代币法的理论与运用

代币法的理论与运用 摘要:代币法是自我奖赏法中的一种～用奖励强化所期望的行为～或使某种行为减少或消退。本文主要叙述了代币法的背景及其理论基础～既而就针对在实际中运用代币法的经验～将该方法运用到具体案例当中～在使用代币法中～也有几点要引起注意～切合来访者实际情况～加强自我奖赏和鼓励～适当运用别人的监督和鼓励～逐步提高来访者的目标行为～最终过渡到自然情境中去。 关键字:代币法 自我奖赏 强化 一、 代币法的概述 1、代币法的背景 代币法是心理咨询中常见的一种行为疗法。20世纪初～有些心理学家不满意当时的心理学对心理现象的主观推测～他们就试图使心理学跟其他自然科学一样～把可观察、可测量的行为作为研究对象。“一个不承认自己是心理学家的心理学家”巴甫洛夫～很多人将他的经典条件反射作为行为主义心理学的开端。巴甫洛夫通过动物实验的结果～进而演绎和推论人的心理～而后新行为主义心理学家斯金纳建立了操作条件反射～更推进了行为主义的发展。而行为疗法就是依据行为主义的条件反射与行为学习的原理～消除和纠正异常行为并建立一种新的条件反射和行为的治疗方法。到了20世纪70年代～在整个心理治疗领域中～行为治疗被称为第二种势力～是心理治疗发展史中的第二个里程碑。 2、代币法的理论基础与作用原理 代币法是行为疗法中运用最广泛的方法之一～也称表征性奖励制。用奖励designate a person responsible for periodically repaired, if significant quality problems, whether it's design or construction reasons, are required at the first meeting to study and propose solutions; 5) post through re-examination on the basis to resolve all remaining issues, well prepared for formal acceptance. 9, officially accepted: 1) the letter of acceptance issued by the Chief Engineer, project manager, and submitted it to the construction completion data; 2) by the employer organization design, supervision and quality supervision stations, construction and other construction units work together to check the quality and acceptance of views put forward, assessed quality rating; 3) Unit checked and confirmed after the completion of works comply with the standards and requirements, issue a certificate of completion to the construction unit, construction and design, quality supervision station, the engineer, civil engineering and other units to sign the certificates of completion; 4) signed a final acceptance certificate and construction unit, and according to the contract provisions of settlement procedures, unless indicated in the contract by the contractor of the warranty work, economic and legal responsibilities of each party are able to remove; 5) get the files transfer and project procedures. 10 quality tracking, maintenance plan is an important part of our quality assurance system, the company sold products and installation works are carried out by the after-sales service obligations. In particular, we developed a departmental duties and quality guarantee measures, as follows: 1) visited customers and product usage information. 2) collect customer feedback, product information, customer reports, complaints. 3) based on customer comments and respond promptly to complaints, to the site to identify the cause analysis, engineering quality problems and fill in the data form. 4) record type, the location, cause, and complete solutions. 5) identify reasons to propose solutions and, 强化所期望的行为～用惩罚消除不良行为而达到目的。代币法就是运用代币并编制一套相应的激励系统来对符合要求的目标行为的表现进行肯定和奖励。代币起着表征的作用～只是一个符号～在小学里尤其是以小红花～五角星等等为代表～也可以是记分卡、点数等等～可以根据情况灵活运用。 其主要原理是: 1)条件反射的形成和建立～就是条件刺激取代无条件刺激～形成特定的“刺激—反应”关系的获得过程。在斯金纳的操作性条件反射里～控制变量是实验者所设定和控制的实验变量～即第三变量。在斯金纳操作箱里～只要老鼠“压杠杆”,第三变量,～就能取得“食物”～而在我们日常生活中～也是将这第三变量与我们的目标行为联系在一起。 2)强化:这里主要是指阳性强化～也就是鼓励法。强化是使一个人积极寻求目标行为或活动的原因。每次完成所指定的行为或没有发生规定禁止的行为～就可以得到相应的奖励。 3)行为自控:人的行为可以自己调控自己～不一定被外界左右。一个人的认知会有相应的行为反映。因此心理学家认为～个体既然可以通过社会学习形成那些不良或不适应行为～也可以通过社会学习获得这些行为～反之亦然。人的主观能动性起了很大的作用。 4)消退训练:根据条件反射的原理～当某种行为不得到强化或不被引起重视时～行为就会消退。这种强化是指没有过多的受到重视和批评。如小孩子在班级里调皮捣蛋若不受到老师的过多批评和注意～行为可能就会消退。 总的来说～笔者认为代币法是结合奖励法、行为塑造法、行为契约法、自我调控于一体的方法。其主要目标是目标行为的出现或某种不良行为的减少或消退～采用循序渐进的方法～对于提高一个人的持之以恒的能力和对某方面的兴趣产生很大的帮助。在共同协商下～制定了行为契约～只有严格按照契约上的designate a person responsible for periodically repaired, if significant quality problems, whether it's design or construction reasons, are required at the first meeting to study and propose solutions; 5) post through re-examination on the basis to resolve all remaining issues, well prepared for formal acceptance. 9, officially accepted: 1) the letter of acceptance issued by the Chief Engineer, project manager, and submitted it to the construction completion data; 2) by the employer organization design, supervision and quality supervision stations, construction and other construction units work together to check the quality and acceptance of views put forward, assessed quality rating; 3) Unit checked and confirmed after the completion of works comply with the standards and requirements, issue a certificate of completion to the construction unit, construction and design, quality supervision station, the engineer, civil engineering and other units to sign the certificates of completion; 4) signed a final acceptance certificate and construction unit, and according to the contract provisions of settlement procedures, unless indicated in the contract by the contractor of the warranty work, economic and legal responsibilities of each party are able to remove; 5) get the files transfer and project procedures. 10 quality tracking, maintenance plan is an important part of our quality assurance system, the company sold products and installation works are carried out by the after-sales service obligations. In particular, we developed a departmental duties and quality guarantee measures, as follows: 1) visited customers and product usage information. 2) collect customer feedback, product information, customer reports, complaints. 3) based on customer comments and respond promptly to complaints, to the site to identify the cause analysis, engineering quality problems and fill in the data form. 4) record type, the location, cause, and complete solutions. 5) identify reasons to propose solutions and, 规定来执行～在案主的自我调控下～才能塑造新的行为～从而得到奖励～这种奖励又既而对行为的改变以及自身的意志力进行强化～从而最终得到目标行为。 二、 代币法的实践研究 代币法就是运用积极鼓励的方法～使来访者重新树立新行为或改变不良行为的一种方法～在刻意安排的奖励系统中～只要来访者表现出目标行为～他就可以按规定获得相应代币～并根据相应的规则获取相应的奖励。在心理咨询实际运用中～这种方法也被普遍运用。笔者根据自己的经验～将代币法的运用分为以下两个方面。 1、使用代币法～可以促使某种行为的增强。 个人由于种种原因～虽然知道某些事情是必须要去完成的～也能明白去完成这项任务的重要性。也许这件事情会伴随自己的学习生涯甚至是一辈子～但每次逼迫着自己去经历这件事情的时候～总有一种厌恶感与反感～反而觉得突然非常疲倦～不一会就会去做自己喜欢做的事情上去了。此时～可以让他使用代币法～在一定的自我调控后～预期的行为出现时给予原先已经规定好了的奖励～因此这种强化会与事情本身产生联系～从而提高其对事情的兴趣～也锻炼了意志力。最终目的是从外部奖励转化到内部动力。 俊是一名数学高手～下个星期就要去参加全国的数学竞赛～但他却觉得自己很笨～为什么就学不好。再跟他深入探讨如何学习英语后～他才恍然大悟～他从小就对数学充满兴趣～宁愿花个把小时～也要将一道很难的数学目做出来～而对于英语向来就没有兴趣～每次看见英语就感觉很烦躁～逼自己学designate a person responsible for periodically repaired, if significant quality problems, whether it's design or construction reasons, are required at the first meeting to study and propose solutions; 5) post through re-examination on the basis to resolve all remaining issues, well prepared for formal acceptance. 9, officially accepted: 1) the letter of acceptance issued by the Chief Engineer, project manager, and submitted it to the construction completion data; 2) by the employer organization design, supervision and quality supervision stations, construction and other construction units work together to check the quality and acceptance of views put forward, assessed quality rating; 3) Unit checked and confirmed after the completion of works comply with the standards and requirements, issue a certificate of completion to the construction unit, construction and design, quality supervision station, the engineer, civil engineering and other units to sign the certificates of completion; 4) signed a final acceptance certificate and construction unit, and according to the contract provisions of settlement procedures, unless indicated in the contract by the contractor of the warranty work, economic and legal responsibilities of each party are able to remove; 5) get the files transfer and project procedures. 10 quality tracking, maintenance plan is an important part of our quality assurance system, the company sold products and installation works are carried out by the after-sales service obligations. In particular, we developed a departmental duties and quality guarantee measures, as follows: 1) visited customers and product usage information. 2) collect customer feedback, product information, customer reports, complaints. 3) based on customer comments and respond promptly to complaints, to the site to identify the cause analysis, engineering quality problems and fill in the data form. 4) record type, the location, cause, and complete solutions. 5) identify reasons to propose solutions and, 习英语时～虽也花了很多时间～但都花在胡乱地做选择题以及不断的查英语单词上。因为对英语没有兴趣～所以英语单词向来不背～阅读理解也懒的做。到了高三～就不得不天天翻英语字典～因而感觉对英语更加厌烦了。在结合了俊的生活习惯与爱好之后～共同协商指定了行为代币价值表和代币兑换选择表。其后～俊的英语成绩的提高让他有了更加学好英语的斗志。 图1 行为代币价值表 日常的英语学习 获得代币点 数 1.*早自修前背熟10个单词并能3元 默写出来 2.*能回忆起昨天的单词 2元 3.*预习明天英语课的内容 1元 4.*复习今天所学的英语 2元 5.*做一篇英语阅读理解 2元 6.做一份完整的英语试卷 5元 7.写一篇英语作文 3元 8.总结并分析今天的错题 2元 9.英语考试60—69分 1元 10.英语考试70—79分 2元 11.英语考试80—89分 5元 12.英语考试90—100分 10元 13.带*是每天必须完成的任务～?5元 designate a person responsible for periodically repaired, if significant quality problems, whether it's design or construction reasons, are required at the first meeting to study and propose solutions; 5) post through re-examination on the basis to resolve all remaining issues, well prepared for formal acceptance. 9, officially accepted: 1) the letter of acceptance issued by the Chief Engineer, project manager, and submitted it to the construction completion data; 2) by the employer organization design, supervision and quality supervision stations, construction and other construction units work together to check the quality and acceptance of views put forward, assessed quality rating; 3) Unit checked and confirmed after the completion of works comply with the standards and requirements, issue a certificate of completion to the construction unit, construction and design, quality supervision station, the engineer, civil engineering and other units to sign the certificates of completion; 4) signed a final acceptance certificate and construction unit, and according to the contract provisions of settlement procedures, unless indicated in the contract by the contractor of the warranty work, economic and legal responsibilities of each party are able to remove; 5) get the files transfer and project procedures. 10 quality tracking, maintenance plan is an important part of our quality assurance system, the company sold products and installation works are carried out by the after-sales service obligations. In particular, we developed a departmental duties and quality guarantee measures, as follows: 1) visited customers and product usage information. 2) collect customer feedback, product information, customer reports, complaints. 3) based on customer comments and respond promptly to complaints, to the site to identify the cause analysis, engineering quality problems and fill in the data form. 4) record type, the location, cause, and complete solutions. 5) identify reasons to propose solutions and, 完成与否 图2 代币兑现选择表 我选择的物品 所需点数 1.打篮球半个小时 10元 2.听15分钟音乐 5元 3.选择喜欢的水果 5元 4.周末回家上网半小时 10元 5.周末睡一个懒觉 30元 6.周末跟朋友出去聊天或其他活50元 动 7.买自己喜欢的物品 根据物品的 实际价格来 定 8.和朋友一起去露营 500元 9.高考后和爸爸一起去西藏 1000元 备注:1,平时由同桌来监督～周末回家由爸爸监督 2,在实行代币法过程中～要严格遵守。 3,所需金钱由爸爸提供和扣取。双方同意以上内容 签名:,,,,,,,,案主, ,,,,,,,,案主家长, designate a person responsible for periodically repaired, if significant quality problems, whether it's design or construction reasons, are required at the first meeting to study and propose solutions; 5) post through re-examination on the basis to resolve all remaining issues, well prepared for formal acceptance. 9, officially accepted: 1) the letter of acceptance issued by the Chief Engineer, project manager, and submitted it to the construction completion data; 2) by the employer organization design, supervision and quality supervision stations, construction and other construction units work together to check the quality and acceptance of views put forward, assessed quality rating; 3) Unit checked and confirmed after the completion of works comply with the standards and requirements, issue a certificate of completion to the construction unit, construction and design, quality supervision station, the engineer, civil engineering and other units to sign the certificates of completion; 4) signed a final acceptance certificate and construction unit, and according to the contract provisions of settlement procedures, unless indicated in the contract by the contractor of the warranty work, economic and legal responsibilities of each party are able to remove; 5) get the files transfer and project procedures. 10 quality tracking, maintenance plan is an important part of our quality assurance system, the company sold products and installation works are carried out by the after-sales service obligations. In particular, we developed a departmental duties and quality guarantee measures, as follows: 1) visited customers and product usage information. 2) collect customer feedback, product information, customer reports, complaints. 3) based on customer comments and respond promptly to complaints, to the site to identify the cause analysis, engineering quality problems and fill in the data form. 4) record type, the location, cause, and complete solutions. 5) identify reasons to propose solutions and, 案主在该交换系统中自主选择。可以直接用掉代币～也可以选择延迟使用。由于高中学生自主能力已经较强～可以教多的选择社会化强化物～让案主为了得到相应的强化物而努力学习。也可以让案主体会到这零花钱是靠自己努力去赚取的～而改变家长给你零花钱是理所当然的想法。 这种方法也可以运用与一些人对于做事情没有恒心的人。或者运用与人际交往方面～效果较好。比如一个学生人际交往方面不理想～可以在改变其认知的基础上～规定一系列的行为～从而提高起人际交往能力～不单单只是得到代币选择表上所得到的奖励～更能在人际交往中体会幸福感和成就感。代币法能使某种行为出现或者加强。也可以对抑郁的人实施这种方法。 2、使用代币法～使某种行为减少或消退 在日常生活中～往往会有很多坏习惯的出现。这些习惯都是长期以来慢慢形成的～有些习惯已经根深蒂固～不容易改变～而有些已经在内心里有上瘾的倾向～因此几次尝试努力去改变～也总会反反复复。因此会对自己失去信心。使用代币法～寻找出个人比较爱好的事物～或是生活中必不可少的事情作为代币兑现的内容～从而逐渐减少不良行为的次数甚至消退。 小鹏是高二学生～性格开朗。成绩也比较优秀。他自述最近有一件事情老是困扰着他。就是吸烟。刚开始吸烟的那段时间只是因为好奇～平时抽的也不多～后来逐渐的变的经常想抽烟。他认为吸烟对身体不好～也有在各种渠道看到吸烟对肺部伤害的图片～看到的确觉得满恶心的～而学校对吸烟的管理也是很严格～因此在学校只能是偷偷的抽。有一次被政教处还查到寝室里有烟灰。连累寝室扣了分数。在老师的教育下～也决心戒烟。刚开始忍过去了～戒了几天后又觉得心理很难受～又开始抽了一根～接下来就反反复复～烟到现在都没有戒designate a person responsible for periodically repaired, if significant quality problems, whether it's design or construction reasons, are required at the first meeting to study and propose solutions; 5) post through re-examination on the basis to resolve all remaining issues, well prepared for formal acceptance. 9, officially accepted: 1) the letter of acceptance issued by the Chief Engineer, project manager, and submitted it to the construction completion data; 2) by the employer organization design, supervision and quality supervision stations, construction and other construction units work together to check the quality and acceptance of views put forward, assessed quality rating; 3) Unit checked and confirmed after the completion of works comply with the standards and requirements, issue a certificate of completion to the construction unit, construction and design, quality supervision station, the engineer, civil engineering and other units to sign the certificates of completion; 4) signed a final acceptance certificate and construction unit, and according to the contract provisions of settlement procedures, unless indicated in the contract by the contractor of the warranty work, economic and legal responsibilities of each party are able to remove; 5) get the files transfer and project procedures. 10 quality tracking, maintenance plan is an important part of our quality assurance system, the company sold products and installation works are carried out by the after-sales service obligations. In particular, we developed a departmental duties and quality guarantee measures, as follows: 1) visited customers and product usage information. 2) collect customer feedback, product information, customer reports, complaints. 3) based on customer comments and respond promptly to complaints, to the site to identify the cause analysis, engineering quality problems and fill in the data form. 4) record type, the location, cause, and complete solutions. 5) identify reasons to propose solutions and, 掉～反而比先前烟瘾还要大了～因此他觉得很困惑～怎样才能戒烟呢, 综合了解小鹏的情况～他认为橡皮筋厌恶法对他来说并没什么效果。橡皮筋的力度还太轻。因此换了代币法使用～将他一天5根烟的数量逐步减少～平时都是中饭、晚饭前后各一支烟～睡前会再抽一支～小鹏觉得饭前的可以先戒掉～因此就从每天3根开始。 图3.行为代币价值表 周数 日常行为表现 获得代币点 数 第一周 每天 每天3根烟 5 多抽1根 扣3 多抽2根 扣10 少抽1根 3 少抽2根 7 都没抽 15 一周都没超过规定根数 10 劝同伴别吸烟 3 第二周 第每天 每天2根烟 5 三周 多抽1根 扣5 多抽2根 扣15 少抽1根 5 都没抽 15 一周都没超过规定根数 10 designate a person responsible for periodically repaired, if significant quality problems, whether it's design or construction reasons, are required at the first meeting to study and propose solutions; 5) post through re-examination on the basis to resolve all remaining issues, well prepared for formal acceptance. 9, officially accepted: 1) the letter of acceptance issued by the Chief Engineer, project manager, and submitted it to the construction completion data; 2) by the employer organization design, supervision and quality supervision stations, construction and other construction units work together to check the quality and acceptance of views put forward, assessed quality rating; 3) Unit checked and confirmed after the completion of works comply with the standards and requirements, issue a certificate of completion to the construction unit, construction and design, quality supervision station, the engineer, civil engineering and other units to sign the certificates of completion; 4) signed a final acceptance certificate and construction unit, and according to the contract provisions of settlement procedures, unless indicated in the contract by the contractor of the warranty work, economic and legal responsibilities of each party are able to remove; 5) get the files transfer and project procedures. 10 quality tracking, maintenance plan is an important part of our quality assurance system, the company sold products and installation works are carried out by the after-sales service obligations. In particular, we developed a departmental duties and quality guarantee measures, as follows: 1) visited customers and product usage information. 2) collect customer feedback, product information, customer reports, complaints. 3) based on customer comments and respond promptly to complaints, to the site to identify the cause analysis, engineering quality problems and fill in the data form. 4) record type, the location, cause, and complete solutions. 5) identify reasons to propose solutions and, 劝同伴别吸烟 3 第四五六周 …… …… …… 以次类推。 图4 代币兑现选择表 我选择的物品 所需点数 1.打篮球半个小时 10 2.安静的听15分钟音乐 5 3.参加数学竞赛 15 4.在湖边度过一个下午～将尽情20 享受清新的空气、热天里游泳的 乐趣…… 5.周末睡一个懒觉 30 6.周末跟朋友出去聊天或其他活50 动 7.买新的鞋子 50 备注:由某某监督记录～自己同意～严肃对 待并严格遵守。 ,如果没有点数～以上行为和物品不得兑换。, 签名: 吸烟行为在广大学生群体中普遍存在～很多学生也认识到吸烟对自己身体的 危害～也会给他人的健康带来负担。对于这种主动想要戒烟的学生～首先应该 表示理解和支持。在共同协商下～对戒烟所带来的进步给予奖励～而不是要求designate a person responsible for periodically repaired, if significant quality problems, whether it's design or construction reasons, are required at the first meeting to study and propose solutions; 5) post through re-examination on the basis to resolve all remaining issues, well prepared for formal acceptance. 9, officially accepted: 1) the letter of acceptance issued by the Chief Engineer, project manager, and submitted it to the construction completion data; 2) by the employer organization design, supervision and quality supervision stations, construction and other construction units work together to check the quality and acceptance of views put forward, assessed quality rating; 3) Unit checked and confirmed after the completion of works comply with the standards and requirements, issue a certificate of completion to the construction unit, construction and design, quality supervision station, the engineer, civil engineering and other units to sign the certificates of completion; 4) signed a final acceptance certificate and construction unit, and according to the contract provisions of settlement procedures, unless indicated in the contract by the contractor of the warranty work, economic and legal responsibilities of each party are able to remove; 5) get the files transfer and project procedures. 10 quality tracking, maintenance plan is an important part of our quality assurance system, the company sold products and installation works are carried out by the after-sales service obligations. In particular, we developed a departmental duties and quality guarantee measures, as follows: 1) visited customers and product usage information. 2) collect customer feedback, product information, customer reports, complaints. 3) based on customer comments and respond promptly to complaints, to the site to identify the cause analysis, engineering quality problems and fill in the data form. 4) record type, the location, cause, and complete solutions. 5) identify reasons to propose solutions and, 学生马上停止吸烟。由于停掉吸烟以后又忍不住重新吸烟的行为会给他的戒烟行为带来挫败感～因此反而吸的更多了。而让他一步步的戒烟～在戒烟进步的过程中还能得到一定的奖励～从而提高了其戒烟的动力～发掘其意志力的潜能。多多鼓励～提高其戒烟的动机。 小鹏自述现在吸烟次数已不是很多了～离完全戒烟的目标已经越来越近了～相信他能战胜自己～提高自我控制能力。 三、使用代币法中应注意的事项 为了使代币法能更有效的实施～发挥其预期的功能～以下几点需要注意: (一) 与案主共同协商～制定代币系统 1、 细化目标行为 在制定代币系统之前～应要明确所希望产生的目标行为～也称为靶行为。但最重要的是在这个靶行为下～应该要将其细化。而不能笼统的说戒烟戒掉了或者每天学英语就得到什么相应的物质奖励。就比如学生经常受到某种刺激而要好好学习～但坚持不了几天～就是因为没有详细规定自己每天应该做什么。 2、 寻找案主生活爱好～灵活运用～确定交换系统 所制定的交换系统必定是能反映案主日常生活中不可缺少的事物～或者案主希望得以实现的事情。也就是说所规定的代币系统必须要对案主充满吸引力～使案主能够为了实现愿望而不断努力。但随着代币值的升高～所交换的物品在案主心目中的地位也逐渐升高～案主可以自己选择用少的代币获取小诱惑力的物品～也可以将其积累～以获取自己很想得到的物品。但要避免交换的物品诱惑力过大～以免为将来将行为过度到自然情境增加难度。 有些来访者可能会为寻找不到自己的爱好所在而苦恼～偏好问卷可以帮助designate a person responsible for periodically repaired, if significant quality problems, whether it's design or construction reasons, are required at the first meeting to study and propose solutions; 5) post through re-examination on the basis to resolve all remaining issues, well prepared for formal acceptance. 9, officially accepted: 1) the letter of acceptance issued by the Chief Engineer, project manager, and submitted it to the construction completion data; 2) by the employer organization design, supervision and quality supervision stations, construction and other construction units work together to check the quality and acceptance of views put forward, assessed quality rating; 3) Unit checked and confirmed after the completion of works comply with the standards and requirements, issue a certificate of completion to the construction unit, construction and design, quality supervision station, the engineer, civil engineering and other units to sign the certificates of completion; 4) signed a final acceptance certificate and construction unit, and according to the contract provisions of settlement procedures, unless indicated in the contract by the contractor of the warranty work, economic and legal responsibilities of each party are able to remove; 5) get the files transfer and project procedures. 10 quality tracking, maintenance plan is an important part of our quality assurance system, the company sold products and installation works are carried out by the after-sales service obligations. In particular, we developed a departmental duties and quality guarantee measures, as follows: 1) visited customers and product usage information. 2) collect customer feedback, product information, customer reports, complaints. 3) based on customer comments and respond promptly to complaints, to the site to identify the cause analysis, engineering quality problems and fill in the data form. 4) record type, the location, cause, and complete solutions. 5) identify reasons to propose solutions and, 来访者识别自己的爱好和喜爱的活动。在确定代币过程中～可以将强化物分为物质的、想象的、言语的等等角度～而不是仅限于物质方面。例如～对想要减肥的人来说～就可以通过想象减肥后的身材来做奖赏～或者想象自己减肥后在沙摊上尽情享受阳光来做奖赏等等。对于缺乏金钱的来访者来说～可以试着多用想象奖赏代替物质奖赏。 (二) 与案主达成约定～督促其行为 1、 寻找监督对象～保证日常监督 在实施代币制过程中～案主往往会缺乏毅力～或认为这只是人为的游戏而不认真对待。因此要让案主明确代币的意义～要得到必须要有付出。寻找案主身边可以代为监督的对象可以增加案主实现目标行为的几率。在日常生活中起着监督的作用。并记录案主所取得的代币与交换后所剩余的代币。在社会监督下～案主也会遵循代币交换系统。但所找的监督对象必须是自己身边的朋友或父母～且能严格要求～督促案主行为。 2、 共同坚定～以增加约束力 在必要的时候～可以在代币交换系统下签上案主与监督对象或代币系统履行对象的名字～让他们认为这是具有大家共同遵守的约束力的。因而能更有力的鞭策案主转化为内在动力。在共同坚定了协议后～也能为在何时何地交换代币提供保障。在目标行为出现之后～要确保奖赏物应能及时出现～延迟奖赏会使奖赏失效。但也不能在目标行为出现之前就给予奖赏。 (三) 代币交换系统还需要随时间调整～注重培养其内部动机 1、 经常鼓励～让他感受到代币的乐趣 在实行代币过程中～要经常对其进行鼓励～让案主感受到大家对他的关心与关注。提高案主对目标行为的兴趣。案主也会认真执行计划～在规定时间地点取得相应强化物。代币过程也会充满乐趣与挑战。 designate a person responsible for periodically repaired, if significant quality problems, whether it's design or construction reasons, are required at the first meeting to study and propose solutions; 5) post through re-examination on the basis to resolve all remaining issues, well prepared for formal acceptance. 9, officially accepted: 1) the letter of acceptance issued by the Chief Engineer, project manager, and submitted it to the construction completion data; 2) by the employer organization design, supervision and quality supervision stations, construction and other construction units work together to check the quality and acceptance of views put forward, assessed quality rating; 3) Unit checked and confirmed after the completion of works comply with the standards and requirements, issue a certificate of completion to the construction unit, construction and design, quality supervision station, the engineer, civil engineering and other units to sign the certificates of completion; 4) signed a final acceptance certificate and construction unit, and according to the contract provisions of settlement procedures, unless indicated in the contract by the contractor of the warranty work, economic and legal responsibilities of each party are able to remove; 5) get the files transfer and project procedures. 10 quality tracking, maintenance plan is an important part of our quality assurance system, the company sold products and installation works are carried out by the after-sales service obligations. In particular, we developed a departmental duties and quality guarantee measures, as follows: 1) visited customers and product usage information. 2) collect customer feedback, product information, customer reports, complaints. 3) based on customer comments and respond promptly to complaints, to the site to identify the cause analysis, engineering quality problems and fill in the data form. 4) record type, the location, cause, and complete solutions. 5) identify reasons to propose solutions and, 2、 阶段性调整代币系统～从外部动机逐渐转化为内部动机。 制作代币法的最终目的是运用激励原则使案主的目标行为实现～每一个阶段所要求的行为必定有所不同。因此需要根据案主的实际情况～阶段性的调整代币系统。在调整过程中～要逐步减少外部强化物～或者将相同物品所对应的代币值增强～以延长其取得强化物的时间～增强其行为时间～最终停止强化物～过渡到自然情境中。同时～也要提高其自我效能感。让案主体会到自身发生的可喜的变化～也会提高其内部动机～更持久有效的实现目标行为。 参考文献: 1、岑国桢 李正云 学校心理干预的技术与运用 广西教育出版社 2、温玉卓 系统脱敏疗法的理论与运用 中小学心理健康教育 2005.5 3、Sherry cormier～paula s～nurius 心理咨询师的问诊策略 中国轻工业出 版社 designate a person responsible for periodically repaired, if significant quality problems, whether it's design or construction reasons, are required at the first meeting to study and propose solutions; 5) post through re-examination on the basis to resolve all remaining issues, well prepared for formal acceptance. 9, officially accepted: 1) the letter of acceptance issued by the Chief Engineer, project manager, and submitted it to the construction completion data; 2) by the employer organization design, supervision and quality supervision stations, construction and other construction units work together to check the quality and acceptance of views put forward, assessed quality rating; 3) Unit checked and confirmed after the completion of works comply with the standards and requirements, issue a certificate of completion to the construction unit, construction and design, quality supervision station, the engineer, civil engineering and other units to sign the certificates of completion; 4) signed a final acceptance certificate and construction unit, and according to the contract provisions of settlement procedures, unless indicated in the contract by the contractor of the warranty work, economic and legal responsibilities of each party are able to remove; 5) get the files transfer and project procedures. 10 quality tracking, maintenance plan is an important part of our quality assurance system, the company sold products and installation works are carried out by the after-sales service obligations. In particular, we developed a departmental duties and quality guarantee measures, as follows: 1) visited customers and product usage information. 2) collect customer feedback, product information, customer reports, complaints. 3) based on customer comments and respond promptly to complaints, to the site to identify the cause analysis, engineering quality problems and fill in the data form. 4) record type, the location, cause, and complete solutions. 5) identify reasons to propose solutions and,