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影片影片nullMartial Arts (Wushu)Martial Arts (Wushu)
Anyone who has seen classical Chinese Kung Fu movies will be deeply impressed by the Chinese Wushu, which is called Kung Fu or Chinese martial arts in the west. Do you know
Bruce Lee,
Jet Li or Jackie Chan?Martial Arts (Wushu)Martial Arts (Wushu)Wushu is an important and unique component of Chinese cultural heritage with centuries of cultural history attached.
Wushu not only includes physical exercise but also Chinese philosophy, meditation and aesthetics.
Wushu is now to be a sport of the Olympic Games soon. Martial Arts and ViolenceMartial Arts and ViolenceThe Boxers are comprised of many experts of Chinese martial arts
Many of them died when fighting against the Ally’s Expeditionary forces,
They were ignorant of the killing power of Western weapons, rifles, shot guns, machine guns, explosives such as grenades, cannons…
Some of the survivors became masters of martial arts after the war
They began to run private martial arts training academies/institutes, establishing their own “schools” known for a special “style”
Competitions among these schools resulted in collective violence Myths of the Martial ArtsMyths of the Martial ArtsWhile it is true that the martial arts constitute an important aspect of Chinese physical culture, general understanding of the Chinese martial arts tradition is based on two myths
Myths: Their origins are attributed to
Bodhidharma, an Indian monk who is said to have come to China in the 6th century and resided in the famous Shaolin Monastery around 525 AD
Taiji quan (T’ai-chi ch’uan) allegedly created by Zhang Sanfeng, a mythical Taoist master believed to have lived in the Song, Yuan, or Ming dynasty (1368-1644)History of Martial ArtsHistory of Martial ArtsRelation between martial arts and the Confucian tradition
Early Confucian curriculum consisted of six subjects
Rites
Music (with dance)
Archery
Charioting
Calligraphy
Mathematics
Archery and charioting are related to martial arts
Music and dance were often military-related:
Military (war) music
Military (war) dance
Elements of the Martial Arts in DanceElements of the Martial Arts in DanceSword
Sword dancing was common in the Warring States Period
Popular in the Han, the Three Kingdoms, the Wei, and the Tang dynasties
In the end of the Qing, King Chu’s concubine performed sword dance regularly and before she bade farewell to King Chu
Tang society was full of martial spirit-- many officials practiced sword dance
Calligraphers learned calligraphic skills by observing sword dances
Broad knife
halberdMartial Arts and Military WritingsMartial Arts and Military WritingsMartial arts constituted one of four categories under the heading of “military writings” in traditional Chinese book catalogues
Defined as “skills” or “techniques”, which included
Archery, fencing, boxing, ancient football game
Boxing was interpreted as a combat skill
The examination system that began in the Tang consisted of the examination for recruiting men as officials in military officesManual for Training Martial ArtsManual for Training Martial ArtsNew Book of Effective Discipline (1561)
By Qi Jiguang, a famous Ming dynasty general
Last chapter is about boxing
Regarded as basic skill for all the weapons techniques
A 32-form set of combat skills are still practiced today, as evidenced by the Chen style and the Yang style taiji quan
Also lists well-known boxing styles and weapons techniques of his dayShaolin Warrior Monks Shaolin Warrior Monks Known in the Tang because they helped Li Shimin to quell his enemy, facilitating Li family’s unification of China
Li Shimin became the second emperor of the Tang dynasty
Shaolin warrior monks were awarded and Shaolin martial arts became well known
Their best-known combat skills included the use of staff, sword, whip, halberd, in addition to boxingInternal and External Boxing SchoolsInternal and External Boxing SchoolsPrivate biographical account indicates the existence of two boxing schools, although its historicity is hard to determine
‘external” school, represented by Shaolin
“internal” school, allegedly developed by Zhang Sanfeng, the mythical founder of the Wudang Taoist tradition, who invented Taiji quan.
During the mid-Qing, secret societies and religious sects promoted martial arts
Professional martial artists ran private protecting agency (biaoju) to escort transported goods and to protect the homes of the wealthy
Martial arts styles multiplied
Many claimed to trace their origins to either Shaolin or WudangCurrent Image of ShaolinCurrent Image of ShaolinBoxing Manuals refer Shaolin Monastery as origin of Chinese boxing
Members of secret societies tended to associate themselves with Shaolin
Martial art stories and the “Roving Swordsman” novels formed an anti-Manchu image of Shaolin warrior monks and Shaolin myths:
Northern Shaolin, Mt. Song, Henan Province
Southern Shaolin, Putian, Fujian Province
Their martial art skills came from that handed down by Bodhidhama, the first patriarch of Chinese Chan tradition
Known as the originator of Muscle Change Classic (Yijin jing), Mallow Cleasing Classic (Xisui jing), Eighteen Lohan exercises….Martial Arts under the QingMartial Arts under the QingPromotion of physical culture based on Shaolin and Taiji quan came from masters at popular level
To participate in the anti-Manchu movement
Therefore, Qing emperors ordered the teaching of “boxing and staff” (quan zhang) be prohibited.
And private accounts of anti-Manchu nature were burnt
As part of overall effort to strengthen national resolve against imperialistic incursions into China
Taiji quan and Shaolin boxing competed each other for popularity and supremacy, as authors who favored one over the other wrote about either of them
The Travels of Laocan mentioned Bodhidhama as the originator of Shaolin boxing
Shaolin School Methods (aka. Secrets of Shaolin Boxing) also expanded on Bodhidhama storyPromotion of Martial Arts Promotion of Martial Arts Collective memory of the past trauma prompted China’s Nationalist government to begin the promotion of martial arts
To develop martial spirit in the people so as to change the image of “sick man of Asia,” an appellation derived from late Qing military failure
Both Shaolin martial arts and Taiji quan were promoted
Popular myths of Shaolin martial arts as a integral part of the Chinese martial art tradition continued to exert influence, despite scholars’ efforts to demythologize them
Anti-Manchu and anti-Japanese sentiments in the 20-century martial arts institutes continue to exert their impactsMartial Arts in End of the QingMartial Arts in End of the QingThe Boxers revealed the pervasiveness of traditional martial arts in Chinese society, despite early Qing prohibition
Shanghai in 1909 saw the establishment of the first physical culture and sports organization, which in 1910 took the name of Jingwu Tiyu hui, or Martial Excellence Physical Culture Association
Martial Arts teacher Huo Yuanjia and his disciple, Liu Zhensheng, were most famousBruce Lee (Lee Xiaolong) and ViolenceBruce Lee (Lee Xiaolong) and ViolenceBruce Lee was a very violent man, but he was a hero in many Asians’ eyes. The Time Magazine named him “the hero and idol of the 20th century.” Why?
A symbol of
Perfection in martial arts, gongfu (kung-fu)
Creativity—he synthesized various martial arts techniques to create his own unique style called Jeet-kune do (Jiequan dao, the way of the intercepting fist)
Patriotism, dignity, and self-esteem
Anti-racism
Successful revenge
Bruce Lee and the BoxersBruce Lee and the BoxersBruce Lee believes that good and right martial-arts training can produce martial-arts techniques to overcome fiercest adversary
Reminiscence of the Boxers in 1900, who thought that martial-arts training made them immune to bullets
He turned his body into a weapon that could killTraditional Styles Traditional Styles Bafaquan (八法拳) - Eight Methods
Baguazhang (八卦掌; Bagua Zhang) - Eight Trigrams Palm
Bajiquan (八極拳) - Eight Extremes Fist
Bak Mei (白眉拳) - White Eyebrow
Black Tiger Kung Fu (黑虎拳)
Chaquan (查拳) - Cha Fist
Changquan (長拳) - Long Fist
Chuo Jiao (戳腳) - Poking Feet
Choy Gar (蔡家) - Choi Family style,
Choy Li Fut (蔡李佛; Càilǐfó)
Dachengquan (大成拳) - Great Achievement Boxing (Yiquan)
Ditangquan (地躺拳) - Ground-Prone Fist, Ground Tumbling Boxing nullDuan Quan (短拳) - Short Range Boxing
Emeiquan (峨嵋拳, O Mei Ch'uan)
Fanziquan (翻子拳) - Overturning Fist, Tumbling Boxing
Five Ancestors (五祖拳) - Wuzuquan or Ngo Cho Kun
Five Animals (五形)
Fujian White Crane (福建白鶴拳) - also known as Bai He Quan (白鶴拳)
Fu Jow Pai (虎爪派) - Tiger Claw System
Fut Gar (佛家)- Buddhist Palm
Gouquan (狗拳) - Dog Fist
Hakka Kuen (客家拳)
Hap Ga (俠家)
Houquan (猴拳) - Monkey Fist
nullShaolin Quan (少林拳)
Shequan (蛇拳) - Snake Fist
Shuai jiao (摔跤; Shuaijiao) - Chinese and Mongolian styles of wrestling
Southern Praying Mantis (南派螳螂拳)
Chow Gar (周家)- Chow Style Southern Praying Mantis
T'ai chi ch'uan (太極拳 Taijiquan) - Supreme Ultimate fist
Chen-style t'ai chi ch'uan
Yang-style t'ai chi ch'uan
Wu (Hao)-style t'ai chi ch'uan
Wu-style t'ai chi ch'uan
Sun-style t'ai chi ch'uan
Tantui (彈腿/譚腿) - Springing legs style
Tibetan White Crane (白鶴派)
Tien Shan Pai (天山派)
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