大学英语四级改错考试辅导

nullError CorrectionError CorrectionnullError Correction: Directions: This part consists of a short passage. In this passage, there are altogether 10 mistakes, one in each numbered line. You may have to change a word, add a word or delete a word. Mark out the mistakes and put the corrections in the blanks provided. If you change a word, cross it out and write the correct word in the corresponding blank. If you add a word, put an insertion mark (∧) in the right place and write the missing word in the blank. If you delete a word, cross it out and put a slash (/) in the blank.简介简介在四级新题型考试中，改错题与完形填空题二者取其一。 所占分值比例10%。 通常选用一篇200词左右的短文，其中有10个语法结构和用词方面的错误，分布在除首句外的10行中。解题技巧解题技巧．1．通读全文，把握文章全貌，抓住文章主旨大意，并确定文章的主导时态；如果是议论文，说明文，主要时态应该是一般现在时。 如果是游记或回忆应该是一般过去时为主导，在做题过程中要把握主从时态要协调原则。 2．逐行阅读，按点找错, 3．再通读一遍全文，解决难题，复查做好的题，看全篇是否语意通顺。题型分析题型分析 改错也是一项综合测试题型，测试重点与完形填空所覆盖的测试内容大致相同。 在解答改错题时，应主要从以下几个方面进行观察和判断： null固定搭配――考查动词词组、介词词组、形容词词组、动宾词组等固定搭配的用法； 语法句法――考查单复数、虚拟语态、从句等语法现象； 语义逻辑――考查上下文的语义关系，常利用反义词来混淆视听；null关系连词――考查句子内部或句群之间的逻辑关系，例如因果关系、转折关系、递进或并列关系、总分关系等； 指代关系――考查人称代词、物主代词、反身代词与被指代的名词的对应关系； 词汇用法――与完形填空相比较而言，改错部分考查的对象除名词、动词、形容词和副词等实义词的用法外，也经常考查一些功能词的用法，如介词、连词等。常考典型错误 1 常考典型错误 1 　1、一致性方面的错误： 1)主谓一致 　　主谓不一致错误主要现为主语名词与谓语动词间隔较长，首尾不能相接，造成视觉上的混淆。 null例：The president of the company, together with the workers, are planning a conference for the purpose of solving financial problems. 分析：句中主语的主词为单数名“president”， 介词短语“together with the workers”与 主语无关，是插入成分，故谓语动词应 用单数is。null 2)名词单复数 　　有时名词可以不用复数，但是在特定的句子中由于前面有明确的量词修饰，如many,　several,　a number of,　a variety of 等等，就要变成复数形式。null 例：Computer, as we all know, has many possible use in different fields. 句中名词use前的修饰语many是用来修饰复数名词的，所以use应改为uses。 null 3)代词与先行词一致 　　代词的主要功能是指代已出现的名词、词组或一个意群，因此代词的出现必须有所指，而且形、数等必须与前面所代的部份相符。这是代词改错的核心。null 例：A knowledge of several languages is essential to other majors' study because without them one can read books only in translation. 本句中without them指的是没有几门语言的知识。them错指a knowledge of several languages，因为其中knowledge是中心词，所以要把them改为it。常考典型错误 2: 常考典型错误 2: 时态、语态、虚拟语气 　1). 时态错误 在一篇结构完整、语义连续的短文中，时态的使用也应该连贯一致，但是英语表示时间时，主句和从句时态可能不一致，却仍表明完整正确的意思。这就要求我们对英语敏感，准确判断句中动作的时态。null 例：He can't remember what he once knows. 主句用的是一般现在时，宾语从句中有once(从前)作为明显的时间状语，因而从句中动词应用过去时knew。null 2)语态错误 在综合改错题中最常见的语态错误是被动语态被误用为主动语态。因为汉语表达习惯上有时不加“被”字也能表示被动，因而考生对被动语态不敏感。另外，不及物动词不能携带宾语，因而也就没有被动语态.null 例：She was very angry at not telling the truth when she listened to the account. 句意：当她听这个叙述的时候，她很生气 没有被告知真相。这里“她”是被告 诉的对象，因而telling应改为being told。null 3)虚拟语气错误 　虚拟语气的使用错误在综合改错题中主要表现为主句和从句的语气不协调。 例：We strongly suggest that Henry is told about his physical condition as soon as possible. 句中动词suggest之后的从句应用虚拟语气，故is应改为be或should be。类似的动词还有demand, insist, order，等等。常考典型错误 3: 连接词、并列句、从属句常考典型错误 3: 连接词、并列句、从属句 这类错误常常不易被发现，因为它不属于句子内部的语言知识，而是句子与句子之间的串联的关系。要想把这类错误纠正出来，需要考生对文章有总体的理解，头脑中有个大的框架。一般改错中的连接词错误都会使句子的逻辑关系发生改变，或造成句子的语义逻辑混乱。null例：Science is the production of new knowledge that can be applied or not, since technology is the application of knowledge to the production of some products, machinery or the like. 句中连词“since”用错了，逗号前后的两个句子从句意上是对照关系，但是since使之变成了因果关系，整个句子变得模糊不清。应把“since”改成“while”或“whereas”。常考典型错误 4: 并列结构 常考典型错误 4: 并列结构 这主要是指由and或or连接的几个并列成分在形式上必须保持一致.这一考点在改错中出现频率很高. At the heart of the NEA survey is the belief in(改成that,同位语从句)our democratic system depends on leaders who can think critically, analyze texts and writing clearly. 这里的writing显然与think和analyze并列,因此应该用同样的形式,所以应该改成write. null (2) Their experiments have shown that reading disorders are most likely the result of what is, in an effect(去掉an,固定介词搭配)，faulty wiring in the brain-----not lazy, stupidity or a poor home environment . 这里的lazy应该与stupidity和a poor home environment并列,因此该用名词形式laziness. null (3) Restrict yourself to one or two pages, and listing any publications or referees on a separate sheet. 通过and将restrict和listing联系起来表示并列关系,所以listing应该用原形list. null(4) How do you know how to act in a classroom, or a department store, or toward a person who smiles or laugh at you? 这里的smiles和laugh肯定应该用同样的形式,而前面的 a person又提示我们该使用第三人称单数,所以将laugh改成laughs. null (5)Most experts believe this can continue even as if(去掉as,这里的even if表示即使)the population doubles by the mid-21st century, although feeding 10 billion people will not be easy for politics, economic and environmental reasons. 同样,这里的politics应该改成political和 economic, environmental并列。 null（6）Elsewhere, rice experts in the Philippines are producing a plant with few stems and more seeds. few应该与more形成对应,所以应改成比较级形式fewer. 常考典型错误 5:A--A型错误 常考典型错误 5:A--A型错误 所谓A--A型错误,就是指改错命题经常将形容词(adjective)与副词(adverb)混淆.这时考生的任务就是将文中的形容词换成它的副词形式,或将副词换成形容词： null (1)Science should not only be“fun”in the same way as playing a video game, but “hard fun”----a deep feeling of connection made possibly only by imaginative engagement. make sth possible, possible做为宾语补足语，那用被动语态就是sth. be made possible,所以这里的possibly应该改成possible. null (2)Mass literacy is a relative new social goal. 显然这里表示“相对地”意思,因此要将relative改成它的副词形式relatively. 注意:relative改成relatively不是第一次出现了，在曾经真题中的改错题中也出现过。 null (3)A good CV is your passport to an interview and, ultimate, to the job you want. ultimate在两个逗号之间，肯定得用副词形式ultimately. null (4)She says efforts are continuing to complete end the disease. complete要改成副词形式completely修饰动词end。 null(5)The WHO has given multi-drug therapy to patients freely for the last five years. 这里freely想表示“免费的”意思,所以应该改成形容词形式free. null(5)Culture is essentially to our humanness. be essential to是一个固定搭配,表示“对... 很重要”,所以essentially应该换成形容词 essential. null(6)Except for relative-isolated trouble spots like present-day Somalia… 显然应该用副词relatively来修饰具有形容词功能的过去分词isolated,表示“相对隔绝的”。 特例 特例 注意:A--A题错误有一种变体题型A--N.所谓A--N题型, 就是指A(adjective)与N(noun)之间的混淆,举例如下： null(1)Now what started in schools across the country is playing itself out on a nation stage and is possibly having an impact on the reading habits of the American public. “在国内舞台”应该是on a national stage,在这里名词nation要改成它的形容词形式national。 null(2)Understanding the original of the negative attitudes towards science may help us to modify them. 表示“起源”显然要用名词形式 origin,这里用形容词original是错误的。 常考典型错误 6: 逻辑错误 常考典型错误 6: 逻辑错误 这种错误一般得根据上下文判断得出，根据历年真题，改错的逻辑错误，答案无一例外都是将文中某个用错的词(很多情况下是一个形容词)改成它的反义词或添上一个否定词，这里要求考生掌握一些常用的否定词缀，如in-、un-等等，因为有的形容词加上否定词缀就变成了它的反义词,举例如下：null(1).The leaders of our country are unconsciously sending the message that reading may be connected to desirable activities that… desirable>undesirable null(2). The task of learning facts and concepts, one at a time, makes learning laborious, boring and efficient. efficient> inefficient 本题中 efficient和laborious与boring并列,根据并列成分意思一致原则,也可以推断出这里的efficient应该换成它的反义词. null(3). But in the Information Age, no one can get by with knowing how to read well and understand increasingly complex material. with>without 这里句子主语用了no one表示否定,而整个句子表示肯定的意思,所以后面必然要用一个否定词without与no one构成双重否定表示肯定。 null(4). Initial impressions are vital, and a badly presented CV could mean acceptance, regardless of what’s in it. acceptance>rejection null(5). The person who is unfamiliar with the arts, music, literature, philosophy, or history. unfamiliar>familiar null(6). Except for relatively-isolated trouble spots like present-day Somalia, and occasional years of good harvests, the world’s food crisis has remained just around the corner. good> poor/bad null(7). Get someone to check for spelling and grammatical errors, because a spell-checker will pick up every mistake. 根据上下文,这里应该表示“不能挑出每个错误”，所以在pick up之前要加上否定词not. 常考典型错误 7: -ing型与-ed型改错题 常考典型错误 7: -ing型与-ed型改错题 此类题一般是动词后面少了ing或ed,这种题经常出现,值得注意。 -ing型改错题分两种情况: (1)介词后面或某些动词后面跟着的动词需 要使用该动词的-ing形式; (2)用一个逗号将一个动词与其逻辑主语分 开,该动词需要用-ing分词形式： -ing型改错题-ing型改错题(1)The House proposal would have barred the federal government from demand library records…. 这里的demand应该改成demanding, bar/stop/prevent sth from doing为固定搭配 介词from后面的动词必须使用其-ing形式。 null(2)As a result, too many kids passed through school without mastered the printed page. 介词后面跟的动词通常都要加-ing形式,所以这里的master应该改成mastering. null(3)Here are a few ways to avoid end up on the reject pile. avoid后面跟动词要加-ing, 所以end改成ending. null(4)This modern treatment will cure leprosy [麻疯] in 6 to 12 months, depend on the form of the disease. 一个逗号将depend on和其逻辑主语this modern treatment分开,因此depend要用其现在分词形式 depending. null(5)Culture refers to the social heritage of a people---- the learned patterns for thinking, feeling and acting that characterize a population or society, include the expression of these patterns in material things. 和上一题一样,这里的include同样得用分词形式including. -ed型改错题-ed型改错题(1)If you have to send one, make sure it is one taking in a professional setting… 这里的one指代前文的photo,我们都知道照相用take a photo, 所以这里的one和take应该表示被动关系,所以应该用take的过去分词taken做后置定语。 null(2)The rule here is to keep it factual and truthful----- exaggerations usually get find out. 表示“被发现”显然要用过去分词found out. 特殊点特殊点注意:-ed型改错从本质上说就是要能发现动词与其逻辑主语的关系,动词是施动者,而其逻辑主语接收动词发出的动作;这和被动语态实际上是一个道理,举例说明：nullThe day the NEA report released…. 这个报告被发表,所以在report和released之间要加上was. null(2) Studies indicate that many girls are affecting as well-----and not getting help. 受到影响显然要用被动语态,所以affecting要改成过去式affected.值得注意的是,affect是改错命题专家比较偏爱的一个词,在05年1月的改错查了effect与affect的区别,大家对这个词要好好掌握。 null(3)The members of the alliance against leprosy plan to target the countries which still threatened by leprosy. 这里的the countries作为逻辑主语,与后面的动词threaten成被动关系,而且后面句子的形式threatened by leprosy也提示我们这里应该在threatened的前面加上系动词are. 常考典型错误8: 指代错误与冠词错误 常考典型错误8: 指代错误与冠词错误 同单复数一样,解指代错误题也要关注指代的对象到底是单数还是复数: null(1)During the 1980s’ culture wars, school systems across the country pulled some books from library shelves because its content was deemed by parents and teachers to be inappropriate. 这里its指代前面的some books，所以物主代词应该是 their而不是its. null(2)As a result, children memorize processes such as mathematical formulas or the periodic table, only to forget it shortly afterwards. it指代前面的processes，因为是复数,所以该用复数的宾格them. null(3)The fast-growing population’s demand for food, they warned, would soon exceed their supply… 这里的their指代population，而人口是一个单数的概念,所以物主代词要用its. 常设置的考点：常设置的考点：对于本行内出现的形容词adjective，考虑一下是否应为副词，或涉及形容词的词汇错误，如比较级最高级等，甚至反义词；副词亦如此； 对于本行内出现的系动词，助动词，考虑单复数和时态问题； 对于本行内出现的现在分词-ing，考虑一下是否应为过去分词-ed，反之亦然；null对于本行内出现的介词，考虑是否能与动词，形容词，名词构成正确的搭配； 对于本行内出现的连词，读一下上下文是否文意顺畅 ； 对于本行内出现的代词，考虑一下应该是主格，宾格还是所有格，或考虑应用单数形式还是复数形式 ； 如果每个词本省都找不出问题，看是否漏掉了词，如冠词等 实用错误口诀实用错误口诀（一）谓语和非谓语混用口诀： 　　谓与非谓语经常混，谓语句中就一个； 　　其余动词非谓语，非谓形式有三种：V+ing, V+ed 和 to do； 　　现在分词表主动 ，过去分词表被动 ； 　　目的要用不定式，主宾要用动名词； 　　例： Police’s records show a surprised link between changes in the seasons and crime patterns. [surprising]null（二）其它错误口诀： 见到谓语找主语，主谓一致找状语； 见到that 想从句，从句里给谓语； 见到名词想可数，可数不可数要记清； 见到代词找指代，指代通常不合理； 见到平行看结构，形式功能要对。