冠词的用法

冠词的用法（不定冠词、定冠词、零冠词） （一）. 不定冠词的用法 1. 用在可数名词前表示 “一个” 相当于“one”(类指)。 There is a book on the desk. I’ll return in a day or two. 2.用在专有名词前,表示“某一个” 相当于“a certain”. A Mr. White is waiting for you downstairs. 3. 表示 “一类” 相当于“any”(泛指). A horse is a useful animal. 4. 表示 “每一” 相当于“per”. The doctor asked me to take the medicine three times a day. The envelopes are one yuan and twenty fen a dozen. 5. 用在某些固定词组中. a bit, a few, a little, a lot of, a piece of, a cup of, a glass of, a pile of, a pair of, have a good time, for a while, for a long time 6. 用在抽象名词前，表具体的介绍:a + 抽象名 词，即抽象名词具体化。如： This little girl is a joy to her parents. It is a pleasure to talk with you. It is an hour to me to attend the meeting. 7. 与物质名词连用，表示“一种，一阵、一份”。 What a heavy rain! A Sprite, please. What a good supper! He bought a Toyota. Please give me a black coffee! 8. “a” 用在辅音开头前, “an” 用在元音开头前. a useful book, a European country, a one-year-old child, an hour, an honest boy, an 800-meter-long bridge, There is an “s” in the word “smile”. (f, h, l, m, n, r, s, x) (二). 定冠词的用法 1. 表示文中再次提到的人或物. There is a book on the desk. The book is an English book. 2. 表示特指的人或物(即:谈话时彼此都知道的人或物). Look at the blackboard. Open the door, please. 3. 用在单数可数名词前表示泛指 The horse is a useful animal. Horses are useful animals. 4. 表示世界上独一无二的东西 the sun, the earth, the capital, the sky, the universe but: in nature, in space, in society, in history 5. 用在由普通名词构成的国家、党派等专有名词前以及江、河、湖、海、山川、群岛的名词前。 the United States, the Communist Party of China, the Yellow River, the Rocky Mountains, the Philippines, the Pacific Ocean, the China of 1840, the Paris of the east, the late Mr. Brown 6. 用在序数词、形容词最高级前。 the second story, the largest room, the third longest river 7. 用在方位名词前或某些表示时间的词组或习惯语中。 on the left, in the east / west, in the morning, on the other hand, in the end 8. 用在形容词或分词前表示一类人。 the poor / rich / dying / young / living / wounded 9. 在姓氏复数形式前，表示全家人或夫妇二人。 The Smiths are sitting at the breakfast table 10. 弹奏乐器时，乐器名词前 Do you like to play the piano or the violin? 11. 在表示发明物的单数名词前加定冠词 The compass was invented in China four thousand years ago. 12. 年代前 In the 1870’s/1870s, when Marx was already in his fifties, … 13. 在表示阶级、阶层的词前 the ruling class, the working people 14. 用在一些习惯用语中。如： in the morning (afternoon, evening), by the way, in the water/field/light/shade/distance/middle/country/rain tell the truth/on the other hand/on the way home 15. 定冠词使用特殊的场合。 ① He hit him in the face. beat sb. on the nose, take sb. by the arm, pat sb. on the head ② the elder of the two, the most beautiful of the three ③ The sooner, the better. ④ He got paid by the hour. by the yard/the dozen/the month/the piece 但：by weight按重量 另外:绰号的表达法如下Peter the Great, John the Lion-hearted, William the Conqueror （三）不用冠词的情况(零冠词) 1. 专有名词、物质名词、抽象名词、人名、地名等名词前 China , America, John, Air is a matter. Failure is the mother of success. But: He is the Mr. Zheng you are looking for. He is a living Lei Feng. The Shanghai of today is quite different from what it was . Longjing is a famous tea. a heavy rain, a strong wind, a soup It is a pleasure to talk to him. He wanted to give me a pleasant surprise 2. 可数名词前有物主代词、指示代词、不定代词、名词所有格限制时 This book is mine. 3. 季节、月份、星期、节日、一日三餐名称前 spring, summer, autumn / fall, winter, Sunday, October, National Day but: in the spring of that year, I met him on a Monday last month. 4. 称呼语，表示头衔的名词作表语、宾语补足语及同位语时 What’s this, Mother? He was made monitor. George W. Bush is president of the USA. 5. 学科名词，球类、棋类名词前 Do you study mathematics? He likes playing football / chess. 6. 泛指复数名词前 Computers are widely used in our daily life. They are workers. 7. 在与by连用的交通工具名称前 by car( bus, train, water, air, land) 8. 某些固定词组中 (1). 名词词组 husband and wife, brother and sister, day and night, knife and fork (2). 介词词组 to / at / from school, in class, in prison, to / at / from work in front of / in the front of at table / at the table out of question / out of the question in charge of / in the charge of in possession of / in the possession of by sea / by the sea 9. as引导的让步状语从句中，作表语的名词不带冠词。 Child as she is, she knows a lot of French. 10. 系动词turn（作“变成”解）后作表语的单数可数名词前习惯不用冠词。 The young girl has turned writer. = The young girl has become a writer. 11. 在单数名词 + after + 同一单数名词（表示“一个接一个”）结构中，单数可数名词前不加冠词。 She did experiment after experiment. shop after shop, mistake after mistake 12. 形容词的最高级前、序数词前也有不用定冠词的情况。 ①“most + 形容词原级”作“十分、非常、极”解时，前面不用定冠词。 Oh, it’s most beautiful. (a most beautiful picture= a very beautiful picture) ③当形容词最高级作表语，不表示与其他人或物相比时，其前不用定冠词。 The market in the country is busiest in winter. ②当两个形容词最高级并列修饰同一个名词时，第二个形容词前通常不用定冠词。 She is the tallest and fattest girl in our school. ④形容词最高级前有名词所有格或物主代词时，不能用定冠词。 A wolf in a sheep’s skin is our most dangerous enemy. ⑤序数词前面一般加定冠词表示“第……”之意，但在second、third等词前加不定冠词表示“又一，再一”之意。 …why you took a second arrow 注意：下句中“a first”表示“第一名、冠军”。 He is a top student in our class, for he often gets a first in maths. 13. no与such连用时应放在such之前，such后面的名词不用冠词。 No such thing has ever happened in this village 14.固定词组 go to school (college, court, prison, work, church) be in school ... 比较: He went to college last year. He went to the college last Sunday 用与不用冠词的差异： go to school 去上学 in front of 在…的前面 go to the school 去学校 in the front of 在…的前部 out of question 毫无疑问 out of the question 不可能的，办不到的 two of us 我们当中的两人 the two of us 我们两人(共计两人) in future 从今以后，将来 next year 明年 in the future 未来 the next year 第二年 on earth 究竟 on the earth 在地球上，在世上 （四）冠词的特殊位置 (1) 若修饰名词的形容词受  too, so, as, how, however  等副词的修饰，则通常将不定冠词置于形容词与名词之间： 　 It is too difficult a book for beginners. 　　 He didn’t know how great a mistake he had made.  (2) 若单数可数名词前有such, what, many 等词修饰，不定冠词应置于它们之后： 　 What a nice coat!  　 I’ve never seen such an animal.  Many a man is fit for the job. 　　注：“many a＋单数可数名词”是一种较文的说法，在现代英语的口语或非正式文体中，通常用“many＋复数名词”代之。 (3) 不定冠词与副词 quite, rather 连用时，不定冠词通常置于其后，但若其后的名词前有形容词修饰，则不定冠词放在 quite, rather 之前或之后均可以： 　 He is rather a fool. ( a 必须后置) 　It is quite a [a quite] good book. 。 但不能说：He is a rather fool. (因名词前无形容词，所以错) 定冠词与quite 和 rather连用时，情况也是如此(即定冠词后置)： 　You’re going quite the wrong way. 你的路全走错了。 　It’s quite the most interesting film I’ve ever seen.  (4) 与 both, all, half, twice等连用时，冠词通常应置于其后： I know both the brothers.  　 He left half an hour ago.  　Yours is twice the size of mine.  练习 ( ) 1.______recent report stated that the number of Spanish speakers in the U.S .would be higher than the number of English speaker by_____ year 2090. A. A, the B. A, / C. The ,/ D. The, a ( ) 2.If you go by ______train ,you can have quite a comfortable journey ,but make sure you get _____fast one. A. /, / B./, a C. the, a D./,/ ( ) 3. It is often said that ____teachers have _______very easy life. A /,/ B. /,a C. the,/ D. the, a ( ) 4.I can’t remember when exactly the Robinsons left _____city ,I only remember it was ______ Monday.。 the , the B. a ,the C. a, a D. the, a ( ) 5.If you grow up in ______large family ,you　are more likely to develop _____ability to get on well with ______others . A. /,an the B. a, the ,/ C. the ,an ,the D. a, the ,the ( ) 6.Mrs ,Taylor has ___8-year-old daughter who has _____gift for painting –she has won two national prizes. A. a, a B. an ,the C. an ,a D. the ( )7.After dinner he gave Mr. Richardson ________ride to ________Capital Airport. A .the, a B. a the C. /, a D. /, the ( )8.On May 5,2005,at ___World Table Tennis Championship ,Kong Ling hui and Wang Hao won the gold medal in men’s with ____score of 4:1. A. a ,a B. / the C. a ,/ D. the ,a ( )9.I knew ______John Lennon ,but not ____famous one. A. /,a B. a ,the C. /,the D. the, a ( )10.The book tells ____life story of John Smith ,who left _______school and worked for a newspaper at the age of 16. A. the, the B. a , the C. the./ D. a,/ ( )11.When you come here for your holiday next time, don’t go to _____hotel ; I can find you ______bed in my flat. the ,a B. the,/ C. a ,the D. a,/ ( )12.If you buy more than ten, they will knock20pence off________. A. a price B. price C. the price D. prices ( )13.____on-going division between English –speaking Canadians and French-speaking Canadians is _______major concern of the country. The ,/ B. The ,a C. An ,the D. An,/ ( )14.When he left _____college ,he got a job as ______reporter in a newspaper office . A. /, a B /, the C .a the D .the, the ( )15The most important thing about cotton in history is ___part that it played in ____Industrial Revolution. A. /,/ B. the,/ C. the , the D. a ,the ( )16.While he was investigating ways t improve the telescope Newton made _______discovery which completely changed ____ man’s understanding of color. a ,/ B. a ,the C. /, the D. the ,a ( )17.It is ___world of wonders, _____world where anything can happen. A. a. the B. a, a C. the, a D. /,/ ( )18.The Wilsons live in ______A-shaped house near the coast . It is _______17th century cottage. the, / B. an, the C. /, the D. an ,a ( )19.Tom owns ______larger collection of ______books than any other student in our class. the ,/ B. a,/ C. a ,the D. /, the ( )20.For a long time they walked without saying ___word .Jim was the first t break _____silence. A. the, a B. a ,the C. a ,/ D. the,/ ( )21.There was ____time _____I hated t go to school. a ,that B. a ,when C. the ,that D. the ,when ( )22.When you finish reading the book ,you will have ______better understanding of ______life., A. a, the B. the .a C. /,the D.a,/ ( )23.I earn 10dollars ____hours as ____supermarket cashier on Saturday. a, an B. the ,a C. an ,a D . an ,the ( )24The sign reads “in ease of___fire ,break the glass and push _____red button” A. /,a B. /,the C. the ,the D. a ,a ( )25.I don’t like talking on ______telephone ; I prefer writing ____letter. a, the B. the./ C. the ,the D. A ,/ ( )26.Jumping out of ____airplane at ten thousand feet is quite _____exciting experience. A. /, the B. /, an C. an. an D. the, the ( )27.One way to understand thousands of new words in gain _____good knowledge of basic word formation. / B the C. a D. One ( )28.The cakes are delicious . He’d like have ______third one because _____second one is rather too small. a, a B. the .the C. a ,the D. the ,a ( )29.A bullet hit the solider and he was wounded in ____leg. A. a B .one C. the D. his ( )30.The warmth of _____sweater will of course be determined by the sort of ___wool used. the, the B. the ,/ C. /, the D. /,/ ABBDB CBDBC ACBAC ABDBB BDDBB CCCCB