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高考英语知识

2012-03-10 32页 doc 572KB 118阅读

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高考英语知识 高考英语知识串讲 第1讲 一、Language Points 1. share v. 分享、合用:share sth with sb n. 一份,股份 spare a. 业余的,备用的:spare time, a spare tire v. 抽出,匀给:spare me five minutes/ spare one of sandwiches for the boy spare no efforts:不遗余力 spare no expense:不惜工本 ...
高考英语知识
高考知识串讲 第1讲 一、Language Points 1. share v. 分享、合用:share sth with sb n. 一份,股份 spare a. 业余的,备用的:spare time, a spare tire v. 抽出,匀给:spare me five minutes/ spare one of sandwiches for the boy spare no efforts:不遗余力 spare no expense:不惜工本 save v. 节省,救出 2. He felt lucky to have survived the war. 3. with sb about/over sth:和某人就某事争论 argue for/against sth:赞成/反对… Sb into/out of (doing) sth:说服某人做/不做某事 4. have/make/let/see/watch/listen to +宾+宾补(do/doing/done) get sb to do sth have+宾+宾补(to do/to be done) 5. So+同一主语+助动词 So/neither/nor+助动词+另一主语 So it is/was with+另一主语 6. should/ought to/need/could/might/would+do/have done 7. except/but/except for/except that/except wh-clause besides/in addition apart from but for=without 8. The first time+从句 For the first time:作时间状语 It’s the first time+that-clause(完成时) the first+名词+to do 9. most most of the +n.(pl)/pron. the majority of (the) mostly: 主要地(状) 10. be equal to sth:与…相等 be equal to (doing) sth:胜任(做)某事 equal sth:与…相等 equal sb in sth:在…方面与某人匹敌 11. compare…to/with… compared to/with… 12. a great many several/two dozen/hundred +n.(pl.) (many) dozens of a great many of +the/these/those+n.(pl.) seveal/two dozen of +pron. 13. much too+adj/adv(原级) too much+n.(u.) too many+n.(pl.) 14. 没有被动态 come about(主要用于疑问句、否定句) happen(示偶然、碰巧之意) sth+ take place(多表示有组织、有) break out(指战争、灾害、疾病等的爆发) occur(与happen通用) It occurs to sb that/to do…:某人突然想起… 15. n./pron./adj./adv./prep-phrase to do:表将来 With+宾+宾补 doing:表正在进行 Done:表过去 16. 强调句型的判断方法:如果将句子中的“it be”和“that”去掉,原句通顺则是强调句,否则就不是强调句。例: It was in the street that I met an old friend yesterday. 二、语法专──名词的考点 1. 考查可数名词和不可数名词,尤其是许多不可数名词在一定情况下变为可数名词。 2. 考查名词的格,即 ’s所有格,of所有格或双重所有格。 3. 名词作定语。4. 名词及名词短语的辨析。 5. 名词与介词,冠词,动词的搭配。 三、题型归纳──辨析型单项填空 1. 名词的辨析 名词的辨析首先要注意名词单复数的意义区别,如parent指父亲或母亲,而parents指父母双亲;people指人们,而a people指民族。其次注意可数与不可数时的意义区别,如: exercise指锻炼;而exercises指或练习操;再次,注意同义名词或近义名词的区别,如:: event指发生的重大事件、体育项目;incident指偶发事件;而accident指意外事件。最后还要注意近形词的区别,如: cloth指布;cloths指各种不同用途的布;clothes指衣服(复数),clothing衣服(总称)。 2. 动词的辨析 对于动词的辨析,首先要了解动词的及物与不及物,如: reply意为“回答,答复”后面接名词时需接介词to, 此时为不及物动词;后接从句时,则为及物动词。其次是要弄清动词的词义区别,如: advise与persuade, 前者指劝说、劝告,强调过程;而后者指说服,强调结果。最后还要区别各种非谓语动词间的意义和用法:动词的v-ing形式表示正在进行或伴随的动作;v-ed形式表示完成或被动;to do形式表示即将进行的动作等。 3. 形容词、副词的辨析 一是要注意近义词间的区别,如: clever指对问题处理的圆滑;bright指对问题的反应快;wise指选择的正确等。此外,如wide与broad; strong与powerful; interesting与interested; exciting与excited等。二是注意同形的形容词和副词,如: close作形容词时意为“亲密的”;作副词时意为“接近,靠拢”。三是注意同根副词的区别,如: hard与hardly, 前者指猛烈地、努力地;而后者意为几乎不。四是注意副词形式的形容词,如: friendly, lovely, lively实际上是形容词,切不可当作副词使用。五是注意形容词的位置区别,如: present+n.与n.+present,前者指当前的;而后者指在场的。 4. 介词的辨析 对介词的辨析要从两方面入手,一是介词的词义,如: across, through, past, over为动作介词,across强调从表面横过,越过;through强调从空间穿过;past强调从侧面、旁边经过;over强调从空中越过而不接触,也可以表示越过一段距离、空间等。此外,如above, over, on; with, by; of, to; to, for的区别。 5. 连词的辨析 连词的区别主要在于:一是连词的意义,如:when, while与as; because, since与for; whether与if; though, as与although等。二是注意时间名词短语转化而成的连词,如: every/each time; the first/second…time; the moment; the minute等,它们都可作连词,连接从句。三是注意副词转化而成的连词,如: directly, immediately, instantly等。四是注意连词的词序,如: only if与if only, 前者意为“只要”,后者意为“要是…就好了”。 6. 代词的辨析 代词的辨析包括不定代词,如: other, others, the other, the others, another等;人称代词,如: one, it, that等和关系代词如: which与that; which与as; whose与prep.+which/whom等。 1. Does the teacher____ you to go home this weekend? A. allow B. consent C. agree D. approve 2. After the big fire, the house was completely____. A. ruined B. destroyed C. damaged D. spoiled 3. The hunter said he was lucky to get out of the forest____. A. living B. alive C. lively D. live 4. ____ talking with his Grandma, he went away without saying a word. A. Tiring with B. Tiring of C. Tired with D. Tired of 5. It’s necessary to have some____ knowledge for this job. A. electric B. electrical C. elctron D. electricity 6. The photo____ on the wall was taken in Beijing last year. A. hang B. hanging C. hung D. hanged 7. On New Year’s Day, people, especially girls, always wear new____-new hats, new coats, new trousers and new shoes. A. clothes B. clothing C. cloth D. cloths 8. He stays up____ in the evenings to go online to get the____ information. A. late, latest B. lately, last C. late, last D. latest, latest 9. ____ is it to ask her about her about that? She doesn’t know it either. A. What good B. How good C. What a good D. How much good 10. ____ I had done it I knew I had made a mistake. A. Hardly B. Directly C. mostly D. Nearly 11. It is said you went to see Jenny yesterday. What has become___ her? A. from B. of C. into D. / 12. Who do you think will be allowed____ there tomorrow? A. visit B. to visit C. visiting D. visited 13. Today we can either fly to Hainan Island or take a ship___ the sea. A. in B. across C. from in D. across from 14. You wil find what great benefit the computer you own can be____ each time you use it to help you work. A. for B. of C. at D. on 15. I thought he was not____ of a professor the first time I heard him speaking to the children at the platform in the hall of our school. A. something B. anything C. somebody D. anybody 16. We’ve missed the last bus. I’m afraid we have no____ but to take a taxi. A. way B. choice C. possibility D. selection 17. ____ students have graduated from this school in the last twenty years. A. Tens of thousands of B. Tens upon thousands of C. Tens in thousands D. Ten thousands of 18. The farmers plan to produce three times____ in the year before last to meet the increasing need of the people. A. of crop as much this year asB. as much crop this year as C. as more crop this year as D. much crop this year than 19. I think the house is____ large for a family of four people and the price is very reasonable. A. too B. rather C. fairly D. a little 20. His mother dislikes him, for he____ lies. A. tells B. is always telling C. has told D. always told 1-5ABBDB 6-10 BBAAB 11-15 BBDBB 16-20 BABCB 第2讲 一、Language points 1. sb./sth.+adj/n sb./sth.+to do consider(以为,认为)+ sb./sth.+as that-clause n. consider(考虑)+ doing “把…当作…”的译法:consider…as =think of/look on/take/regard/treat/have…as 2. to do A way+ of doing (that/in which)+定语从句 A method of doing sth by this means You can solve the problem+ with this method in this way by means of:通过…方式,以…手段 by this/that means:通过这种/那种方式 by all means:务必,一定;(用于回答)当然行,请 by no means:决不,一点也不(用于句首时用倒装) 3. protect…(from) doing sth prevent/stop…(from) doing sth keep…from doing keep…doing under the potection of… 4. as well as well as might/may as well=had better 5. to do specially+ for-phrase especially 6. along the river:沿着河流 over the river:在河的正上方 through the forest:穿过森林 by the river:在河边 on the bank:在河岸上 7. follow the instructions follow one’s advice as follows 8. be responsible to sb for sth 9. n. doing/to do sth sb to do sth prefer+ sth to sth doing A to doing B to do A rather than do sth that sb (should) do sth 10. n.+after +n.=one +n. +after another 一个接一个(强调动作的重复) n. +by +n.: 一个接一个(强调动作的变化) tree after tree/day by day 11. say “hi” to sb. Please remember me to sb. 向“某人”问好 Send my regards to sb. Send the best wishes to sb. 12. 主+be +adj. +to do: 不定式一般用主动式,与主语存在逻辑上的动宾关系,所以当不定式的动词是不及物动词时,则应在其后加上适当的介词。 主+be +adj. +to do= It be +adj.+ (for/of sb) +to do sth eg. This question is difficult to answer. =It’s difficult to answer the question. The man is hard to work with.=It’s hard to work with the man.当不定式用作定语时,与其所修饰的词之间存在逻辑上的动宾关系,且主语为该动作的执行者时,也常常用主动形式。Eg. He wants water to drink. She has a room to live in. I will go to Beijing tomorrow. Do you have anything to be taken there? 二、语法专题──冠词的考点 1. 考查冠词的一些基本用法,例如:复数名词、不可数名词表示泛指不用任何冠词;the+单数名词表类指;a/an+单数名词表泛指。 2. 考查冠词的习惯用法。如:in case of fire, be wounded in the leg, on the telephone, leave college等。 3. 考查冠词的活用。如:抽象名词的具体化,a success; a/an+专有名词表泛指,an Edison。 4. 考查零冠词的用法。 三、题型归纳──结构型单项填空 结构型试题常表现在句子中某些成分的省略、标点符号的出现、倒装或插入其他成分使前后分离等,从而引起句子结构的变化,扰乱对句子的判断。 有省略的复合句。由于宾语从句或定语从句中谓语部分行为动词的省略,导致对不定式作状语产生误解。 标点符号的影响。由于受汉语习惯的影响,往往会因为句子中的标点符号,弄错句子的结构。 插入语的影响。有些句子由于中间插入了某些成分,而使句子显得支离破碎,造成对句子结构的误解。 倒装句型的基本结构:(1)完全倒装;(2)部分倒装:1)在特殊疑问句和一般疑问句中;2)so/neither/nor+do/be/have/情态动词+主语;3)当虚拟语气的条件从句中省略if时,were, had, 和should应置于句首,采用倒装结构;4)表示祝愿的句子:may+主语+动词原形;5)as, though引导让步状语从句时:提前部分+as+主语+谓语动词;6)表示否定意义的副词、介词短语和连词词组置于句首;7)当not until+时间状语从句置于句首时,主句应采用倒装结构,而从句仍用正常语序;8)not only…but also…连接两个句子时,第一个句子采用倒装结构,第二个句子不采用倒装结构;9)no sooner…tham…, hardly…when…, scarcely…when…都表示“一…就…”,强调过去的两个动作接连发生,当no sooner, hardly和scarcely置于句首时,主句常把had置于主语之前,采用倒装结构,但从句不倒装。 10)only+副词/介词短语/宾语/时间状语从句置于句首时,常采用倒装,但only+主语则不应采用倒装;11)在so/such…that…引导的结果状语从句中,将so+adj./adv.或such置于句首时,其主句常采用倒装结构。 强调句型,感叹句,并列句的应用。 独立主格结构。1) n+to do; 2) n+doing; 3) n+done; 4)n+prep.+n.; 5) n+adj/adv; 6)n+n; 7) with+n+to do/doing/done/adj/adv/prep+n. 1. He said he would do what he could____ us. A. help B. to help C. helping D. helped 2. He spent all the money he had____ that dictionary. A. buy B. to buy C. buying D. bought 3. There are more than three thousand students in my school, most of____ from the country. A. that B. which C. whom D. them 4. It is his cleverness, not his strenth, ____ defeated his rival. A. that B. which C. what D. who 5. The way you think of_____ our living conditions sounds reasonable. A. improveB. to improveC. improving D. improvement 6. I feel strongly that whatever you____ matter to me. A. don’t B. do doesn’t C. don’t do D. doesn’t do 7. Is this school____ you studied in two years ago? A. that B. when C. it D. the one 8. Please tell me the way thought of____ the garden. A. take care of B. to take care of C. taking care of D. how to take care of 9. Mr Wang was much disappointed to see the washing machine he had had____ went wrong again. A. it repaired B. to be repairedC. Repaired D. repairing 10. We will do everything we can____ our city. A. to save B. save C. saving D. saved 11. The air quality in Beijing as well as in the neighboring cities we once spent much time____ better and better. A. in getting B. having got C. in is getting D. has got 12. Who did the teacher, as well as the monitor, ____ an article for the wall newspaper? A. has write B. has written C. have write D. have written 13. What do you consider____ to her? A. to happen B. happening C. happened D. happens 14. Mr Reed made up his mind to devote all he had to____ some schools for poor children. A. set up B. setting up C. have set up D. having set up 15. To his joy, the day he looked forward to____ at last? A. coming B. come C. came D. have come 16. How long do you think it is____ she arrived here? A. when B. that C. before D. since 1-5 BCDAB 6-10 BDBCA 11-16 CCCBCD 第3讲 一、Language points 1. owe sb sth=owe sth to sb:欠某人某物 owe sth to sb/sth: 将…归功于… owing to…: 由于… =thanks to/because of/due to… 2. think highly/poorly/little/a lot +of sb/sth speak highly/well/badly +of sb/sth sing high praise for sb/sth 3. apologize to sb for (doing) sth make an apology to sb for (doing) sth excuse sb for (doing) sth forgive sb for (doing) sth pardon sb for (doing) sth 4. make an impression on sb have an impression of sth impress sth on/upon one’s mind serve in the army on the office serve the people/the dish serve sb with sth=serve sth to sb serve as the chairman make jokes about: 取笑, 拿…开玩笑 =make a joke about laugh at: 嘲笑 have a joke with sb: 开某人的玩笑 play a joke on sb=play tricks on sb: 戏弄 in joke: 闹着玩,开玩笑 7. to do It’s time+ for sth For sb to do sth That-clause(一般过去时) 8. the one/ones:替代同类事物中特指一个或一些 one: 替代上文提到的同类名词中的一个,表泛指 it: 指上文提到的同一个事物 that: 替代上文出现的带定冠词的名词或不可数名词 9. none: 用来回答how many/how much引导的问句,常与of连用 no one: 只能指人,用来回答who引导的问句 neither: 两者都不,表单数 nothing: 用于指物,用来回答what引导的问句 10. cloth 布(u.): a piece of cloth 表示某种特殊用途的布块(桌布):Wipe up the water with a cloth. clothes: 衣服,服装。是一个没有单数形式的复数名词: A suit of clothes 注:不能直接用数词修饰,但可用many, few, his, my, thse之类的词修饰,作主语时谓语动词用复数。 clothing: 服装,衣着。是一个无复数形式的物质名词,除衣服外,还包括幌子,手套,鞋袜之类的东西,作主语时谓语动词用单数。A piece of clothing, an artcle of clothing dress: 指穿在外面的衣服,尤指在社交场合穿的礼服及妇女的连衣裙。 suit: 成套的衣服。 11. live: 活着,有生命的(作定语,主要用来指鸟或其他动物),实况直播的 lively: 活泼的,有生气的,生动的 alive: 活着的,还有气儿的,是表语形容词,在句中作表语或后置定语 living: 活着,健在的,现行的 12. receive: 收到,接到(客观动作);accept: 接受,领受(主观意愿) 接受教育、惩罚、支持,遭受不幸,接待客人:只用receive 接受某条件、建议:只用accept turn+adj: 常表示从某种状态向其他状态变化的自然现象 The weather has turned much colder. go+adj: 常表示由好变坏的情况:The milk went wrong/bad. become+adj: 强调施动者的作用或变化的结果 Please don’t get angry. come+adj: 一般表示向好的方面变化。 My dream has come true. 14. 含有插入语的疑问句: What do you think has happened to him? How do you suppose the film will end? Why do you believe he is unfit for the office? 15. 主从复合句的反意疑问句:疑问部分根据主句确定,但是主句的主语是I/we, 谓语是think /suppose /believe /hope /imagine /expect /guess /know /feel /be sure /be told时,疑问部分根据从句确定,否定转移时,疑问部分用肯定语气。She think it is a good idea, doesn’t she? I think it is a good idea, isn’t it? I don’t think it is a good idea, is it? 二、语法专题──代词的考点 1. 不定代词:(1)all, any, none, both, either, neither; (2)another, other, the other, others, the others; (3)复合不定代词:someone, anyone, everyone, no one; something, anything, everything, nothing. 2. it的用法: (1)it作实意代词,代替日期、时间、季节、距离;代替身份不明的人,心目中的人和事以及代替上文已提到的或下文将要提到的人、物或某种情况;代替指示代词this, that。 (2)it作引导词:作形式主语和形式宾语,代替不定式、动名词和从句;it用于强调句型。 3. 替代词one, ones, the one, the ones, that, those的用法。 4. 人称代词在使用中要注意主格和宾格的区别,反身代词则要注意和主语一致。 三、题型归纳──习语、搭配型单项填空 语言的习惯表达是语言在长期使用过程中的结果,不能随意改变。其表现形式主要在介词短语、名词短语及非谓语动词短语的习惯搭配等方面。习语、搭配型单项填空主要考查对英语习语及搭配的掌握和运用,这就需要在平时多加注意和积累,切不可想当然。 1. 介词后的宾语:介词后面常接名词、代词、动名词作宾语,但是,在考试时要注意一些习惯用法。如:far from satisfied/over; take sth for granted; in hospital与in the hospital; at sea与at the sea。 2. 冠词的增删:固定搭配中名词前的冠词的有无都是习惯用法,若去掉或增加,都会使其意思发生变化。如:in prison与in the prison; in bed与on the bed; in school与in the school; in possession of与in the possession of; in charge of与in the charge of; in front of与in the front of。 3. 非谓语动词短语的考查重点:一是非谓语动词与逻辑主语的关系;二是非谓语动词与谓语动词所表示动作的时间先后关系;三是非谓语动词的习惯用法。另外,有些非谓语动词短语已经从非谓语动词短语中游离了出来,而成为表达某种意思的固定搭配。如:to be true; to tell you the truth; to be exact; judging by/from; exactly speaking; frankly speaking; compared to/with等。 4. 动词的搭配。如:mean to do sth/mean doing sth; forget to do sth/forget doing sth; be used to doing sth/used to do sth; head for/go to; lend to/borrow from; set about/set out; write down/take down/put down等。 5. 动词短语。如:have a cold/catch cold; take place/take one’s place等。6. 短语动词。如:run out/run out of; stick to/keep on; bring in/bring on等。 7. 形容词短语。如:be strict with/in; different from/in; be careful of/with等。8. 名词短语。如:the number of/a number of; a knowledge of等。 1. No matter what you see, don’t take it for____, but use your head to think it over. A. grant B. granting C. granted D. grantness 2. When writing, he often keeps a dictionary____. A. in hand B. on hand C. at hand D. hand in 3. His wife often goes to____ on Sundays. A. church B. a church C. the church D. churching 4. It is good for you in your future life____ English. A. have good knowledge of B. to have good knowledge of C. to have a good knowledge ofD. has a good knowledge of 5. ____ what he said, he has been to Australia. A. Judge by B. Judged by C. Judging from D.To judge from 6. She is always ready to help others and asking for nothing____. A. in return B. in case C. in addition D. in turn 7. They held a ceremony____ those killed in the battle. A. instead of B. in favor of C. by means of D. in honor of 8. The man____ the shop said we could have two days off. A. in charge of B. in the charge of C. take charge of D. take the charge of 9. When they got to America, they nearly____ money. A. ran out B. ran out of C. ran away D.ran away from 10. Word came that Brown____ the record in yesterday’s match. A. made B. stroke C. beat D. hit 11. Look, little Betty is giving a talk to the children and is____ a teacher. A. somebody of B. anybody like C. something of D. like anything 12. Mr Wang is very old, but he works like a young man. In deed, I can’t admire him____. A. very much B. so well C. too much D. quite well 1-6 CCACCA 7-12 DABCCC 第4讲 一、Language points 1. sth sth for sth prepare+ for sth to do sth be prepared for be prepared to do sth make preparations for They tied for first place in the game. We tied with the visiting team in the basketball match. The dog is tied to a tree. 3. affect vt. 影响 effect n. 效果,作用 have a good/bad effect on in effect事实上 cause and effect因果 take effect生效,起作用 come into effect生效,实行 effort n. 努力 without effort毫不费力 make every effort尽一切努力 spare no effort不遗余力 weigh vt. 称…的重量 vi. 重达…, 重量为… put on weight lose weight by weight in meters/pounds/calories by the day/the week/the yard/the dozen/the ton in…参加…比赛 compete+ with/against…与…竞赛/竞争 for…角逐…,为获取…而竞赛 Where there is a river, there is a city. Where there is a will, there is a way. Where there is life, there is hope. do sth not do sth do sth than do sth would rather+ =would do sth rather than do sth =prefer to do sth rather than do sth that-clause+ did──表现在或将来 had done──表过去 do damage to sth live one’s dream in ruins/in pieces under attack/discussion/construction/consideration/treatment almost: 差距比nearly小。可与never, no, no one, none, nobody, nothing, nowhere等否定词连用,但不能与not连用。 nearly: 不可与上述否定词连用,但可与not连用,构成 Not…nearly, 意为“远非…,远不及…” 二、语法专题──形容词和副词的考点 1. 形容词和副词的辨析:一般无规律可循,只能在于平常时多积累。我们应注意这几点:(1)分清形容词和副词各自的语法功能,即形容词常用作定语,而副词常用作状语;(2)掌握具体的形容词、副词的基本含义和语法功能。如therefore意为“所以”,在句中起关联作用。(3)有些副词有两种形式,其中一种形式与形容词相同,另一种形式是在形容词后加-ly,意义不太相同,应加以分辨。常见的有:close接近──closely仔细地,密切地;high高──highly高度地;free免费──freely自由地,自如地;late晚,迟──lately近来;deep深──deeply深刻地,深入地;near邻近──nearly几乎; hard努力地──hardly几乎不;most最──mostly主要地; wide宽阔──widely广泛地;easy从容地──easily容易地 (4)有些副词与形容词的词形完全相同。换言之,有些词同时兼有形容词和副词两种词性。常见的有:early, straight, slow, enough, fast, hard, long, firm等。 2. 形容词和副词的词序: (1)enough用作形容词修饰名词时,可前可后;用作副词修饰形容词或副词时,只能位于之后。例:enough time/time enough; strong enough。 (2)形容词修饰复合不定代词时要后置,something important。 (3)as, how, so, too修饰单数名词时,其词序为:as/how/so/too+adj.+a/an+n.,too large a room; how interesting a film; Mike is as clever a boy as Tom。 (4)such修饰单数名词时,其词序为:such+a/an+adj.+n.,such a large room; 但名词前是one, some, many, all, no等修饰时,其词序为:one/some/many/all/no+such+adj.+n.。 (5)多个形容词作定语时的词序为:县官行令宴国才──限定词+描绘性形容词+大小、长短、高低等形容词+新旧+颜色+国家、地区+材料+用途+被修饰名词。限定词包括:前位限定词,如:倍数词、分数词及all, both, half, double等;中位限定词,如:冠词、物主代词、指示代词、所有格及some, any, no, every, each, either, neither, enough, much, whose等;后位限定词,如:基数词,序数词及little(表示少),few, last, next, other, another, more, less, most, several, least, plenty of等不定量代词;限定词的排列顺序:前位+中位+后位+中心词。 (6)倍数的表示法:A is n times bigger than B. as big as
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