对外经贸大学英语学院考研-商务英语翻译-新祥旭教育

新祥旭对外经贸大学考研专业课辅导班- 英语学院-小班一对一www.xxxedu.net 对外经贸大学英语学院考研-商务英语翻译 商务英语翻译Chapter 2 Process 1. Comprehension A. Semantic system - Conceptual meaning - Structural meaning - associated meaning B. Context Ex. 1 He didn't marry her because she was rich. C. Background & special knowledge Ex. 2 Finally, proper tax planning both from the host country standpoint and the U. S. standpoint will improve your "keeping money" if, as you anticipate, the joint venture is profitable. D. Logic Ex. 3 The market for the (tea) company’s products consisted of young people, women between the ages of 18 and 49, and older people who wanted a warm drink that was caffeine-free. 这家（茶叶）公司的销售对象是，爱喝不含咖啡因热茶的18至49岁的年轻妇女以及49岁以上的顾客。 E. “False friends” Ex. 4 Wrong Right a walking skeleton 行尸走肉 骨瘦如柴 to hold one's horse 悬崖勒马 忍耐、观望 to make the blood boil 热血沸腾 怒火中烧 white wine 白酒 白葡萄酒 2. Reproduction A. Purpose & the target reader B. Context Ex. 5 If governments let oil prices rise, people cut down on marginal uses of oil, but continue to use it where it is most valuable. 如果政府听任油价上涨，人们就会减少可用可不用的汽油消费，但仍然把汽油 用在最需要的地方。 C. Body vs. details D. Translationese 3. Check-up & polishing A. Understanding B. Missing C. Wrong wording D. Awkward structures E. Proof reading – figures, names, time, etc. F. Format G. Punctuating H. Footnotes, etc. Requirements for translator A. Language proficiency B. Background knowledge C. Experience Methodology A. Conversion - Parts of speech, word order, etc. - Structure - Form and content - Perspectives - Voices, etc. B. Compensation - Amplification & extension - Omission & merging - Splitting - Replacing - Shifting Ex. 6 The use of interpreters slows substantially the pace of negotiations. Version 1. 译员的使用大大减慢谈判的速度。 Version 2. 使用译员会大大减慢谈判进度。 Ex. 7 We in Zambia would like to build a color-blind society where all can have equal opportunities. 我们要在赞比亚建立一个不因肤色而互相歧视的社会，一个人人机会均等的社会。 Chapter 3 Conversion of Parts of Speech 1. Comparative study & further analysis: English Chinese Noun 名词 Verb 动词 Adjective 形容词 Adverb 副词 Numeral 数词 Pronoun 代词 Preposition 介词（方位词） Conjunction 连词 Interjection 叹词 1. Conversion of nouns A. Derivation Ex.1 The new situation requires the formation of a new strategy. 新形势要求制定新战略 B. Collocation Ex.2 I have the honour to inform you that your application has been accepted. 我荣幸地通知阁下，您的申请已被接受。 2. Conversion of prepositions A. Scope and frequency Ex.4 …and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth. ……民有、民治、民享的政府将永存于世。 3. Conversion of verbs A. Derivation Ex.5 As long as the returns from new stores were higher than its building costs, McDonald’s profited in ways that none of its competitors could match. 只要开办新店的收益大于其建设成本，麦当劳就能以任何竞争对手都望尘莫及的方式赚取利润。 B. Voice-pattern Ex.6 The question of United States arms sales to Taiwan was not settled in the course of negotiations between the two countries on establishing diplomatic relations. 美国向台湾出售武器的问题在两国谈判建交的过程中并没有得到解决。 4. Conversion of adjectives Ex. 7 The American people hailed the program for greater Sino-US trade. 美国人欢迎这个扩大中美贸易的。 Ex. 6 The car is due for a new name before American introduction. 这种汽车在向美国出口之前需要起一个新的名字。 5. Conversion of adverbs Ex. 9 When the crops are in, they start autumn sowing. 庄稼收完后，他们开始秋种。 Ex. 10 The paper said editorially that China has successfully survived a worldwide financial crisis. 该报的社论说，中国成功地经受住了一场波及全球的金融危机。 6. Conversion of articles Ex. 11 EDI is one way of doing business today -- it will be the way of doing business tomorrow. 今天，电子数据交换技术是进行贸易的一种方式，明天，它将成为开展贸易的唯一方式。 7. Conversion of connectives Ex. 12 Let them call themselves Taiwan and we will invite them. 只要他们称自己为台湾，我们就邀请他们参加。 Chapter 4 Restructuring 1. Choice of subject Ex. 1 Fear of the bombers had cleared the bay. 因为害怕敌机轰炸，海湾里的船都开走了。 2. Sentence reorganizing A. Word order Ex. 2 From $6.1 billion in 1981, the U.S. deficit with Asia's four tigers last year reached $37 billion, or 22% of the total U.S. trade deficit. 美国与亚洲四小虎的贸易逆差在1981年为61亿美元，去年却高 达370亿美元，占美国全部贸易逆差的22%。 B. Inverted order Ex. 3 Little did I then know the meaning of war and what it was in reality. 当时我确实不太懂得战争的意义以及战争实际上是怎么回事。 C. Restructuring Ex. 4 The boy was watching the steam rising from the kettle when he conceived an idea. 那男孩在观察蒸汽从水壶里冒出来的时候产生了一个念头。 3. Conversion of attributive clauses A. Into adverbials of - Reasons Ex. 5 Their basic fear is of the slack up of protectionism, and above all, American capital outflow which to them means job outflows. 令他们最为恐慌的是放松贸易保护主义的做法，尤其害怕美国资本外流，因为对他们来说，资本外流就等于工作机会外流。 - Condistions Ex. 6 They amounted to near twenty thousand pounds, which to pay would have ruined me. 其总数几乎达两万英镑，假如让我赔偿，我非倾家荡产不可。 - Purposes Ex. 7 Unfortunately, every country in the world has trade barriers which are designed to protect its economy against international market forces. 遗憾的是，世界各国都设置了贸易壁垒，以保护本国经济免受国际市场力量的冲击。 - Results Ex. 8 There was something original, independent, and heroic about the plan that pleased all of them. 这个有创见，有特色，而且有魄力，因而博得了他们所有人的欢心。 - Concession Ex. 9 Moscow refused to interpret as a flat rejection the White House reaction to the Russian proposal, which President George Bush had termed inadequate. 尽管布什总统认为俄国的提议是不合适的，但莫斯科拒绝将白宫的反应解释为断然反对这一提议。 B. Into appositives Ex. 10 All the while, George Bush, who was ultimately to benefit from the try that failed, sat silently by, a nearly forgotten spectator. 在此期间，乔治·布什坐在一旁，一言不发，几乎成了一个被人遗忘的旁观者，他却最终从这场失败的试探中获得了好处。 4. Conversion of adverbials A. of time into - that of concession Ex. 11 ... a joint venture that did not work out may be profitable for the partners when broken up if the right decisions were made on the purchase of real estate or the acquisition of the right equipment. 如果当初在购买不动产或适用设备时决策正确，那么合资企业即使倒闭了，对合资伙伴来说可能仍然有利可图。 - that of condition Ex. 12 When a representative exceeds his allotted time, the President shall call him to order without delay. 如果哪位代表发言超过了规定时间，主席应立即敦促他遵守规定。 - others Ex. 13 Most forecasters believe that unemployment will rise to about 9 percent before it eases next year. 大多数观察家认为，失业率将上升到大约百分之九，到明年才会有所缓和。 B. of conditions into that of concession Ex. 14 If he actually did commit the crime, he wouldn't be punished. 他即便真的犯了罪，也不会受到惩罚的。 5. Conversion of comparatives A. Conversion of the original degree Ex. 15 When it comes to reporting earnings, the U.S. companies have about as much credibility these days as the judges of Olympic figure skating. 说到如何报告收益，美国公司如今的可信度大概同奥运会上的花样滑冰裁 判差不多。 Ex. 16 Exporting countries, in general, are expanding cotton exports this season as much as their cotton supplies will permit. 一般来说，出口国本季度正在尽其供应能力所及扩大棉花出口。 B. Conversion of the comparative degree expressing - Difference Ex. 17 Many dealers face the future with more confidence than they have exhibited in the years past. 许多经销商对未来的信心比过去几年更强了。 -Comparison Ex. 18 The officials here said the present differences were due less to any ideological reason than to nationalistic feelings. 这里的官员说，目前的分歧主要不是出于意识形态方面的原因而是由民族 主义情绪造成的。 - Identity Ex. 19 I don't think that Russian policy is formed that way any more than our policy is formed. 我认为，俄国的政策不是这样制定的，正如我们的政策也不是这样制定的。 - Preference Ex. 20 In fact, you could say that McDonald’s is really more of a landlord than a conventional fast-food chain. 事实上可以这样认为，与其说麦当劳是一家传统的快餐连锁公司，还不如 说它是一个房地产商。 - Emphasis Ex. 21 Reagan was more than cordial to Ford as they met for 65 minutes. 在六十五分钟的会谈中，里根对福特表现得格外亲切。 - Emphamism Ex. 22 The President had done no more than support "continuing study of the problem". 总统仅仅是支持“继续研究这个问题”而已。 6. Conversion of superlative degree expressing - Emphasis Ex. 23 It is a most important problem. 这是一个十分重要的问题。（比较：the most important） Ex. 24 I should do it with the greatest pleasure. 我非常乐意做这件事。 7. Multiples in translation A. Increase (base - 1) N times as many (much) as, N times more than, increase N times/folds, increase by (to) N times，等等。 Ex. 25 The attitude of the consumer toward your product may change if he feels ice cream is twice as expensive at home as it is somewhere else. 如果消费者发现在本国买冰激凌比别的地方贵一倍的话，他对你的产品的态 度可能会发生变化。 B. Decrease reduce (decrease) N times as many (much) as, N times fewer (less) than, decrease N times, decrease by N times, N-fold reduction，等等 Ex. 26 The product cost decreased three times. 生产成本降到原来的三分之一（或：减少了三分之二）。 8. Conversion of appositives Ex. 27 Simply by raising the price of oil, a good we import in large quantities, he can damage the U.S. economy. 他只需提高油价就能损害美国经济，因为石油是我国大宗进口的商品。 Chapter 5 Conversion of Voices 1. Frequency of passives in English vs. Chinese 2 Conversion of passive voice into active A. with passive implication Ex. 1 If understanding prevails, UNCTAD is in a position to replace confrontation with agreement; it cannot be put off. 若能普遍达成谅解，联合国贸发会议就能用取代对抗；这项工作不能再拖延下去了。 Ex. 2 The French supervisor will ordinarily be found in the middle of his subordinates where he can control them. 在法国，主管人员的办公位置通常位于部下的办公位置之中，以便管理。 B. with emphatic structure Ex. 3 Our International Club was founded a year ago to help foreign businessmen in this city meet together. 我们这个国际俱乐部是在一年前成立的，目的是便于本城的外国商人聚会。 C. with non-subject structure Ex. 4 Machinery for the just settlement of international differences must be founded. （…）必须建立公正解决国际分歧的机构。 It must be admitted that ... （…）必须承认…… It may be safely said that ... （…）可以有把握地说…… It is reported that ... 据（…）报道…… It will be seen from this that ... （…）由此可见…… D. with subjects Ex. 5 Americans are cushioned against rising commodity prices by the strong dollar. 美元的坚挺减缓了商品价格上涨给美国人造成的压力。 It was told that ... 有人曾经说过…… It is sometimes asked that ... 人们有时会问…… It is well known that ... 众所周知…… It is claimed that ... 有人宣称…… 3 Retaining passives A. typical passive Ex. 6 Imagine that one or other continent is left out or forgotten, reduced to its poverty and its disorder, what will happen to the others? 设想一下，假如这块或那块大陆被忽视或遗忘，变得贫穷、混乱，其他大陆将会发生什么情况呢？ A. with converted verbs Ex. 7 Foreign concessions would be cancelled if they did not accord with the law. 向外国人提供的特许权若不符合法律将予以取消。 4. Conversion of active into passive Ex. 8 The paper said that foreign agents had infiltrated the then government and engineered the president's overthrow. 该报称，有外国特工打入了当时的政府内部，策划推翻总统。 Ex. 9 His acceptance of bribes led to his arrest. 他因受贿而被捕。 Chapter 6 Conversion Between Content and Form 1. Conversion of abstract into concrete A. addition of concrete words Ex. 1 It called for creation of a defense corps to take charge of anti-subversion in peacetime. 人们呼吁成立一支国防部队来负责和平时期的反颠覆工作。 Ex. 2 I committed myself to make up for past mistakes to fight corruption and injustices and to form a national government to carry out free election. 我决心弥补过去的错误，同贪污腐化和不公正现象作斗争，并成立一个全民政府以实行自由选举。 B. paraphrasing Ex. 3 A conference of developing countries and richer industrialized states has convened in Washington, attempting to identify priorities for improving life among poor areas of the world. 一些发展中国家和较富有的工业化国家在华盛顿举行了会议，试图确定在改善世界贫穷地区人民生活中首先应做的事情。（或“当务之急”） Ex. 4 The hard truth is that we are not owed a say in the world today on what we have been. 严酷的事实是，我们不能靠老本在当今世界上取得发言权。 2. Conversion of concrete into abstract A. replacing Ex. 5 Were it left to me to decide whether we should have a government without newspapers or newspapers without a government, I should not hesitate a moment to prefer the latter. 假如让我决定我们是要一个没有言论自由的政府，还是要一个言论自由而无政府的国家，我会毫不犹豫地选择后者。 B. paraphrasing Ex. 6 Among these gift horses, it is the decline in interest rates that has done the most to foster the FORTUNE 500's bottom-line bonanza. 在这些天赐良机当中，令《财富》500强企业财源滚滚的莫过于利率的下调。 Ex. 7 Japan’s exports are expected to exceed her imports by about 14 to 15 billion dollars this year, making one of only a handful of major industrial countries whose trade will be in black. 今年，日本的出超预计将达到140至150亿美元左右，这将使它成为屈指可数的有贸易顺差的主要工业国家之一。 4. Conversion of partial into the whole Ex. 8 The President wants a Chinese face or two to add to the fraternity. 总统希望请一、两位中国人出席，以增强四海一家的气氛。 Ex. 9 There were several big names at the party. 宴会上有几位知名人士。 5. Conversion of the whole into partial Ex. 9 When he was accused of theft, he turned red. 当有人指控他行窃时，他的脸变得通红。 6. Translating colors Ex. 10 The pallor of her face indicated clearly how she was feeling at the moment. 她苍白的脸色清楚地表明了她当时的情绪。 7. Translating onomatopoeia Ex. 11 …and he insisted on a big Wow, meaning a thrill ride, here featuring lifelike dinosaurs. ……他坚持要搞一个大型项目“哇”，意思是惊险游览，其中的主角是做得和实物一般大的恐龙。 Chapter 7 Litotes ( 反译法) 1. Proper use of negative words 2. Conversion of positive into negative A. Preposition Ex. 1 It was beyond his power to sign such a contract. 他无权签订这种。 B. Verb Ex. 2 The memory of this warm reception shall remain with us long after our departure from the beautiful and historical capital of this great country. 我们离开这个伟大国家古老、美丽的首都之后，你们的盛情款待将令我们久久不能忘怀。 C. Adjective Ex. 3 Indeed, Chenault’s biggest pressures over the coming months won’t be in the backroom but on the bottom line. As America’s newest celeb CEO takes the reins, his company seems to be in surprisingly good shape – with an Amex card being swiped somewhere in the U. S. every hundredth of a second. Ken Chenault’s job, somehow, is to make that look slow. ……从一定意义上说，肯·谢诺尔特的任务是，让这个速度看上去还不够快。 D. noun Ex. 4 Shortness of time has required the omission of some states. 由于时间不够，我没能访问某些国家。 E. Connective Ex. 5 The problems were particularly acute in the company's top ten major metro sales markets, where it had been five years since the company had received local media support. 在该公司的十大城市销售市场上，问题尤其严重，因为当地的新闻媒体已经五年没有为该公司做宣传了。 F. Idioms Ex. 6 He will pay his debts when two Sundays come together. 他永远不会还债的。 3. Conversion of negative into positive Ex. 7 The thought of returning to his native land never deserted him amid his tribulation. 在苦难中，归国的念头一直在他心中萦绕。 Ex. 8 We must never stop taking an optimistic view of life. 我们对生活要永远抱乐观态度。 4. Shift of perspectives A. Comparison riot police 防暴警察 terror measures 反恐怖措施 crisis plan 应急计划 hunger march 反饥饿游行 self-taught 自学 10% discount 九折 it seems to me that... 我觉得…… Ex. 9 By the third criterion, the great literatures of the Orient spring to mind, not to mention the languages of Tolstoy, Goethe, Cervantes and Racine. 按照第三条标准来衡量，人们马上会想到东方各国的伟大文学， 且不提托尔斯泰、歌德、塞万提斯和拉辛使用的语言了。 Ex. 10 Since economic reform began in 1978, an average growth rate of almost 10% a year has seen China's GNP nearly quadruple. 自1978年开始经济改革以来，中国（经济）以每年将近10％的速度增长，国民生产总值几乎翻了两番。 B. Spatial shift Ex. 11 But though the city was to undergo one of the worst punishment in the history of warfare thereafter, that was the low point. 不过，尽管这座城市即将遭受战争史上最为严酷的折磨，但是它的磨难已经到顶了。 C. Temporal shift Ex. 12 But we are getting ahead of the story. 不过这是后话了。 5. Shift of word order A. Priority shift Ex. 13 National Foreign Language Center, 4th Floor, 1619 Massachusetts Avenue, Washington D. C., the United States of America 美国华盛顿特区马萨诸塞大街1619号四层 国家外语中心 Ex. 14 We enclose a cheque for US$ 35,110 in settlement of your invoice No. SH2065 of 20th, April, 1997. 现随信寄上35110美元支票一张，以支付贵方1997年4月20日第SH2065号发票货款。 B. Collocative shift Ex. 15 He witnessed the sixth post-war economic crisis of serious 1 2 3 4 consequences that prevailed in various fields in the USA. 5 6 7 他亲眼目睹了（…） 美国 战后 第六次 波及各领域的 1 7 3 2 6 后果严重的 经济危机。 5 4 Ex. 16 He was working with a mower in his garden all the morning. 1 2 3 他一上午都在园子里 用剪草机干活。 3 2 1 Chapter 8 Amplification （扩大） 1. Introduction 2. Compensate for parts of speech A. Adding measure words Ex. 1 Beeny had a one-chair barbershop in the neighborhood. 比尼在那一带开了一家只有一张椅子的理发店。 Ex. 2 I was extremely worried about her, but this was neither the place nor the time for a lecture or an argument. 我替她担心得要命，可是此时此地，既不宜教训她一番，也不宜跟她争论一通。 Ex. 3 A stream was winding its way through the valley into the river. 一弯小溪蜿蜿蜒蜒，穿过山谷，流到江中。 B. Adding auxiliaries Ex. 4 Don't take it seriously. I'm just joking. 不要当真嘛。我只是开个玩笑啦。 Ex. 5 Sino-British links have multiplied -- political, commercial, educational, cultural, defence, science and technology. 中英两国在政治、商务、教育、文化、国防和科技等领域的交往成倍地增加。 C. Adding links Ex. 6 The IMF’s refusal to lend Argentina more money to pay the interest on that debt is what set off the current crisis, but economists like Ferreres don’t think more foreign loans are the solution. 国际货币基金组织拒绝再借钱给阿根廷，以偿还此类贷款的利息，从而引发了眼下这场危机，但费雷雷斯以及持相同观点的经济学家认为，继续大举外债并不能解决问题。 3. Completing meanings A. Comparison carbondioxide = 二氧化碳 cousin＞表兄弟； dog＜犬； state≈国； London＝0。 B. Compensating for associated meanings Ex. 7 It was only when Sadat introduced his “Open Policy” (enshrined in the famous Law of 1974) that the climate began to change. 直到萨达特实行了“开放政策”（它被郑重地写进著名的1974年法律中），埃及的投资环境才开始发生改变。 C. Compensating for grammatical meanings Ex. 8 Britain's railway system is being improved. 英国的铁路系统日臻完善。 Ex. 9 Automobile factories were closing down in early 1961. 1961年初，汽车工厂纷纷倒闭。 Ex. 10 Should anyone call, tell him to wait for me here. 万一有人来找我，让他在这里等我。 D. Completing the structure Ex. 11 Often, however, tariffs are protective and are designed to carry out a particular economic policy. 然而，关税经常具有保护性质，并用以贯彻一项具体的经济政策。 Ex. 12 A stock market bubble requires the cooperation of everyone. 股市泡沫需要人人参与才能产生。 E. Completing the omitted part Ex. 13 We don't retreat, we never have and never will. 我们不后退，我们从未后退过，将来也决不会后退 Ex. 14 Any leak, even at this late date, could have tremendous international repercussions. 只要稍有泄漏，即使迟至今日，也可能在国际上引起巨大反响。 4. Explanatory Addition Ex. 15 As a result, a few token meetings were being set up through Foggy Bottom, the more-than-ever appropriate nickname for the Department of State. It describes Secretary Rogers' influence -- foggy and at the bottom. 结果，在“雾谷”各级部门开了几次象征性的会议。“雾谷”这个绰号如今对国务院来说，真是再贴切不过了，它了国务卿罗杰斯的境况：虚无飘渺如“雾”，地位低下如“谷”。 Ex. 16 The FMA trader hesitated, trying to outguess the other, wondering which way the rate would go. 第一商业银行的货币交易员犹豫了一下，因为他不知利率是看涨还是看跌，想摸透对方话里的意思。 5. Rhetoric addition Ex. 17 Premier Zhou would later tell him, "Your handshake came over the vastest ocean in the world -- 25 years of no communication." 周总理事后对他说：“你是跨越了世界上最浩瀚的大洋——二十五年的相互隔绝——来同我握手的。” Chapter 9 Omission 1. Introduction 2. Omission in translation of A. Pronouns - Personal pronoun Ex. 1 We assure you of our prompt attention to this matter. 我方（…）保证（…）立即处理此事。 - Non-personal pronoun Ex. 2 Be a place what it may, one gets to like it, if one lives long in it. 无论是（…）什么样的地方，只要（…）住久了，（…）总会喜欢上（…）的。 - Relative pronoun Ex. 3 Few people do business well who do nothing else. （…）除了生意之外什么事也不做的人是做不好生意的。 B. Connectives - Parallel Ex. 4 Let us join and proceed together. 让我们携手（…）并进。 - Subordinates Ex. 5 However, such change is not easy and can be accomplished only when leaders of both sides have no illusions, talk candor, and meet differences head-on. 然而，要实现这种改变并非轻而易举，只有（…）双方领导人不抱幻想、开诚布公、正视分歧，才能做到这一点。 C. Articles - Definite Ex. 6 The governments of the United States of America and the People's Republic of China agreed to hold senior talks regularly on matters of mutual interest. （…）美利坚合众国政府和（…）中华人民共和国政府同意就共同关心的问题定期举行高级会晤。 - Indefinite Ex. 7 Things of a kind come together; people of a mind fall into the same grou