心理障碍

nullMyers’ PSYCHOLOGY Myers’ PSYCHOLOGY Chapter 16 Psychological Disorders Psychological DisordersPsychological DisordersPsychological Disorder a “harmful dysfunction” in which behavior is judged to be: atypical--not enough in itself disturbing--varies with time and culture maladaptive--harmful unjustifiable--sometimes there’s a good reasonHistorical PerspectiveHistorical PerspectivePerceived Causes movements of sun or moon lunacy--full moon evil spirits Ancient Treatments exorcism, caged like animals, beaten, burned, castrated, mutilated, blood replaced with animal’s bloodPsychological DisordersPsychological DisordersMedical Model concept that diseases have physical causes can be diagnosed, treated, and in most cases, cured assumes that these “mental” illnesses can be diagnosed on the basis of their symptoms and cured through therapy, which may include treatment in a psychiatric hospitalPsychological DisordersPsychological DisordersBio-Psycho-Social Perspective assumes that biological, sociocultural, and psychological factors combine and interact to produce psychological disordersPsychological DisordersPsychological DisordersPsychological Disorders--EtiologyPsychological Disorders--EtiologyDSM-IV American Psychiatric Association’s Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (Fourth Edition) a widely used system for classifying psychological disorders presently distributed as DSM-IV-TR (text revision)Psychological Disorders- EtiologyPsychological Disorders- EtiologyNeurotic Disorder (term seldom used now) usually distressing but that allows one to think rationally and function socially Psychotic Disorder person loses contact with reality experiences irrational ideas and distorted perceptionsAnxiety DisordersAnxiety DisordersAnxiety Disorders distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety Generalized Anxiety Disorder person is tense, apprehensive, and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousalAnxiety DisordersAnxiety DisordersPanic Disorder marked by a minutes-long episode of intense dread in which a person experiences terror and accompanying chest pain, choking, or other frightening sensationAnxiety DisordersAnxiety DisordersPhobia persistent, irrational fear of a specific object or situation Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsessions) and/or actions (compulsions)Anxiety DisordersAnxiety DisordersCommon and uncommon fearsAnxiety DisordersAnxiety DisordersAnxiety DisordersAnxiety DisordersPET Scan of brain of person with Obsessive/ Compulsive disorder High metabolic activity (red) in frontal lobe areas involved with directing attentionMood DisordersMood DisordersMood Disorders characterized by emotional extremes Major Depressive Disorder a mood disorder in which a person, for no apparent reason, experiences two or more weeks of depressed moods, feelings of worthlessness, and diminished interest or pleasure in most activitiesMood DisordersMood DisordersManic Episode a mood disorder marked by a hyperactive, wildly optimistic state Bipolar Disorder a mood disorder in which the person alternates between the hopelessness and lethargy of depression and the overexcited state of mania formerly called manic-depressive disorder Mood Disorders-DepressionMood Disorders-DepressionMood Disorders-DepressionMood Disorders-Depression Canadian depression ratesMood Disorders- SuicideMood Disorders- SuicideMood Disorders-BipolarMood Disorders-BipolarPET scans show that brain energy consumption rises and falls with emotional switchesMood Disorders-DepressionMood Disorders-DepressionAltering any one component of the chemistry-cognition-mood circuit can alter the othersMood Disorders-DepressionMood Disorders-DepressionThe vicious cycle of depression can be broken at any pointDissociative DisordersDissociative DisordersDissociative Disorders conscious awareness becomes separated (dissociated) from previous memories, thoughts, and feelings Dissociative Identity Disorder rare dissociative disorder in which a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating personalities formerly called multiple personality disorderSchizophreniaSchizophreniaSchizophrenia literal translation “split mind” a group of severe disorders characterized by: disorganized and delusional thinking disturbed perceptions inappropriate emotions and actionsSchizophreniaSchizophreniaDelusions false beliefs, often of persecution or grandeur, that may accompany psychotic disorders Hallucinations sensory experiences without sensory stimulationSchizophreniaSchizophreniaSchizophreniaSchizophreniaSchizophreniaSchizophreniaSchizophreniaSchizophreniaPersonality DisordersPersonality DisordersPersonality Disorders disorders characterized by inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning usually without anxiety, depression, or delusionsPersonality DisordersPersonality DisordersAntisocial Personality Disorder disorder in which the person (usually man) exhibits a lack of conscience for wrongdoing, even toward friends and family members may be aggressive and ruthless or a clever con artistMood Disorders-DepressionMood Disorders-DepressionBoys who were later convicted of a crime showed relatively low arousalPersonality DisordersPersonality DisordersPET scans illustrate reduced activation in a murderer’s frontal cortexPersonality DisordersPersonality DisordersRates of Psychological DisordersRates of Psychological Disorders