初中英语写作校本课程开辟计划[宝典]

初中英语写作校本课程开辟[宝典] 初中英语写作校本课程开发 城关初中英语组 一、开发背景 校本课程是近几年伴随素质教育的推行而出现的一种新型课程,是改变教学观念、改革课程、改造课堂教学模式、改进教学方法和改善教学内容的重要举措。英语校本课程是以英语知识为载体,以激发学生学习兴趣,学生特长为目的。以学生为活动主体,使学生热爱英语学科,并形成良好的英语素质的一门课程。英语课程必须根据学生身心发展和英语学习的特点,关注学生的个体差异和不同的学习需求,爱护学生的好奇心,求知欲,充分激发学生的主动意识和进取精神,倡导自主、合作、探究的学习方式。校本课程的开展无疑给英语教学注入新鲜的血液,并在英语教学改革中,为学生创建了一个五彩滨纷的英语学习平台。培养学生的英语口、笔头交际能力是整个初中阶段英语教学的目的之一。其中“写”属于较高层次的信息系统,是语言输出的重要途径,能比较客观地反映学生多方面的语言运用能力,诸如书面语言表达能力和思维组织能力等。写作教学也是初中英语教学的一个重要组成部分,它应该贯穿在整个英语教学的全过程,始终伴随着对话,课文及词汇,语法等语言知识的教学而展开。但是,由于受应试教育影响和中考指挥棒的左右,教师大多“着重培养学生的阅读能力”,往往把写作教学看作是应付考试的一种应急手段,放在次要的位置,加上写作训练费时费力,又收效甚微,因此教师对英语写作教学的指导积极性不高,在这方面的研究也相对滞后。英语写作一直以来是初中英语教学的薄弱环节。 二、开发目的 在实际写作过程中,由于不注重平时的积累,语言知识贫乏,学生普遍缺乏英语写作兴趣,写作热情不高。有的学生写作时感到无从下笔,或者即使下得了笔, 也仅仅是简单语句的堆砌,平乏无味,有的学生甚至对英语写作望而生畏,消极应付,总体上学生存在严重的英语表述上的困难。写作能力不高主要表现在,汉语影响、生词造句,词汇贫乏、搭配不当,句型误用、语法不通,信息不全、条理紊乱,语言连贯性差,语篇立意差,缺少整体的谋篇布局和前后呼应,写作时往往用中文构思,再译成英语,于是常常出现中文式的英语等。研究表明,在语言学习中学习者产生错误的原因很多,母语的迁移便是其中的一个因素。语言的迁移可分为正迁移和负迁移。负迁移也称干扰,是母语与目的语的某些特点相迥异时,学习者套用母语模式或规则而产生的错误。在学生的英语写作中,尤其是在基础薄弱的学生中,母语的思维痕迹是十分明显的,这是他们习惯了用中文思维而导致的结果。总之,由于缺乏有效的写作训练和指导,学生对所学语言的掌握、内化效果大打折扣。开设了英语校木课程,目的是为了拓展学生的知识面,充分挖掘学生的潜能,培养学生学英语的兴趣。便于学生全方位地了解英语国家的文化背景,提高他们的学习水平。培养学生欣赏英语国家文化的能力和创新能力;培养学生良好的道德品质和人文素养;培养学生的国际参与意识和跨文化交际能力;发展学生的个性,提高他们的基本素质。 三.开发原则 以提高学生英语语言综合能力运用为基本宗旨以提高学生学习英语兴趣为目的培养学生的合作意思与创新精神。 ,1,有效性和重要性的原则。在科学技术迅速发展的信息时代,面临着不断更新的知识体系,我们在开发校本课程时,在选择课程内容的过程中,经过英语教师的精选,选择与学生生活息息相关的内容。 ,2,趣味性和可学性的原则。校本课程的开发必须充分考虑学生的兴趣和需要,这是开发的出发点。这有助于提高学生的想象力和创造力;易于学生消化学习的内容。同时,在编制校本课程的过程中,课程的内容要选择学生能接受并能理解的知识范围,而且内容要健康。 ,3,现实性和应用性的原则。现实性就是要求校本课程的内容必须符合当今社会的现实需求。在选择课程内容时,要有准确的世界观和人生价值观,要有利于培养学生的创新意识和横向思维能力。应用性就是要求在课程开发中选择最有助于学生解决现实问的课程内容,选择具有应用价值的知识。 四.课程内容 ,1,记叙文,Narration,、这是最普遍、最基本的一种文体。写作中应遵循以下几点。1,交待要素,即人、时、地、事。2,按事件发生的先后顺序叙述完整、具体。3,要重点突出,目的明确。记叙文所记的都是过去发生的事情 ,2,说明文(Exposition)、描写文(Description)这是英文常见的两种文体,以解说和描述为主要表达方式。 ,3,日记(Diary)这是把自己当天生活中经历的有意义的事以及见闻或感受记录下来的书面形式。文体自由,通常用第一人称写。 ,4,书信,letters,一般分为私人信函,Personal letters,和正式信函,Business letters,。英文书信从信封到正文,其格式与汉语有许多不同。 ,5,通知和便条,Notice,Note,一般至少有口头通知、书面通知两种形式,至少包括三项内容,时间、地点、活动内容。便条一般有留言条,请假条。特点是,格式简单,开门见山,三言两语。 ,6,其它除上述常见文体外,还有补全对话,电话对话,寻物启事等。 学生要掌握上述文体格式,尤其是考试常用文体,如书信、日记、通知、记叙文、留言条等。在了解和掌握了以上几种主要写作体裁之后,学生在对待写作时,就不会有无从下手的感觉了。附页范文可供学生参考。 五、课程目标 1.激发学生学习英语的兴趣,培养学生良好的语感。 学生应用词汇和语法的能力,以及综合素质语言应用能力。2.提高 3.加强学习策略的培养,提高学生自主学习的能力。 4.为学生参与社会生活打好基础,培养良好的心理素质、思想道德品质,学会共同生活,促进情感和态度的发展,塑造完善的人格,促进学生个性的充分发展,有广泛的兴趣爱好。 5.关注学生个体的差异性,开发多层次、多类型多规格的校本课程,以实现每一位学生都能得到充分而全面的发展。 六、开发步骤 1、组内开会,研讨确定课程内容。 2、各组教师通力合作,做到资源共享。 3、搜集资料,编写教材。 4、课时安排,每两周一课时。 七.课程评价措施 1、课前教师布置话题,学生查找、整理、组织资料的能力。 2、认真审题,确定体裁,根据题目要求,理解要表达的要点。 3、好文章的层次段落,考虑所用时态、人称等,把要点串联起来,构成文章框架, 4、在要点、层次明确的情况下,选用自己最认识的单词、句式进行造句,假如不会用复杂句就用简单句表达要点,注重主谓语一致、人称、数量、大小写、标点, 5、仔细阅读全文,查找是否有错,注意时态、单词拼写、字母大小写、标点是否有误,句式是否准确,逻辑是否一致。 八、解决途径 为了有效培养学生的英语写作兴趣与能力,笔者认真学习课程,借鉴许多 教师的先进教学经验,在写作教学中进行了一些有益的尝试。 ,一,建立档案,激发兴趣,适时鼓励,培养自信 兴趣与自信对英语学习的重要性是不言而喻的,而两者的产生和保持在一定程度上依赖于付出努力后所获得的成功感。可操作的办法是,从起始年级起就建立学生“学习档案”,记录其学习的成功、不足与进步的过程。学生每人一个档案夹,档案夹可根据教师的要求和自己的创意,设计出各个项目的形式,体现学生个性,激发学习兴趣和热情。随着教学进度添加“档案材料”,掌握循序渐进,由简到易,学生自主实践与教师指导、督促相结和原则,并告知家长,以便今后同家长共同关注孩子,完成档案的全过程,分享其成功的快乐,指导其解决某些困惑的问题。在添加档案内容的过程中,教师每周至少布置一到二个写作题目,选题要广泛,既结合课本所学内容,又能脱离书本,超越书本,体现生活性、趣味性、扩展性。教师还应指导学生收集好词好句,谚语习语,精美语段,幽默小故事,常用写作句型,常见写作错误等。学生每完成一件作品,教师都尽量地发现其可取之处,给予恰当的表扬并提出中肯的意见,期待下一次完成得更好。每一次肯定、欣赏的评价,都是帮助学生挖掘其内动力最好的催化剂。我对学生的鼓励方式有,档案点评时给予肯定,课堂讲评时表扬优秀作品的作者,时间充裕的话,可让其朗读自己的作品,,在班级墙报上开设优秀作文专栏,在学校英文报纸上刊登优秀作文,面对全校,举办年级优秀英文学习档案展览,鼓励、帮助学生向英文报刊投稿。笔者多年实践下来,学生的语言得以积累,听、说、读、写能力均得以提升,写作不再是难题,学生英语学习热情高涨。 ,二,朗读为基,听说领先,形式多样,培养语感 按照中小学英语教学大纲的要求,“听说读写”是中学英语教学目的所在,而英语 的写作训练是综合能力的训练之一,也是其中的难点。但是单单加强“写”的训练是远远不够的,英语的听说读写是相互影响、相互作用的有机统一体。我国英语界前辈在其专著《英语写作》(The Writing of English)中谈到解决中国学生用英语写作的困难时写到,“You ought to read very carefully. Not only very carefully,but also aloud,and that again and again till you know the passage by heart and write it as if it were your own.”这再清楚不过地说明了熟读成诵对写作是多么重要。因此,无论在课堂上还是在课后,教师都要为学生创造多读的机会,鼓励学生开口大声朗读,并在日常的教学中注重写作训练形式的多样化。在此基础上,写作训练应与阅读教学、听说训练相结合。结合教材中所提供的听说训练素材,在课堂教学中,教师应注意创设多种交际情景,采用多种教学方式增加学生之间、师生之间的对话与交流,使学生有更多训练听说的机会,如看图说话、复述课文、讲述故事、伙伴对话、表演对话和短剧、小组讨论、阐述观点等等均可以促进学生口头表达能力的提高。在口头表达后,再让学生做书面表达,进行写作训练,落实和提高学生的书面表达能力。,附页中的各种写作体裁范文,特别是例4、例 5、例6均可在进行在口头表达之后再让学生做书面表达,同样,进行听力练习后,采用写的方式巩固听的学习效果,听与写结合可促进学生书面表达能力的提高。我们在听力课上,学生做完听力练习之后,让他们以此练习作为线索复述听力材料,有时还让他们将听到的内容写在作文本上。这样可以有效地把听、说与写作结合起来,促进学生书面表达能力的提高。 ,三,熟悉体裁,掌握格式,认真审题,确定主干 英语写作中,主要有以下几种体裁的文章格式,记述文、说明文、日记、书信、通知、便条和其它。每一种体裁都有其表达要求,学生应认真审题,确定主干,开展写作。所谓文章的“主干”,无非是两点,文章的主要时态,文章内容的侧重点,即要围绕主题。教师应作具体指导,以便学生掌握。 ,四,点面过渡,线面融合,循序渐进,尝试体验 写作是一种语言输出的过程,需要大脑的积极思考,这种语言输出的能力不是大考前短时间内能制造出来的,更不是掌握了很多语法知识就自动具有的,它需要经过长期不懈的练习才能获得。开始时学生的习作可能只有几句非常简单的话,但随着英语学习的不断深入,学生作品的内容也会不断丰富。循序渐进地培养学生写作能力的措施有很多。 1,经常有意识地作一些比较训练就是很好的方法,也就是让学生在不同阶段写相似的话题。这样的练习不是简单的重复,而是一种在原来的基础上不断提高的重复。同样一个话题,可以有不断的丰富和提高的过程。这些有意识的对比训练会让 学生清楚地看到自己的进步,看到自己驾御英语的能力越来越强,看到自己的写作能力、写作水平正在一步一个台阶地向前迈进。所以我认为在写作教学中,绝不能只要结果不要过程,也就是说那种平时不注重培养,考前突击培训的思想要坚决摈弃,这样才能真正培养能力。 2,另外,为了提高写作教学效果,我依照循序渐进的教学原则,贯穿日常教学,尝试了“词、句、篇”三步曲的写作教学。 ,1,巧记单词 按照语言学习规律,英语写作教学的次序应是,词—句—篇。“词”是基础,“句”是过度或桥梁,“篇”是目的。整个训练遵循“词不离句,句不离篇”的原则,由易到难,由简到繁,循序渐进,不断提高。这三个阶段彼此衔接,教会学生在大量的语言实践中学会运用词句,从而达到在书面表达教学中“教、学、用”三者的统一。书面表达需要一定的词汇量,学生书面表达时容易忘记单词或把汉英词汇等同起来。因此,要求学生坚持每天听写、默写、循环记忆单词,掌握巩固词汇。还要求学生给出与单词有关的同义、近义、反义和词形相似的词,使词汇量得到最大限度的复现。 ,2,用词造句、连词成句 写作应从词句练起,记忆所学的词和词组的最好方法是在使用中记忆。通过口、笔头造句练习,模仿课本例句或做替换练习是巩固记忆的好方法。教师应重视教材中的单句练习,引导学生从对单个句型的掌握,逐渐过渡到多种句型的混用,直到学生能连贯自如地表达思想。 一句多译,句型转换,是书面表达能力的关键,教师应注意英汉结构比较,减少汉语式表达错误,教师可通过错误句型之辨析、归纳和总结,帮助学生提高遣词造句的能力。 ,3,连句成意、线面融合 此项训练的主要目的是培养学生把语法项目、教材内容和文章体裁有机结合起来的能力。 第一步,要求学生仿写。对于一般学生,要求他们模仿课本或练习册中的词汇、句型或模仿范文仿写,而为了便于优生书面写作潜能的发挥,教师可以要求他们不局限于模仿课本或练习册中的词汇、句型,可拓展使用许多己学过的词或词组。 第二步,列出提纲,引导学生写。引导学生书面表达有许多形式,教师要从学生“学”的角度来设计教学活动,使学生的学习活动具有明确目标,并构成一个有梯度的连续活动。笔者首先采用给出文中的关键词或短语,引导学生列出写作提纲,这 样学生在书面表达时可减少审题环节,不让学生感觉无从下笔,而且学生很容易理清写作思路。这样由浅入深的训练方式,开始能让学生产生成就感,渐渐地学生对书面表达产生了兴趣,克服了恐惧心理,从写作中获得了成功的快乐,树立了写作的信心。 第三步,自由发挥。教师要改进教学方法,设计开放性的写作活动,既提高了学生对书面表达进行布局、谋篇的能力,又提高了其识别、判断和改错的能力,更能发挥学生的内在潜能和丰富的想象力,最终写出个性化的文章,增加学生的成功感。 ,五,批改讲评,修改润色,激励点评,促进提高 作文的批改与讲评是写作教学的最后一个环节,也是不可或缺、极其重要的一个环节。由于班级人数多,批改量的工作量很大。如果不及时批改,作文中的错误得不到及时纠正,写得再多也收效甚微,但在批改过程中,如果抓住学生的错误不放,有错必纠,改到最后,往往就变成了老师自己的文章。因此,教师可以让学生动手参与,互相评改。互相评改在美国的写作教学中占有特殊重要地位,教师十分重视学生之间的相互影响,认为学生是教学的主体,学生之间应加强合作、互教互学。由于学生之间的了解更深刻,他们之间的相互交流往往能收到很好的效果。而当学生意识到教师并不是他文章的唯一读者时,他们会更认真地写好作文。因此,让学生相互传阅和批改作文不仅增加了写作时的真实感,更重要的是,能训练学生的语言意识和敏感性。 具体做法是,对于课堂限时的写作训练,规定学生限时写完,同桌、前后桌互相评改,重新行文后再上交,这样教师批改起来就更轻松,而且很容易找出典型错误,有利于讲评。对于课后作文,可以让学生互相批改后,教师从中选出好、中、差的作文进行批阅,从中找出学生作文中存在的普遍性问题,记录下来,课上讲评总结,也可以在批改时,只把其中的错误划出,让学生自己动手改错后再给老师看。这样,老师节省了时间,学生则通过动脑、动手纠正错误而印象更深、提高更快。我还将学生常见的写作错误作归类整理或集体分析订正,常见写作错误分析见附页一,。并且,如果配合教师恰当的点评,可以使学生意识到在学习书面表达过程中的成功之处,得以激励,建立自信,从而形成继续进步的动力,也可以让学生自省和反思自己的不足,调整学习策略和心态。总结讲评后把范文发给学生,使学生有针对性地改正自己作文中的不当和错误,吸取范文的精华,学会准确表达意思。而将学生中的优秀作文在班里展览,供大家学习,更能提高学生的写作兴趣和积极性。 一、教学时做到“点,面”过渡,培养学生写句的能力 任何语言都有内在联系。英语也不例外,这种联系无非就是,词—词组—句子。许多学生无从下笔,其根本原因之一就是词汇贫乏,词组不认识,而且英汉的表达方法存在很大的差异,因此,这样的学生要写句子真是心有余而力不足。要攻克这一难点,教师一方面要加强学生对记单词的监督,另一方面在单词教学时要注意“点,面”过渡,来帮助学生记住单词,理解词组,学写句子。如教师在教学bridge这个单词时,可向学生展示南浦大桥的相片,已引起学生学习的兴趣,同时由单词词组向写句子过渡。,“全世界最长的桥”--“全世界最长的桥之一”--“南浦大桥是全世界最长的桥之一”,就这样在平时教学中注意“点,面”过渡,层层深入,通过不断的积累,学生慢慢地就不会再惧怕写句子,英语写作也能更规范更符合英美人的表达习惯。 二、增强朗读训练,培养学生语感 按照中小学英语教学大纲的要求,“听说读写”是中学英语教学目的所在,而英语的写作训练是综合能力的训练之一,也是其中的难点。但是单单加强“写”的训练是远远不够的,英语的听说读写是相互影响、相互作用的有机统一体。我国英语界老前辈在其专著《英语写作》(The Writing of English)中谈到解决中国学生用英语写作的困难时说,“You ought to read very carefully. Not only very carefully,but also aloud,and that again and again till you know the passage by heart and write it as if it were your own.”这再清楚不过地说明了熟读成诵对写作是多么重要。因此,由于平时的语言运用环境有限,无论在课堂上还是在课后,教师都要为学生创造多读的机会,鼓励学生开口大声朗读。 三、从仿写作文开始,不断提高英语写作能力 写作就像盖房子一样,有了材料,要把这些材料以一定的形式堆放在一起才能形成房屋。如何把句子组合到一起,就成了写作成败的关键所在。要想解决这一问题,教师必须由浅入深、由易到难、循序渐进、一环紧扣一环地进行训练,可以先从仿写作文开始。如在教学Schools in China一文写作时,可从单词,词组的复习入手,为学生下一步的写作罗列出会用到的一些词组。然后,通过对知识点的复习加深学生对句型的印象,以防止中式英语句子的出现。接着,让学生就课文内容完成表格Schools in the U.S.A.,并引导学生完成表格Schools in China,通过对表格Schools in China的复述,达到帮助学生理清全文思路的目的。最后要求学生完成Schools in China一文。通过这一系列练习的层层深入,绝大多数学生都能完成本文的写作。 四、面批为主的批改方式,增强纠错的时效性 要搞好英语作文教学,光注意满堂讲练还不够,还要做深入细致的辅助工作。面批作文可使学生及时、清楚地认识到自己作文的毛病,须注意哪些问题,该如何改进等, 而对于教师可以使我们深入学生的内心世界,了解学生的思维过程,针对每个学生的不同程度对症下药,从而收到立竿见影的效果。如学生作文中有“We should do more practise.”这句话。对于程度较差的学生,教师只需要告诉他practise是动词,这里需要用它的名词形式practice,不可数名词,,因此这句话应该为“We should do more practice.”。而对于程度较好的学生教师还可以告诉他这句话也还可以改成“we should practise more.”。这样,学生和老师面对面,老师字斟句酌地边读边评,学生边听边思考,注意力必然会比上课时更容易集中,对老师指出的作文中的毛病必会铭记于心,长久不忘。 如果在时间紧无法面批的情况下,教师可以在课后批阅过程中,认真记录写作中存在的带有普遍性和典型性的错误,为讲评作文做好准备。而对于提高班的学生也可采取课堂上的互批形式。批改者对有疑问的地方作上记号,待互相讨论取得一致意见后再更正。若有争议的问题,可当场请教老师。学生得到了满意的答案,心 里总是挺高兴的,他们的写作兴趣自然就会提高。 五、坚持表扬和鼓励,增强学生写作的信心 学生是教学的主体,要想教学有效果,必须发挥学生的主动性。因此在写作教学中,老师切忌,“你写得不行”,而是应该说,“好,这个句子用得好”或“有点进步了,继续努力，”,教师对学生的肯定,会使他们更有信心去写、去练。有了这种主动性,写作这一教学难题也就迎刃而解了。 英语的写作能力并非一蹴而就,需要日积月累,才能有所突破。因此教师要多指导,鼓励学生,坚持不懈,逐步达到“下笔如有神”的境界。 记叙文写作 记叙文是记人叙事的文章,它主要是用于说明事件的时间、背景、起因、过程及结果,即我们通常所说的五个" W ", what, who, when, where, why ,和一个" H ", how ,。记叙文的重点在于"述说"和"描写",因此一篇好的记叙文要叙述条理清楚,描写生动形象。下面就谈谈英语记叙文的特点和写好记叙文的基本要领。 一、记叙文的特点 1. 叙述的人称 英语的记叙文一般是以第一或第三人称的角度来叙述的。用第一称表示的是由叙述者亲眼所见、亲耳所闻的经历。它的优点在于能把故事的情节通过"我"来传达给读者,使人读后感到真实可信,如身临其境。如: The other day, I was driving along the street. Suddenly, a car lost its control and ran directly towards me fast. I was so frightened that I quickly turned to the left side. But it was too late. The car hit my bike and I fell off it. 用第三人称叙述,优点在于叙述者不受"我"活动范围以内的人和事物的限制,而 是通过作者与读者之外的第三者,直接把故事中的情节展现在读者面前,文章的客 观性很强。如: Little Tom was going to school with an umbrella, for it was raining hard. On the way, he saw an old woman walking in the rain with nothing to cover. Tom went up to the old woman and wanted to share the umbrella with her, but he was too short. What could he do? Then he had a good idea. 2. 动词的时态 在记叙文中,记和叙都离不开动词。所以动词出现率最高,且富于变化。记叙 文中用得最多的是动词的过去的,这是英语记叙文区别于汉语记叙文的关键之处。 英语写作的优美之处就在于这些动词时态的变化,正是这一点才使得所记、所叙有 鲜活的动态感、鲜明的层次感和立体感。 3. 叙述的顺序 记叙一件事要有一定的顺序。无论是顺叙、倒叙、插叙还是补叙,都要让读者 能弄清事情的来龙去脉。顺叙最容易操作,较容易给读者提供有关事情的空间和时 间线索。但这种方法也容易使文章显得平铺直叙,读起来平淡乏味。倒叙、插叙、 补叙等叙述方法能有效地提高文章的结构效果,让所叙之事跌宕起伏,使读者在阅 读时思维产生较大的跳跃,从而为文章所吸引,深入其中。但这些方法如果使用不 当,则容易弄巧成拙,使文章结构散乱,头绪不清,让读者不知所云。 4. 叙述的过渡 过渡在上下文中起着承上启下、融会贯通的作用。过渡往往用在地点转移或时 间、事件转换以及由概括说明到具体叙述时。如: In my summer holidays, I did a lot of things. Apart form doing my homework, reading an English novel, watching TV and doing some housework, I went on a trip to Qingdao. It is really a beautiful city. There are many places of interest to see. But what impressed me most was the sunrise The next morning I got up early. I was very happy because it was a fine day. By the time I got to the beach, the clouds on the horizon were turning red. In a little while, a small part of the sun was gradually appearing. The sun was very red, not shining. It rose slowly. At last it broke through the red clouds and jumped above the sea, just like a deep-red ball. At the same time the clouds and the sea water became red and bright. What a moving and unforgettable scene! 5. 叙述与对话 引用故事情节中主要人物的对话是记叙文提高表现力的一种好方法。适当地用 直接引语代替间接的主观叙述,可以客观生动地反映人物的性格、品质和心理状态, 使记叙生动、有趣,使文章内容更加充实、具体。试比较下面两段的叙述效果: I was in the kitchen, and I was cooking something. Suddenly I heard a loud noise from the front. I thought maybe someone was knocking the door. I asked who it was but I heard no reply. After a while I saw my cat running across the parlor. I realized it was the cat. I felt released. 这本来应是一段故事性很强的文字,但经作者这么一写,就不那么吸引人了。 原因是文中用的都是叙述模式,没有人物语言,把"悬念"给冲淡了。可作如下调整: I was in the kitchen cooking something. "Crash!" a loud noise came from the front. Thinking someone was knocking at the door, I asked, "Who?" No reply. After a while, I saw my cat running across the parlor. "It's you." I said, quite released. 二、写好记叙文的基本要领 1. 头绪分明,脉络清楚 写好记叙文,首先要头绪分明,脉络清楚,明确文章要求写什么。要对所写的 事件或人物进行分析,弄清事件发生、发展一直到结束的整个过程,然后再收集选 取素材。这些素材都应该跟上述五个" W "和一个" H "有关。尽管不是每篇记叙文里 都必须包括这些" W "和" H ",但动笔之前,围绕五个" W "和" H "进行构思是必不可 少的。 2. 突出中心,详略得当 在文章的框架确定后,对支持故事的素材的选取是很关键的。选材要注意取舍, 应该从表现文章主题的需要出发,分清主次,定好详略。要突出重点,详写细述那 些能表现文章主题的重要情节,略写粗述那么非关键的次要情节。面面俱到反而使 情节罗列化,使人不得要领。这一点是写好记叙文要解决的一个基本问题,也需要 一定的技巧。如: One night a man came to our house and told me, "There is a family with eight children. They have not eaten for days." I took some food with me and went. When I finally came to that family, I saw the faces of those little children disfigured ,破坏外貌, by hunger. There was no sorrow or sadness in their faces, just the deep pain of hunger. I gave the rice to the mother. She divided the rice in two, and went out, carrying half the rice. When she came back, I asked her, "Where did you go?" she gave me this simple answer, "To my neighbors - they are hungry also!" 3. 用活语言,准确生动 记叙文要用具体的事件和生动的语言对人、事、物加以叙述。一篇好的记叙文 的语言既要准确、生动,又要表现力强,这样才能把人、事描写得具体生动,其可 读性才强。试比较下面一篇例文修改的前后效果。 原文: One day Xiaoqiang was wandering away. He was soon lost among people and traffic. He could not find the way back home and started crying. Just then, two young students who were passing by found him standing alone in front of a shop and crying. They went up to Xiaoqiang and asked him what had happened. Xiaoqiang told them how he got lost and where he lived. The two students decided to take him home. Mother was pleased to see Xiaoqiang come back safe and sound. She invited the two students into the house and gave them some money, but they didn't take it. She served them with tea but they left. 修改后: The other day, five-year-old Xiaoqiang left home alone and wandered happily in the street. After some time, he felt hungry so he wanted to go back home. But he found he was lost among the crowded people and heavy traffic. When he could not find the way home, he started and crying. Just then, two young students who were passing by from school found him sanding crying in front of a shop. They immediately went up to him. "Little boy, why are you standing here crying?" they asked. "I want Mom, I go home." said the boy, still crying. "Don't worry, we'll send you home." And they spent the next two hours looking for the boy's house. With the help of a policeman, they finally found it. When the worried mother saw her son come back safe and sound, she was so thankful and she invited the students into her house. Gratefully, she offered them some money, saying it was a way to express her thanks, but the young students firmly refused it and left without even a cup of tea. 写作练习 1. 请用所给词的正确形式完成下文 It's seven o'clock on the morning of June 1st. Tom 1,,,,,,get,up. He 2 ,,,,,put,on his clothes and his shoes. He 3,,,,,go,to the zoo with his classmates and his teachers. His mother 4,,, (be) busy 5,,,,, ,cook,breakfast for him. His father 6,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,prepare, for his trip. He 7,,,,,,,,,,,put,some food, some fruit and a bottle of water into his son's bag now. 2 .Peter 是加拿大留学生,他在课堂上听不懂老师用汉语讲课。假如你是李英, 请给他写封e-mail,简单介绍你学习英语的方法和体会,并针对他的困难提出两至 三条学习汉语的建议。提示词语,study with a group, think, help, listen to, watch 注 意事项:词数不少于60字。 提示词语仅供选用。文中不得写出自己的真实姓名和所 在班级 Dear Peter, I?m sorry to hear that you have some trouble learning Chinese. I have some ideas that may help. For example, I always improve my English by studying with a group. Sometimes I also read aloud to practice my pronunciation. However, I think the best way is to watch English movies, because I can watch the actors say the words.Learning Chinese is about the same. If I were you, I?d watch Chinese movies. Also you can listen to tapes as much as possible or join a Chinese club to talk to your friends. I hope you will have fun learning Chinese. Good luck! Love, Li Ying 3. 每个人都有自己的喜好。请你从课余生活方面,谈谈你最喜欢什么和原因; 你又有什么设想或打算,以及你将具体如何准备呢, After school, I like playing with small animals. Dogs make the best pets. They?re loyal to people. In the future, I want to be a vet (an animal doctor) so that I can put my interest to good use. It?s all I?ve ever wanted to be.How can I make my dream come true? First, I?ll keep a dog in my house and look after her carefully. In my spare time, I?ll take her for walks, clean her bed, wash her bowl, and train her. Life with her must be perfect. From now on, I?ll surely study harder to know more about animals. 4. 每个人都有自己的喜好。请你从课内学科方面,谈谈你最喜欢的科目是什么, 为什么,有什么设想或打算,你又将如何准备呢, I learn many subjects at school. I like English best because it?s interesting and easy. In the future, I want to be an English reporter, so that I can put my interest to good use. How can I make my dream come true? I?ll surely study harder. First, I?m going to read more English magazines to improve my English reading skills. Besides, English clubs are good places to improve my spoken English, so I?ll join one and practice every day. In a word, I?ll try my best to make progress in English. 5. 临近初三毕业,你的生活一定是紧张而快乐的,请以My School Day为话题, 写下你初中的生活中经典的一天,并写下你对初中生活的感言。提示词语,busy, happy, help, homework, future My School Day I?ll say bye to my school soon, so these days I?m pretty busy with my preparation work. Every morning I am up running for exercise. I need to stay healthy to get a good grade in the coming PE test. After a quick breakfast, I have 5 classes. English is my best subject, so I can read English novels. Lunchtime is very welcome. My classmates and I can talk happily or tell jokes to each other. Sometimes there is more likely to be another dessert on the table. Unluckily, I have to take exams after class. Homework spoils every night, and I often fall asleep with my books open. I am anxious to finish the high school entrance examination as soon as possible!Tired but happy, I still like my school life, a mixture of study and fun. I do hope I will have a glorious future through hard work. 6. 英文报正在举办 “Helping…”为主题的征文活动,请你通过自己的一次亲身 经历,谈谈你的感受,说明 “帮助” 的意义。提示词, be good at, find, with one’s help, realize, ask sb. to do, Helping … Everyone needs help and I?ve learned a lot from it. I was not good at math in the beginning. Months ago, my teacher asked me to help my classmate Mike with his math. Before helping him I felt a little nervous, so I went over the textbook again and again, and did lots of exercises. To my surprise, I could even work out some difficult problems that I couldn?t understand before. With my help, Mike made great progress in math, too. From this experience, not only did I help him out of his trouble, but I also improved my own math. I have realized that helping others is good for everyone. 7.寒假到了,学校志愿服务组正在招募志愿者,活动地点有,an old people’s home, a city park, the Children’s Hospital, an after-school care center, an animal hospital。 假如你是李明,请你写一封自荐信。内容包括,1、选择两个活动地点并说明你能做 什么。2、你能参加此次活动所具备的条件,如,你的爱好,特长,性格特点和可能 参加的时间等……,3、对参加此次活动的看法。(注意,字数不少于60字参考词汇, be interested in, sing, outgoing, spend, think ) Dear Sir, a student from Class Five, Grade Nine. ___________________If you I am Li Ming, want to give me this chance, please call me at 5555-8765. Li Ming Dear Sir, I am Li Ming, a student from Class Five, Grade Nine. I want to join your volunteer group this winter vacation. I?d like to visit the nursing home on Sundays and sing for the people there. I am a caring boy with an interest in music, so it would make all of us happy. Going to an animal hospital is also of interest to me to put my love of animal to good use. I will be happy to spend several hours working there every week. I believe I can not only help others, but also do what I enjoy by volunteering. If you would like me to have a chance, please call me at 5555-8765 Li Ming 8. 一家英文报社正在开展题为 “He / She Gives me the Greatest Help”的征文活动, 请你投稿,谈谈他或她是怎样帮助你的,你取得了哪些进步,你有什么感想或受到 了哪些教育。注意,请不要写出真实的校名和姓名。提示词语,grow up, learn, take care of, understand, love, think Mum gives me the greatest help. She is quite different from other mothers. She tries to find mistakes in everything I do and leaves more and more work to me. As I grow up, I have become better and better at my lessons and learned to do more and more housework. I?m sure I can take care of everything I will meet. Now, I really understand mum?s love. I think it?s important for everyone to stand on his own feet. 9, 请以Changes to my hometown 为题,根据下列要点提示,通过过去与现在的 比较,写一篇80词左右的短文。 In the past At present Environment Natural and beautiful Modern Clean rivers and lakes Many tall buildings Fresh air… New roads Transport On foot or by bike By bus/taxi/car…. Living conditions Small old houses Large, new flats… Changes to my hometown Great changes have taken place in my hometown over the years. In the past, the environment here was natural and beautiful.. The rivers and lakes were clean and the air was fresh.. People went to work on foot or by bike. They lived in small, old houses. Now the small village has turned into a modern town. You can see many tall buildings and new roads in the town. People can go out in many ways, such as by bus, taxi, train and car. A lot of people have moved into large, new flats. I hope my hometown will become more and more beautiful in the future. 10, 假设你是一名外地学生,去年暑假和同学一起和同学到扬州旅游,请根据以下 信息,用第一人称写一篇80词左右的短文,把你的旅游经历介绍给你的朋友。 地点 扬州 时间 去年暑假 人物 同学和我 经历 第一天 7月30日晚10点乘火车到达 第二天 游瘦西湖,Lean West Lake,; 看五 亭桥,the Five-Pavilion Bridge,并拍照,晚 上购物 第三天 参观润扬大桥,the Runyang Bridge,; 品尝扬州炒饭,Yangzhou fried rice, 感受 扬州很美丽,希望再次去那儿旅游 The trip to Yangzhou Last summer holiday, my classmates and I had a trip to Yangzhou. We arrived there by train at 10:00pm on July 30. The next day, we visited Lean West lake and it was very beautiful. We took many photos when we enjoyed the Five-Pavilion Bridge. That night we did some shopping when we watched the scenes of Yangzhou under lights. On the third day, we went to the Runyang Bridge. That afternoon we tasted Yangzhou fried rice. It was so delicious that we had a lot. What a beautiful city Yangzhou is! How we want to enjoy ourselves there again! 11,请以“My favorite computer game”为题写一篇70词左右的短文。内容包括,the name of the game, the setting, the number of levels, the main character, the goal, the designer等。 My favorite computer game My favorite computer game is called “Adventures in Space”. The game is se in space. It has four levels. The main character is called Itchy Feet. Every time I pass a level, I will be closer to Mars. The goal of the game is to help Itchy get to mars to meet the king. The game is very exciting. The game was designed by Nancy Jackson in 2006. It is sold all over the world. I like it very much. 12,假设最近你们学校开展了一次为灾区捐款的爱心活动,请根据以下内容写一篇 80词左右的日记。 活动起因,前几天四川汶川发生大地震,许多房屋倒塌,人们缺衣少药,无家可归。 活动内容,学校举办慈善义演活动,学生纷纷捐款,当地企业也解囊相助,共筹得 RMB20万. 个人感受,只要人人都献出一点爱,世界将更美好。 Because of the strong earthquake in Wenchuan Sichuan Province a few days ago, a lot of houses broke down. Many people lost their lives in the earthquake, and the persons survived become homeless. Lots of clothes and medicine were in great need. So last Saturday, our school held a charity show to raise money for people in there. Students and teachers in our school all made donations. At the same time, we got help and support from local businesses. At last, we raised ,200,000. To be the host of this charity show, I felt very excited. I think the world will be a better place if everyone devotes a bit of his love. 13, 你是扬州电视台的一名实习记者,你对联合国儿童基金会 UNICEF作了一次 专访。请根据下列表格内容写一篇80词的实习报告 Founding time In 1946 Purpose Help children around the world Ways of work raise money by selling cards and organizing other activities Encourage people to make donations and do voluntary work Working places All over the world Effect Make a better place for children UNICEF was set up in 1946. It helps children around the world. UNICEF raises money by selling cards and organizing other activities. Now more and more people know about it and are willing to help children by making donations and doing some voluntary work. With its help, more and more children get enough food so that they can be healthier. They can also go to school again. UNICEF works all over the world and it helps to make a better place for children in poor areas. 日记写作 记日记是提高书面表达能力的有效方法之一。日记是每日生活的记载，是一种记事 文体。 A.日记的格式 英文日记通常由书端和正文两个部分组成。日记常以第一人称记下当天生活中的所见、所闻、所做或所想的事情。中、英文的日记格式大致一样。英语日记的书端是专门写日记的日期、星期和天气的。左上角是日期(年、月、日)、星期。右上角写上当天的天气情况，如:Sunny, Fine, Rainy, Windy, Snowy, Cloudy等。日期表达有多种形式。如: 1.年、月、日俱全 A) September 1, 2004或September 1st, 2004也可省略写成Sept. 1, 2004或Sept. 1st, 2004;B)the 1st of September in 2004(月份不可以缩写) 2.只有月、日 September 1或September 1st(月份可以缩写) 3.只有年、月 September 2004或the September of 2004(月份不可以缩写) 以上的1或1st都应读作the first。 4.如要注明星期几，可将其放在日期前或后。如: Saturday, October 22nd, 2004;October 22nd, 2004 Saturday 5.天气情况写在日期之后，用逗号隔开。如: Saturday, March 4, 2004, Windy;1st January, 2004, Fine B.日记的要求 日记的正文是日记的主要部分，写在星期和日期的正下方，可以顶格写，也可以内缩3至5个字母的空间。由于记载的内容通常已经发生，谓语动词多用一般过去时。但也可根据具体情况，用其它时态。如:记叙天气、描写景色，为了描写生动，可以使用现在时，以表现当时的情景。再如文后发表感想或评论可用现在时态或将来时态。记日记力求简单明了，有连贯性。若有文字提示，则应重视提示，把握要点。在句式上尽量使用简单句，以防繁杂，造成语法、句型错误。 C.日记的类型和训练 日记分为记事型、议论型、描写型和抒情型。建议大家在学习写日记的过程中，可按以下步骤进行:?将一天所经历的主要事情和过程依次简要地记下来，不附加任何感情色彩，这是最简单的记日记的方法;?阅读别人的日记，并利用所学过的句型来表达个人在一天中观察到的或感受到的事情。 【范文与点评】 March 12th, 2003, TuesdaySunny (Fine) Today is Tree Planting Day. At 7:30 in the morning, all the students in our class met at the school gate. We walked to the park. Miss Gao and ot her teachers went and worked with us. All the students worked very hard, and we planted about 200 trees. Though we were dirty and tired, we stil l felt very happy. 人或 这是一篇记叙型的日记。结构严谨，中心突出，有选择地记录当天的见闻(事)，并加以分析和评论。 另外还有几种充数方法:写好中文，让金山快译翻;去网上搜;流水账。强烈不推荐用这几种方法～BS抄袭者～ 练习1 请根据下列提示写一篇日记，记录五月一日(星期五)你和Lily一起去参观福建博物馆的事。 1.天气:晴朗; 2.距离:博物馆离家约两公里; 3.交通工具:骑自行车去; 4.时间:八点出发，十点回家; 5.内容:见到了许多照片、实物等，学到了很多东西; 6.游人:见到许多父母和孩子、学生和老师、士兵等。 注意:词数在80左右，要符合日记的格式，可根据内容适当发挥。 练习2 下午数学考试，你成绩不好，心情郁闷。晚上几个好朋友邀 你去歌厅(KTV)唱歌，你们一晚上唱得很尽兴。你用日记的形式 记录下你今天的活动及感受。 日记须包括以下几个要点: 1(下午的数学考试你的成绩不佳，心情一直不好。 2(晚上同学邀请你去KTV唱歌，这是你第一次去KTV。 3(大家唱得彳艮高兴，而你一直当听众，你觉得你的歌唱得不好，不敢唱。 4(在大家的鼓励下，你终于拿起麦克风(microphone)，唱了一首英文歌曲“I believe I can fly”。 5(现在你的心情舒畅了;更重要的是:你找回了自信(selfconfidence)。 6(你在日记中对自己说了这样一句话:“……” 注意: 1(词数100左右。 2(日记必须包括所有要点，但可以用不同的句式表达。 3(日记的开头已写好。 便条写作 英文书信有正式与非正式之分，英文便条为非正式书信。 测试学生在基础阶段用英语书面表达思想的能力。便条如同一面镜子，能反映出学生英语书面交际的能力。便条是一种简短信函，多使用非正式语体，它的形式比一般书信简单。例如，写便条的人与收便条的人的地址、称呼中“Dear'’一词、日期中的年份以及结尾套语，都可以省去;便条正文篇幅可小至一、两句话。可是，并不完全像以上说的那样，它有一定的限制。 写便条的要求是便条写作中常见的问题，以便对症下药，充分发挥自己的英文写作水平。 基本格式 具体来说，它应有日期(date)、称呼(saluwfion)、正文(body)及结尾(ending)，结尾包括结尾套语和签名。 1(日期指写便条的日期。英文便条与汉语便条的日期写的地方有别，前者的日期一般写在便条的右上角，偶尔也见写在便条的左上角，而后者的日期则写在便条的右下角，即写在签名的下面。英文日期与汉语日期的写法也有不同，汉语一般先写年，然后再写月、日，而英文则一般把年份写在月、日的后面。另外，英文日期的月、日与年之间通常用逗号隔开。例如，2008年4月21日通常写成April 21，2008或April 21 st，2008;当然，由于是非正式书信，也可以去掉年份，写成Ap l 2l或April 21st(不过，这种写法，只是最近两年才被TEM4接受)，或者写成21,4,2008或4,21,2008。日期能说明便条的有效度，没有日期，则会使人感到茫然。 2(称呼称呼是指写便条人对收便条人的称谓，一般都以Dear开头，写在日期下一两行、留出左页边空白，顶格写。一般对写便条人与收便条人之间的关系作了提示。提示中的“you”指的是写便条人，提到的另一方便是收便条人。称呼时，一般只需在其名字前加Dear即可，如Dear Susan，Dear Tom。若此人有头衔(social title)，称呼时，便要保留其头衔，例如Dr(Herce，要称DearDr(Pierce，不称DearPierce。如果提示中的另一方是以MrsWang或MrWang出现，称呼时也只需在其前加Dear便可，即称DearMrsWang或DearMrWang，若只称DearWang则视为不妥。当对方为亲属时，在Dear 后面加上表示亲属关系大写的字眼即可，如DearGrandpa，DearAunt。值得一提的是，近年来TEM4也接受不带Dear的称呼。称呼后面可用逗号，也可用冒号。 3(正文是写便条人要叙述或谈论的事情，是便条的主要组成部分。一般书信是在称呼下方隔两行处开始写正文。但就便条而言，一般在称呼的下一行开始写正文便可。正文的首行左边一般留约5个字母宽的空白，但也可顶格写。便条的内容简 单、字数少，因此，正文一般只需写一段或两段。若有两段，第二段的首行应与第 一段的首行对齐写。 4(结尾如前所述，结尾包括结尾套语和签名。 基本形式 1.邀请便条: ?发出邀请a April 20, 2008 Dear Fiona, I am going to hold a dinner party with several other friends of ours. The party will be held in Room 6 of Lijing Hotel at 5:00 p.m. today, I sincerely hope you can attend and we will have a very happy time together. Please let me know whether you can make it. Yours, Amelia ?接受邀请 April 20, 2008 Dear Amelia, It?s so kind of you to invite me to the dinner party, I would like to come. I will go to the place right after I finish my work at about 5 p.m. this evening. (如果是办在家里:I shall be very happy to call at your house right after I finish my work at 6:30 this evening.) Thank you again for your wonderful hospitality and I am looking forward to seeing you soon. Yours, Fiona ?拒绝邀请 April 20, 2008 Dear Amelia， It?s so kind of you to invite me to the dinner party, I would like to but I have a meeting to attend this evening, please give my best regards to them all and I hope my absence will not cause you any serious inconvenience, have fun. Yours, Amelia 2(请假条 April 20, 2008 Dear Ms. Jiang, I am terribly sorry that I shall be unable to attend this morning two periods of English Class (I„m terribly sorry to apply for ten days? leave from the Aug. 23rd to Sep. 3rd)due to a bad cold and high fever. I will show you the certificate from the doctor to support my application. I will go back to school as soon as I recover.(I promise I will do my best to catch the missed lessons on after I come back.)Wish for your allowance. Yours respectfully, Amelia 3(请求便条 a(讲清事情的因由(为什么请求) b(请求行为 c(请求实现方式 d(致谢 套句: 请求帮助: Would you do me a favor? Would you be so kind as to…?/ Could I trouble you to send this book for me?/ I wonder if you would tell me…?/ If it is not too troublesome, could you…?/ I hope this request will not trouble you too much. 请求允许:Please give me a few more days./May I have a look at your dictionary? / Would you mind if I opened the window? / I wonder if I could open the door. / Would it be possible to have a talk with you? 请求做事(要求与暗示):Let?s go to the bookstore this afternoon./ I want to have a look at your book. / I wish you could…/ I would like ask you to clean the room./ You are making a big mess./ I feel a bit hungry now. What time is it now? 范文: April 20，2008 Dear Professor Hu, I am very happy to have the chance to listen to your lecture on “American Literature”. But it is a pity that I was late that day due to an accident on my way to the lecture and failed to get the handout. Your lecture is really instructive for my English study, so I wonder if you could kindly e-mail the handout to the address: zhang123@yahoo.com.cn .Heartfelt thanks. Respectfully yours, Amelia 5.道歉便条 a道歉的行为与内容， b具体理由， c弥补方法， d进一步致歉。 套句: 道歉行为: I?m writing to show my apology for…/ I would like to express my apologies for not being able to…/I?m sorry to say that I?ve not finished reading it through, and have to keep it until next Sunday. / Excuse me for my delaying in turning in my assignment. 道歉理由:I had a minor accident./ I had a minor operation. 弥补纠正及其承诺:I am sure I can make up the loss by…/ I promise it will never happen again. / It would be very kind(considerate) of you to give me another chance to…( to give me another two days 进一步致歉: Many apologies. / Do please forgive me. 范文: April 20，2008 Dear Fiona, I am writing to you to apologize for the abrupt way I departed just after the exams finished. It was terribly rude of me to have left without saying good-bye to you. The fact is that I was so excited when I learned I had passed the exams with high marks that I couldn?t wait to get home and tell my parents. I am sure you will understand my feelings. Please accept my sincere apology, and with you a really happy holiday. Yours truthfully, Amelia April 20，2008 6(祝贺 a.祝贺内容 b(表示祝贺 c(积极评价 d(忠心祝福(再次祝贺，祝福未来) 套句: 祝贺之事和自己的反应: I?m so happy to learn that you?ve just passed your thesis defense. / I?m so pleased to hear that you?ve got the admission by the Cambridge University to further your graduate study. 祝贺行为: Please accept my warmest congratulations. 对成功的评价和对对方的钦佩;You really deserve it because…/ This meant years of your hard work, and it?s an achievement you can well be proud of. / I have been appreciating your excellent performance in study and ability in your work. 美好祝愿; You will have a brilliant future. / I believe our school life will be more colorful under your leadership. / I believe that the knowledge you?ve acquired will enable you to be successful in whatever aspect of life. Congratulations again and all good wishes for your future study. 范文: April 20，2008 Dear Shirly, I am so excited to learn that you?ve been admitted by Shanghai International Studies University as a graduate. Warm congratulations on the realization of your dream. This has meant years of your hard work, and you can really be proud of it. Your success is really an encouragement to me and I wish we can meet there next year, Best wishes to you. Yours, Amelia 7.致谢便条: 套句: 致谢内容，交代感谢原因:I am writing to tell you how much I enjoyed the weekend in your village./ / I am writing to express my appreciation for all that you did for me during my visit in Shanghai. / I am writing to tell you how much I appreciate your hospitality. Thank you so much for your assistance/ for the information your gave us. 进一步解释对方的帮助给自己带来的好处，再次致谢， 回馈承诺Please accept my warmest thanks,I hope I have the chance to reciprocate your kindness. 范文: April 20，2008 Dear Peter, I?m writing to show my gratitude for your invitation to your birthday party. That was a really wonderful party. I appreciate your considerate arrangement and wonderful performance you had prepared. And it also offered me a chance to meet many old friends. I really enjoyed that night and I do hope you will have a wonderful life. Yours, Amelia 8(留言条 谁,时间, 什么事情, 要求, 范文: Apr. 20，2008 Dear Yang, A Mr. Liu Bing called you this morning but you were not in. He wanted to meet you this coming Saturday, 9 a.m., at the university gate. If that is not convenient for you, you are requested to ring him up at any time evening from 8 p.m. to 10 p.m. at 123454576. Yours, Amelia Apr. 20，2008 Dear Fiona, This afternoon, I came to your dormitory to return” Gone with the Wind” that you had kindly lent me last week. Unfortunately, you were not here and your roommates seemed to be out as well. I had no choice but to take the book back. I wonder if you could contract with me anytime in the evening so that I could find appropriate time to visit you. Sincerely yours, Amelia