2012届高考英语语法精讲精练-非谓语动词[学生版]

2012届新课标高三第二轮专题讲解 非谓语动词是高考的重点和热点，也是我们英语学习中所碰到的难点之一。非谓语动词分为三种形式：不定式，V-ing分词（又分为现在分词和动名词）和过去分词。 1.非谓语动词的语法功能 所能充当的成分 主语 表语 宾语 宾语（主语）补足语 定语 插入语（独立成分） V-ing形式 现在分词 ● ● ● ● 动名词 ● ● ● ● 不定式（to do） ● ● ● ● ● ● 过去分词（done） ● ● ● ● 注：常见作独立成分的非谓语动词 to tell you the truth(实话说)，needless to say(不用说)，to be honest/frank(老实说，坦白说)，to be more exact(更确切地说)，to make things worse (更糟的是)，not to mention…(更不用说)，Generally / Frankly / Roughly speaking (一般说来 / 坦白说 / 粗略地说) 2.非谓语动词的变化形式 非谓语 形式 构成 时态 语态 复合结构 否定式 主动 被动 不定式 一般式 to do to be done for sb. to do sth. 或 of sb. to do sth. 在“to”前加not 或never 进行式 to have done to have been done 完成式 to be doing / 完成 进行式 to have been doing / 动名词 一般式 doing being done sb.或sb’s doing 作主语要用 sb’s doing 在前加not 特别注意复合结构的否定式： sb’s not doing sb’s not having done 完成式 having done having been done 现在 分词 与动名词变化形式相同 在前加not （一）辨别谓语与非谓语 特别注意分析句子的结构才能辨别谓语与非谓语。 ①The traffic rule says young children under the age of four and __ less than 40 pounds must be in a child safety seat. A. being weighed B. weighs C. weighed D. weighing 【解析】容易误选B或C，将其当成谓语看待。under the age of four and ____ less than 40 pounds用作children的定语。动词weigh与名词children是主动关系，所以选择weighing。 ②______ blood if you can and many lives will be saved. A. Giving B. Give C. Given D. To give 【解析】如果不注意分析句子结构，会误选A或C项。这是祈使句+and+陈述句的句型。答案B。 （二）非谓语作主语、宾语的重点 1.it充当动词不定式的形式主语或形式宾语 ①It is important for us to learn English very well.对我们来说学好英语是非常重要的。 ②I think it important for us to learn English very well.我认为对我们来说学好英语是非常重要的。 it作形式主语使用动名词的句型 ①It is no use/no good/useless+doing sth. It is no use crying.哭没有用。 ②It is fun(a great pleasure, a waste of time) It is a waste of time trying to explain.设法解释是浪费时间。 2.用不定式还是用动名词作宾语有特殊规定 ①I don’t want ____ like I’m speaking ill of anybody, but the manager’s plan is unfair. A. to sound B. to be sounded C. sounding D. to have sounded 【解析】want后要跟动词不定式作宾语，sound是连系动词不用被动式，与谓语动词没有时间的先后，故不可用它的完成式。答案A。 类似的知识点要记牢。如：help, hope, ask, refuse, decide, promise, wish, pretend, expect, arrange, learn, plan, demand, dare, manage, agree, prepare, fail, determine, offer, choose, desire, elect, long等动词后要用动词不定式作宾语。 ②It is difficult to imagine his ________the decision without any consideration. A. accept B. accepting C. to accept D. accepted 【解析】imagine要求用动名词作宾语。答案B。 类似的知识点要记牢。下列常见的这些动词（组）后要用动词动名词作宾语 suggest, risk, devote oneself to（建议冒险去献身） finish, imagine, bear/stand, look forward to（完成想象忍盼望） give up, delay/put off, regret, miss（放弃延期悔失去） insist on/stick to, enjoy/appreciate, feel like, practice（坚持欣赏要实践） pay attention to, excuse, escape/avoid, object to（注意原谅逃/避反对） keep, be/get used to/be accustomed to, mind（保持习惯勿介意） be worth, set about/burst out/get down to, be busy（值得开始将忙乎） 3.用不定式还是用动名词作宾语意义不同 In some parts of London, missing a bus means ____for another hour. A. waiting B. to wait C. wait D. to be waiting 【解析】此题意为“在英国的一些地方，如果错过了公交车就意味着再等一个小时。”mean doing sth 意为“意味着什么”，mean to do sth 意为“试图、打算做什么”。答案A。 类似的知识点要记牢。 ①动词本身意义不变，跟不定式和动名词意义不同 remember to do sth. 记住要做 remember doing sth.记得过去做过 forget to do sth. 忘了已做过的事 forget doing sth. 忘记要做某事 ②动词本身意义改变，跟不定式和动名词意义不同 regret to do sth.对马上要或不做的事表示遗憾 regret doing sth.对已发生的事表示遗憾或后悔 mean to do sth.打算，想要 mean doing 意味着，意思是 try to do sth. 努力做某事 try doing sth. 尝试做某事 can’t help doing sth.情不自禁，忍不住 can’t help (to) do sth.不能帮忙做某事 be considered to have done被认为已经做了 consider…to be认为是 consider doing考虑做某事 ③动词本身意义不变，跟不定式被动式和动名词意义相同 want，need，require接动名词表示被动意义，接不定式就要用被动式，这时主语与动名词之间为动宾关系 These young trees require looking after（=to be looked after）. The matter needs thinking over(=to be thought over). ④下列动词跟动词不定式做目的状语，跟动名词作宾语 stop to do停下来，要做另一件事（不定式作目的状语） stop doing停止做（动名词作宾语） go on to do接着做另一件事（不定式作目的状语） go on doing继续做同一件事（动名词作宾语） 4.有些动词后要用“疑问词＋不定式”结构作复合宾语 It is said that in Australia there is more land than the government knows _____. A. it what to do with B. what to do it with C. what to do with it D. to do what with it 【解析】本题考查“疑问词＋不定式”和动词短语 do with 的用法。答案C。 （三）非谓语作表语的重点 ①不定式、动名词与分词作表语的区别。不定式和动名词作表语相当于一个名词作表语，含义是回答主语“是什么”；分词作表语相当于形容词作表语，含义是回答主语“怎么样”。 Our plan is to keep the affair secret.我们的计划是让这件事成为秘密。 Their job is making wheelchairs for disabled people.他们的工作是为残疾人制造轮椅。 The music they are playing sounds exciting.他们演奏的音乐听起来令人激动。 This beautiful village remains unknown to the rest of the world. 这个美丽的村庄仍未外界所知。 ②现在分词和过去分词作表语的区别。现在分词和过去分词作表语都是用于回答主语“怎么样”的。现在分词说明主语的特征，过去分词说明主语的状态。如： This dog is frightening.这条狗让人害怕。（说明狗的特征） This dog is frightened.这条狗有些害怕。（说明狗的心理状态） Climbing is tiring and we are completely tired after a day's climbing. 爬山是累人的，爬了一天的山我们都全累坏了。（tiring说明climbing的特征，tired说明我们的状态） 注意：在下列句中，非谓语动词具体的语法功能 What he wanted to suggest is to cut down the price and increase the sales. 他想建议的是降价促销。（不定式作表语，说明主语“是什么”） My American teacher is to leave China soon. 我的美国老师即将离开中国。（不定式作表语，表示将来） Her work is taking care of the children.她的工作是照顾小孩。（现在分词作表语，说明主语“是什么”） She is taking care of the children.她在照料小孩。（构成进行时，说明主语正在执行的动作） The cup is broken.杯子碎了。（过去分词作表语，说明主语所处的状态） The cup was broken by Peter.杯子是被彼得打坏的。（构成被动语态，说明主语是动作的承受者） （四）非谓语作宾语补足语的重点 1.理解下表中所列的关系 非谓语 与宾语的逻辑关系 与谓语动作的时间关系 不定式 主动关系 ①在谓语动词后发生 ②不带to的不定式表示动作的全过程 现在分词 主动关系 同时进行 过去分词 被动关系 动作已经完成或表示状态 When I came in, I saw her dancing happily. （主动进行） I saw him go to the cinema.（主动，全过程） We heard her singing next door.（主动进行） We heard the song sung by her next door. （被动完成） We heard the song being sung next door. （被动进行） 2.下列动词和短语必须以用不定式作宾语补足语 wish, want, ask, require/request, order, warn, allow/permit, forbid, expect, remind, encourage, inspire, call on, depend on 注意：advise/allow/permit/forbid +宾语+不定式作宾语补足语 advise/allow/permit/forbid +动名词作宾语时 ①What did the librarian _____ out of the library?   A. permit to take B. forbid to be taken C. allow to take D. insist being taken ②I don’t allow ______ in my office and I don’t allow my family ______ at all. A. to smoke…smoking B. smoking…to smoke C. to smoke…to smoke D. smoking…smoking 答案：BB 3. 在think, consider, find等动词后常用to be +adj. 结构作宾语补足语，有时to be省略。 We all discover him (to be) kind and honest. 4.几个特别的结构 ▲have+宾语+do/doing/done ①“ have + 宾语+ do sth ”意为“让/叫/使某人做某事”。此结构中的 have 是使役动词，宾语后的 do sth 是不带to的动词不定式作宾语补足语。 The boss often has them work for 14 hours a day.老板经常要他们一天工作14 个小时。 ②“have +宾语+ doing”意为“叫/让/使某人做某事或让某种情况发生”。宾语后面用现在分词作宾语补足语，表示宾语与现在分词表示的动作之间为主动关系，且动作正在进行。 Don’t have the dog barking much, Lilin. 李林，别让狗狂吠不停。 ③“ have + 宾语+done”意为“让/叫/使/请别人做某事”或者是“遭受/遭遇了……，此时，主语是无意中的受害者，而不是动作的执行者”的意思。宾语后面用过去分词作宾语补足语，说明宾语与过去分词表示的动作之间是被动关系。 We had the machine mended just now.我们刚才请人把机器修好了。 He had his leg injured while playing football.他在踢足球时腿受了伤。 ▲get+宾语+to do/doing/done 三种结构的意义请参看上述“have+宾语+do/doing/done”的意义解释。 He got his sister to help him with his clothes. 他让姐姐帮他洗衣服。 Can you really get that old clock going again 你真的能让那辆旧钟再走起来吗？ Doris got her bad tooth pulled out in the hospital. 多丽丝在医院把坏牙拔了。 ▲catch sb. doing sth逮住某人干某事 If she catches me reading her diary, she’ll be furious.如果她抓住我偷看她的日记，她会愤怒的。 ▲make + oneself + done oneself 与其后的过去分词存在着动宾关系，或者说是被动关系 He raised his voice in order to make himself heard. 他提高了嗓门为了使别人听清他的讲话。 （五）非谓语作定语的重点 1.理解下表中所列的关系 分类 形式 与被修饰词的逻辑关系 与谓语动作的时间关系 不定式 to do 动宾关系 在谓语动作后发生 “the last/next/first...” 后常接不定式作定语，表示主谓关系 在谓语动作前或者后发生 to be done 被动关系 在谓语动作后发生 现在 分词 doing 主动关系 与谓语动作同时进行 being done 被动关系 与谓语动作同时进行 过去 分词 done 被动关系 在谓语动作之前发生 存在的状态或情况 It is a good chance to practice your spoken English.这是练习你的口语的好机会。 He was the last one to leave the office. 他是最后一个离开办公室的。 The woman standing over there is our English teacher.站在那边的那个妇女是我们的英语老师。 The house to be built (=which will be built/which is to be built) next year will be our new library.（将要建的） The house being built (=which is being built) now will be our new library.（正在建的） The house built (=which was built) last year is our new library now.（已经建成的） I like reading books written by Lu Xun.我喜欢读鲁迅写的小说。 2.动词不定式尾后的介词不能丢 When I handed the report to John, he said that George was the person ______. A. to send B. for sending it C. to send it to D. for sending it to 【解析】该题中须用不定式短语作后置定语，排除B 和D；答案A中，没有to就意味着是把George 这个人打发走。本句意思是将该报告送给这个人—George, it 指这个报告，因此to不能少。答案C。 （六）非谓语作状语的重点 1.理解下表中所列的关系 非谓语 与逻辑主语（即句子的主语）的关系 与谓语动作的时间关系 doing（一般式）作状语 主动关系 （几乎）与谓语动作同时进行 having done（完成式） 作状语 主动关系 先于谓语动作发生 having been done（完成被动式）作状语 被动关系 先于谓语动作发生 done（过去分词）作状语 被动关系 已经在过去发生或是 不十分强调时间概念 Waiting (=When I was waiting) to see the doctor, I met with a friend of mine. Having (=Because we have) made full preparations, we are sure to be successful. Having been shown around(=After we had been shown) the library, we were then taken to see the laboratory. Seen (=When the town is seen) from the hill, the town looks more beautiful. Locked (=When he was locked) up in the room, he found himself isolated from the outer world. 2.too…to…, enough to do…, only to…等结构表示结果 The boy is too young to join the navy.这男孩太小参不了海军。 The hall is big enough to hold 1,000 people. 这厅大得足以容纳一千人。 They lift a rock only to drop it on their own feet他们搬起石头结果却砸了自己的脚。 注意：动词作结果作状语表示未曾预料的结果，而现在分词作结果状语表示自然而然或必然的结果。 Her husband died in 1942, leaving her with five children. The bus was held up by snowstorm, thus causing the delay. 3.分词（短语）作状语的附着规则 使用分词（短语）作句子状语时，有一条规则必须遵守：即分词（短语）的逻辑主语应当与句子的主语一致，否则句子就是错句。 _____from the top of the tower, the south foot of the mountain is a sea of trees. A. Seen B. Seeing C. Have seen D. To see 【解析】此处是非谓语动词做状语，逻辑主语是句子的主语，非谓语动词与逻辑主语是被动关系，用过去分词。答案A。 对比：Seeing from the top of the tower, we can find the south foot of the mountain is a sea of trees. 主要：已经成为固定用法的非谓语动词（短语）不需要遵守这条附着规则 常见的的有：considering…(鉴于/考虑到……)，judging by/from…(从……来看，依据……来判断)，supposing that…(假定……)，providing that… (假定……)，according to…(依据……)，including…(包括……)，owing to…(由于……)，talking/speaking of…(谈及……) given…(考虑到……), provided that…(如果……) 4.独立主格结构和with复合结构 ▲逻辑主语+不定式/现在分词/过去分词 I send you 100 dollars today, the rest to follow in a year. 今天我先给你寄100美元。其余的钱一年内陆续寄过去。 Weather permitting, I’ll go to the park with my parents on Sunday. 如果天气允许，星期天我将和爸妈去公园。 All things considered, the planned trip will have to be called off. 考虑到所有的情况，原来计划好的旅行不得不取消。 ▲with(without)+宾语+不定式/现在分词/过去分词 With a lot of difficult problems to settle ,the newly —elected president is having a hard time. 有很多难题要解决新任总统日子可不好过！ Without anything to eat, he died of hunger. 由于没有东西吃，他饿死了。 The Yangtze river is very busy with so many boats and ships coming and going every day. 每天长江上各种船只来来往往显得格外忙碌。 Without any more time given, we couldn't finish the task in three weeks. 如果不另给我们时间的话，我们三星期之内完成不了任务。 With everything well arranged, he left the office.一切都安排妥善之后，他离开了办公室。 （七）不定式的省略 不定式的省略我们可以分作两种，一种是对不定式符号“to”的省略（如：make sb. do sth等）；另一种则是不定式符号“ to ”后省略实义动词的形式。这儿讲的是第二种情况（又称不定式符号to的替代作用）。 常见情形有： ①would/should like/love to, used to, have to, ought to, be going to, be able to, be willing to 等后面的to均 为不定式符号，重复时可省略to后该不定式短语。如： — Could you lend me your dictionary? 能把你的词典借给我吗？ — I’d like to (lend you my dictionary). 行。 ②动词afford, agree, expect, forget, hope, intend, manage, need, pretend, refuse, try, want, wish等后面常 接不定式短语作宾语，重复时可省略to后该宾语。如： You may ask him for help if you want to (ask him for help). 如果你愿意，可以请他帮你。 ③动词allow, beg, expect, forbid, force, invite, order, permit, tell, persuade等后面常接不定式短语作宾语 补足语，重复时可省略to后该宾语补足语。如： I’ll go to her birthday party if she invites me to (go to her birthday party). 如果她邀请我参加她的生日聚会，我会去。 （八）非谓语动词的逻辑主语 一般说来非谓语动词的逻辑主语要么就是句子的主语或宾语，要么就是被它所修饰的中心词。但是有时需要明确非谓语动词所表示动作的执行者或承受者，这时就要标明它的逻辑主语。 ①当动名词短语作主语、宾语或表语时，具有名词特性，其逻辑主语由“名词所有格或形容词性物主代词”表示，放在动名词短语之前。当动名词短语不在句首时，也可由“名词普通格或代词宾 格”表示。 Helen’s/Her being absent made the teacher very angry. 海伦/她没来上课，让老师很生气。 They insisted on my/me speaking at the meeting. 他们坚持要我在会上发言。 ②形容词+for + 名词或代词 + 动词不定式 形容词通常表示事物的性质 It is necessary for you to finish the work before Friday.你们有必要在星期五前做完这项工作。 His idea is for us to travel in different cars.他的主意是让我们乘不同的车去旅游。 ③形容词+of+ 名词或代词 + 动词不定式 形容词往往表示人物的性格和特征 How careless it is of him to break such a valuable vase! 他真不小心，把如此贵重的花瓶打破了。 It’s brave of you to go into the burning building to save the baby! 你真勇敢，冲进着火的大楼里救这个婴儿 （九）关于there be 的非谓语形式 there be非谓语形式可在句中作主语、宾语、状语和定语 1.作动词宾语时，通常用there to be结构，而不用there being。能这样用的及物动词为：expect，like，mean，intend，want，prefer，hate等，如： We don't want there to be any comrades lagging behind.我们不希望有任何同志掉队。 They hate there to be long queues everywhere..他们不愿意处处都要排长队。 We have no objection to there being a meeting here．我们并不反对在这里开会。 2.作状语多用there being结构，但若置于介词for之后要用there to be There being nobody else at hand, I had to do by myself．由于附近没有人，我只得独自干了。(原因状语)  It’s too early for there to be anybody up．太早了，还不会有人起床。(作程度状语)  There having been no rain for a long time，the ground was very dry. 因为好长时间没下雨了，地面非常干燥。(原因状语) 3.作主语时两种结构都可以，但如是用for引导则要用there to be. It is not uncommon for there to be problems of communication between old and young. 老人与年青人之间存在着沟通问题是很常见的。 There being a kindergarten on campus is a great convenience to female teachers. 校园内有幼儿园对女教师十分方便。 Please do me a favor — ______ my friend Mr. Smith to Youth Theater at 7:30 tonight. A. to invite B. inviting C. invite D. invited 【解析】 1.作宾语时的区别 ①I can’t stand _____ with Jane in the same office. She just refuses______ talking while she works. A. working , stopping B. to work, stopping C. working, to stop D. to work , to stop 【解析】 ②Isn't it time you got down to______ the papers? A. mark   B. be marked C. being marked D. marking 【解析】 ③There is a new problem involved in the popularity of private cars ____ road conditions need _______. A. that, to be improved B. which , to be improved C. where, improving D. when, improving 【解析】 ④Susan wanted to be independent of her parents. She tried alone, but she didn’t like it and moved back home. A. living B. to live C. to be living D. having lived 【解析】 ⑤All the staff in our company are considering______ to the city centre for the fashion show. A. to go B. going C. to have gone D. having gone 【解析】 2.作表语时的区别 ①Tom sounds very much ______ in the job, but I’m not sure whether he can manage it. A. interested B. interesting C. interestingly D. interestedly 【解析】 ②Please remain ;the winner of the prize will be announced soon. A. seating B. seated C. to seat D. to be seated 【解析】 3.作宾语（主语）补足语时的区别 ①The teacher asked us _________so much noise. A. don’t make B. not make C. not making D. not to make 【解析】 ②—Excuse me sir, where is Room 301? —Just a minute. I’ll have Bob ____you to your room. A. show B. shows C. to show D. showing 【解析】 ③A cook will be immediately fired if he was found ________in kitchen. A. smoke B. smoking C. to smoke D. smoked 【解析】 ④To learn English well, we should find opportunities to hear English as much as we can. A. speak B. speaking C. spoken D. to speak 【解析】 4.作后置定语时的区别 ①If there is a lot of work _______, I’m happy to just keep on until it is finished. A. to do B. to be doing C. done D. doing 【解析】 ②When I handed the report to John, he said that George was the person ______. A. to send B. for sending it C. to send it to D. for sending it to 【解析】 ③—The last one ___________ pays the meal. —Agreed! A. arrived B. arrives C. to arrive D. arriving 【解析】 ④The Chinese are proud of the 29th Olympic Games ______in Beijing in 2008. A. hold B. holding C. held D. to be held 【解析】 ⑤Reading is an experience quite different from watching TV; there are pictures ______ in your mind instead of before your eyes. A. to form B. form C. forming D. having formed 【解析】 ⑥At the beginning of class, the noise of desks ____ could be heard outside the classroom. A. opened and closed B. to be opened and closed C. being opened and closed D. to open and close 【解析】 ⑦The Town Hall ______ in the 1800’s was the most distinguished building at that time. A. to be completed B. having been completed C. completed D. being completed 【解析】 ⑧—Can those at the back of the classroom hear me?—No problem. A. seat B. sit C. seated D. sat 【解析】 5.作状语时的区别 ①He hurried to the booking office only _____ that all the tickets has been sold out. A. to be told B. to tell C. told D. telling 【解析】 ②Oil prices have risen by 32 percent since the start of the year, ______ a record US $57.65 a barrel on April 4. A. have reached B. reaching C. to reach D. to be reaching 【解析】 ③The storm left ,_____ a lot of damage to this area . A. caused B. to have caused C. to cause D. having caused 【解析】 ④“You can’t catch me!” Janet shouted, _________ away. A. run B. running C. to run D. ran 【解析】 ⑤ to reach them on the phone, we sent an email instead. A. Fail B. Failed C. To fail D. Having failed 【解析】 ⑥ around the Water Cube, we were then taken to see the Bird’s Nest for the 2008 Olympic Games. A. Having shown B. To be shown C. Having been shown D. To show 【解析】 ⑦_____ in a white uniform, he looks more like a cook than a doctor. A. Dressed B. To dress C. Dressing D. Having dressed 【解析】 ⑧______ into use in April 2000, the hotline was meant for residents reporting water and heating supply breakdowns. A. Put B. Putting C. Having put D. Being put 【解析】 ①Faced with a bill for $10,000, _______. A. an extra job has been given to John  B. the boss has given John an extra job C. an extra job has been taken   D. John has taken an extra job 【解析】 ②_________, the more expensive the camera, the better its quality. A. General speaking B. Speaking general C. Generally speaking D. Speaking generally 【解析】③___ _ with the size of the whole earth, the biggest ocean does not seem big at all. A. Compare B. When comparing C. Comparing D. When compared 【解析】 1.不定式的复合结构和否定结构 ①It was foolish ______you to give up what you rightly owned. A. for  B. of  　 C. about  D. from  【解析】 ②To fetch water before breakfast seemed to me a rule_____. A. to never break B. never to be broken C. never to have broken D. never to be breaking 【解析】 ③The patient was warned ______oily food after the operation. A. to eat not  B. eating not  C. not to eat  D. not eating 【解析】 2.动词不定式的省略结构 ①—What’s the matter with Della? —Well, her parents wouldn’t allow her to go to the party, but she still _ _. A. hopes to B. hopes so C. hopes not D. hopes for 【解析】 ②—Would you like to join me for a quick lunch before class? — , but I promised Nancy to go out with her. A. I’d like to B.I like it C.I don’t D.I will 【解析】 ③In my opinion, life in the twenty-first century is much easier than . A. that used to be B. it is used to C. it was used to D. it used to be 【解析】 3.不定式的几个特别句型 ①It is said in Australia there is more land than the government knows______ . A. it what to do with B. what to do it with C. what to do with it D. to do what with it 【解析】 ②I like getting up very early in summer. The morning air is so good . A. to be breathed B. to breathe C. breathing D. being breathed 【解析】 ③—Is Bob still performing? —I’m afraid not. He is said________ the stage already as he has become an official. A. to have left B. to leave C. to have bee