·638· 自查疸:鲞垦堡!Q塑生!Q旦箜!!鲞箜!Q塑』塑望趔丛堡!!!里i!鱼娅Ph塑堡Q!业竺兰Q塑:!堂:!§:塑!:!壁
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(收稿R期:2008-08—28)
(本文编辑:李旭清校对:杨璐)
【摘要】 近年来通过对原发性骨髓纤维化(PMF)患者造血细胞基因突变、基因转录后修饰、细胞
集落形成以及细胞周期特点等方面的研究,认为PMF是造血干祖细胞恶性克隆性增生性疾病,并将PMF
与真性红细胞增多症(PV)、原发性血小板增多症(ET)共同定义为慢性骨髓增生性肿瘤。
【关键词】骨髓纤维化;红细胞增多症,真性;血小板增多
StudiesonthepathogenesisofprimarymyelofibrosisPANLing.DepartmentofHematology,theSecond
HospitalofHebeiMedicalUnwemity,Shijiazhuang050000,China
Correspondingauthor:PANLing,Email:lingpan20002000Cc耖ahoo.corn.on
【Abstract】Inthepastdecades,geneticlesions,aberrantepigeneticmodifications,progenitorcolonies
formationsandeellcycledistilbutionhavebeenthefocusofstudiesonthepathogenesisofprimary
myelofibmsis(PMD.TherelativeresultsshowedthatPMFisaelonalproliferativediseaseofhematopoietie
stemcells.Nowitisdefinedthatprimarymyelofibrosis,polyeythemiavera(PV)andessentialthrombocythemia
(EDarechronicmyeloproliferativeneoplasmas(cMPN).
【Keywords】Myelofibrosis;Polycythemia,vera;Thrombocytosis
原发性骨髓纤维化(primarymyelofibrosis,PMF)属于慢性
骨髓增生性肿瘤(chronicmyeloproliferativeneoplasma。CMPN)。
典型的临床表现有幼红、幼粒细胞性贫血,脾脏显著大,血涂片
DOI:10.3760/cma.j.issn.1009—9921.2009.10.021
作者单位:050000石家庄,河北医科大学第二医院血液科
通信作者:潘岐.Email:ling础O00200(Oahoo.com.en
可见泪滴样红细胞,骨髓穿刺常干抽.x线检查呈现不同程度
的骨硬化,患者寿命明显缩短,确诊后生存期不足5年Il’21。常见
的并发症和致死的主要原因为白血病变、脾门静脉高压、感染、
血栓形成和出血。国际骨髓纤维化研究治疗组(IWG—MRT)
2006年将该病统一命名为PMF,放弃慢性特发性骨髓纤维化
(chronicidiopathicmyelofibrosis,CIMF)、伴有髓样化生的原因
万方数据
自查疸:鲞垦擅!Q塑生!Q旦箜!!鲞箜!Q塑』竺璺型堕垃!!堡堕鱼垃翌生婴刍坐!竺垒笪!Q塑:!型:!!:盟!:!Q ‘639’·
不明的骨髓纤维化(agnogenicmyeloidmyelofibrosiswithmyeloid
metaplasia,MMM)等命名,把由真性红细胞增多症(PV)或原
发性血小板增多症(ET)转化的骨髓纤维化(MF)定义为PV
后MF或ET后MF,同时规定当PV、ET或PMF患者的骨髓中
原始细胞增多达到白血病诊断
时,则诊断为白血病变或转
白[31,现就PMF发病机制研究进展作一综述。
1生长因子与PMF
近年发现一组与结缔组织增生有关的生长因子,如血小板
衍生生长因子(PDGF)、巨核细胞衍生生长因子(MKDGF)、
上皮生长因子(EGF)及B一转化生长因子(TGF-B)等都能
在巨核细胞中合成,储存于血小板d一颗粒中。与健康人的巨
核细胞相比,PMF巨核细胞能产生大量TG.F-B问。另外PMF巨
核细胞内FKS06结合蛋白(FK506一bindingprotein51,FKB51)
过表达,FKB51进一步激活核因子一KB(NF-KB),NF—KB
被激活后,细胞可以产生大量TGF.8[51。同时,PMF有无效性
巨核细胞生成,被破坏的巨核细胞释放}n大量PDGF、EGFF及
TGF—p等因子。这些因子共同刺激纤维细胞增生,TGF—p还
能促进I型胶原(网硬蛋白)的合成,降低骨髓基质的降解速
率并上调骨保护素(osteoprotegerin,OPG)的表达[61。PDGF则抑
制胶原酶的活性,使胶原降解减少。动物实验结果显示
TGF—Bl呈野生状态但高表达血小板生成素(TPO)的模型鼠
出现严重的骨髓和脾纤维化,把野生型TGF—B1敲除之后,高
表达TPO的小鼠不再发生骨髓纤维化(MF),说明TGF—B是
诱发MF的重要细胞因子同。但由于仅50%的PMF有TGF—B
和PDGF等凶子表达水平增高,故难以用该机制解释全貌。
2 JAK2V617F突变与PMF
2005年以来多个研究组分别发现50%以上的PMF和由
ET转化的MF以及几乎所有由Pv转化的MF存在JAK2基因
突变,即JAK2基因第1849位密码子由G变成T,JAK2激酶
第617位的缬氨酸被苯丙氨酸代替(称为JAK2V617F)[al。
JAK2激酶是JanusKinase家族(包括JAKI、JAK2、JAK3和
Tyk2)的成员之一,该家族成员拥有4个共同的保守区,包括
N一末端的FERM区、scr癌基因家族同源区一2(SH2)、激酶样
区(pseudo—kinase)和c一末端激酶区(JHl)。激酶样区为JAK
激酶所特有,与FERM区一起参与调节JAK激酶的催化功能。
JAK2是一种组成性酪氨酸激酶,能激活JAK—STAT信号转导
途径,在多种造血生长因子信号转导中发挥关键作用,特别是
参与造血祖细胞高度敏感的细胞因子如促红细胞生成素
(EPO)、粒一巨噬细胞集落刺激因子(GM—CSF)、自细胞介索
一3(IL-3)以及TPO的信号转导过程。JAK2V617F突变体作为
一种组成性激活的酪氨酸激酶。在缺乏细胞因子时可以自发激
活自身和细胞因子受体。已经发现,JAK2V617F阳性的PMF患
者白细胞计数明显升高,多有栓塞、皮肤瘙痒史。但
JAK2V617F突变对PMF患者的生存期和向白血病转化等的影
响,不同的研究组结论不同。Tefferi等叫佥测了157例骨髓纤维
化(PMF117例、Pv后MF22例、ET后的MF18例)患者
JAK2V617F突变情况,各组JAK2V617F突变阳性率分别为:
PMF45.3%,PV后MF91%,ET后MF38.9%。他们把各组
JAK2V617F突变率与患者的临床特征进行了对比分析。发现
JAK2V617F突变阳性的PMF患者年龄偏大、确诊时有明显的
皮肤搔痒史、但对患者的预后无明显影响。Campbell等110l对
152例PMF患者进行的临床随访发现,JAK2V617F突变阳性
患者的生存期短于突变阴性者。Theocharides等In观察了27例
由MPN转化的急性髓系白血病(AML)。在确诊为MPN时,
27例中有17例JAK2一V617F阳性,这17例中仅有5例在转
白后JAK2-V617F阳性,其余患者转白后JAK2V617F阴性。
l例由MPN转白的患者在转白前JAK2V617F突变阳性,转白
后自血病细胞中JAK2V617F阴性,但转白前后所有被
的
细胞中都有del(1lq),提示MPN和AML有共同的克隆性起源。
他们认为由JAK2V617F阳性的MPN转白时.MPN和AML共
同的JAK2V617F阴性的祖细胞发挥了作用。
Bamsi等【121近期完成的对大宗
的回顾性分析结果显
示:患者的临床表现与JAK2V617F阳性的造血祖细胞呈克隆
性增生有关,任何水平的等位基因突变都与血红蛋白增高和水
源性(特别是热水)瘙痒症有关,进一步分析显示,低水平的等
位基因突变多为杂合性突变,患者常伴有血小板升高;而高水
平的等位基因突变多为纯合子突变,患者常伴有明显的高增生
状态,白细胞升高、脾脏大,需要降细胞治疗。最重要的是
JAK2V617F阳性的PMF患者转变成白血病的概率明显升高
(是阴性者的5.2倍)。因此.Barosi等认为JAK2V617F既可作
为独立的预后不良指标,又可作为新靶向治疗药物的靶点。
除此之外,还发现大约9%的JAK2V617F突变阴性的
PMF患者有编码血小板生成索受体(cMPL)穿膜部分的基因
突变(MPI.W515L或MPLW515K)[131,另有30%的PMF患者同
时存在cMPL和JAK2V617F突变fl田。动物实验发现表达
MPLW515L突变型基因的小鼠在出生后18d天出现致死性的
CMPN样病变,表现为血小板增高、白细胞增高、肝脾大、骨髓
中巨核细胞增生和骨髓纤维化旧。然而约50%的PMF患者既
无JAK2基因突变也无cMPL基因突变。因此,很难说JAK2或
cMPL基因突变是引发PMF的根本原因。是否在外在因素和基
因突变双重作用下导致MPF的发病,还有待进一步研究阐明。
最近,Dingli等【l田发现PMF患者有1号和6号染色体不平衡易
位t(1,6),并认为t(1,6)可能是PMF特异性的。
3 DNA甲基化与PMF
DNA甲基化与PMF的关系尚不清楚,但确实有部分PMF
患者存在降钙素、RARo【、p15吣、p16『”№、Histone2A、TNF、TNF
受体l和FGFl等基因的甲基化117,1al。已有研究发现,PMF患者
的CDh细胞与健康人的CDh细胞不同。存在着CXCR4启动子
CpG岛的过甲基化[-91;PMF的CDh细胞不断被动员到周围血可
能与细胞表面的CXCR4表达降低、SDF-1蛋fLl被降解有关[201。
而Shi等叫的体外实验证实,DNA甲基转移酶抑制剂5一氮杂
胞苷(5azaD)联合组蛋白脱乙酰基酶抑制剂曲古抑菌素A
(trichostatinA,TSA)处理健康人cD矗细胞后,细胞仍能正常生
长。但处理PMF的cD刍细胞后,JAK2V617F阳性的造血祖细胞
集落数明显减少,另有2例JAK2V617F阴性,但有其他染色体
异常的PMF造血祖细胞集落数也明显减少;并且细胞表面的
CXCR4表达水平和细胞对SDF一1的迁移反应恢复正常,提示
万方数据
自查瘟:进旦追兰Q塑生!Q旦笙!!鲞整!Q塑』螋堕堂堂!型!!型!鱼垦z堕P!!!垫Q垡!堕!兰Q塑:!尘:!!:塑!:!Q
DNA甲基化与PMF发病有一定关系。
4造血干细胞发育异常与PMF
研究显示JAK2V617F和cMPL突变发生在具有多分化潜
能的造血干细胞内瞄捌。PMF患者的cD刍细胞具有非常强的增
生活性并能分化成巨核细胞,而这些巨核细胞由于高表达
bcl—XL而产生凋亡抵抗,这些cD五细胞能够植入非肥胖型糖
尿病/重度联合免疫缺陷(NOD/SCID)小鼠体内,并进一步
产生JAK2V617F突变阳性的单克隆性髓系和B淋巴细胞,同
时保留患者所特有的染色体异常。这些PMFcD矗细胞在
NOD/SCID小鼠体内的分化谱与正常CDh细胞不同,能够产
生大量CDG、CDA和c跳细胞,但CD5阳性细胞很少嗍。异基因
造血干细胞移植后因正常的造血干细胞取代了恶性克隆性干
细胞,PMF的异常改变如血细胞减少、脾脏大、骨髓纤维化等也
可以逆转嗍。除rCD;4细胞活跃增生外,PMF的另一个特征
是内皮细胞前体细胞释放人血并进入组织器官,这为肝脾和其
他器官的髓外造血奠定了基础嗍。
5髓外造血与MF的关系
PMF的髓外造血可能是由同一异常刺激引起的增生反应;
也可能是由于骨髓纤维过度增生,破坏正常的骨髓超微结构,
因而使造血祖细胞从骨髓释放进入周围血,并在肝、脾等髓外
器官增生,而不是代偿作用。
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(收稿日期:2()09—(12—19)
(本文编辑:郎华校对:杨璐)
万方数据
原发性骨髓纤维化发病机制研究进展
作者: 潘崚
作者单位: 河北医科大学第二医院血液科,石家庄,050000
刊名: 白血病·淋巴瘤
英文刊名: JOURNAL OF LEUKEMIA & LYMPHOMA
年,卷(期): 2009,18(10)
引用次数: 0次
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