utilizing Tire-Derived Fuel TIRE hAnDlIng sysTEm AT A PoRTlAnD CEmEnT PlAnT At the Capital Aggregates cement plant in San Antonio, TX, scrap tires are received and stored in semi trailers. These trailers are hydraulically lifted to allow the tires to roll into a singulator which extracts one tire at a time and places it on the conveyor system. The automated conveyor transports the scrap tires to the injection point in the kiln system. FoR ADDITIonAl InFoRmATIon REgARDIng ThIs sUBjECT, PlEAsE ConTACT: Tyrone Wilson, Ph.D. Portland Cement Association 500 New Jersey Avenue, N.W. 7th Floor Washington, DC 20001 Voice: 202.408.9494 Fax: 202.408.0877 Email: twilson@cement.org more Portland cement plants currently permitted and utilizing tire-derived fuels (48 plants) 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02