发送英语

+第三十四篇         Who Want to Live Forever? If your doctor could give you a drug  that would let you live a healthy life for twice as long ，would you take it? The good news is that  we may be drawing near to that date，Scientists  have already extended the lives of flies ，worms and mice in laboratories.  Many now think that using genetic treatments we will soon be able to extend human life to at least 140 years.     This seems a great idea. Think of how much more time we could spend chasing our dreams，spending time with our loved ones，watching our families grow and have families of their own. "Longer life would give us a chance to recover from our mistakes and promote long term thinking," says Dr Gregory Stock of the University Of California School Of Public Health. "It would also raise productivity by adding to the year we can work." Longer lives don't just affect the people who live them.  They also affect society as a whole. "We have war，poverty，all sorts of issues around，and I don't  think any of them would be at all helped by having people live longer," says US bioethicist Daniel Callahan."The question is 'What will we get as a society?  'I suspect it won't be a better society." It would certainly be a very different society.  People are already finding it more difficult to stay married.  Divorce rates are rising.  What would happen to marriage in a society where people lived for 140 years?  And what would happen to family life if nine or 10 generations of the same family were all alive at the same time? Research into ageing may enable women to remain fertile for longer. And that raises the prospect of having 100-year-old  parents，or  brothers and sisters born 50 years apart. We think of an elder sibling as someone who can protect us and offer help and advice. That would be hard to do if that sibling came from a completely different generation. Working life would also be affected，especially if the retirement age was lifted. More people would stay in work for longer. That would give  us the benefits of age-skill，wisdom and good judgment. On the other hand，more people working for longer would create greater competition for jobs. It would make it more difficult for younger people to find a job. Top posts would be dominated by the same few individuals，making career progress more difficult. And how easily would a 25-year-old employee be able to communicate with a 125-year-old boss? Young people would be a smaller part of a society in which people lived to 140. It may be that such a society would place less importance on guiding and educating  young people，and more on making life comfortable for the old. And society would feel very different if more of its members were older. There would be more wisdom，but less energy. Young people like to move about. Old people like to sit still. Young people tend to act without thinking.  Old people tend to think without acting.  Young people are curious and like to experience different things.  Old people are less enthusiastic about change. In fact ，they are less enthusiastic about everything. The effect of anti-ageing technology is deeper than we might think.  But  as the science advances，we need to think about these changes now.         " If this could ever happen，then we'd better ask what kind of society we want to get，" says Daniel Callahan. "We had better not go anywhere near it until we have figure those problems out." 词汇: mice / mais / n.  老鼠(复数) sibling / 'sibli? / n.  兄弟姐妹 bioethicist //    n. 生物伦理学家 注释: 1.  brothers and sisters born 50 years apart 出生年份相隔50年的兄弟姐妹 2.  We had better not go anywhere near it 我们最好离它远点，这里的it指代前面讲的 anti-ageing technology. 练习: 1.  Which of the following is NOT mentioned as one of the things that living longer might enable an individual to do? A． Spending  more time with his family. B． Having  more education. C． Realizing more dreams. D． Working longer. 2.  Which of the following is implied in the sixth paragraph? A   Marriages in the US today are quite unstable. B   More and more people in the US today want to get married. C        Living longer would make it easier for people to maintain their marital ties. D        If people live longer ，they would stay in marriage longer. 3.  All of the following are possible effects living longer might have on working life EXCEPT A        Communication between employers and employees would be more difficult. B        More money would be used by employees in payment of their employees. C        The job market would be more competitive. D   It would be more difficult for young people to be promoted to top positions. 4.  An important feature of a society in which people live a long life is that A．        it places more emphasis on educating the young. B．        it is both wise and energetic. C．  it lacks the curiosity to experiment what is new. D．   it welcomes changes. 5. Which of the following best describes Callahan 's attitude to anti-ageing technology ? A．   Optimistic. B．  Pessimistic. C．   Reserved. D．   Negative. 与题解： 1. B    长寿使个人能做的事主要在第三、四段里讲到，作者没有提到长寿可以让人更多地接受教育。 2.  A        本题答案以下面的这两句话为依据:People  are already finding  it more difficult  to stay married.  Divorce rates are rising.  暗示美国人目前的婚姻关系已经十分脆弱。 3.  B         文章的第九段讲了寿命延长、退休推迟可能带来的种种问题，但作者没有提到雇佣者需要更多的钱来支付员工的工资。 4.  C   答案可以在第十、十一这两段里找到。 5.  C    本题的答案依据可以在最后一段里找到。Callahan 认为在搞清楚长寿社会会给我们带来哪些问题之前，最好不要急着搞抗衰老的技术。可见他对抗衰老技术的发展是有保留的。 第三十四篇        谁想永生？ 如果你的医生能给你一种药，这个药能让你健康的活两倍长的时间，你会服用吗？ 好消息是我们离这一天越来越近了。科学家已经在实验中延长了苍蝇、螨虫和老鼠的寿命。 许多人认为，采用基因疗法，我们很快就能将人类的寿命延长到至少140年。 这獠似一个好主意。想想我们将会延长多少时间来追逐我们的梦想、与爱人厮守、猾着我们 的孩子成长并组成他们自己的家庭。 加州大学公共健康学院的格里戈里?斯托克博士认为：“长寿能使我们有机会改正错误，亦 能促使人从长。同时，长寿还延长了人的工作时间,从而使生产力得到提髙。" 长寿不仅会影响到寿命延长的这个人的生活，还会影响到整个社会。"战争、贫困，所有这类 问题都确实存在着，而我认为延长人的海命并不能缓解这些问题美国的生命伦理学家丹尼 尔?卡拉汉如是说，“我们应该考虑的是‘长寿将给我们的社会带来什么？’我想那将不是一个更 好的社会。” 当然，那将是一个非常不同的社会。如今的人们已经觉得保持一段婚姻比以往更加困难。离 婚率在不断上升。如果一个社会里的人都能活到140岁，那时候的婚姻将是什么样的呢？如果一 个家庭里同时生活着九或十代人，那样的家庭生活又将是怎样的一种悄景呢？ 对老龄化的研究有可能延长女性的育龄。那样的话，就可能出现百岁的父母，或者年龄相差 50岁的兄弟姐妹。其实我们是希望W舟或姐姐能够给予我们帮助、建议和保护，但是如果他们厲 于另一个完全不同的年代，就很难做到这些。 长寿也将影响到人的职业生涯，尤其是退休年龄被推后了。更多的人将工作更长的时间。这 能带给我们年龄上的优势：熟练的技术、智蒽以及准确的判断。而另一方面，更多的人工作更长 的时间将使求职的竞争更加激烈。年轾人更难找到工作。永远是少数的那几个人占据聍商端职位， 这使职业发展更加困难。想象一下：一个25岁的员工在与125岁的老板沟通时将遇到怎样的困难？ 在一个人的寿命长达140年的社会，年轻人将是一个很小的人群。因此，这样的社会很可能 不会太看重对年轻人的教育和引导，反而会更重视改善老年人的生活质世。 如果一个社会的绝大多数是老年人，它将给人带来很不同的感受。它更有智蒽，却缺乏活力。 年轻人喜动，老年人喜静；年轻人做事缺乏思考，老年人爱思考却缺乏行动；年轻人好奇心强并 可望有不同的体验，老年人对变化缺乏热情，事实上，他们是对所有的事都缺乏热佾。 “逆老龄化”技术所产生的影响比我们想象的要深远。而随巷科技的进步，我们现在就需要去考虑这些改变。 “如果这个手术有一天能实现，我们最好问问自己想得到一个怎样的社会,"丹尼尔卡拉汉说，“在想清楚这些问题之前，我们最好不要开始着手做这件事。” 5.+第四十篇Some People Do Not Taste Salt Like Others 　　Low-salt foods may be harder for some people to like than others，according to a study by a Penn State College of Agricultural Sciences food scientist. The research indicates that genetic factors inf1uence some of the difference in the levels of salt we like to eat. 　　Those conclusions are important because recent ，well-publicized efforts to reduce the salt content in food have left many people struggling to accept fare that simply does not taste as good to them as it does to others，pointed out John Hayes，assistant professor of food science ，who was lead investigator on the study. 　　Diets high in salt can increase the risk of high blood pressure and stroke. That is why public health experts and food companies are working together on ways to help consumers lower salt intake through foods that are enjoyable to eat. This study increases understanding of salt preference and consumption. 　　The research involved 87carefully screened participants who sampled salty foods such as soup and chips，on multiple occasions ，spread out over weeks. Test subjects were 45 men and 42 women ，reportedly healthy ，ranging in age from 20 to 40 years. The sample was composed of individuals who were not actively modifying their dietary intake and did not smoke cigarettes. They rated the intensity of taste on a commonly used scientific scale，ranging from barely detectable to strongest sensation of any kind. 　　"Most of us like the taste of salt. However，some individuals eat more salt ，both because they like the taste of saltiness more ，and also because it is needed to block other unpleasant tastes in food. "said Hayes. "Supertasters，people who experience tastes more intensely ，consume more salt than do nontasters. Snack foods have saltiness as their primary flavor ，and at least for these foods， more is better ，so the supertasters seem to like them more. " 　　However ，supertasters also need higher levels of salt to block unpleasant bitter tastes in foods such as cheese ，Hayes noted. "For example ，cheese is a wonderful blend of dairy flavors from fermented milk ，but also bitter tastes from ripening that are blocked by salt ," he said. "A supertaster finds low-salt cheese unpleasant because the bitterness is too pronounced." 　　Hayes cited research done more than 75 years ago by a chemist named Fox and a geneticist named Blakeslee ，showing that individuals differ in their ability to taste certain chemicals. As a result ，Hayes explained ，we know that a wide range in taste acuity exists ，and this variation is as normal as variations in eye and hair color. 　　"Some people ，called supertasters，describe bitter compounds as being extremely bitter ，while others ，called nontasters，find these same bitter compounds to be tasteless or only weakly bitter. "he said. "Response to bitter compounds is one of many ways to identify biological differences in food preference because supertasting is not limited to bitterness. " 　　词汇: 　　publicize v. 引起公众对…的注 意;(用广告)宣传 　　dietary adj. 饮食的;规定食物的 　　ferment v. (使)发酵 　　geneticist n. 遗传学家 　　acuity n. 敏锐;尖锐 　　注释: 　　1. Penn State College of Agricultural Sciences: 即 Penn State University-College of Agricultural Sciences 宾州州立大学农学院。Penn 是 Pennsylvania 的缩写，是美国宾夕法尼亚州州名。宾州州立大学建于1855年，在全国共有 24 个分校。在句中，Penn State College of Agricultural Sciences 用作定语，修饰 food scientist。 　　2. well-publicized efforts to reduce the salt content in food:有关减少食物含盐量的大力宣传的做法. 　　3. left many people struggling to accept fare that simply does not taste as good to them as it does to others:使得许多人努力去接受适合其他人而不适合他们口味的食物。fare 相当于 food。 　　4. lead investigator:研发项目负责人 　　5. … carefully screened participants who sampled salty foods as soup and chips，on multiple occasion ，spread out over weeks:……经过仔细筛选的实验参与者，他们在几周内的不同时间 里品尝加了盐的食物，如汤和薯条。 　　6. too pronounced:此处 pronounced 为形容词，意为 very noticeable ，conspicuous(明显的，显著的)。 　　7. supertasting： 超重味感 练习: 　　1. In paragraph 2 ，John Hayes points out that 　　A it is good to health to eat food without salt. 　　B many people reject low-salt food completely. 　　C many people accept low-salt tasteless food reluctantly 　　D food with reduced salt tastes better. 　　2. The fourth paragraph describes briefly 　　A. how to select subjects and what to do in the research. 　　B. how to identify supertasters and nontasters. 　　C. why to limit the number of subjects to 87 persons. 　　D. why to select more male subjects than female ones. 　　3. The article argues that supertasters 　　A like the taste of saltiness to block sweet tastes in food. 　　B like snack foods as saltiness is their primary flavor. 　　C consume less salt because they don't like intensive tastes. 　　D like to share salty cheese with nontasters. 　　4. Which of the following applies to supertasters in terms of bitter taste? 　　A They like bitterness in foods as well as saltiness. 　　B They like high-salt cheese as it has intense bitter taste. 　　C They prefer high-salt cheese，which tastes less bitter. 　　D They prefer high-salt cheese as it is good to health. 　　5. What message do the last two paragraphs carry? 　　A. Taste acuity is genetically determined. 　　B. Taste acuity is developed over time after birth. 　　C Taste acuity is related to one's eye and hair color. 　　D Taste acuity is still a mysterious subject in science. 　　答案与题解: 　　1. C 根据短文的第二段内容，很多人因为食物中的含盐量降低，所以必须做出很大努力 ( struggling) 去适应，而低盐食物对于他们来说，口味很不好(fare that simply does not taste… good to them) 。选项C有 accept reluctantly (勉强接受)达了这层意思，所以是正确的选择。A 、B 、D 三个选项均是错误的。 　　2. A 第四段介绍了科学家是如何这项研究的，它包含了研究对象的人数、性别、人选条件、咸度味感分级表等。选项 A 概括了这方面的内容，所以是答案。而选项 B 、C、D 所述内 容均不符合该段的意思。 　　3. B 短文的第五段提供了答案。supertaster 在这里的意思是:口味重的人，在本文中，nontaster是其反义词，即，口味清谈的人。该段告诉我们，口味重的人消耗更多的盐;因为快餐食品的主要味道就是咸味，而且咸度越高，口味越好，所以口味重的人对快餐较为偏爱。选项B表达了上述内容，所以是答案。 　　4. C 短文第六段提供了答案。该段告诉我们，奶醋发酵会产生苦味，supertasters 不喜欢苦味，而高含盐量可以盖住奶酷里的苦睐，这是他们偏爱高盐奶酷的原因。所以，只有C是正确选择。 　　5. A文章第七段中，Hayes引用了75年前一位遗传学专家的实验。从这项实验中，Hayes 得出的结论是，Taste acuity( 味觉敏度)上的差异与他们头发和眼睛的颜色上的差异是同一类现象，也就是说，都是与生俱来的。第八段又说，这是一种 biological difference (生物差异)，所以 A 是答案。B 说味觉敏'度是后天形成的，显然与作者的结论相左。C 说味觉敏度的差异与头发和眼睛的颜色上的差异有关，显然是错误的。D 的内容在最后两段都没有提到，所以不会是答案。 第四十篇        咸度味感因人而异 宾州州立大学农学院食品科学家进行的一项研究表％，有些人很难喜欢含盐通低的食物。该 研究指出’遗传因索导致我们对咸度的不同喜好。 该研究负贵人、食品科学副教授约翰海斯指出，这些结论非常ffi要，因为近期对减少食物 含盐诳的大力宣传使得许多人努力去接受适合其他人而不适合自己口味的食物。 含盐最高的饮食会增加髙血压和中风的风险，这就是公共健康专家和食品公司共同努力、通 过可口的食品帮助消费者减少盐摄入逊的原因。该研究使人们更加理解对盐的喜好和摄人的差异。 该研究87名参与者经过了仔细筛选，他们在几周的不同时间品尝了汤和翦条等含盐食物。参 与者包括45名男性和42名女性，身体健蜞，年龄在20岁到40岁之间。参与者不会主动改变自 己的饮食习惯，且不吸烟。他们通过一种常用的科学fit表来区别咸度，分为“最轻微味感"到 “最强烈味感”等级别。 海斯说，“大部分人都喜欢盐的味道。但是，有些人吃盐较多，这不仅是因为他们更喜欢咸 味，也因为他们需要咸味来遮盖食物其他讨厌的味道。口味超重的人比口味清淡的人消耗更多的 盐。因为快银食品的主要味道就是咸味，而且咸度越商，味道越好，所以口味超重的人更喜欢快 银0” 海斯还提到，口味超重的人还擗要盐来遮盖奶酪等食物中讨厌的苦味。“例如，奶酪是发酵牛 奶味和发酵苦味的完美结合，而盐可以遮盖苦味。口味超重的人不喜欢低盐奶酪，因为苦味太明 MT。" 海斯举出了化学家福克斯和迪传学家布雷克斯里75年前进行的研究，该研究表明，人们品尝 特定化学制品的能力是不同的。海斯解释说，由此我们知道每个人的味觉敏度是不同的，这一差 异和头发眼膪颜色的差异一样正常。 海斯说，“口味超逋的人觉得苦味混合物非常之苦，而口味清淡的人会觉得同样的苦味混合物没有味道，或稍微有些苦。对苦味混合物的反应是确定食物偏好生物差异的众多方法之一，因 为口味超重的人不只是对苦味敏感。 5.+第十五篇： Life Expectancy in the Last Hundred Years A hundred years ago，life expectancy in developed countries was about 47: in the early 21st century, men in the United States and the United Kingdom can expect to live to about 74. Women to about 80, and these _____l_____ are rising all the time. What has brought _____2_____ these changes? When we look at the life_____3_____of people l00 years ago, we need to look at the greatest_____4_____of the time. In the early 20th century, these were the acute and often _____3_____ infectious diseases such as smallpox. Many children died very young from these diseases and others, and the weak and elderly were always at risk.     In the_____6_____world these diseases are far_____7_____today, and in some cases have almost disappeared. A number of_____8_____have led to this: improvements in sanitation and hygiene, the discovery and use of antibiotics, which_____9_____bacterial diseases much less dangerous, and vaccinations_____l0_____common diseases._____11_____, people's general  health has improved with improvements in our general environment: cleaner air, better means of preserving food，better and warmer housing，and better understanding of nutrition.     Genetically，we should all be able to live to about 85 but_____l2_____people do live longer today, there are still some big killers around that are preventing US from consistently reaching that age. The problems that affect people today are the more chronic illnesses, such as heart disease and strokes, and those_____l3_____by viruses, such as influenza and AIDS l. Of course, cancer is a huge killer as well. In most cases these diseases affect_____l4_____people, but there are worrying trends in the developed world with problems such as obesity_____l5_____more heart disease and illnesses such as diabetes at younger ages.     The killers today can be classed as "lifestyle diseases"，which means that it may be possible to halt their progress. 练习：    ， 1．  A ages          B years            C lives            D countries 2．  A in            B about            C to               D with 3．  A length        B time             C duration         D span 4．  A people        B killers          C invention        D nation 5．  A more          B less             C high             D highly 6．  A developed     B less developed   C undeveloped      D developing 7．  A more deadly   B deadly           C 1ess deadly      D fatal 8．  A improvements  B factors          C jobs             D measures 9．  A makes         B causes           C make             D from 10． A against       B for              C to               D cause 11． A And           B Therefore        C In addition      D Nevertheless 12． A when          B yet              C however          D while 13． A spread        B affected         C produced         D created 14． A poor          B weak             C older            D young 15． A and           B leading to       C from             D with 词汇：　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 Expectancy  n．预期　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　Acute  aaj．(疾病)急性的 Infectious  adj．传染性的　　　　　　　　　　　　　Smallpox  n.天花 Sanitation  n．环境卫生　　　　　　　　　　　　　　Hygiene  n．个人卫生 Antibiotic  n．抗生素　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　Bacterial  adj．细菌性的 Vaccination  n．种痘，接种　　　　　　　　　　　　Preserve  vt．保藏，防止(食物)腐烂 Nutrition  n．营养　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　Chronic  aaj．(疾病)慢性的 Stroke  n．中风　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　Virus  n．病毒 Influenza  n．流行性感冒　　　　　　　　　　　　　　Trend  n．趋势，倾向 Obesity  n．肥胖　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　Diabetes  n．糖尿病 Halt  vt．使．．．停止 注释： Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome(AIDS)：艾滋病，后天性免疫缺乏综合症 答案与题解：     1. A通过上下文可知此处应为"年龄".     2. B bring about意思是"带来"，bring in意为赚取，实现（一定利润），没有bring to这个短语，如果用with，此句话必须变成what has it brought with these changes才符合语法，但意思就不符合文章了。     3. D life span是一个固定搭配，意为寿命。     4. B从下一句可以看出此处应指那些不治之症。     5. D本句举了天花的例子，下一句指出很多孩子死于这些病，所以此处应为一个表严重的词。high是形容词，不能修饰后面的形容词。Acute不是比较级，所以and后面也不应用比较级。     6. A本句后部分说在一些国家这些病已经消失，通过常识得知应该是发达国家。     7. C本句后部分说在一些国家这些病已经消失，整段都在说明情况好转，故选C.     8. B  冒号后面列举的内容不能统一用其他几个词概括，只能用factor.     9. C注意这里的which不是非限制定语从旬中指代前面l句话的作用，而是指代前面两项内容：卫生的改善和抗生素的发明使用，所以which后的动词不用三单形式。cause没有这样的语法搭配。     10.A该选项为固定搭配，意为对某种疾病的预防接种。     11.C前面说的是对疾病的防范和控制加强，后面说的是整体环境的改善，两者为并列关系，但是And在书面语中不能这样使用，所以只能选in addition.     12.D整句话的意思是：从基因角度看，人都能活到85岁，但是虽然现在人们寿命确实比以前长了，仍然有一些疾病使得我们不能都活到那个岁数。所以此处应该填一个转折副词。     13.A those指代流感和艾滋病等靠病毒传播的疾病，those后面的动词是过去分词作定语。spread的过去分词与原形相同。     14.C本句最后指出一些病越来越年轻化，所以此处应选择younger的反义词。  15.B obesity是心脏病和糖尿病年轻化的重要原因，它和心脏病、糖尿病不是并列关系，而是因果关系，所以选择leading to，现在分词作结果状语。