-形容词、副词及比较级最高级
一。形容词的修饰与位置
一般来说,从构词法角度来看,后缀“ly”往往是副词,但有的以“ly'结尾的词是形容词而不是副词,这点要注意;形容词一般可以在句子中做定语,表语等成份,但有些形容词在句子中只能做表语和只能做前置定语;这些形容词在修饰时候有一定的特殊性要引起大家的注意,下面做了一下归纳:
1 以-ly结尾的是形容词而不是副词:
costly 昂贵的 lonely 孤独的
deadly 死一般的 lively 活泼的
friendly 友好的 silly 傻气的
kindly 热心肠的 likely 可能的
leisurely 悠闲的 ugly 长得丑的
brotherly 兄弟般的 monthly 每月的
earthly 尘世的
2 只作以“a”开头的很多形容词只能做表语:
afraid 害怕的 alike 相象的
awake 醒着的 alone 单独的,惟一的
alive 活着的 ashamed 羞愧的
asleep 睡着的 aware 意识到的、察觉到的
well 健康的 content 满意的
unable 无能的
3 只作前置定语的形容词
earthen 泥土做的,大地的 daily 每日的 latter 后面的
golden 金子般的 weekly 每周的 inner 里面的
silken 丝一般的 monthly 每月的 outer 外面的
wooden 木制的 yearly 每年的 elder 年长的
woolen 毛织的 former 前任的 mere 仅,只不过
only 惟一的 sheer 纯粹的 very 恰好的
little 小的 live 活的
4.下列动词既是实义动词又是系动词,注意用做系动词时,要求形容词做表语:
remain keep become, get, grow, go, come, turn, stay, stand, run, prove, seem, appear, look.
如:All those left undone may sound great in theory, but even the truest believer has great difficulty when it comes to specifics.
二。形容词与副词的比较级与最高级
1. 考比较级时,考生应把握:
1)形容词和副词比较级的形式是否和比较连词对应出现,即是否符合原级比较及比较级的结构。如:
Do you enjoy listening to records? I find records are often , or better than an actual performance.
[A]as good as [B]as good [C]good [D]good as
在这里as good as 比较连词与better than比较连词同时出现时候,不能省略任何一个介词。
为A
On the whole, ambitious students are more likely to succeed in their studies than are those with little ambition.
2)比较的成分是否属于同类事物或同类概念,既是说比较要具有可比性。如:
The number of registered participants in this year's marathon was half .
[A] of last year's [B]those of last year's
[C]of those of last year [D] that of last year's
(前后相比的应该是今年和去年注册参加的人数“the number of”故代替它的应该是单数指示代词“that”,而不能选择B,those是指代participants,不是同类对比,答案为D.
Young readers, more often than not, find the novels of dickens far more exciting than Thackeray's.
3)比较级与倍数词关系及其位置
原级结构中可插入表达倍数的词,表示为“为…。若干倍”,当与有表示倍数比较的词在一起时候等,他们的位置是,倍数词+as…as…,或倍数词+more…than…,但again一般放在原级词之后,即 “as+原级+again+as”。如:
Smoking is so harmful to personal health that it kills people each year than automobile accidents.
[A] seven more times [B] seven times more
[C] over seven times [D] seven times
(答案为B)
“Do you regret paying five hundred dollars for the painting?”“No, I would gladly have paid for it.”
[A] twice so much [B] twice as much
[C] as much twice [D] so much twice
(答案为B)
My uncle is as old again as I am
4)下列词和短语不用比较级形式却表示比较概念:
inferior, minor, senior, prior, prefer to, superior, major, junior, preferable, differ from, compared with, in comparison with, different from, rather than. 如:
Their watch is to all the other watches on the market.
[A] superior [B] advantageous [C] super [D] beneficial
(答案为A)
Prior to his departure, he addressed a letter to his daughter. (1986年考研题)
5)“比较级+and +比较级”或“more and more/less and less +原级”以及“ever, steadily, daily等副词+比较级”结构表示“越来越……”的意思,与这类结构搭配的常用动词有grow, get ,become等。前面两种情况更多地出现在进行时态中,注意的是这三种情况引导的比较级后面都不需要用than.如:
Things are getting worse and worse.
As I spoke to him he became less and less angry.
Her health was becoming daily worse
The road got ever worse until there was no road at all = the road got worse and worse.
6)比较级前面可以用even, still, yet ,all the (more)等修饰语用以加强语气,表示“更加”的意思。如
Today it is even colder than yesterday
I have yet more exciting news for you
7)有关比较级的特殊句型:
A): not so much…as…与其说……不如说……
The chief reason for the population growth isn't so much a rise in birth rates a fall in death rates as a result of improvements in medical care.
[A] and [B] as [C]but [D] or
人口增长的主要原因与其说是因为出生率的提高,还不如说是因为医疗的进步带来的死亡率下降的结果。答案为B
B) no/not any more…than…两者一样都不……
The heart is intelligent than the stomach, for they are both controlled by the brain.
[A] not so [B]not much [C]much more [D] no more
(心脏和胃两者都不具有智力,他们都受大脑控制。答案为D)
There is no reason they should limit how much vitamin you take, they can limit how much water you drink.
[A] much more than [B] no more than
[C] no less than [D] any more than
(答案为D)
C)no/not any less…than…两者一样,都……注意基本上与no/not any more…than意思相反
She is no less beautiful than her sister.她和她姐姐一样漂亮
D)just as… so… 正如……, ……也……(用倒装结构)
Just as the soil is a part of the earth, the atmosphere.
[A] as it is [B] the same is [C] so is [D] and so is
(答案为C)
2.最高级形式应注意的问题:
1)最高级比较范围用介词in, over, of, among.
in,(all) over用于在某一范围内的比较,如:in China, all over the world.
of, among用于在同一群体内同类事物的比较,如:among the teachers, of the four dresses.
注意:among…相当于one of …,不说among all…。这一点考生应与汉语表达区别开来
如:
all visible lights, red light has the longest and violet the shortest wavelength.
[A] Among [B] Of [C]For [D]To 答案为[B]
2)比较级形式表示最高级意义时,比较对象的范围应用:
any other +单数名词
the other +复数名词
the others
anyone/anything else
上述词是用业将比较级结构转变成最高级意义的关键词语,切不可遗漏,尤其是other,否则会造成逻辑混乱的错误。如不能说:John runs faster than anyone.注意与汉语表达的不同。
3)most可以用来修饰形容词或副词,意思相当于very,用法区分单复数,但不能用定冠词the,如:a most interesting book, most expensive restaurants, 要注意与 “the +形容词最高级+of + 名词”的结构表示的最高级的区别,如:
He spoke in the warmest of voices
They have been most kind to me
Basketball is the most popular of sports in this country.
Chinese is the most difficult of language
Chinese is a most difficult language
三。不用比较级和最高级的形容词:
1)表示颜色的有:white, black
2)表示形态的有:round, square, oval, circular, triangular(三角形),level
3)表示性质和特征的有:atomic, economic, scientific, sonic, golden, silvery, woolen, earthen, silent, full, empty, sure, dead, deaf, blind, lame, rainy
4)表示状态作表语的有:afraid, asleep, alive, ashamed, alone, aware, alike
5)表示时间、空间和方位的有:daily, weekly, monthly, annual, present, front, back, forward, backward, east, west, south, north, left, right, final
6)表示极限、主次、等级的有:maximum, minimum, utmost, main, major, chief minor, superior, inferior, senior, junior, super, favorite
7)含有绝对概念的有:absolute, entire, whole, total, perfect, excellent, thorough, complete.
四。平行结构与比较级
平行结构很多情况下是由形容词或副词的比较级或者暗含比较意味的连词引导的。如:
The ideal listener stays both inside and outside the music at the moment it is played and enjoys it almost as much as the composer at the moment he composes.
大多数情况下平行结构都是具有一定的比较含义的,有的是递进对比not only…but (also) ;prefer…to…;rather than有的是同类对比:and ;but;or;both… and…;either…or…; neither…nor………
平行结构测试时候注意以下几点:
1.注意比较结构中相比较的内容在语法形式上是否相同。如:
It is better to die one's feet than .
[A]living on one's knees [B]live on one's knees
[C]on one's knees [D]to live on one's knees
(答案为D)
Despite the temporary difficulties, the manager prefers increasing the output to decreasing it.
2.其他具有并列或比较意义的短语也可引导平行结构。
1)rather than, let alone 虽不是并列连词,但在结构上连接两个语法形式相同的成分。如:
We are taught that a business letter should be written in a formal style in a personal style.
[A]rather than [B]other than [C]better than [D]less than
答案为A
For the new country to survive, for its people to enjoy prosperity, new economic policies will be required.
[A] to name a few [B]let alone [C]not to speak [D]let's say
(答案为B)
2)如果平行的两个成分在形式上是介词短语,而且介词相同,一般说来第二个介词不要省略。如:
At times, more care goes into the composition of newspaper and magazine advertisements than into the writing of the features and editorials
没有比较级的形容词和副词
没有比较级的形容词和副词包括:
1)有些程度副词,如:quite, rather, comparatively, incomparably, relatively,
fairly等与形容词连用具有"比较"含义。故这时句中的形容词不能再使用比较级。 例如:
It is a set of comparatively new instrument in our laboratory.
This book is rather difficult for the juniors, but fairly easy for the
seniors.
2)下列几类形容词也没有比较等级:
(1)表示"终极"意义或绝对概念的形容词或副词。如:absolute(ly), blind, dead,
excellent, entire, living, full, perfect(ly), round, relative, wrong等。
(2)表示时间、方位或方向的形容词或副词。如:back, backward, forward, front,
past, monthly, weekly, present, southern, vertical等。
(3)部分表示事物性质、物质材料或结构成分的形容词。如:atomic, cultural,
economic, educational, golden, political, scientific, silken, urban, wooden等。
(4)本身具有"最"或"唯一"概念的形容词。如:maximal, mere, minimal, matchless,
sole, only unique等。
比较级
1.比较级可分形容词(adj)的比较和副词(adv)的比较两种。
He is taller than I.(他比我高)
He works more diligently than I do.他比我更努力地工作。
2.原级,比较级,最高级的变化
A.规则变化
(a)大部分一个音节和部分两个音节的形容词和副词,字尾+er变成比较级,字尾+est变成最高级
clear clearer clearest
small smaller smallest
narrow narrower narrowest
near nearer nearest
late later latest
(b)字尾是短母音+单子音,加er,est时单子音需再重复一次。
Big bigger biggest
Hot hotter hottest
Fat fatter fattest
(c)字尾是y,前面是辅音,把y变i,再加er,est.
dry drier driest
happy happier happiest
early earlier earliest
三个或三个音节以上及
(d)-able,-ful,-ive,-ing,-less,-ous等字尾的形容词及末尾是ly的副词,肯定加more,否定加less变成比较级,肯定加most,否定加least变成最高级。
diligent more diligent most diligent
readable more readable most readable
(less) (least)
beautiful more beautiful most beautiful
(less) (least)
active more active most active
careless more careless most careless
brightly more brightly most brightly
honestly more honestly most honestly
B.不规则变化
good better best
well better best
many(much) more most
late later(较晚的) latest(最晚的) late latter (后者的) last(最后的)
far farther(较远的) farthest far further(更进一步的) furthest
old older oldest(比较年龄大小) old elder eldest(比较长幼次序)
3.比较级用法
(a)肯定(正面)比较:more…than,-er than~
The house is bright. 这间房子很明亮。
The house is brighter than our old one in New York. 这间房子比我们在纽约的老房子明亮。
The house is the most bright of all the houses in which we have lived. 这间房子是我们所住过最明亮的一间。
(b)否定(反面)比较:less…than~
He is strong. 他很强壮。
He is less strong than Joe. 他没有乔强壮。
He is the least strong in his class. 他是班上最不强壮的。
(c)同等比较
用于肯定:as+原级+as
用于否定:not as - as或not so - as
An apple is as big as an orange. 苹果和橘子一样大。
The cold soup isn't as delicious as the hot one. 冷了的汤没有热汤好喝。
I am not so fat as you. 我没有你那样胖。
小升初英语必看:情态动词口诀
今天给大家分享一个情态动词的口诀:
Can 可以,Could 过去
May 和 Might两准许
Must have to 两必须
Should 表应该
Need 需不需
had better 最好去
这个口诀能够帮助大家记住最常考的情态动词的基本词义。当然,更难的考点需要别的方法去记忆。希望大家步步为营,有所收获。
E度英语网专稿 未经允许不得转载!
小升初英语必看:there be 句型口诀
今天再给大家分享there be 句型的口诀:
there be 有特点(这句其实是废话)
否定be 后not 填(否定变形要先找到be 然后在be 后面加个not)
疑问提be there 前(疑问也是先找到be 然后把be 提到there 前面)
疑否(疑问和否定句)some any 换
单数复数就进选(就近原则)
小升初英语必看:动词查漏补缺之动词三问
看见动词就问三个问题:
1. 这个动作啥时候发生的,用什么时态?
2. 这个动作谁发出的?人称是单数还是复数?
3. 这个动词属于哪类动词?(动词分四类:实义,连系,情态,助动词)
三个问题帮助大家查缺补漏,希望大家能够养成习惯,形成条件反射,让这些小错误远离我们。
小升初英语必备时态时间标志口诀集锦
1. 一般现在时:“总经常有每没(美眉^^)复星周”(借鉴毕春艳老师)
总:always, usually等
经常:often
有:sometimes (记住,“有”不是have,而是“有时”)
每:every week/month/year 等
没:never
复星周:on Mondays, on Tuesdays等
2. 一般过去时:“昨天上个XX(读作叉叉)前,in加年份when字连”(原创)
昨天:yesterday, 后面可以加morning, afternoon,evening等
上个:last,后面可以加week, month,year等
XX前:ago,前面可以加three weeks/months/years ago
in加年份:in 2009/2008/1986/1220等,2010前全用一般过去时,后年2012前就都是过去时了,2012,世界末日?电影看多了。
when字连:when I was a child等 when字后面都是过去时,也要用一般过去时。
3. 一般将来时时间标志口诀:正好和一般过去时对应:“明天下个XX后”
明天:tomorrow,后面可以加morning, afternoon,evening
下个:next,后面可以加week, month,year等
XX后:after和in,后面可以加three weeks/months/years
这里要注意一下,after后加时间点才表示将来,如after 3 o‘clock 。加时间段表示过去,如after 2 hours 表示过去。in后加时间段表将来,如in two years。
4. 现在进行时:“现在时刻看和听,最近在哪请安静。”
现在:now, at present, at the moment等
时刻:It’s ten o‘clock. I’m beating Xiaoqiang.
看和听:Look! Listen!后面一般都用现在进行时。
最近:What are you doing recently/these days?
在哪:Where is Xiao Z? Xiao Z is beating Xiaoqiang.
请安静:Be quiet!/Don‘t make any noise!/Stop making noise! Xiaoqiang is sleeping.
in,put on,wear,dress, have on, pull on 用法辨析
in,put on,wear,dress, have on, pull on 用法辨析
都含有“穿、戴”之意,但用法不同。
in是介词,后接表示衣服或颜色的词,着重于服装的款式或颜色。它所构成的短语只能作表语或定语。例如:
This is a picture of a young man in a black coat.
这是一张穿着黑色外套的年轻人的照片。这里in a black coat是young man的定语。
He is in a black nylon jacket today. 今天他穿着黑色尼龙夹克。
In a black nylon jacket在这个句子里作表语。
put on “穿上、戴上”,强调“穿”“戴”的动作,后接衣服、鞋帽等。例如:
I want you to put on this coat and this hat.
我要你穿这件外套,戴这顶帽子。
Put on your heavy winter coat if you are going out.
如果你要出去,穿上你的厚冬衣。
pull on的意思也是“穿上”,带有“匆忙”的意思:
It’s the weekend. I know you’re free. So pull on your jeans and come out with me.
现在是周末,我知道你有空。所以穿上你的牛仔裤,和我一起出去吧。
You’re late! Quickly pull on your clothes and leave! 你迟到了!快穿上衣服走吧!
wear “穿着;戴着”,表示状态,宾语可以是衣帽,也可以是饰物、奖章等。例如:
You’d better wear blue or black pants with blown shoes.
穿棕色鞋子的时候, 最好要穿蓝色或黑色裤子。
Why does he often wear dark sunglasses? 他为什么经常戴着深色的太阳镜?
dress的宾语通常是人,意思是“给……穿衣服”。dress oneself 或 get dressed表示给自己穿衣服。例如:
My son is now able to dress himself. 我儿子现在自己会穿衣服了。
It’s time to wake up and get dressed! 该起床穿衣服了。
be dressed in 的意思是“穿着”,表示状态。
She is dressed in a fur coat. 她穿着毛皮大衣。
dress up的意思是“盛装打扮、乔装打扮”。
I’d like you to dress up for my birthday party tonight.
今晚我希望你为我的生日派对打扮打扮。
Young kids often dress up and have fun at Halloween.
万圣节前夜,小孩子通常都乔装打扮,玩得很开心。
have on的意思是“穿着,戴着”,例如:
If you're wearing black pants you should have on black shoes and a black belt.
如果你穿着黑色长裤的话,你应该要穿黑色的鞋子,配黑色的皮带。
I’ll have on black pants and a gray shirt tomorrow.
明天我会穿一条黑色的长裤和一件灰色的衬衫。
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