英语-不定式

不定式 不定式的形式 主动语态 被动语态 一般时 (not) to ask (not) to be asked 进行时 (not) to be asking —— 完成时 (not) to have asked (not) to have been asked 完成进行时 (not) to have been asking —— 一.不定式作主语 1.不定式作主语多表一次性或具体的动作。 It’s fun to watch movies. 2.形式主语。 It could be very interesting to watch an Arab and an Englishman talking together. 二.不定式作表语。 1.不定式作表语常表示主语的“内容，性质”等。 主语通常是aim, duty, wish, hope, idea, plan, mistake等。 Our duty is to help the young children grow better. My idea is to wait in line. My job is to help the patients. 2.不定式+ be+ to do sth. To be kind to the enemy is to be cruel to the people. To see is to believe. 3.在seem / appear， prove　/ turn out， remain 等连系动词后，可用不定式作表语。 Having a trip abroad is good for the old couple, but it remains to be seen whether they will enjoy it. He seemed (to be ) very happy. 三.不定式作宾语。 1.用不定式作宾语的常见动词有：want, wish, hope, offer, decide, arrange, learn, refuse, promise, pretend, expect, afford, plan, manage, agree, prepare, desire, intend等。 2.形式宾语常用在下列动词后：feel, find, make, think, believe,consider 等。 I find it difficult to work with him. I believe it better to do the experiment tomorrow morning. ★不定式在介词 but 之后的特殊情况。 We could do nothing but wait. We had nothing to do but wait. We had no choice but to wait. 如果介词之前有行为动词do 的某种形式，介词后的不定式不带to, 否则带to . 四.不定式作宾补 1.接不定式作宾补的常见动词有：advise, allow, ask, beg, encourage, get, force, invite, expect, order, permit, persuade, require, want, warn, teach 等。 其否定式是在不定式符号to 前加 not。如：advise sb. to do/not to do sth。 2.作feel, hear, see, watch, notice, observe等感官动词及have, let, make等使役动词后的宾补时，to 要省略掉，被动结构中加上。 如： make sb do sth. 但使役动词的被动语态常用：be made to do sth. · Though he had often made his little sister cry, today he was made to cry by his little sister. ★五. 不定式作定语 1.作定语的不定式如果是vi或不定式，所修饰的n.或 pron.是不定式动作的地点、工具等，不定式后须有相应的介词。 Please give me a knife to cut with. Here is some paper for you to write on. ●如不定式修饰的n.是time、 place 或way 时，不定式后的介词习惯上省去。 He had no money and no place to live (in). We found a way to solve this problem (in). a pen to write ___ , a table to sit down ____, a child to look _____, a river to swim ___, exciting music to listen __. 2.注意区分不定式作定语时语态不同，意义不同。 区别：Have you anything to send? Have you anything to be sent? I’m going to the post office. Do you have anything ____________?(post) 4. 用来修饰被序数词，最高级或no, all, any 等限定的中心词。 He is the best person to undertake this job. He is the first to come but the last to go. ★六.不定式作状语 1.在某些adj.作表语，表喜怒哀乐时，后的不定式表原因。 I am very glad to meet you . I’m very sorry to hear your mother is ill. 2. 在too…to, enough to …, only to…(“出乎意料”) 中,不定式表结果。 He was too excited to say a word. He’s old enough to go to school. 3.in order (not) to …, so as (not) to …中不定式表目的。In order to 还可放句首表强调。 七.What, which, when, where, how, why +不定式可充当主语，表语，宾语。 I didn’t know what to do. When and where to hold the meeting is not known yet. My question was how to get so many books. ★八. 不定式的主动与被动 1. to do 修饰的词与to do 构成主谓关系时，常用主动, 动宾用被动。 Do you have a knife to cut the watermelon? Can you find a bottle to hold the oil? Is there anything to be done? 2. to do 与被修饰词是动宾关系，但能在 句中找到逻辑主语时，常用主动。 She has a sister to look after. I know what to do/ expect. 3. to do 跟在作表语的adj.后，多用主动, 这时人们多认为adj.后省去了 for sb. This book is difficult to understand. This kind of fish is nice to eat. 比较：Do you have clothes to take to the laundry? to be taken 九.to do 的时态 1.一般式表动作与谓语同时进行或发生在其后。 He pretended not to see me. He agreed not to smoke any more. 2.完成式表动作发生在谓动之前。 I’m sorry to have kept you waiting for a long time. 3.进行式表谓动发生时，to do的动作也在进行。 He pretended to be studying hard when the teacher came in. 4.在intended, expected, would like, hoped, wanted, wished, thought, was/ were等后用不定式完成式表示未曾实现的愿望、期待或。 十.不定式的符号to的保留 有时为了避免重复，可以用to来替代前面的不定式，这种情况常出现在下列动词之后：expect, hope, wish, mean, prefer, care, forget, want, try 及be glad/happy; would like/love等后。但如果在省略的不定式结构中含有：be,助动词have, have been 时，这些词要保留。 I haven’t been to Hongkong, but I wish to . He still plays with fire, though he was told not to. --Are you on holiday?--No, but I’d like to be. --I didn’t tell him the news.--Oh, you ought to have. 1. As the 20th century comes to a close, the raw materials for a great national literature were at hand, waiting___. A. to use B. to be used C. to have used D. to be using 2. China has promised to revise its existing regulations and __ new policies according to WTO requirements. A. forming B. to form C. to be forming D. have 3.I think you’ll grow ___ him when you know him better. A. liking B. to be like C. to like D. to be liking 4. I don’t want __ like I’m speaking ill of anybody, but the manager’s plan is unfair. A. to sound B. to be sounded C. sounding D. to have sounded 5.Mr. Green stood up in defense of the 16-year-old boy, saying that he was not the one ___. A. blamed B. blaming C. to blame D. to be blamed 6. The purpose of new technologies is to make life easier, __ it more difficult. A. not make B. not to make C. not making D. do not make 1. The doctor examined the patient carefully, only __ she was not seriously ill. A. found B. to find C. finding D. to be found 2.-- Really nice ___ you. I’m going to miss you. --Don’t forget to give me a ring, will you? A. knows B. to know C. to have known D. knew 3.The students expect ___ to be less homework after school. A. there B. it C. that D. one 4. I have nothing important on tonight. Do you have clothes ___ to the laundry? A. to be taken B. to take C. to taking D. taken 5.Tim’s cell-phone was left in a taxi accidentally, never __ again. A. to find B. to be found C. finding D. being found 6. With a lot of difficult problems ___, the manager felt worried all the time. A. settled B. to be settled C. settling D. to settle 7.Tom pretended __ it but in fact, he knew it very well. A. not listen to B. not to hear about C. not to have heard about D. not to be listening to 8.Mum, I’ll go to the post office now. Do you have anything __? A. send B. sent C. to send D. to be sent 9.Peace-loving people don’t want ___ another war in Iraq. A. there could be B. there be C. there being D. there to be 10. The boy’s father gave him a large toy train ___. A. to play with B. to play with it C. which to play with D. at which to play 11.Vegetables are cheap __ when they are in season. A. to buy B. to buy them C. to be bought D. buying them 12. This collection of short stories is said ___ into at least seven foreign languages in the year to come. A. to translate B. to have translated C. to be translated D. being translated 13. The students expected there __ more reviewing classes before the final exams. A. to be B. is C. being D. have been 14.With much work ___, I don’t know if I’ll have time to go out. A. done B. to be done C. to do D. doing 15.—Is there any news about my promotion? --I regret __ you that we’ve chosen someone else for the job. A. telling B. to have told C. to tell D. to be telling 16.The secretary asked her boss whether he had anything more __ before she went back home. A. to type B. typed C. to be typed　 D. has typed 17. What made me sad was that I went to see her the day before yesterday,__ her dead on her bed. A. to find B. finding C. found D. find 18.—See you later. Mr. Black. Pleased __. --Me too. See you later. A. to meet you B. to have met you C. meeting you D. having met you 19.___ the employees’ working efficiency, the supervisor will allow them to have a coffee break. A. Improving B. To improve C. Having improved D. Improved 20. The King is said to __ by the spider weaving its web in the cave where he was hiding and defeated his enemy at last. A. be encouraged B. being encouraged C. have been encouraged D. have encouraged BCAAB DCDDA ACACC CABBC 动词的ing形式 -ing的形式 主动 被动 一般 asking being asked 完成 having asked having been asked -ing的一般式表示和谓语动词同时发生的动作或存在的状态或者表示说话时正在进行的动作或存在的状态；完成时表示在谓语动词之前发生的动作或存在的状态。 如果-ing形式的逻辑主语与-ing所表示的动作构成主谓关系，就用主动语态； 如果-ing的逻辑主语与其表示的动作构成动宾关系，则用被动语态. 动词的ing的用法 1. 作主语。 Collecting information is very important to business men. Seeing is believing. It is no use arguing with him. 注意：v-ing 与 to do 都可以作主语，ing 作主语表示一般或抽象的多次性行为， to do 往往表示具体的或一次性的动作。 To play with fire will be dangerous.(指具体动作） Playing with fire is dangerous. （泛指玩火） 但在It is no use/ good, not any use/ good, useless 等后一般用ing. 2. 作表语。 Her job is teaching. The news is inspiring 3. 作宾语。 He finished reading the book yesterday. He is fond of playing football. 注意：① admit, appreciate, avoid, consider, dislike, enjoy, excuse, feel like, finish, forgive, give up, imagine, keep, mind, miss, practize, risk, suggest, can’t help, can’t stand 等动词后用ing 作宾语。② forget, go on, like, mean, regret, remember, stop, try 等词后的可加v-ing 和 to do, 但意思不同。 I’ll try to improve my oral English. Try knocking at the back door if nobody hears you. ③在allow, advise, forbid, permit 等动词后直接跟动词作宾语时，用ing. 如果后面有名词或代词作宾语，然后再跟动词作宾语补足语时，宾补用to do . We don’t allow students to smoke here. We don’t allow smoking here. ④动词need, require, want(需要), 后用ing或 to be done 作宾语。(be worth doing） The window needs ( requires, wants) cleaning (to be cleaned). 4. 作定语 表性质，用途，主动或同时进行 the working people an interesting crosstalk an exciting event the rising sun a walking stick a swimming pool a waiting room Ａ单个分词作定语时常放在被修饰词的前面。 　 Are there any living thing on the moon? I am reading an interesting book. 单个分词作定语时有时也可放在被修饰词的后面： There is something missing. B. 分词短语作定语要放在被修饰词的后面 The man sitting on the platform is a professor from Wuhan University. The man with sun-glasses standing near a car is a musician. C .ing表示正在进行的动作，而done则表示完成的动作： falling leaves /fallen leaves boiling water / boiled water D. ing表示动作主动的意思，所修饰的人或物是分词动作的执行者，done表示被动的意思，所修饰的人或物是分词的承受者。 an exciting film/excited speaker 5.作宾语补足语 We saw the teacher making the experiment. see, hear, watch, feel, observe, have, listen to, notice 等词后加ing 表动作正在进行， 用省to 不定式表动作发生完成了． We saw him climbing a tree. I saw the girl get on the tractor and drive off. I saw him go upstairs. I saw him going upstairs. I heard him sing a song. I heard him singing a song. Feel/find/hear/smell/watch/notice/look at/listen to/have/get keep/leave+sb.(sth.)+doing have +宾语+ ing 表示主语使宾语处于某种状态或干什么事， have +宾语+done 表示动作是别人做的与主语无关。 We had the fire burning all day. He had his clothes washed. 注意：consider, find等一般不能接不定式作宾语补足语，但可接to be, to have done做宾语补足语。如：When I got there, I found the work to have been finished. 6. 作状语。 表时间，原因，结果，条件，让步，行为，方式，伴随等。 While reading the book, he nodded from time to time. Being a student, I must study hard. 注意：① ing或-ed 作状语，其逻辑主语须与主语一致. Seeing from the top of the hill, we find the city nice. Seen from the top of the hill, the city is found nice. ②当分词的逻辑主语与主句的主语不同时，分词必须有自己的主语（独立主格）. Time permitting, I will finish another lesson. It being a fine day, we decide to go hiking. ③表时间的短语有时可由while 或 when 引导。 ④有时with/ without +名词/代词宾格+分词也表伴随。 He lay half dead, with all his ribs broken. 1. The ____ boy was last seen___near the East Lake.(2000Shanghai) A. missing, playing B. missing, play C. missing, played D. missed, to play 2. Do you know the boy____ under the big tree. A. lay B. lain C. laying D. lying 3. Seeing the sun___ above the surface of the sea, we let out a shout of joy. A. to rise B. to raise C. rising D. raising 4. _____ the last bus means walking home. A. Miss B. missed C. Missing D. If missing 1. It was at six o’clock ____we got home. 2.It wasalready six o’clock ____ we got home. A.that B. since C. when D. on which 3. The missing boy was last seen ___ near the river. A. playing B. to be playing C. play D. to play 4.The lady was watched___her room in silence. A. had left B. left C. leave D. to leave 5.They knew her well. They had seen her ___ up from childhood. A. grow B. grew C. was growing D. to grow 6. We will make it ___to all ___ she is a new teacher. A. knowing, that B. known, that C. known, who D. knowing, who 7. The building ___will be a library. A. building B. having built C. being built D. to build 1. ___ and happy, Tony stood up and accepted the prize. A. Surprising B. Surprised C. Being surprised D. To be surprising 2. We often provide our children withtoys, footballs or basketballs, ___ that all children like these things. A. thinking B. think C. to think D. thought 3. The storm left, ___ a lot of damage to this area. A. caused B. to have caused C. to cause D. having caused 4. “ You can’t catch me!” Janet shouted,__ away. A. run B. running C. to run D. ran 5. Helen had to shout ___ above the sound of the music. A. making herself hear B. to make herself hear C. making herself heard D. to make herself heard 6. Reading is an expensive quite different from watching TV; there are pictures __ in your mind stead of before your eyes. A. to form B. form C. forming D. having formed 7. When first __ to the market, these products enjoyed great success. A. introducing B. introduced C. introduce D. being introduced 8.” We can’t go out in this weather,” said Bob, ___ out of the window. A. looking B. to look C. looked D. having looked 9. It shames me to say it, but I told a lie when __ at the meeting by my boss. A. questioning B. having questioned C. questioned D. to be questioned 10. Alice returned from the manager’s office __ me that the boss wanted to see me at once. A. having told B. tells C. to tell D. telling 11. A cook will be immediately fired if he is found __ in the kitchen. A. smoke B. smoking C. to smoke D. smoked 12. It is said in Australia there is more land than the government knows ___. A. it what to do with B. what to do it with C. what to do with it D. to do what with it 13. ___ such heavy pollution already, it may now be too late to clean up the river. A. Having suffered B. Suffering C. To suffer D. Suffered 14. European football is played in 80 countries, __it the most popular sport in the world. A. making B. makes C. made D. to make 15. I would love __ to the party last night but I had to work extra hours to finish a report. A. to go B . Having gone C. going D. to have gone 16. I can’t stand __ with Jane in the same office. She just refuses ___ talking while she works. A. working; stopping B. to work; stopping C. working; to stop D. to work; to stop 17. It’s necessary to be prepared for a job interview. ___ the answers ready will be of great help. A. To have had B. Having had C. Have D. Having 18. When asked by the police, he said that he remembered ___ at the party, but not ___. A. to arrive; leaving B. to arrive; to leave C. arriving; leaving D. arriving; to leave 19. I couldn’t do my homework with all that noise ___. A. going on B. goes on C. went on D. to go on 20. ___ in the queue for half an hour, Tom suddenly realized that he had left his wallet at home. A. To wait B. Have waited C. Having waited D. To have waited 21. He looked around and caught a man __ his hand into the pocket of a passenger. A. put B. to be putting C. to put D. putting 22. __time, he’ll make a first-class tennis player. A. Having given B. To give C. Giving D. Given 24. __ late in the afternoon, Bob turned off the alarm. A. To sleep B. Sleeping C. Sleep D. Having sleep 25. One learns a language by making mistakes and ___ them. A. correct B. correcting C. corrects D. to correct 26. The picture __ on the wall is painted by my nephew. A. having hung B. hanging C. hangs D. being hung 27. Energy drinks are not allowed __ in Australia but are brought in from New Zealand. A. to make B. to be made C. to have been made D. to be making 28. Russ and Earl were auto mechanics __ the same pay, but Earl had more ambition. A. to earn B. to have earned C. earning D. earned 29. The parents suggested __ in the hotel room but their kids were anxious to camp out during the trip. A. sleep B. to sleep C. sleeping D. having slept 30. There are hundreds of visitors __ in front of the Art Gallery to have a look at Van Gogh’s paintings. A. waited B. to wait C. waiting D. wait 31. He got well prepared for the job interview, for he couldn’t risk __ the good opportunity. A. to lose B. losing C. to be lost D. being lost 32.More and more people are signing up for Yoga classes nowadays, __the advantage of the health and relaxation benefits. A. taking B. taken C. having taken D. having been taken 33. When the first English settlers arrived in the New World, the Indians __ jewellery made of animal bones greeted them warmly. A. wearing B. to wear C. worn D. having worn 34. According to a recent U.S. survey, children spend up to 25 hours a week __ TV. A. to watch B. to watching C. watching D. watch 35. The flowers __ sweet in the botanic garden attract the visitors to the beauty of name. A. to smell B. smelling C. smelt D. to be smelt 36 Having been attacked by terrorists, ___ A. doctors came to their rescue B. the tall building collapsed C. an emergency measure was taken D. warnings were given to tourists 37. Victor apologized for ___to inform me of the change in the plan. A. his being not able B. him not to be able C. his not being able D. him to be not able 38. The discovery of new evidence led to ___. A. the thief having caught B. catch the thief C. the thief being caught D. in thief to be caught 39. __ the meeting himself gave them a great deal of encouragement. A. The president will attend B. The president to attend C. The president attended D. The president’s attending 40. In order to make our city green, ___. A. it is necessary to have planted more trees B. many more trees need to plant C. our city needs more trees D. we must plant more trees 41. Finding her car stolen, ___. A. a policeman was asked to help B. the area was searching thoroughly C. it was looked for everywhere D. she hurried to a policeman for help 42. I really appreciate __ to relax with you on this nice island. A. to have had time B. having time C. to have time D. to having time 43. __ from heart trouble for years, Pro. White has to take some medicine with him wherever he goes. A. Suffered B. Suffering C. Having suffered D. Being suffered 44. Tony was very unhappy for __ to the party. A. having not been invited B. not having invited C. having not invited D. not having been invited 45. Don’t leave the water___ while you brush your teeth. A. run B. running C. being run D. to run 46. Eugene’s never willing to alter any of his opinions. It’s no use __ with him. A. to argue B. arguing C. argued D. having argued 47. I’m going to the supermarket this afternoon. Do you have anything __? A. to be buying B. to buy C. for buying D. bought BADBD CBACD BCAAD CDCAC DD\AB BBCCC BAACB BCCDD DBCDB BD 过去分词 过去分词只有肯定式和否定式。过去分词表示在谓语动词之前发生的被动动作或者和谓语动词同时存在的状态，或者没有明确时间关系的被动动作。不及物动的过去分词表示完成了的主动动作。 1. He lived alone, forgotten by everybody. 2. Boring teachers made bored students. 3. Without more training or advanced techni