外文翻译

英 文 翻 译 （4-89至5-5） 学院： 土木与交通学院 学号： 200802801 姓名： 孔维春 指导教师： 胡圣能 The need for water conservation throughout the United States has encouraged irrigation manufacturers to develop better ideas for irrigating plant materials. Totally sub-surface irrigation systems are now available which provide an alternative to conventional watering systems. These systems are recommended for use wherever possible. They irrigate the plant root zone directly, eliminating waste through evaporation and overspray. This type of system requires less water and pressure for its operation, is low-maintenance, vandal-proof and e liminates the hazard of overspray onto the roadway driving lanes. Sub-surface irrigation is good for trees and shrubs but its method of water disbursement is not recommended for turf grass areas. Median Irrigation The current trend toward water conservation and Xeriscape may encourage median plantings designed without irrigation. Highway medians can be one of the most stressful environments for plant growth. During summer months, pavement temperatures surrounding medians may exceed 100 degrees for some time after sundown. Irrigation or access to supplemental watering is essential to proper plant establishment and may be necessary to help established plant material survive periods of infrequent rain. Plantings in narrow medians are particularly susceptible to drought stress and damage. Plans to use water tanks or trucks to water plantings should be carefully reviewed to assure that such plans consider the availability of staff and equipment to provide watering and the need to provide traffic control. A temporary drip type irrigation system, which can be used during establishment and can be available during severe drought stress, can be a low cost and water saving alternative to conventional irrigation. Proper preparation reduces water needs. See Figure 25. Water Conservation Measures The source of water is a critical element of irrigation design. All options must be considered; effluent or recycled water is recommended where available. Deep wells are another water source option. Potable water as a source for irrigation should be used only when no other source is available. The use of potable water is expensive, depletes the drinking water supply and must be used sparingly. The design of all irrigation systems installed within FDOT rights-of-way must include a manual shut-off valve for use when sensors or automatic timers do not operate properly. If the irrigation system is automatic and operated by timers, it must have a rain sensor device or switch which will override the timed cycle when adequate rainfall has occurred. Moisture Requirements. Grasses, trees and shrubs require varying and different water requirements. • Grasses: The grasses specified for use by FDOT, such as Pensacola bahia, Argentine bahia and Bermuda grass, are those which withstand dry periods extremely well and still rejuvenate when natural rains continue. These grasses should need nosupplemental watering after the establishment period. When high focal turf areas are desired, St. Augustine strains of turf grass may be specified. This grass will require supplemental watering either by a watering truck or an underground irrigation system for maximum viability. • Trees: Installation of trees must be appropriate for the locale in which they are installed, with the primary adaptability factor being their ability to survive in relation to the water availability and/or restrictions of the area. Some tree species can thrive with little water, while others require a great deal of water to survive. Watering saucers should be constructed around each new or transplanted tree and palm to collect water and direct it into the soil and root area. One must match the tree to the location and available water; remembering that all trees need some water to survive. The trees recommended in the "Plant and Turf Grass Selection Guide" of this Section have water requirements listed. • Shrubs: There are very few shrubs that will withstand the rigors of a non-irrigated rural highway. These species are generally those that are native to the area or have been climatized to act as a native plant. The use of native and/or adapted plants will make most landscape designs successful simply because these plants might survive where others might perish. Shrubs, like trees, will vary in their water requirements. It is essential that the correct shrub be selected for the appropriate availability of water. Slopes and swales must be identified prior to shrub selections, in order to determine the exact conditions in which these materials will be living. Watering Methods Xeriscape and drought-tolerant plant materials will survive in the harsh highway landscape if given a good start when they are planted. It is important to provide enough water to adequately establish the plant material. Supplemental watering is recommended for 90 days following installation to help plants establish themselves. This period will vary depending on the locale, time of year, rainfall and other planting conditions. If possible plant installations should coincide with the rainy season. A 75 mm covering of uncompacted mulch in all planting beds will help to retain moisture and create better growing conditions. Section5 Construction phase The following will be accomplished during this phase Develop system for the protection of existing vegetation and controls for mitigation of construction impacts. Establish appropriiate methods for relocatation . Select plant materials installation and establishment techniques. Provide criteria for the proper installation of irrigation systems. Provisions for construction inspection and staffing. Protection of existing vegetation Protective measures must be taken to insure the viability of existig vegetation and other natural Conditions that are intended to be retained in the project. Plant materials canbe damaged by construction equipment ,backfilling and improper temporary drainage. Damage to existing vegetation can be minimized by the use of proper protective methods and devices. Prior to any construction,a staging area should be established.this area should be located away From existing vegetation that is to remain. Storage of materials and equipment or employee parking should be kept away from existing trees and vefetation. Tree protection during construction The most effective way to protect trees is with the use of tree barricades. Barricades should be made of substantial material such as 100mm x100mm wooden posts connected by 50 mm x100mm wooden stringers. Barricades should be able to withstand inadvertent bumps by heavy equipment and trucks. Barricades should bemaintained in good condition. When barricades are allowed to deteriorate, they are more likely to be ignored and violated (see figure 26). The following item should be reviewed when installing and maintaining protective tree barricades: Prior to commencement of any construction work,protective devices for existing trees must be in place. Barricades are to be placed around every tree, or tree grouping,which is tobe protected. Install barricades at,or outside, the limits of the CPZ for allprotected ttrees.(see section 4 ,DESIGH PHASE, ''useing the critical protection Zone as a Planning Tool'' , for an explanation of CPZ.) Barricades should be schedule for installation prior to right-of-way clearing. Clearing within barricades should be carefully undertaken with theguidance of the project landscape or urban forester. Remove understory at the end of the project rather than at the beginning. Not clearing under-protected trees can preserve protective understory vegetation. There may be instance where infrequent, minor operations must be conducted within the CPZ,sometimes useing heavy equipment. In such cases a trunk wrap shoud be used to protect the tree from incidental damage by equipment. The ttre is wrapped with lunber or plywood secured with metal stapping. The wrap should extend from ground level high enough on the trunk to protect from damage by whatever equipment is being used. Wraps should flare at the bottom to protect protruding surface roots whenever necessary. Use a wood chip cushion to avoid soil compaction. Inspectors should pay attention to the condition of barricades and take barricades seriously in the context of the overall project. When inspectors begin to ingore the condition and proper use of barricades, they commonly become a useless expense. Install signs at regular intervals along tree barricades .use signs such as: Other vegetation to be protected Other existing vegetation and natural conditions noted on the landscape plan to remain shall be protected by the use of similar wooden barricades, safety fence or other acceptable means. Control of construction impacts Highway construction is an unnatural event in the environment. As such it has various, and sometimes enormous, impacts on the natural landscape. It is the role of the landscape documents to minimize these impacts wherever possible within the project limits. Existing vegetation preservation areas should be noted and ''designed around''in the plans preparation phase. It is the responsibility of the District construction engineer(for FDOT construction projects)or the District maintenance engineer(for permit or grant projects) in conjunction with the desigh professional to provide direction during construction to see that the design intent is carried out correctly. The following items must be noted and action taken to minimize construction impacts upon the natural environment: Existing Desirable Vegetation must be protected at all times during the construction process with periodic inspection of protective barricades, protective fencing and other protection devices.Should any of these devices be damaged during continuing the project.. Erosion Control must be maintained throughout construction to insure against undermining, slippage of constructed work or creation of unstable conditions to the site construction area. This is particularly important when tree and shrub operations are underway. Digging of plant pits and establishment watering can cause serious erosion conditions,as well as safety hazards. Water Quality must be maintained to levels required by permitting Agencies or the highest levels possible. Conditions that would cause contamination of adjacent water bodies or soils must be monitored at all times during construction. Methods, such as turbidity screen , temporary drainage facilities and other control devices, should de maintained in prime condition continually until project completion and acceptance. Existing Condition to Remain are those element, such as sidewalks,monuments,landscaping,urban design structures and other facilities, that are intended to remain as part of the highway design concept. These structures and facilities should be protected by barricading or similar devices to keep them from harm during construction. TREE TRANSPLANTING Tree Transplanting Methods Transplanting existing trees is a process that needs planning .Trees that can be relocated should be identified in the early phase of design.(selection criteria for transplanted trees is discussed in section 4, DESIGN PHASE,''tree relocation considerations''.) Mark trees to be transplanted; and,be ready to move trees to another portion of the project as planting areas become available.Transplant trees only once,whenever possible,and avoid moving trees to a holding area for replanting at a later time . In some cases construction activities may be scheduled to allow transplantable trees to be barricaded to protect them from construction until a planting site is available. Be sure to have a reliable source of water available to immediately begin watering transplanting is,usually, only marginally successful. There are two generally recommended methods for transplanting trees: 1. Canopy and evergreen trees, up to 0.3m caliper , are transplantable with a tree spade but younger trees typically transplant better than older ones. Tree spades are the most commonly used method for relocating this size tree and this method produces the highest survival rate. The cost of moving this size tree with an appropriately sized tree spade is normally cost effective. The largest available spade should be used to gather as many roots as possible and reduce shock. Tree spades are available in most areas of the State and range in size from 1.5m to 2.1m in diameter. Contact local nurseries to find out what tree spade operators are available in the project area 为了节约用水，美国鼓励制造商为灌溉植物材料发展更好的想法。完全表层下的灌溉系统现可替代常规灌溉系统提供灌溉。建议尽可能使用这些系统。他们直接灌溉植物根区消除通过蒸发和喷洒的浪费。这种类型的系统需要较少的水和其操作压力，在巷道车道上可以低维护、 防暴、消除过度喷洒的危害。地下灌溉对树木和灌木很好，但其用水不建议用于草坪区。 平均灌溉 目前的趋势走向节约用水和节约型园林可能鼓励平均种植无灌溉设计。 高速公路中间是一个植物生长的最紧张的环境。 在夏天的几个月里，围拢中间的路面温度也许在日落以后有一段时间超出100度。 对补充浇灌的灌溉或植入适当的植物是根本的，并且在少雨的期间有必要帮助建立植物材料生存。 在狭窄的中间地区的种植是特别易受天旱和损伤。应该小心地回顾，使用储水箱或卡车有浇灌种植，这样计划考虑职员和设备的可及性保证提供浇灌和需要提供交通控制。一个临时滴水类型灌溉系统，在创立使用期间和可以取得到在严厉天旱期间，可以是一个低成本和节水选择的常规灌溉。 适当的减少水需要。 看见图25。 节水措施 水的水源是灌溉设计的一个关键性要素。 必须考虑所有选择; 建议在可利用地方使用流出或被回收的水。 深井是另一个水源选择。 饮用水作为灌溉的一个来源，只有当其他来源不是可利用的时，可以使用。 使用饮用水是昂贵的，并耗尽饮用水供应，并且必须稀少使用 当传感器或自动定时器不适当地时，经营在FDOT优先权之内被安装的所有灌溉系统设计必须包括一个手工停机阀使用。 如果灌溉系统是自动和经营由定时器，当充分降雨量发生了时，它必须有将忽略计时的周期的雨传感器设备或开关。 湿气要求： 草、树和灌木要求变化和另外水要求 草：用于指定由FDOT草，如彭萨科拉巴伊亚，阿根廷巴伊亚州和百慕达草，是那些抵御干燥的时期非常好，并且自然降雨继续后仍然充满活力。这些草应该不需要成长后补充浇水。当高联络草皮地区所需的草坪草，圣奥古斯丁株可能被选定。这种草会要求补充浇水，浇水卡车或地下灌溉系统为最大的生存能力。 树： 树的设施一定要适应他们安装的地点，主要因素是他们的能力关于区域的水可及性和制约生存。 一些树种能茁壮成长用少量的水，而其他需要大量的水来生存。 应该在每棵新或被移植的树附近修建洒水设施并且收集水指挥它入土壤和根区域。这一点必须匹配树位置和可供水量;记住，所有的树木需要水才能生存。树木建议本节中的“植物和草坪草种的选择指南”这个部分把水要求列出。 灌木：有极少数的灌木承受得起严酷的非灌溉农村公路。这些物种通常是那些本地区内或已适应气候的原生植物。使用本地或已适应的植物使大部分景观设计的成功，仅仅是因为这些植物可能生存在别人可能无法生存的地方。如灌木、树木，他们的用水需求将不同。选择正确的灌木至关重要的是适当的可用水。斜坡和洼地灌木的选择之前，必须确定以确切的条件下，这些材料将生存。 浇灌的方法 在种植他们时，如果给一个好开始，在苛刻的高速公路横向上节约型园林和耐旱的植物材料将生存。重要的是要提供足够的水，以充分种植植物材料。 建议补充浇水帮助后90天内植物自己成活。 这个期间根据地点、季度，降雨量和其他种植的情况将变化。 如果可能设施应该与雨季相符。 未压实的腐土75 mm覆盖物在所有设备嵌入上将帮助保留湿气和创造更好的增长情况。 第5部分 施工阶段 以下将在这个阶段完成 提高植被保护和控制建筑物受灌溉的影响的系统 建立适当的搬迁方法 选择植物的种植方法和技术 为灌溉系统的安装提供 施工检查和人员编制的规定 已存在的植物保护 保护的措施必须被用来确保已存在的植物和其他自然条件能够在项目中保存下来 。植物会被建筑设备以及不当的回填和临时排水破坏。使用合适的保护性手段和设备能够使已存在的植物被最小破坏。在任何建筑之前，应该建立一个远离那些已经存在的而且要保留下来的植物的区域。材料和设备储存或雇员停车应远离现有的树木。 在建筑过程中的树木保护 最有效的保护树木的方法是树木保护栅栏的使用。栅栏应使用牢固的材料例如100mm*100mm的木头支柱同时使用50mm*100mm的木条将他们联系在一起。栅栏能够承受重型设备和卡车的意外撞击，而且要在良好的条件下保存。当允许栅栏损坏时，他们就容易被忽视和破坏（见图26）。当安装和保留那些保护树木的栅栏时，以下项目会被重新评价。 任何建设工作开始之前，现有树木的保护装置必须到位。那些栅栏应设立在受保护的每棵树或树木群周围。 安装栅栏在或超出受保护树木的ＣＰＺ限值（见第四部分，设计阶段，“使用关键保护区作为种植工具”，对ＣＰＺ的解释）。 栅栏的安装应该在右侧路的清理之前安排 。在栅栏清除时，应认真进行项目景观或城市护林的指导。 在该项目的结束而不是开始时删除林下植被。不清理树下受保护的植被上的树木能保持受保护的林下植被。 存在一种不常见的情形，进一步的操作应该在CPZ范围值内进行，有时会用到重型设备。在这种情形下树干包裹被用来保护树木不受设备的偶然性破坏。树木应用木材和金属捆扎的胶合板包裹。包裹应从地面开始直至树干结束以保护其不受任何使用的设备所损坏。在需要时，包裹物在底部应使用荧光材料以保护树根的凸出部分。 检查人员应留心栅栏的状况并将其写入整项的上下文中。如果检查人员忽视其工况和正确使用时，这些栅栏就会变成无用的花销。 沿树的保护栅栏上应有安装标记并保持合理的间隔，使用标志如下。 其它被保护的植被 其他的现有植被和自然条件，指出应保持使用类似的木制路障，安全栅栏或其他可接受的手段保护的景观规划. 施工影响的控制 在环境中公路建设是非自然事件.因此，它对自然景观的影响具有多方面的，有时甚至是巨大的。景观文件的作用是在该项目范围内，以尽可能减少这些影响。在计划准备阶段，应当指出现有植被保护区和 “周边设计” 。区建设工程师（ FDOT建设项目）或区维修工程师（许可证或赠款项目）的责任是与设计专家一道提供施工期间看到的设计意图进行正确的指导. 必须注意以下项目，并且在自然环境了采取行动减少建筑破坏。 在任何时候都必须保护现有可取的植被，在施工过程中定期检查防护栅栏，防护围栏及其他保护装置.这些设备可能会在持续的项目中被损坏，在完成维修工作前应中断项目。 水土流失防治必须在整个建设中保持，以确保在破坏，延误建造工作或不稳定的情况下建立现场施工面积.乔木和灌木的施工中，这一点尤为重要.挖植物坑和建立浇水可能会导致严重的水土流失状况，以及安全隐患. 必须保持水质，以达到机构所要求的水平或可能的最高水平.在施工期间的所有时间和条件，会造成相邻的水体或土壤的污染，必须监测。如浊度屏幕，临时排水设施及其他控制设备的方法，首要条件应保持持续，直到项目竣工验收. 现有的条件仍然是那些元素，如人行道，纪念碑，园林绿化，城市设计，结构和其他设施，是为了继续作为公路设计理念的一部分。这些建筑物和设施应受到栏杆或其他设备保护，以保持他们在施工期间免受伤害. 树木移植 树木移植方法 现有树木移栽是一个过程，需要规划，可以搬迁的树木应在设计的早期阶段确定。 （移植树木的选择标准是在第4节讨论，设计阶段，树搬迁注意事项）.标记被移植的树并准备一个可以使树木转移种植的地区。大树移植尽可能一次，并避免在稍后的时间在一个保留区中重新移植树木。在某些建筑活动中，可安排用栅栏保护移植的树木，直到植树地点可用。一定要有可靠的水来源可以立即开始浇水移栽，通常情况下，只能勉强成功. 有两种一般移植树木的方法： 1。树冠和常绿乔木，高可达0.3米卡尺，用树铲移植，但新树木通常移植比旧的好。树铲是移植这种树最常用的方法，这种方法导致存活率最高。移动一个适当大小的树使用适当大小的树铲的成本通常是成本效益。应该使用最大可用铲，收集尽可能多的根，减少冲击。树铲在国家大部分地区使用，使用范围在直径从1.5米至2.1米。联系当地的苗圃，找出什么树铲操作者在项目区上可用。 图片 25 表面滴灌系统 放射性灌溉线路 中间播种面积 图片 26 现有树木的保护 用75mm的木屑覆盖来重点保护整个区域 现有地面 连续为50mm * 100mm的胶合板或其他认可的材料木带。绑金属带固定树干。 要保护现有树 树木保护区 不许入内 不许在护栏里面使用设备 不要存放或堆材料或者垃圾