英语四级

公共英语 4级精讲班第1讲讲义 001 Words and Expressions Unit 1 Physical Health   Words and Expressions: 1.practitioner 1）person who practices a skill or an art 习艺者，实习者 2）person who practises a profession, esp medicine 从业者，主要指医生 2.cast 1) v. 投、抛 The evening sun cast long shadows across the garden. 夕阳投下长长的影子穿过花园。 cast one’s eye upon sth很快地看或查某人/某事物 Western experts cast their own suspicious eye upon such a claim. cast an eye/one’s eye over sb/sth 很快地看或查某人/某事物 Would you cast you reye over these calculations to check that they are correct? 你看一下这些计算数字,检查是否正确好吗? 2）v. 铸造 The status is cast in bronze. 这像是青铜铸的。 3.suspicious adj. 可疑的，多疑的，疑心的 A man was hanging about the house in a suspicious manner. 一个人形迹可疑地在这房子的周围徘徊。 The ignorant was suspicious. 无知者多疑。 The savages were at first suspicious of the missionaries. 这些野人最初对传教士很怀疑。 002 claim  claim   1)n. 声称，断言，主张 Western experts cast their own suspicious eye upon such a claim. 2)n. 权利，要求，所有权 He has a claim to the property of his deceased uncle. 他有权继承他叔父的遗产。 They have no claim on us. 它们无向我们要求的权利。 If the land really belongs to you, why don’t you lay claim to it? 如果这块土地真正属于你，为什么你不据理力争呢？ 3）v. 要求，认领，索赔 He claims exemption from military service. 他要求免役。 Does anyone claim this pencil? 有没有人认领这只铅笔？ The claimed against losses from the company. 他们要求公司赔偿损失。 4）v. 自称，声称，主张 I have never claimed to be an expert in this field. 我从来没有声称是这方面的专家。 He claimed that he was right. 他声称他是正确的。 He claims that it is so. 他主张是如此的。 2.try out 试用，试验，检验 And that information is giving American patiens new confidence in trying out acupuncture for themsleves. The idea seems good, but it needs to be tried out. 这个主意似乎很好，但是必须经过彻底的试验。 3.in large part/ for the most part 多半，在很大程度上，在大多数地方 That change came in large part from a 1997 National Institutes of Health sonsensus statement based on an expert panel’s comprehensive review of the literature. Japanese TV sets are, for the most part, pf excellent quality. 4.a variety of 种种 The panel concluded acupucture to be an acceptable treatment for the relief of a wide variety of conditions. He left for a variety of reasons. 他们由于各种各样的原因离开了。 a large variety of patterns to choose from 各种各样的花样可供选择 5.in conjunction with 与---共同，连同 --- , either when used in conjuction with regular medical treatment or as an acceptable alternative therapy. We are working in conjunction with the police. 我们与警方配合进行工作。 6.figure out 想出，理解，推理 People are trying to figure that out. 1）理解某事物，弄明白 I’ve never been able to figure him out. 我一直不能理解他。 I can not figure out why he quit his job. 我琢磨不透为什么他要辞掉工作。 Have you figured out what’s wrong with your car? 你找出汽车的毛病了吗？ 2) 演算出，计算出 Have you figured out how much the holiday will cost? 你算出假期将花多少钱了吗？ 7.originate 发源，开始，起因 originate in sth Pain often originates in flamed tissues. The quarrel originates in rivalry between the two families. 这次争吵是由两家的不和引起的。 8.modify 修改，更改，改进，改造 Studies are showing that acupuncture  changes areas of the brain linked to the heart, modifying heart rate through the synpahtetic and parasympathetic nervous system. 1) 稍改某事物，使缓和，使改善，使改进 The union has been forced to modify its position. The heating system has recently been modified to make it more efficient. 2) 修饰，限定------的意义 “In the black cat” the adjective “black” modifies the noun “cat”. 9.as opposed to 在---的对照之下，而非 It’s more about stimulation, as opposed t the suppressive effects of drugs. I am here on business as opposed to a holiday. 我在这儿是办公事而不是度假。 10.   equivalent 等值的，相等的，相同的 But he pointed out that the average acupuncture needle is much thinner, equivalent to the diameter of a human hair. 11.   certify 证明---合格，证实 The national Certification Commission for Acupuncture and Oriential Medicine also certifies experienced acupuncturists throughout the country. He cerfitied that it was his wife’s handwriting. 他证实是他妻子的笔迹。 003 Dialogues Dialogues 1.   1.May I ask who referred you to our office? Refer sb/sth to sb/sth 将某人/某事物送交某人/某事物以谋求帮助、指点、行动支持等 Refer a patient to a specialistfor treatment 把病人送到专科医生那儿治疗 The dispute was referred to the United Nations to arbitration. 该项争端已经送交联合国处理。 I was referred to the manager/the enquiry office. 人家让我去找经理/问讯处。 2. What’s the nature of your visit? 你来这儿看什么病？   Dialogue 2   1. as a last resort resort 可求助的人或事物，采取的应急手段或对策 Our only resort is to inform the police. 我们唯一的办法就是向警方报案。 2. extract 取出，拔出 extract a cork from the bottle 拔出瓶塞 have a tooth extracted 拔牙 3. Aren’t you supposed to give me something to dull the pain? be supposed to do sth 被期望或被要求（按、惯例）做某事 Am I supposed to clean all the rooms or just this one? 我是应该打扫所有的房间还是这一间？ You are supposed to pay the bill by Friday. 你最晚在星期五之前结清这笔账。 4.you can just grin and bear it. 毫无怨言的忍受痛苦、挫折等   Passage   1.That change came in large part from a 1997 National Institutes of Health consensus statement based on an expert panel’s comprehensive reciew of the literature. literature：某学科的著作和文献 I’ve read all the available literature on poultry-farming. 我把现有的家禽饲养方面的资料全读过了。 2. It’s also addressing fundamental problems. address 把注意力集中到某问题上，致力与某事 It is time that we addressed ourselves to the main item on the agenda. 现在我们应该把注意力集中到议事日程上的主要项目上来 公共英语 公共英语4级精讲班第2讲讲义 001 Words and Expressions Unit 2 Mental health Words and Expressions: 1. define 给---下定义，解释 In fact, there are better standards for defining mental illness than there are for mental health. 1) 下定义 2) 阐明（某事），解释（某事） The powers of a judge are defined by law. 法官的权利是由法律规定的。 It’s hard to defind exactly what has changed. 很难解释清楚到底发生了什么变化。 3) 清楚的显示出------的轮廓 When boundaries between countries are not clearly defined, there is usually trouble. 国与国的边界未明确划定则通常会发生纠纷。 The mountain was sharply defined against the eastern sky. 山川在西边的天空下显现出清晰的轮廓。 2. interpret 解释，阐释 They interpret reality accurately. 1）解释，说明 2）表现或体现（人物、作品等）的内涵 Poetry helps to interpret life. 诗歌有助于我们阐发人生的意义。 3）理解，了解 How would you interpret his silence? 你认为他的沉默是什么意思？ I would interpret it as a refudal. 我认为意思是拒绝。 3. differentiate 辨别，区别 It includes the abilities to differentiate between what reallyis and what might be, and to resonably predict the consequences of one’s hebavior. 1）辨别，区别 Can you differentiate one variety from the other? 你能将这两个品种区分开吗？ 2）区别对待（人或事物）（尤指不公平地） It is wrong to differentiate between people according to their family background.根据家庭背景来区别对待不同的人是不公平的。 4. thrive 兴旺，欣欣向荣，茁壮成长 Human beings are cretures that thrives best when they are with others. A business cannot thrive without investment.企业缺少了投资就不会兴旺。 He thrives on criticism. 他接受批评而不断进步。 5. literally 逐字地，照着原文地 Some people think concretely, meaning literally or without creativity. 1) 照原文地，精确地 Idiom usually cannot be ranslated literally in another language. 成语通常不能照字面译成另一种语言。 When he said he never wanted to see you again, I’m sure he didn’t mean it literally. 他说他不想见你了，我肯定他言不由衷。 2）用于加强语气 I was literally bored to death. 我真地烦死了。 6.sew --- up 缝纫，缝合 A concret thinker may say that the proverb “A stitch in time saves nine” means that if you sew something up in time, you will save nine stitches. 1）缝纫 Sew up a hole in a sock 把袜子上的洞 2）安排或解决某事 By the end of the meeting everything should be necely sewn up. 到会议结束时，一切均应妥善解决。 7. in the long/medium/short term 就长期/中期/短期而言 A more abstract thinker might say it means that if you put a little bit of work into solving a problem early you will save a lot of trouble in the long term. 8. integrity 正直，诚实 The healthiest people have the integrity to act on their values. 002 Dialogue Dialogue 1 1. But are there any other symptoms that need to be present before a diagnosis is made? Present 1)  adj. 出席,在场 Were you present when the news was announced? 宣布那消息时你在场吗? 存在的,含有的 Analysis showed that cocaine was present in the mixture. 分析的结果表明混合物中含有可卡因。 现在的，现有的 the present administration 2)  n. 礼物，目前 the present and the future 3)   v.将某物赠给某人 Colleagues presented the retiring chairman with a cheque. 同事们把一张支票交给退休的主席。 展示，演出 The National Theatre presents Hamlet in a new production. 国家剧院上演新戏“哈姆雷特”。 2.But a doctor will also need to rule out other causes, such as diseases and drugs or medications that may be responsible for what is known as secondary depression. rule sb/sth out 排除某人/某事物 That possibility cab’t be ruled out. It must continue to be considered. 不能排除这种可能性。 He was ruled out as a possible candidate. 他已经没有可能成为候选人。 3.You can ensure that you are on the right track to feeling better. On the right/wrong track 想法或做法对或不对 We haven’t found the solution yet, but I’m sure we’re on the right track.我还没找到解决办法，但是我肯定我们的思路是正确的。   Dialogue 2 1.Can you explain this in detail? In detail 2. They feel they are just not good enough, and they end up feeling terrible about themselves, and sometimes they give up and they start feeling they’re hopeless. end up doing sth 到达或来到某处，达到某状态或采取行动 If you continue to steal you’ll end up in prison. 你要是继续行窃你最终是要进监狱的。 After much discussion about holidays abroad we ended up in Cornwall. 我们反复商量到国外度假的事，最后决定去康沃尔。 As first he refused to accept any responsibility but he ended up apologizing. 开始他拒不承认有任何责任，到头来还是道了歉。 003 Passage Passage 1. They adapt to change and conflict. 1）adapt to 适应 Our eyes slowly sdapted to the dark. 我们的眼睛慢慢适应了黑暗。 She adapted herself quickly to the new climate. 她很快适应了新环境。 2）adopt 收养 Having no children of their own they decided to adopt an orphan. 他们没有自己的孩子，所以他们收养了一个孤儿。 采取，采纳 Adopt a name, a custom, an idea, a style of dress 2. A healthy self-concept includes a realistic appraisal of the self (abilities, function and appearance) and a positive acceptance of the self as it is. 健康的自我信念包括对自身现实的估计（能力，作用和外表）和积极的接受自己。 3. Insight is critical for problem solving. be critical for 对------是重要的 We are at a critical time in out history. 我们正处在我们历史的关键时期。 The patient’s condition is critical. 病人的情况非常危机。 4. People must be able to interact with and relate to others in order to flourish. Interact with sb 一起活动或互相合作 A sociologist studying the complex way in which people interact with eachther at parties 研究人们在聚会中相互交往的复杂方式的社会学家 5. Healthy people want to feel like they make a difference to other or to the world. feel like doing sth 想做某事 6. Control of behavior means that mentally healthy people can balance conflicts with their instincts, conscience, and reality before they act. Balance with 获取---的平衡 7. Adaptability is critical to success as a person. Be critical to 对—重要 公共英语 公共英语4级精讲班第3讲讲义 001 Words and Expressions 1. well-meant 出于好心的（但效果未如愿） 2. motivate 激发，激励，使---产生动机 3. timulate 促进，促使，刺激 4. specialize 专门研究，专门从事，专攻 Specialize in sth 1）be or become a specialist 成为专家，专门从事，专攻 He specializes in oriental history. 他专门研究东方史 2）give particular attention to，be well known for 专注于，以---而闻名 This shop specializes in chocolates. 这个商店专门出售巧克力。 “Most parents make well-meant efforts to set high goals to motivate and stimulate their children’s learning and good behavior, ” observes Sam Goldenstein, a psychologist specializing in child development at the University of Utah. (P35. L9) Make efforts to do sth   5. Lay down 确定，规定 You can’t lay down hard and fast rules. 规则不能定得太严太死。 It is laid down that all applications must sit a written exam. 根据规定，申请者需经笔试。   6. Prior to 在------之前 We received no notification prior to today’s date. 我们在今日之前未获通知。 Superior to Inferior to In fact, many potentials and limitations — intelligence, temperament and mental health — are laid down prior to birth. (P36, L2)   7.. equivalent 相等的，相同的 Be equivalent to Telling a child of this makeup to make friends is equicalent to asking a child unable to float to swim in two-meter-deep water. (P36. L11)   8. live up to 符合，不辜负（期望等） Failed to live up to his principles, his reputations, his parents’ expectations 没有遵守自己的原则，不符合个人的声誉，辜负父母的期待 Trouble arises when we ignore the signs that a child isn’t ready or able to live up to our our expections. (P36. L15)   9. miss out （on） 失去获得利益和获得乐趣的机会 If I don’t go to the party, I shall feel I’m missing out. 我要是不去参加聚会一定觉得损失很大. Repeated failures may cause some children to set the bar too low for themselves, withdrawing from new experiences and missing out on opportunities to guarantee they won’t fail again, warns Goldstein. (P36. L23) Bar: thing that hinders or stops progress, barrier 影响或阻碍进步的事物，障碍 Poor health may ba a bar to succeed I life. 健康不佳可能成为人一生中取得成功的障碍。   10. contribute to 导致，促进 Does smoking contribute to long cancer? 吸烟会导致肺癌吗？ Children may perceive their parents’ disappointmen as rejection, and these feelings can contribute to hostility, emotional withdrawal, a sense of incompetence and conduct problems. (P36, L31)   11. come down to 归结为,结果是 It come down to two choices: you either improve your work or leave. 归结出来有两条出路:你或者改进工作,或者辞职。 The whole dispute comes down to a power struggle between management and trade unions. 全部争论其实就是资方和工会间的权利斗争。 It comes down to a delicate balance of control and acceptance, says Rohner.   12. balk 萎缩不前，犹豫 Balk at sth The horse balked at the hign hedge. 马在高高的树篱面前不敢跳跃。 His parents balk at the cost of the guitar he wanted. 他想要那个吉他，但他父母看到吉他的价格却犹豫不决。   13. tease 取笑，戏弄，拿------开玩笑 Jayson Abrams may balk at this parents; blame (not too much candy, TV, or teasing his sister), but he knows they understand the other things he enjoys as well: biking with his dad, sharing a roller-coster ride with his mom and even being allowed to dye the tips of his hair. (P37, L10)   14. nurture 养育，培育 And Mom and Dad nurture Jayson’s interest in music, which led to his playing the clarinet I school. (P37. L14) 002 Dialogue 1 1. The music is blaring almost every night. blare 播放 The radio blared out pop music. 收音机上播放着流行音乐。   2. It should be your job as manager to see to things 1) See to 照看或处理某事物 This machine isn’t working; get a mechanic to see to it. 这台机器坏了，找个技工来修理一下吧。 Will you see to the arrangements for the next committee meeting? 你来处理下次委员会会议安排，好吗？ 2) See to it that --- 一定主意到------， 务必------ See to it that you’re ready on time. 到时候你千万要准备好。   3. The area is intended for agriculture use. Be intended for sth 为某人某事所 A book, course, programme, etc. intented for children, adults, beginners, etc 为儿童、成人、初学者而写的书、开设的课程、编排的节目等 002 Dialogue 2 1. I’ve really been busy with my research paper about Ameican culture. Be busy with   2. What aspects are your paper dealing with? Deal with以某事作为内容，讨论某事物 The next chapter deals with verbs. 下一章讨论动词。 I will deal with decimals in the next lesson. 下节课我讲小数。   3. In the past, American families tended to be quite large. Tend to 倾向，趋向 I tend to go to bed earlier during the winter. 我在冬天常睡的较早。 Women tend to live longer than men. 女人多比男人长寿。 Recently laws have tended to restrict the freedom of the press. 新法例有限制新闻自由的趋势。 It tends to rain here a lot in summer. 这里夏天较为多雨。   4. They grow up feeling unsettled as they are moved back and forth between parents. 1) Unsettled 不稳定的，不安宁的 Conditions on the stock market were unsettled. 最近的股市是不稳定的。 Feel unsettled in the new surroundings 在新的环境中感觉不安定。 2) back and forth 来回的 Ferries sailing back and forth between Dover and Calas. 往返于多佛和加来港之间的渡船。 003 Passage 1. The mischief in his voice reveals that he knows his answer will get a laugh. Mischief 恶作剧，捣蛋，顽皮，淘气 These girls are fond of mischief, ie of playing tricks. 这些女孩爱淘气。 Tell the children to keep out of mischief. 告诉那些孩子别胡闹。 She’s always getting into mischief! 她总是要搞点恶作剧。   2. But his parents, Jane and Stuart, are concerned that Jayson isn’t taking school more serious. Be concerned that 担心，烦恼，忧虑某事 Concerned parents held a meeting. 忧心忡忡的父母们开了一次会。 We’re all concerned for her safety. 我们都为他的安全担忧。 I’m concerned that they may have got lost. 我们都为他的安全担忧。   3. but if it’s not in the cards, or genes, no amount of coaching will move them much beyond their natural gifts. 1) in/on the cards 多半/可能 An early general election is certainly in/on the cards.早日举行大选确有可能。 2) no amount of 无论--- Np amount of encouragement would make him jump. = Despite much encouragement he refused to jump. 无论怎么鼓励他，他也不跳。   4. When a child doesn’t meet expectations, the parent may feel resentment, which shows up as anger or frustration. Show up 出现 The dust on the shelf shows up in the sunlight. 在阳光照射下能看见架子上有灰尘。 Close inspection shows up the cracks in the stonework. 仔细观察就能发现石雕中有裂缝。   5. 13-year-old George was referred to by Goldstein because he’s set a fire at his school. Be referred to 将某人/某事物送交给某人/某事物以寻求帮助   6. It became apparent that the incident was triggered by George;s anger towards his parents for their resentment about his poor grades and his not being like his sister, a popular, gifted student. Tigger: be the cause of a sudden violent reaction; set an action or a process in motion 成为突然发生（常为激烈的）反应的原因，发动，引发 The riots were triggered (off) by a series of police arrests. 警方一连串的逮捕行动激发了暴乱。   7. The bottom line is that we must accept our children for who they are and allow them to become what they will be. bottom line 关键之处，实质问题, 决定性因素，基本论点 If you don’t make a profit you go out of business, that’s the bottom line. 不盈利就停业，根本问题就在这里。 公共英语 公共英语4级精讲班第4讲讲义 001 Words and Expressions 1. sweep someone off one’s feet 把某人一下迷住，使某人神魂颠倒 I never believed the silly notions of romantic love or being swept off my feet. (P49, L2) I was swept off my feet by her wit and charm. 她才貌双全，我佩服得五体投地。   2.blow away 压倒，镇住 Everyday I am still blown away by this recent amazing discovery. (P49, L9)   3.make sense of 理解，弄清---的意思 I’ve spent hours upon hours thinking it over in my head, trying to make sense of it, and somehow I just know that it is right — its intangiblity has flourished despite my usual tangible — only world. (P49, L12) Can you make sense of the poem? 你能看得懂这首诗吗？ Make sense 1）have an understandable meaning有意义，有道理，讲得通 What you say make no sense. 你说的话没有道理。 These words are jumbled up and make no sense. 这些辞藻堆在一起讲不通。 2）be sensible 是明智的，合情合理的 It doesn’t make sense to buy that expensive coat when these cheaper ones are just as good. 这些便宜的大衣也很好，何必非买那件贵的不可。   4. put up with 忍受 I don’t know how she puts up with him/his cruelty to her. 我不明白她怎么能容忍他、忍受他的虐待。   5. figure out 想出 It is working together and committing to fuguring out how to make things work even when it seems possible. (P50, L18) 1）理解某人/某事物 I’ve never been able to figure him out. 我一直不能理解他。 I can’t figure out why he quit his job. 我琢磨不透他为什么要辞掉工作。 Have you figured out what’s wrong with your car? 你找出你汽车的毛病了吗？ 2）演算出，计算出 Have you figured out how much the holiday will cost? 你算出你假期得花多少钱了吗？   6. be/get caught up in 受---吸引，受---感染：be absorbed or involved in sth She was caught up in the anti-nuclear movement. 她投身于反核运动。 It is easy to get caught up in love and let it own you. (P50, L28)   7. seek out 找到 And when it passes, you are left empty, and either you seek out a new relationship or get angry at the one you have for not living up to what you thought it was goint to be. (P50, L31) We sought her out to tell/her of her success.我们找到了她，告诉她她成功了。 She sought out and acquired all his early paintings. 她找到并获得了他早期画的所有的画。   8. ive up to 不辜负 behave in accordance with sth 依照某事物行事，表现出符合某事物的标准 failed to live uo to his princiles, his reputation, his parents’expectations 没有遵守自己的原则，不符合个人声誉，辜负父母的期待   9. make up 构成，组成 But loving a person, actually knowing all their faults, having sought out and being fully aware of everything that makes up their inner person, knowing the good and the bad, and still choosing to be with them — that’s love. (P50, L34) 1）form, compose or sonstitute sth形成，构成，组成某物 Animal bodies are made up of cells. 动物的身体是由细胞组成的。 What are the qualities that make up her character? 是什么品质能够构成她的性格？ 2）捏造，虚构事实 Make up an excuse 编造接口 I couldn’t remember a story to tell the children, so I made one up as I went along. 我想不出有什么故事给孩子讲了，只好现编现讲。 Stop making things up.不要胡编了。   10.  be supposed to 应该 And only when you can both love and be “in love” with another human being can you everknowand feel that love was supposed to feel like in fairy tales. （P51, L3）   11.  entai