20世纪英国文学代表作家的介绍及作品

nullnull English Literature English Literature English Literature Joseph Conrad E.M Forster Katherine Mansfield 班级：09级教学四班 09级行政八班 姓名：杜玲玲（294010804） 刘晓兰（29401082） 马 珊（2940108） 王希茜（294010823） Main Works Main Works The Contents Historical background Main novelists MasterpieceContribution Life StoryBrief IntroductionHistorical BackgroundHistorical Background When Queen Victoria died, the new century began with its own particular set of problems. Firstly, the crisis of faith continued into the new century with increased intensity. The German philosopher Nietzsche had declared the death of God, who rejected Christian morality; Bertrand Russell had advocated a kind of courage, who felt that nothing could serve anything beyond the grave. The status of the arts and literature was beginning to undergo a process redefining.There was a strong sense of disaffection and a huge drive for change in the literary circles. 历 史 背 景历 史 背 景 20世纪早期，是个上帝已死的时代。西方世界沉浸在悲观思想中。大英帝国在衰落。道德状况和生产力一样开始衰败。经济危机的影响，殖民地的民族独立斗争，欧洲走向一战，文学在此背景下开始了一场革新。 在心理学领域，人类学领域，哲学领域等出现的新发展对文学创作产生了影响。 文学开始向现代主义转变。现代主义文学是自指的，自我反映的。意象派诗歌的出现，达了现代主义精神。现代主义风靡了十多年，20世纪30年代时出现了后现代主义。The EdwardiansThe Edwardians The Edwardian era or Edwardian period in the United Kingdom is the period covering the reign of King Edward VII, 1901 to 1910. The era was marked by significant shifts in politics as sections of society that had been largely excluded from wielding power in the past, such as common labourers and women, became increasingly politicised. This was a period when a great number of novels and short stories were being published, and a significant distinction between "highbrow" literature and popular fiction emerged. nullperiods and eras in English historynullThe EdwardiansJ. M. Barrie Arnold Bennett G.K. Chesterton Joseph Conrad E. M. Forster John Galsworthy Kenneth Grahame Rudyard Kipling Edith Nesbit Beatrix Potter Saki George Bernard Shaw H. G. Wells P. G. Wodehouse Main NovelistsMain NovelistsJoseph Conrad (1857-1924) E. M. Forster (1879-1970) Katherine Mansfield (1888-1923) null Joseph Conrad (1857-----1924)Polish-born English novelist and short-story writer, a dreamer, adventure, and gentleman.约瑟夫·康拉德null Life Story By 1869 Conrad’s both parents had died of tuberculosis, and he was sent to Switzerland to his maternal uncle who was to be a continuing influence on his life. On his death in 1894 his uncle left about $1600 to his nephew---a sizable sum of money, well over $100000 now.His parents' Deathnull “My task which I am trying to achieve is , by the power of the written word, to make you hear, to make you see. That-and no more, and it is everything.” Pursuit on Writingnull ”What makes mankind tragic is not that they are the victims of nature, it is that they are conscious of it. To be part of the animal kingdom under the conditions of this earth is very well-but soon as you know of your slavery, the pain, the anger, the strife, the tragedy begins.” Thoughts From the Seanull In the mid-1870s he joined the French merchant marine as an apprentice, and made between 1875 and 1878 three voyages to the West Indies.  By 1886 He obtained his master marines certificate, commanding his own ship.  In the same year he was given British citizenship and he changed officially his name to Joseph Conrad. To be a Sailor and an Englishman Great Sailing Great Sailing Conrad sailed to many parts of the world, including Australia, various parts of the Indian Ocean, the Malay states, South America, and the South Pacific Island. In 1890 he sailed in Africa up the Congo River.null Decision on WritingBy 1894 his sea life was over. During the long journeys he had started to write and decided to devote himself entirely to literature. At the age of 36 Conrad settled down in England.nullLIFE STORY Born in Ukraine of Polish parentageLiving with his uncle,after his parents' deathJoseph ConradBeginning 20 years' life at 17 on the sea Studying English hard to become an EnglishmanRetiring at 37 to devote his energies to writeWriting over 30 volumes and also an autobiograpyDying in 1924nullMain worksThree Categories of His FictionThe Forest NovelsThe Sea NovelsThe social Novels null Lord Jim《吉姆老爷》（1900）Main works Heart of the Darkness《黑暗的心》（1902）Almayer's Foolly《阿尔迈耶的愚蠢》（1895） The Qutcast of the Islands 《海隅逐客》（1896） Typhoon 《台风》（1902）The nigger of the “Narcissus”《“白水仙号”上的黑家伙》（1897）nullHeart of DarknessThe film of Heart of Darkness Lord JimHeart of DarknessHeart of Darkness The novella relates the narrator's voyage to Africa. He comes to The Belgian Congo and sees the extent of devastation to which the white colonialist have subjected the continent. He learns about Kurtz, the most brutal and atrocious man, also a dying man who has pillaged, cheated and killed many local people. Kurtz presents a pscychological complexity himself. He once had his ambition civilize the Heart of DarknessHeart of Darkness Narrator：Marlow  "…Jim stood stiffened and with bared head in the light of torches, looking him straight in the face, he clung heavily with his left arm round the neck of a bowed youth, and lifting deliberately his right, short his son’s friend through the chest."Heart of DarknessHeart of Darkness Africans, but the thirsty of power and weath pushed him into the abyss of crime and punishment. In a very real sense, Kurtz has also been a spiritual victim of his own greed, robbery and eternal loneliness. At last, he died with screams, "Horror, horror!" Significance of Heart of DarknessSignificance of Heart of Darkness The trip to The Congo is not just any trip; it proves to be an attempt on the part of the traveler at self-exploration and self analysis. Kurtz's tragic death, also a metaphor for all his fellow colonialists, is just as he deserves. The narrator discovers through Kurtz that the heart of Europeans is all darkness. The book is thus a thorough condemnation of the criminal behavior of the colonialist powers. 《黑暗之心》《黑暗之心》 该中篇小说是关于叙述者去非洲的中心——刚果游历的故事。 叙述者的旅行不仅仅是一次征程，他也是探索自我、分析自我的历程。他来到比利时的殖民地刚果，见证了白人对当地人的剥削和压迫。 他认识了一个复杂的人物：殖民者柯兹。柯兹一方面压迫当地人，另一方面为自己的罪行而良心受谴责。所以这部小说是对殖民者无情的nullKurtzPsychological complexityA colonialist in CongoA spiritual victimPillaging, cheating, killingIdeal and ambitionGreed, robbery, lonliness"Horror! Horror!"Miserable deathParadoxical Lord Jim Lord Jim The novel tells a story of a good young man called Jim, a sailor, who spends his life redeeming a sin he committed at a moment of cowardice and moral defection. He once left a shipload of helpless Muslin pilgrims on the sea when his knocked on a deserted ship and wrecked and sank. He is so conscience stricken that later in his life he does his best to help people out to enjoy a piece of mind. However,finally his failure to protect the safety of the headsman 's son leads him to paying for it with his own life. He die willingly to wash clean all his sin. null 《吉姆老爷》被认为是因果小说史上的一座丰碑。“本世纪英国小说史中第一部突出的现代主义作品 这部小说是一部以自我寻找为主体的小说，吉姆在国内丧失尊严，来到东方荒蛮地带，在土著人中间找回尊严和荣誉，平静地接受死亡。 nullnullWrinting Style Conrad was an effective transitional figure, whose writing thought of realism exhibited a close affinity of modernism, help the English scene transit from one phase to the other. nullWrinting StylenullEdward Morgan Forster（1879—1970）He was an English novelist, short story writer, essayist and librettist. He is known best for his ironic and well-plotted novels examining class difference and hypocrisy in early 20th-century British society. null He was a humanist, and closeted homosexual, lifelong bachelor. He developed a long-term loving relationship with Bob Buckingham, a married policeman (his wife's name was May). null Forster was born into an Anglo-Irish and Welsh middle-classfamily He was the only child of Edward Morgan LlewellynForster, an architect. At King‘s College, Cambridge , between 1897 and 1901, he became a member of a discussion society known as the Apostles。 After leaving university he travelled in continental Europe with his mother. He visited Egypt, Germany and India in 1914. By that time, Forster had written all but one of his novels. In the First World War, as a conscientious objector, he volunteered for the International Red Cross, travelling to Alexandria, Egypt. Forster spent a second spell in India in the early 1920s as the private secretary to Tukojirao III. The Hill of Devi is his non-fictional account of this trip. After returning from India, he completed his last novel, A Passage to India (1924), for which he won the James Tait Black Memorial Prize for fiction Life Story福斯特的生平福斯特的生平 福斯特出身于伦敦的一位建筑师家庭，父亲早亡。1897年福斯特入学剑桥大学，一直对英国僵硬的社会秩序的不满。 福斯特大学毕业后去意大利和希腊旅行。1905年他发表了第一部小说《天使不敢驻足的地方》。虽然福斯特的小说提倡个性自由与沟通，但此时的沟通还是基于妥协与和解，但是他1914年完成的同性恋小说《莫利斯》则第一次表明沟通与自由往往通过决裂来取得。 福斯特文学作品与他倡导的人文主义与人道精神是一脉相承的。null Where Angels Fear to Tread 《天使不敢涉足的地方》（1905） The Lon gest Journey《最长的旅行》（1907） A Room with a View 《看得见风景的房间》（1908） Howards End《霍华兹庄园》（1910） Maurice《莫瑞斯》（1913） A Passage to India 《印度之行》（1924） Aspects of the Novel《小说面面观》（1927） Main WorksnullnullA Passage to India When Adela and her elderly companion Mrs Moore arrive in the Indian town of Chandrapore, they quickly feel trapped by its insular and prejudiced British community. Determined to explore the real India', they seek the guidance of the charming and mercurial Dr Aziz, a cultivated Indian Muslim. But a mysterious incident occurs while they are exploring the Marabar caves with Aziz, and the well-respected doctor soon finds himself at the centre of a scandal that rouses violent passions among both the British and their Indian subjects. A masterly portrait of a society in the grip of imperialism, A Passage to India compellingly depicts the fate of individuals caught between the great political and cultural conflicts of the modern world.null印度之行《印度之行》（A Passage to India）描写了英国小姐阿苔拉去印度与一位英国驻官订婚，认识了当地的医生阿齐兹。一次他们去山上野餐时，阿苔拉走入了一间阴森的岩洞，幻觉被阿齐兹强奸。当时印度独立风潮已经风起云涌，英方试图通过审判阿齐兹来向当地族民施压，但清醒后的阿苔拉小姐不顾英方的怂恿，最后在法庭上主动承认了自己的错觉，还以阿齐兹清白。 nullConceptAdd Your TextTextTextTextTextTextTextnullThe book is the story of young Lucy Honeychurch's trip to Italy with her cousin, and the choice she must make between the free-thinking George Emerson and the repressed aesthete Cecil Vyse. null A Room with A View，又译《窗外有蓝天》，描写一位英国贵族少女在意大利与一位年轻男子邂逅相遇，社会习俗的约束使她不敢表达自己的感情，但最后终于冲破樊篱，挣脱包办婚姻，走向自由。 看得见风景的房间nullnullHis literary theories won the approval of the rising generation of the Modernists who,like Virginia Woolf ,saw him as a writer up against the Edwardian tradition along with James Joyce and D.H.Lawrence. CommentnullThe inner world of man The sense of estrangement and alienation The relationship between man and nature Katherine MansfieldKatherine Mansfield Her achievement was mainly in the area of the short story. She began writing at the age of 20 and died of tuberculosis. 凯瑟琳·曼斯菲尔德（1888—1923） Life Story Life Story Katherine Mansfield Beauchamp Murry was a prominent modernist writer of short fiction who was born and brought up in colonial New Zealand and wrote under the pen name of Katherine Mansfield. Mansfield left for Great Britain when she was 19 where she encountered Modernist writers such as D.H. Lawrence and Virginia Woolf with whom she became close friends. Her stories often focus on moments of disruption and frequently open rather abruptly. During the First World War Mansfield contracted extrapulmonary tuberculosis, which rendered any return or visit to New Zealand impossible and led to her death at the age of 34. 曼斯菲尔德的生平 曼斯菲尔德的生平 凯瑟琳·曼斯菲尔德生于新西兰威灵顿一个富有的商人和银行世家，本名卡瑟琳·包姗普。凯瑟琳青年时期在英国研习法语、德语和音乐课程，并爱上了文学，开始写作。 1908年7月，为了得到更好的文学发展，曼斯菲尔德放弃了新西兰安乐、富裕的生活，独自一人前往英国伦敦。从踏上伦敦土地的那一刻起，命运就决定了她成为一个没有家园的流浪的灵魂。个性复杂的曼斯菲尔德经历着同样复杂的人生历程，她的一生始终在漫游——新西兰、法国、德国、英国都留有她的足迹。 在四处漫游的生命历程中，唯一不变的，是她对于文学的热爱。其著作有《幸福》、《园会》、《鸽巢》等中、短篇小说集。作品大多描写资本主义社会中生活的苦闷，带有浓厚的印象主义色彩。nullMain WorksPrelude 《序幕》（1920） At Bay 《在海边》 The Garden Party 《游园会》 Her First Ball《第一次舞会》 The Daughters of the Late Colonel 《已故上校的女儿们》 Miss Brill 《布里尔小姐》 nullCollections of Short StoriesBliss and other stories 《幸福故事集》（1920） The Garden Party and Other Stories 《游园会故事集》（1922） The Dove's Nest and Other Stories 《鸽巢故事集》（1923） Something Childish and Other Stories 《孩子气故事集》（1924）Collections of Critical writingsNovels and Novelists 《小说和小说家们》（1930）null Miss Brill Miss Brill It tells a story of an old spinster in her fifties, who lives in a small French seaside town, She makes a living by teaching English and reading newspapers to an old gentle man.Her one luxury in life is her regular Sunday visit to a little park where where people gather to enjoy company as well as the Sunday band concert. She enjoys going there in her fur coat and feels her there like an actress in the park which is in her mind a stage. However, when she is immersed in her own world of joy, a cruel young couple ridicule her as a stupid old thing and laugh at her fur,which hurts and disillusions her. The story shows individuals disppointment for being unable to be wrapped in the revitalizing sense of human connection, The story shows individuals disppointment for being unable to be wrapped in the revitalizing sense of human connection, 故事表现了个人因不能融入到充满活力 的人类关系中而失望的心情。Significance of the short storynullPlotFIfties in French Living by Teaching, ReadingMiss Brill Visit to a Little ParkEnjoying herself like a actressBeing laughed atnullHer Themes Her achievement was mainly in the area of the short story. She was influened by the French influence and Checkove's short story tradition. Her subjects concern individuals more than society. She emphasizes the excavation of the psychology of her characters Checkove（1860—1904）Katherine Mansfield To Ida Breaker 1922Katherine Mansfield To Ida Breaker 1922null