【精品】长时间暴露于阳光

【精品】长时间暴露于阳光 大学英语 Book One Unit One Some Strategies for Learning English Time Allotment: (4.5 Periods) 1. Text Structure analysis and new words and phrases (3 periods) 2. Exercises and reading & writing skills (1.5 periods) Teaching Aims: The teaching of this text aims to enable students 1. to master the new words and useful phrases: by no means, command, sustained, complain, at fault, cram, be bound to do sth, occur, commit, acquaintance, concentrate on, enlarge, watch out for, on…basis, in addition, opportunity, seek out, rehearse, in detail, purchase, act out, reliable, input, apart from, assign, absorb, put…into practice 2. to learn about some strategies for learning English. 3. to get acquainted with reading skills----how to read a text. 4. to get acquainted with writing skills of combination----connectives. I. Background Information 1(Active Vocabulary and Passive Vocabulary Even native speakers of a language have both an active and a passive vocabulary. Active vocabulary consists of the words you use frequently and comfortably in speaking and writing, while passive vocabulary consists of the words you recognize when you read and listen. Therefore, when you encounter a new word or expression that you want to learn, you have to decide whether you want to be able to recognize it again or to make it part of your “active” vocabulary II. Warm-up Questions and Oral Practice Pre-reading questions: 1. Do you enjoy learning English? Why or why not? 2. What do you think is the most effective way of learning English? 3. What is the greatest difficult you have in your learning of English? 4. Talk about your English learning experiences? 5. How do you deal with new words you are learning? III. Text Structure Analysis 1. Outline of the texts Part I. (Para.1-2) Introduction: learning English is not easy at all, but there are some strategies you can use to make the task easier. Question: 1. What does it take to learn English well? 2. How can you make the task of learning English easier? Part II. (Para. 3--8) Body paragraphs: the strategies you can employ to learn English. Para. 3. Do not treat all new words in exactly the same way. Question: 1. Can you remember all the new words you are learning? Then what do you think you should do? 1 大学英语 Book One 2. What is the most effective route to enlarging your vocabulary? Para. 4. Watch out for idiomatic ways of saying things Question: 1. What is the second learning strategy suggested by the author? 2. What should we do in learning English according to Para.4? Para. 5. Listen to English every day. Question: 1. Why is it important to listen to English every day? 2. What can you do to improve your listening skills? 3. Do you need to listen to the same material over and over again? Why or why not? Para. 6. Seize opportunities to speak. Question: 1. Are there many situations at school where we have to communicate in English? 2. What suggestions does the author give to practice speaking the language? 3. According to the author, what is the easiest way to practice speaking English? And why? 4. How can you do it? Para. 7. Read widely. Question: 1. Why is it important to read widely? 2. What kind of materials should you include in your wide reading? Para. 8. Write regularly. Question: 1. Why is writing so important? 2. Apart from your teacher‘s writing assignment, what other ways of writing does the author suggest? Part III. (Para. 9) Conclusion: Question: What is the author‘s conclusion at the end of the article? 2. Summary of the text Learning strategies help make the difficult task of studying English easier. For example, it is beneficial to treat new word in different ways according to how frequently they occur in everyday use. It also pays to watch out for idiomatic ways of saying things in English. As idiomatic usage often causes difficulties for Chinese students, you must pay close attention to the way native speakers communicate. Language learning is, in fact, an active process. Students who make a conscious effort to practice English, who seek out opportunities to use what they have learned, are more successful than those who rely on the teacher to do the whole job. Undoubtedly, it is all important to put into practice through speaking and writing what you have acquired form reading and listening. IV. Language Points 1. Learning English is by no means easy. It takes great diligence and prolonged effort. (Para. 1) , by no means/ not by any means: not at all: It is by no means certain that the game will take place./By no means is it certain that the game will take place. He is by no means considered to be a great explorer 2 大学英语 Book One She's not a bad kid, by any means. Julia stressed that she is by no means a specialist on Japan, having spent only a month or two in that country. synonym: in no case, in no sense, under/in no circumstances, in no way, on no account , prolonged: continuing for a long time: prolonged exposure to the sun 长时间暴露于阳光 a prolonged period of time prolonged applause 长时间的鼓掌喝彩 2. Nevertheless, while you cannot expect to gain a good command of English without sustained hard work, …(Para. 2) , command: n. 1) knowledge of something, especially a language, or ability to use sth.. (have a) good/excellent/poor etc command of something He's studied in the US and has a good command of English. He has a good command of French. He has an impressive command of the details. 2) the control of a group of people or a situation under somebody's command The army is under the king‘s command. in command (of something) He felt fully in command of the situation. take command (of something) (=begin controlling a group or situation and making decisions) The fire officer took command, ordering everyone to leave the building. at somebody's command Each congressman has a large staff at his command (=available to be used). 3) an order that should be obeyed: Shoot when I give the command. He hated being in the army because he had to obey commands. v. 1) to tell (someone) to do something, with the right to be obeyed (尤指军事上)命令 Do as I command (you). The general commanded his men to attack the city. He commanded that we (should) attack at once. 2) to be able to use; have at one‘s service 对……有支配权, 拥有, 掌握 The company commands considerable resources. She commands great wealth. command a large vocabulary , sustained: [only before noun] continuing for a long time: a period of sustained economic development 3 大学英语 Book One a sustained attack on the government sustain: v. 1) to make something continue to exist or happen for a period of time [= maintain]: She found it difficult to sustain the children's interest. He was incapable of sustaining close relationships with women. the policies necessary to sustain economic growth 2) to suffer damage, an injury, or loss of money Two of the fire-fighters sustained serious injuries. Some nearby buildings sustained minor damage. The company has sustained heavy financial losses this year. 3) if food or drink sustains a person, animal, or plant, it makes them able to continue living: They gave me barely enough food to sustain me. 4) hold up the weight something [= support]: He leant against her so heavily that she could barely sustain his weight. 3. Have you ever complained about your memory because you find it simply impossible to memorize all the new words you are learning? (Para 3) , complain: to say that you are annoyed, not satisfied, or unhappy about something or someone Residents are complaining because traffic in the area has increased She complained that no one had been at the airport to meet her. Neighbours complained to the police about/of the dog‘s barking. Employees complained bitterly about working conditions complaint: n. a statement in which someone complains about something: make a complaint The pupils made a list of their complaints about school meals. The police received several complaints about the noise from our party. All complaints against police officers are carefully investigated file/lodge/submit a complaint (=complain officially to someone) She went to the city council and lodged a complaint. 4. It is not your memory that is at fault. (Para 3) , at fault: if someone is at fault, they are responsible for something bad that has happened The police said that the other driver was at fault. Some people claim that it is the UN that is at fault find fault with somebody/something: to criticize someone or something, often unfairly and frequently 吹毛求疵，挑毛病 He could always find fault with something, either in my writing or in my personality. 5. If you cram your head with too many new words at a time, some of them are bound to be crowded out. (Para 3) , cram: to force something into a small space Jill crammed her clothes into the bag. 4 大学英语 Book One A lot of information has been crammed into this book. , be bound to do sth: to be very likely to do or feel a particular thing: Don't lie to her. She's bound to find out. You are bound to succeed if you work hard. 6. While active words demand constant practice and useful words must be committed to memory. (Para 3) , constant: 1) happening regularly or all the time There was a constant stream of visitors to the house. Amy lived in constant fear of being attacked. He kept in constant contact with his family while he was in Australia. 2) staying the same travelling at a constant speed , commit something to memory: to learn something so that you remember it [= memorize] , commit: 1) to do something wrong or illegal Women commit fewer crimes than men. commit murder/rape commit suicide: to kill yourself deliberately 2) to say that someone will definitely do something or must do something 使(尤指自己)承 担义务;作出保证, 承诺 commit somebody /oneself to doing something The government has committed itself to improving health education. The government has committed considerable resources to improving the rail system. He has clearly committed his government to continuing down the path of economic reform. commitment: n. 1) a promise to do something or to behave in a particular way Our company has a commitment to quality and customer service. 2) the hard work and loyalty that someone gives to an organization, activity etc: I was impressed by the energy and commitment shown by the players. Her commitment to work is beyond question. 7. … words that do not often occur in everyday situations requires just a nodding acquaintance. (Para 3) , occur: 1) to happen A third of accidental deaths occur in the home. The explosion occurred at 5.30 a.m. 2) if an idea or thought occurs to you, it suddenly comes into your mind it occurs to somebody to do something I suppose it didn't occur to you to phone the police? It never seems to occur to my children to contact me. it occurs to somebody (that) It had never occurred to him that he might be falling in love with her. 5 大学英语 Book One occurrence: something that happens; the fact of something happening Flooding in the area is a common occurrence. Earthquakes are an unusual occurrence in England but are not totally unknown The frequent occurrence of earthquakes in the area means that the buildings must be specifically designed to withstand the force. , acquaintance: 1) knowledge or experience of a particular subject The practice of a lawyer requires acquaintance with court procedures. have a passing/nodding acquaintance with something (=have only slight knowledge or experience of something) He has a passing acquaintance with a lot of different subjects. 2) someone you know, but who is not a close friend She was a casual acquaintance of my family. He heard about the job through a mutual acquaintance (=someone you and another person both know). make sb's acquaintance/make acquaintance of sb.: to meet someone for the first time: I should be delighted to make your acquaintance. At the hotel, I made the acquaintance of a young American actor. acquaint: vt. acquaint yourself with something: to deliberately find out about something I need to acquaint myself with the new regulations. acquaint somebody with something: to give someone information about something: You need to acquaint the police with the facts. be acquainted with: to have met socially We are already acquainted with each other. 8. You will find concentrating on active and useful words the most effective route to enlarging your vocabulary. (Para. 3) , concentrate on: to think very carefully about something that you are doing [concentration]: Be quiet - let me concentrate on my homework. , route: 1) a way of doing something or achieving a particular result the surest route to disaster/success 必定会招致灾难(成功)的道路 2) a way from one place to another What's the best route from London to Cambridge? We weren't sure about which route we should take. the most direct route home bus/air/shipping etc route Is your office on a bus route? plan one‘s route 某人的路线 , enlarge: if you enlarge something, or if it enlarges, it increases in size or scale: 6 大学英语 Book One Police will have the pictures enlarged in an attempt to identify the thief. A good way to enlarge your vocabulary is to read a daily newspaper. 9. Watch out for idiomatic ways of saying things. (Para.4) , watch (out) for something: to pay close attention in a particular situation because you are expecting something to happen or you want to avoid something bad 密切注意 What problems should I watch out for when buying an old house? 10. Listening to English on a regular basis will not only improve your ear, but will also help you build your speaking skills. (Para. 5) , basis: the facts, ideas, or things from which something can be developed: Their claim had no basis in fact (=it was not true). Bread forms the basis of their daily diet. The video will provide a basis for class discussion on a regular/daily/weekly etc basis: every day, week etc: I'm saving money on a regular basis. on a voluntary/part-time/temporary etc basis: a system or agreement by which someone or something is voluntary etc: Nurses are employed on a full-time basis. 11. Seize opportunities to speak. (Para.6) , opportunity: a chance to do something or an occasion when it is easy for you to do something opportunity to do something ideal/perfect opportunity rare/unique opportunity once-in-a-lifetime opportunity ample opportunity golden opportunity (=a very good opportunity) wasted/lost/missed opportunity (=one you do not use) take/seize/use an opportunity provide/present/open up an opportunity an opportunity comes (along/up) an opportunity arises take the/this opportunity to do something (=use a chance to say something you want to say) at the first/earliest opportunity (=as soon as possible) at every (possible) opportunity (=whenever possible) land of opportunity (=a country where you have a lot of good opportunities) Games and songs provide the perfect opportunity for classroom interaction and language development. It was a rare opportunity to see how ordinary people lived. 7 大学英语 Book One For many athletes, the Olympics is a once-in-a-lifetime opportunity. I saw it as a golden opportunity---- the chance I'd been waiting for all along. When the opportunity for promotion came, I wanted to be ready. I'd like to take this opportunity to thank you for all your hard work. 53% of students leave school at the earliest opportunity. He likes to make his opinions known at every opportunity. the view of America as a land of opportunity 12. …, but you can seek out opportunities to practice speaking the language. (Para.6) , seek: (sought, sought) to try to achieve or get something: seek refuge/asylum/shelter seek revenge/damages/compensation Local schools are seeking to reduce the dropout rate. seek (somebody's) advice/help/assistance etc: to ask someone for advice or help If the symptoms persist, seek medical advice. seek your fortune: to go to another place hoping to gain success and wealth seek somebody/something out: to try to find sb or sth, especially when this is difficult Our mission is to seek out the enemy and destroy them. 13. Perhaps the easiest way to practice speaking is to rehearse aloud, … (Para.6) , rehearse: to practise or make people practise something such as a play or concert in order to prepare for a public performance: I think we need to rehearse the first scene again. The band was rehearsing for their world tour. rehearsal: n. 14. After you have made a purchase in a shop or finished a meal in a restaurant and paid the check. ….(Para.6) , purchase: n. something you buy, or the act of buying it: She paid for her purchases and left. She made two purchases from my stall. This product should be consumed on the day of purchase. I enclose my receipt as proof of purchase. vt. to buy something You can purchase insurance on-line. Tickets may be purchased in advance from the box office. 15. …, pretend that all this happened in an English-speaking country and try to act it out in English. (Para.6) , act out: show how sth happened, as if performing a play The children were acting out the story of the birth of Jesus 16. It is important to read widely because in or learning environment, reading is the main and reliable 8 大学英语 Book One source of language input. (Para.7) , reliable: someone or something that is reliable can be trusted or depended on; dependable Miller was a quiet and reliable man. reliably adv reliability n. rely v. rely on/upon somebody/something: to trust or depend on someone or something to do what you need or expect them to do I knew I could rely on David. Many working women rely on relatives to help take care of their children. Many people now rely on the Internet for news. reliance: dependence the country's reliance on imported oil the country's heavy reliance on trade , input: sth. such as energy, money, or information that is put into a system so that it can operate Farmers contributed most of the input into the survey. We'll need input from community nurses. 17. Apart from compositions assigned by your teacher, you may find your own reasons for writing. (Para.8) , apart from: 1) except for: We didn't see anyone all day, apart from a couple of kids on the beach. Apart from the ending, it's a really good film. 2) as well as: Apart from his earnings as a football coach, he also owns and runs a chain of sports shops. Quite apart from the cost, we need to think about how much time the job will take. compare: except, besides, apart from except: not including, but not (不用于句首，同类事务相比) They invited everyone except Julie except for:(可用于句首，部同类事务相比) She felt fine except for being a little tired. 比较:All the compositions are good except Tom‘s. Tom‘s composition is good except for a few spelling mistakes. besides: in addition to Besides Italy (NOT except Italy), I would like to visit France and Spain. apart from can be used with either meaning I ate everything apart from (OR except) the soup. What do you like doing apart from (OR besides) swimming? 9 大学英语 Book One , assign: 1) to give someone a particular job or make them responsible for a particular person or thing assign somebody a task/role I've been assigned the task of looking after the new students. assign somebody to something Jan's been assigned to the Asian Affairs Bureau. assign somebody to do something Madison was assigned to investigate a balloon accident. assign somebody something Assign each student a partner. 2) to give a particular time, value, place etc to something: How much time have you assigned for the meeting? 3) to give money, equipment etc to someone to use A personal bodyguard had been assigned to her. They assigned me a small room. assignment: n. 18. A pen pal provides good motivation; you will learn a lot by trying to communicate with someone who shares your interests, but comes form a different culture. (Para.8) , motivation: 1) eagerness and willingness to do something without needing to be told or forced to do it efforts to improve employees' motivation Jack is an intelligent pupil, but he lacks motivation. a high level of motivation 2) the reason why you want to do something motivation for (doing) something What was your motivation for becoming a teacher? Escape can be a strong motivation for travel. compare: motive motive: the reason that makes someone do something, especially when this reason is kept hidden: What do you suppose the killer's motive was? The police believe the motive for this murder was jealousy. The violence was clearly prompted by political motives. 19. Language learning is a process of accumulation. (Para.9) , accumulate: 1) to gradually get more and more money, possessions, knowledge etc over a period of time: It is unjust that a privileged few should continue to accumulate wealth. 2) to gradually increase in numbers or amount until there is a large quantity in one place: Fat tends to accumulate around the hips and thighs. 10 大学英语 Book One accumulation: n. the accumulation of data 20. It pays to absorb as much as you can form reading and listening and then to put what you have learned into practice through speaking and writing. (Para.9) , pays: if a particular action pays, it brings a good result or advantage for you: It pays to get some professional advice before you make a decision. It pays to be honest. It pays to work hard. Crime doesn't pay. It would pay you to ask if there are any jobs going at the London office. , absorb: 1) to read or hear a large amount of new information and understand it: Her capacity to absorb information is amazing. He appeared to understand, but whether he absorbed every detail I cannot say. I keep the lesson simple because small kids can't absorb that much. 2) to interest someone so much that they do not pay attention to other things: The movement and noise of the machines absorbed him completely. be absorbed in something We were totally absorbed in one another and in our work. , put…into practice: if you put an idea, plan etc into practice, you start to use it and see if it is effective: It gave him the chance to put his ideas into practice. V. Reading Skill-----How to read a text (Part I) It is advisable to read a comprehension passage at least twice: the first time, to obtain a general impression of the text, and them a second time to concentrate on the important details. Sometimes a third reading is necessary -----to check items that caused difficulty. VI. Writing Combination: Using connectives 关联词运用实例说明 1. 表示举例说明 a case in point, after all, as a proof, as an illustration, as an example, for example, for instance, in particular, just as, namely, such, specifically, that is, to illustrate, to demonstrate a) Many southern cities are growing above the national average --- Atlanta is a case in point. c) Prisoners should be treated with respect --- they are human beings after ail. d) These are, after all, very familiar species. e) It's extremely expensive to live in New York. For example, I pay $1250 for one-bedroom apartment. f) Many countries, for example Mexico and Japan, have a lot of earthquakes. g) Old English was in many ways similar to Modem German. For instance, the nouns, adjectives, and verbs were highly inflected. 11 大学英语 Book One h) We need to rethink the way we consume energy. Take, for instance, our approach to transport. i) Automobile prices in particular have fallen in recent months. j) His last album sold half a million copies and we hope this one will be just as(--equally) popular. k) One of the most important stages has yet to be started, namely beginning to fit the person into their new job. 1) The issues are in two main clusters, namely the safety and the pricing and procurement of drugs. m) The rules make it quite clear what should be done in such a situation. n) We're talking about money - specifically, the money we need to repair our schools. o) One solution would be to change the shape of the screen, that is, to make it wider. 2(表示增补意义 additionally, again, along with, also, and, and then, as well as, besides, equally, even, further, furthermore, in addition, in other words, just as, likewise, moreover, not only...but also, similarly, to put it another way, to repeat, then, too, what's more a) They may also additionally represent much more; they may indeed have a highly integrating social function. b) And again, these workshops will benefit the community widely. c) Dunne was murdered, along with three guards. d) Sugar is bad for your teeth. It can also contribute to heart disease. e) This is a flexible and user-friendly system suitable for beginners and advanced users alike. f) Fry the onions gently, and then add the meat and cook for a few minutes. g) The organization gives help and support to people in need, as well as raising money for local charities. h) People choose jobs for other reasons besides money. i) We want the economy to grow, but equally we want low inflation. j) It is possible to make good movies cheaply. Further, 'low-budget" doesn't have to mean "bad." k) The majority of Americans increased their wealth in the past decade. Furthermore, the gains were substantial. 1) A new security system was installed. In addition, extra guards were hired. m) The company provides cheap Internet access. In addition, it makes shareware freely available. n) The tax only affects people on incomes over $200,000 --- in other words, the very rich. o) The clams were delicious. Likewise, the eggplant was excellent. p) Using language is a very complex enterprise. Moreover, there is more to communication than merely putting sentences together. q) The system was not only complicated but also ineffective. r) The cost of food and clothing has come down in recent years. Similarly, fuel prices have fallen quite considerably. s) Money makes money. To put it another way, the more you invest, the greater your potential profit will be. t) The problem demands a global solution. To put it another way, local regulations will have very little 12 大学英语 Book One effect. u) First you need to collect all the information and make detailed notes. Then you can start to actually write your essay. v) Think about what you owe, too, in terms of mortgages, credit cards, loans or hire purchase. w) Gas is a very efficient fuel. And what's more, it's clean. 3(表示强调 above all, anyway, as a matter of fact, certainly, indeed, in fact, in particular, most important, obviously, of course, surely, to be sure, truly, undoubtedly, without doubt a) Although it is somewhat limited in its applications it is easy to operate and above all it is fun. b) He got lost and spent hours looking for the station, and anyway it was past midnight by the time he got home. c) And, as a matter of fact, the U. S. Golf Association was delighted. d) Books and people certainly affected him. e) Most of the essays were very good indeed. f) Her teachers said she was a slow learner, whereas in fact she was partially deaf. g) Automobile prices in particular have fallen in recent months. h) But the reverse is true when an attorney represents a person who is obviously guilty or whose guilt is widely perceived. i) This is very obviously the approach of some one writing exclusively and specifically for the young. j) Of course there will be some difficult times ahead. k) If a sign were needed that the Internet has become a real market, the arrival of tax avoidance is surely it. 1) Throwing money at the problem is surely not the way to convince people of sincerity. m) It was difficult, to be sure, but somehow we managed to finish the job. n) If we truly believe we can win, then we have a very good chance at doing it. o) Undoubtedly, public interest in folk music has declined. p) Sally was without doubt one of the finest swimmers in the school. 4(表示对比或对照 by contrast, but, conversely, in contrast, instead, on the contrary, on the other hand, otherwise, unlike, whereas, while, yet a) The birth rate for older women has declined, but, by contrast, births to teenage mothers have increased. b) The purpose of the scheme is not to help the employers but to provide work for young people. c) American consumers prefer white eggs; conversely, British buyers like brown eggs. d) Scandinavian cruises are very popular in the summer; conversely, the Caribbean is most popular in the winter. e) The stock lost 60 cents a share, in contrast to last year, when it gained 21 cents. f) Instead of being annoyed, he seemed quite pleased. g) It wasn't a good thing; on the contrary_ it was a huge mistake. h) Nuclear power is relatively cheap. On the other hand, you could argue that it's not safe. 13 大学英语 Book One i) It is equally vital that both should be mentioned, otherwise a client, particularly a buyer, could be seriously misled. j) Unlike most people in the office, I don't come to work by car. k) A bowl of instant oatmeal costs about $.15, whereas regular oatmeal costs only $.05 per bowl. 1) The old system was fairly complicated whereas the new system is really very simple. m) Schools in the north tend to be better equipped, while those in the south are relatively poor. n) Last summer there was a drought, yet some people were still watering their lawns every day. 5(表示比较 by comparison, equally, equally important, in comparison, in the same way, in the same manner, like, likewise, similarly a) After months of living in a tropical climate, Spain seemed cool by comparison. b) By comparison, with other European countries, car prices in the UK are very high. c) Even when the correct word was given a high probability, there were many other words with an equally high probability. d) Many business people do not know what sexual harassment is. Equally important. they do not know how to prevent it. e) an extremely unpleasant disease which is, however, easy to treat f) Cotton production was on the increase. However, it was still a small industry compared to hemp and canvas production. g) The deaf children of hearing parents are almost normal in comparison, having everything except language experience. h) There is often stronger social control evident in the socialization of girls in comparison to boys. i) Good management accounts separate the well-organized from the rest but are not vital in the same way. j) I don't want him treating me like Jim treated me. k) The clams were delicious. Likewise_, the eggplant was excellent. 1) The cost of food and clothing has come down in recent years. Similarly, fuel prices have fallen quite considerably. 6(表示让步 admittedly, after all, all the same, although, certainly, clearly, even so, it is true (that), in spite of, nevertheless, of course, still, true a) The technique is painful, admittedly, but it benefits the patient greatly. b) Printing and presentation should be as attractive as possible --- after all the library is an attractive place isn't it? c) I realise she can be very annoying, but I think you should apologize all the same. d) We decided to take rooms in Longwood House, although we knew we could not really afford the rent. e) We are not especially well-treated, certainly not as well as the locals. f) Clearly, the racial problems in America have no easy answers. g) The fines for speeding are large, but even so, they are not always a deterrent. 14 大学英语 Book One h) And it is true that. after his death she ceased to exist for the world beyond the farm. i) But in spite of the hardships, real efforts and progress are being made. j) A false belief may nevertheless be justified. k) Though employment growth is down, the area is still attracting health care, high tech, banking and sports-related industries. 7(表示结果 accordingly, as a result, consequently, for this reason, hence, in this way, so, therefore, thus a) Some of the laws were contradictory. Accordingly, measures were taken to clarify them. b) As many as 2,500 people died as a result_ of the earthquake and the ensuing tidal waves. c) Most computer users have never received any formal keyboard training. Consequently, their keyboard skills are inefficient. d) The cost of transport is a major expense for an industry. Hence factory location is an important consideration. e) In this way normal healthy people may be tested without inducing any damage in their brain. f) The building work is taking quite a long time, and therefore costing us money. g) Most of the evidence was destroyed in the fire. Thus it would be almost impossible to prove him guilty. 8(表示转折 although, but, despite, except for, though, however, in spite of, instead, nevertheless, on the other hand, otherwise, rather than, though, yet a) You can copy down my answers, although I'm not sure they're right. b) In the US it is normal for the police to carry guns, but not in Britain. c) Despite international pressure, progress has slowed in the peace talks d) Pen Pros: Except for personal letters, handwritten notes are withering into extinction. e) The rooms, though small, were pleasant and airy. f) This is a cheap and simple process. However there are dangers. g) In spite of her success, Spencer continues to get depressed. h) Cardew did not join the navy. Instead, he decided to join the theater and become an actor. i) Thus we can talk of a local government system which is different from a central government system but nevertheless interacts with it. j) Reintroduction of food after elemental regimens must nevertheless be undertaken with the greatest of care irrespective of whether or not elimination diets are used. k) The hamburger was tough and overcooked. The fries, on the other hand, were terrific, and well worth the money. 1) Stir the sauce until it cools, otherwise it will be lumpy. m) It presumes that reality is dynamic rather than static, and therefore seeks relationships between ideas, to aim at synthesis. n) There is no important theory-based reason why these countries rather than others were selected. o) The offenders were dealt with firmly though fairly. 15 大学英语 Book One p) They charge incredibly high prices, yet customers keep coming back for more. 9(表示结论 as has been noted (mentioned, stated), at last, finally, in a word, all in all, in brief, in conclusion, in short, in sum, in summary, to conclude, to sum up, to summarize a) You can copy down my answers, although I‘m not sure they‘re right. b) At last, we were able to afford a house. c) We finally found a decent apartment close to campus. d) Pop, in a word, is fascination versus meaning. e) It was, all in all, more like a prison than an office. f) In brief, the President plans to cut defense spending and lower taxes. g) In conclusion, I want to thank all the people who have volunteered their time to our organization. h) In short, the report says that more money should be spent on education. i) In sum, we need to cut costs. j) In summary, do not sell your shares. k) To conclude, the prospects for philosophy of religion look brighter than they have done for many moons. 1) To sum up, for a healthy heart you must take regular exercise and stop smoking. m) To summarize, in most cases the schools were achieving the standards set. 10(表示顺序 and, besides, finally, first, firstly, further, in the first place, last, next, second, secondly, third, thirdly, to begin with, to start with, a) It also assigned staff people to work with individual companies that wanted to launch a program. b) This is a flexible and user-friendly system suitable for beginners and advanced users alike. c) You need to know what rights you have and how to use them. d) Besides going to aerobics twice a week, she rides horses on Saturdays. e) And finally, I'd like to thank the crew. f) First, I'd like to thank everyone for coming. g) The application of the five stages to the task illustrated would involve, firstly, the definition of the task. h) It is possible to make good movies cheaply. Further, "low-budget" doesn't have to mean "bad." i) And there is the question of the relevance of the trading of information in the first place. j) Connect the red wires first and the black ones last. k) First you need to select the text you want to move. Next, click on the "Move" command at the top of the screen. 1) But, second, in the vast majority of markets, efficient production can be attained with a high degree of competition. m) The more you practise the better you will become at selecting historical information to suit firstly your essay and secondly your argument. n) To begin with, much of this new housing is not affordable. 16 大学英语 Book One o) I'm not going to Vegas. To start with, I don't like gambling, and I also can't get time off work. VIII. Homework 1. Do all the exercises and review what has been learned. 2. Preview the next unit. Reading Material How to Improve Your Study Habit I. Background Information 1. Average intelligence The word "intelligence" may mean many things. The basic meaning is "the capacity to acquire and apply knowledge." Here "average intelligence" means "normal ability to learn and understand." A student with average intelligence or an average student is a student neither very bright nor very dull who does sufficiently well but wins no distinction. When we say a person is intelligent, we usually mean he or she studies and learns fast, or comes up with clever solutions to problems. 2. Hobbies and habits Hobby ---- a leisure-time interest or activity taken up primarily for pleasure. A hobby may involve the development of intricate knowledge of or capability in a special field. For example: stamp-collecting, coin collecting, photography, travelling, plane model making, and bird-watching. Habit ----- a tendency to repeat an act again and again, or a behaviour pattern that has a degree of unconscious stubborn repetition. For example: a habit of scratching one's head when thinking, the habit of smoking, a habit of thrift, a reading habit, and a note-taking habit. 3. Skimming and scanning Skimming and scanning are two major fast reading skills. These two terms are sometimes used interchangeably. Generally, however, skimming is defined as the ability to identify main ideas while rapidly discarding minor points. Scanning, in contrast, is defined as the ability to locate specific information or facts as rapidly as possible. Usually, when you scan for information, you know what you are looking for before you begin. II. Text Structure Analysis 1. Outline of the texts Part I. (Para.1) Introduction: How students of average intelligence can be top students without additional work. Question: Do you thing an average student will never become a top student? Part II. (Para. 2--7) Body paragraphs: how to improve your study habit. Para. 2.Plan your time carefully. Question: Why is it important to plan your time carefully? Para. 3. Find a good place to study. 17 大学英语 Book One Question: Where do you usually study in the evening, your bedroom, in your classroom or in the library? Why? Para. 4.Skim before you read. Question: What does skimming mean? Why is it important? Para. 5. Make good use of your time in class. Question: 1. How can you make good us of your time in class? 2. Do you think it helpful to take notes while listening to your teacher? Para. 6. Study regularly. Question: What should your do after class? Why is it important to review your lesson regularly? Para. 7.Develop a good attitude about tests. Question: What is the purpose of a test? Part III. (Para. 8) Conclusion: 2. Summary of the text The purpose of the passage is to make students aware of the importance of developing good study habits in improving their performance on tests. Directed at the average student, the article first stresses the need to plan one‘s time, so that an adequate amount of time is set aside for study. It also mentions that the place in which one chooses to study should be free of distractions. In the matter of study techniques, the writer advises students to look over their lessons quickly before careful reading. A practice which other writers have called ―pre-reading‖; to use class time wisely; to commit regularly scheduled time to study; and to approach tests with a good attitude. Following the advice given in this article could lead to improved grades for many students. III. Language Points 1. Perhaps you are an average student with average intelligence. , average: adj. 1) ordinary; normal What is the yearly income of an average family in Shanghai? I was average in my class though I had hoped I would be better. 2) mean 平均的 The average age of the students in this class is 19. What is the average yearly income of an ordinary family in Shanghai? v. to usually do something or usually happen a particular number of times, or to usually be a particular size or amount: The water in the lake is not particularly deep, averaging about 12 metres. The airport averages about a thousand flights a month. n. the amount calculated by adding together several quantities, and then dividing this amount by the total number of quantities The average of 3, 8 and 10 is 7. on average: 平均来讲， 一般来讲 On average, men still earn more than women. 18 大学英语 Book One above/below average The school's eighth-graders are above average in science. 2. This is not necessarily the case, however. (Para.1) , case: 1) the actual condition He thought he had found the right answer, but that was not the case. With Internet we can communicate with people far away cheaply. A few years ago that was not the case at all. 2) instance of a diseased condition Five cases of flu have been reported. 3) question to be decided in a law court The child-murder case attracted worldwide attention. Note: The word "case" is often used in some set phrases: I am ready to help in any case. (无论如何) In case of emergency, call me at this number. (倘若，如果) He carries an umbrella with him in case it rains. (万一，以防) In no case should you lose heart. (决不) 3. Fill in committed time such as eating, sleeping, meetings, classes, etc. (Para.2) , committed time: time committed for necessary purposes, that is, time required 4. Then decide on good, regular times fro studying. (Para.2) , decide on: decide in favour of; determine He has decided on a date for departure. We decided on a trip to the North. I have not yet decided on any definite plan. 5. Be sure to set aside enough time to complete your normal reading and work assignments. (Para.2) , be sure to do sth: not fail to do sth. Be sure to write to us as soon as you get there. Be sure not to be late again. , set aside: reserve for a special purpose Have you set aside some money for a possible emergency? She set aside part of her dinner for next day's lunch. He sets aside two hours to review his lessons. 6. Of course, study shouldn‘t occupy all of the free the on the schedule. (Para.2) , occupy: 1) take up; cause to engage After retirement, she occupied herself with work/ in working in the neighborhood committee. (居民委员会) Her son occupies all her attention. 2) take and possess Sorry, this seat is occupied. 19 大学英语 Book One It took great courage to work in enemy-occupied areas. 6…., but it will make you more aware of how you spend your time. (Para.2) , be aware of/that: have knowledge of; realize Everyone should be aware of the dangers of cigarette smoking. He is fully aware that he is late for the meeting. 7. Furthermore, it will enable you to plan your activities so that you have adequate time for both work and play. (Para.2) , enable…to do: make ... able to do Airplanes enable people to travel great distance rapidly. Determination and perseverance have enabled her to obtain her goal. , adequate: adj. enough; ample Owing to inflation (通货膨胀), the old man's pension (养老金) is not even adequate to buy a decent dinner. James even did not have adequate time to prepare. n. adequacy antonym: inadequate 8. It may be a desk or a chair at home or in the school library, but it should be comfortable, and it should not have distractions. (Para.2) , distractions: something that stops you paying attention to what you are doing: I study in the library as there are too many distractions at home. Demands for equality were seen as a distraction from more serious issues. The baby's constant crying drove me to distraction. distract: v. to take sb.'s attention away from something by making them look at or listen to sth. else Try not to distract the other students. distract somebody/something from something Coverage of the war was used to distract attention from other matters. 9. Skim before you read. (Para.3) , skim: 1) look quickly through (to locate main ideas) It is Mr. Ginsberg's habit to skim the newspapers at breakfast. She skimmed over / through the notice, found nothing important, and thrust it into the waste basket. 2) remove floating matter from the surface of a liquid skim (the cream from) the milk skim the soup to remove the fat 10. This means looking over a passage quickly before you read it more carefully. (Para.3) , look over: examine; inspect They looked over several kinds of new bikes before making up their minds to buy. My sister is busy looking over her mail. 20 大学英语 Book One 11. Later when you begin to read you will recognize less important material and you may skip some of these portion (Para.3) , skip: to not read, mention, or deal with something that would normally come or happen next: I decided to skip the first chapter. Let's skip to the last item on the agenda. (日程) 12. Go over your notes as soon as you can after class. (Para. 6) , go over: read again; review; examine After you finish the test paper, go over it again to look for mistakes. We often went over our lessons together at night. Our teacher is busy going over examination papers. 13. Review important points mentioned in class as well as points you remain confused about. (Para. 6) , mention: v. speak or write about something in a few words What were you talking about? I heard my name mentioned. Do not mention to his wife that he started smoking again. n. referring to At the mention of the headmaster, the pupil's heart sank. Has there been any mention of this meeting in the newspapers? 14. Regular review leads to improved performance on tests.: By reviewing your notes and textbook regularly you are most likely to achieve better grades on your tests. (Or: ... you will naturally improve your grades on tests.) (Para. 6) lead to: have as a result; cause Hard work leads to success. The wording is too vague; it is likely to lead to ambiguity. This kind of academic research will not lead to any practical result, I am afraid. 15. Develop a good attitude about test. (Para. 7) , attitude: what one thinks about something or somebody What is your attitude to / about / toward women's rights? The Government takes a firm attitude in cracking down crimes. 16. The world won‘t end if your don‘t pass a test, so don‘t worry excessively about a single test. (Para. 7) , excessive: much more than is reasonable or necessary: his excessive drinking $15 for two beers seems a little excessive. excessively adv excessively high taxes excess: n. a larger amount of something than is allowed or needed After you apply the oil, wait 20 minutes before wiping off any excess. It was an excess of enthusiasm that caused the problem. The car reached speeds in excess of 100 miles per hour. 21 大学英语 Book One adj. additional and not needed because there is already enough of something: Cut any excess fat from the meat. exceed: v. to be more than a particular number or amount: Working hours must not exceed 42 hours a week. His performance exceeded our expectations. 17. … and they help make your new knowledge permanent. (Para. 7) , permanent: continuing to exist for a long time or for all the time in the future [? temporary]: He gave up a permanent job in order to freelance. a permanent change in your eating habits The blindness that the disease causes will be permanent. 18. Share with them some of the techniques you have found to be helpful. (Para.8) , share with: use or have with others I share the office with two other teachers. 22 大学英语 Book One Unit Two Sailing Round the World Time Allotment: (4.5 Periods) 1. Text Structure analysis and new words and phrases (3 periods) 2. Exercises and reading & writing skills (1.5 periods) Teaching Aims: The teaching of this text aims to enable students 1. to master the new words and useful phrases: accomplish, cancer, conquer, contact, cover, device, dissuade, drag, following, fortunately, moreover, nearby, nightmare, previously, retire, undoubtedly, voyage, waken, all by oneself, be determined to do sth., by far, can not help, give up, in spite of, set out, turn over 2. to learn about the famous adventurer and the meaning of adventures. 3. to get acquainted with reading skills about first reading to get an overall impression of what it is about, and then reread it concentrating on the details.. 4. to learn and practice some writing skills: contraction----reducing clauses to phrases or words. I. Background information 1. Sir Francis Chichester Sir Francis Chichester (Sep.17, 1907—Aug. 26, 1972) was a British adventurer, who sailed round the world alone in his yacht, the ―Gipsy Moth IV‖ in 1966—1967. As a young man he worked in New Zealand as a miner, salesman, and land agent. Back in England in 1929, he began a solo flight to Australia in December that year. In 1931, having fitted a biplane with floats, he made the first east-west flight across the Tasman Sea from New Zealand to Australia. A plan to fly round the world ended in a crash near Yokohama, in which he was badly injured. After serving in World War II as an air-navigation expert in England, he took up ocean sailing in 1953 and won first solo transatlantic race in 1960 in the ―Gipsy Moth III‖ sailing from Plymouth to New York City in 40 days. On his around-the –world voyage, he left Plymouth on August 27, in 1966, sailing the 14,100 miles to Sydney in 107 days. Setting off again on January 29, 1967, he returned to Plymouth around Cape Horn in 119 days. The whole voyage had covered 28,500 miles. He was knighted in May 1967 by Queen Elizabeth II. He had written two books: The lonely sea and the sky (1964) and The Gipsy Moth Circles the World (1967). 2. Clipper Ship thClipper Ship is a sailing ship in 19 century, well known for its beauty as well as its speed. It was a long, slim, raceful vessel with projecting bow and streamline hull, carrying an exceptionally large spread of sail on three tall masts. 3. Sydney, Australia Sydney is city and major port in southeastern Australia, and the capital of South Wales. The largest city in Australia. Sydney is one of the world‘s finest natural harbors with extensive port facilities. It is major commercial and manufacturing center. Its industry includes chemicals, electronics, shipbuilding, oil 23 大学英语 Book One refining, food processing, etc. It is also famous for its Opera House and Harbor Bridge. 4. Cape Horn Cape Horn is a steep headland at the south of Horn Island, Tierra del Fuego, Chile, generally considered the southern-most point of South America. 5. The Southern Ocean The Southern Ocean is also called the Antarctic Ocean, the ocean comprising the southern reaches of the Pacific, the Atlantic and the Indian Ocean, surrounding the Antarctic Ocean. 6. Queen Elizabeth II (1926-) Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, and head of Commonwealth since 1952. 7. Queen Elizabeth I (1533-1603) Queen of England (1558 -1603), She was one of the most powerful rulers in the English history. The time when she reigned is called Elizabethan Age, and it was the long period of 45 years, when England became very rich and powerful. 8. Sir Francis Drake (1540-1596) Was an English navigator and explorer. He was the first Englishman to sail round the world from 1577 to 1580. 9. Knights Knights were the highest class of fighting men in Europe during the Middle Ages. There were other classes of fighting men, such as the lowly foot soldiers. But the knights, who fought on horseback, were the aristocrats of the battlefield. The great heroes of the time , both in story and in fact, were knights. Knight was a man usually of noble birth, who served his king or lord in battle, riding a horse and wearing armour; In modern times, A knight is a man who has been given a knighthood. 10. Knighthood A tile that is given to a man by British King or Queen for his outstanding achievements or his service to his country. A man who has been given a knighthood can put ―Sir‖ in front of his name. 11. Knighthood ceremony The King or Queen takes the sword of the person being honored or borrows one from someone present at the ceremony. The person about to be knighted kneeled and bows his head respectfully in front of the King or Queen. The King or Queen touches with sword first the left shoulder of the person bowing before him or her, then the right shoulder and finally the top of the bowed head. While doing this the King or Queen says: ―We dub thee Sir---‖ II. Warm-up Questions and Oral Practice Pre-reading questions: 1. Do you love adventures? Why or why not? 2. Who is the adventurer you admire most? Say a few words about his or her adventurous deeds. 3. Montesquieu, the famous French thinker and philosopher, once said, ―It is always the adventurer who 24 大学英语 Book One accomplishes great things.‖ How do you understand this saying of his? Post-reading questions: 1. What route did Chichester follow in sailing round the world? 2. In what way was the second half of his voyage the more dangerous part? 3. How did feel after Chichester sailing round Cape Horn? 4. How was he received when he arrived back in England? III. Text Structure Analysis 1. Outline of the text Part I. (Para.1--2) Francis Chichester, a British adventurer, made a decision to sail round the world at 65. Question: 1. What happened to Francis Chichester in 1931? 2. How old was he when he started his voyage round the world? 3. What was the name of his boat? What was the length of the boat? Part II. (Para. 3--8) During his nine months voyage he met with a lot of expected and unexpected difficulties, but he conquered them all. He accomplished what he had wished in his lifetime. Question:1. How many miles did he cover on the first half of his voyage? 2. What did his friends in Sydney try to dissuade him from doing ? 3. What happened to Chichester on the night of January 30? 4. How many miles did the second half of the voyage cover? 5. What title is added to his name when a man becomes a knight? Part III. (Para. 9) The author points out that Chichester had given the machine-dependent human beings new pride. Question: What meaning does Chichester‘s adventure have in the modern age? 2. Summary of the text Many people had traveled round the world, but no one else has done it in the way Sir Francis Chichester did. Being a British adventurer, he had been wishing to go round the world for many years. At 65, he set out from England to sail single-handed round the world in a small yacht called ―Gipsy Moth IV‖ in spite of the fact that he had lung cancer. During his nine -month voyage, he experienced fear as well as difficulties, but he conquered them all. He succeeded in sailing round the world all by himself and became one of the greatest seafaring explorers of the time. IV. Language Points 1. At sixty-five Francis Chichester set out to sail single-handed round the world.(Para1) single-handed : adj & adv. done by one person alone; without help from others. This word is formed by ―single(adj) +hand(n)+ed‖ and is used as an adjective or an adverb. White-haired, kind-hearted, etc. He built his house single-handed. 25 大学英语 Book One 2. He gave up flying and began sailing. (Para2) , give up: stop doing sth. He had to give up the experiment because his eyesight was very poor. 3. Chichester was already 58 years old when he won the first solo transatlantic sailing race.(Para2) Transatlantic: adj. crossing the Atlantic Ocean, or relating to countries on both sides of the Atlantic Ocean. 4. But he was determined to carry out his plan. (Para2) , be determined to : make a firm decision to do sth. be determined to do sth. 下决心做某 I was determined to be a professional dancer and practiced dancing for hours everyday. determined: adj. firm in a decision; having a strong will. She is very determined woman who always gets what she wants. There is no point trying to stop her—it‘ll only make her more determined. determine: vt. 1) to have a controlling influence on; have a direct and important effect on.. Our plan must be determined by circumstance. 2) to cause to form a firm intention or decision. [+to-v/that] determine to do sth. 决定做某事 We determined to go at once/that we would go at once. determine sb.to d o sth.使某人做某事[+obj+to-v] These circumstances determined him to give up the study of medicine. vi. to fix or find out exactly, by making calculations, collecting information, etc. determine on doing sth.决定做某 We determined on an early start. We should first try to determine how much it is going to cost. determination: n. 1)the ability make firm decisions and act in accordance with them; strong will to succeed She is a woman of great determination. 2)firm intention The police chief spoke of his determination to catch the killers. 3)the finding of exact position or nature of something. The determination of the cause of his death determinative: adj having direct or important effect on determine sb. against sth.使某人不做某事 Compare determine and decide determine (v/vi) 指经过认真思考和仔细调查作出抉择或下定决心做某事。 I determined to study Greek. decide (vt /vi)着重指事先经过考虑或商讨，在几种可能中作出抉择，判断。 26 大学英语 Book One It‘s difficult to decide between the two. 5. he began the greatest voyage of his life(Para 2) , voyage: n. sea journey or a long journey in a ship or boat. The voyage to that island takes less time than before. go on a voyage 航海去 He was determined to go on a voyage. make /take a voyage to航行到 We made a rough voyage. A rocket voyage to the moon. on one?s first voyage 在--船的处女航中 Compare voyage, trip, journey and travel voyage: sea journey or air journey.海上旅行或空中旅行。 trip: a journey from one place to another for pleasure.时间短，距离近的旅行或远足，往往带有最终回 到原出发地点，往返一次的含义。 journey: a trip of some distance, usually by land.通常指长途陆地旅行，无回到原出发地的含义。 travel: a long distance and long time journey by any means.长途，长时间的旅行，旅行手段不限。 6.Chichester did all by himself, even after the main steering device had been damaged by gales. (Para 3) , all by himself: alone or without help. Your son is old enough to deal with whatever happens all by himself. , damage: vt to cause damage to A fire severely damaged part of the school. Smoking can damage your health. n. 1)the process of spoiling the condition or quality of something and the harm or loss that results cause/do/inflict damage to 损害，破坏。 The flood caused serious damage to the crops. 2)the price, esp. of something done for you. What‘s the damage? pay the damage赔偿损失。 suffer serious damage遭受严重损失。 Compare damage and destroy damage: 损坏，指降低某物的价值和有用性，这种损害是可以弥补，修复的。 damage a car destroy: 毁灭，指彻底毁坏而无法修复。 a house destroyed by fire 7. Chichester covered 14,100 miles before stopping in Sydney, Austraila. (Para 3) , cover : vt. 1) travel a distance 27 大学英语 Book One He covered the distance to downtown in one hour. 2) include The visitor‘s speech covered several subjects. 3) spread over be covered with 以 覆盖 The desks and chairs in the classroom were covered with dust cover sth. up 掩盖，隐瞒。 He tried to cover up his guilt by lying. cover up for sb.包庇某人。 n. 1) the out of a book On the front cover was a picture of a woman. 2) something to put over an object to protect it She put the cover on her typewriter. 8. This was more than twice the distance anyone had previously sailed alone.(Para 3) , previously :adv. before Mr. Bush was previously U.S. President. previous: adj coming earlier in time or order. In the previous unit, we learnt how to improve our study habits. The car‘s previous owner was a doctor. previous to: before Previous to the meeting, Mr. Smith asked me whether all the members of the committee would be present I know nothing about the accident; it happened previous to my arrival. Compare : previous, prior, preceding, former previous: coming earlier in time or order. 以前的，先的，表示时间，顺序上在—之前。 On a previous occasion prior: 居先的，在前的，但又优先的，重要的含义。 This task is prior to all others. preceding:在前的，在先的，强调时间和位置上紧接着。 in the preceding chapters former:以前的，从前的，强调两者之间的对比，对照，其反义词为latter the former name of the company 9.Chichester set off once more in spite of his friends‘ attempts to dissuade him.(Para5) , set off: start a journey He will set off for Hong Kong tomorrow. , attempt: n. try My attempt to persuade him not to drink too much failed. 28 大学英语 Book One make an attempt to do sth.尝试做某事。 make an attempt at sth./doing sth.试图做某事 He made no attempt to correct the mistakes he had made. The young birds managed to fly several miles at their first attempt. vt. try to do sth. difficult attempt to do/doing sth.企图做某事。 He attempted to lie. attempt something 试图做某事。 He attempted the experiment, but failed. , dissuade: vt. prevent sb from doing sth. by giving reason; persuade sb. not to do sth. She paid no attention to my attempt to dissuade her from leaving her parents. I don‘t think anyone can dissuade him from going there. Compare: dissuade, persuade. dissuade: 劝阻。dissuade sb. from doing sth.劝阻某人不要做某事。 persuade: 说服，劝服。persuade sb.to do /doing sth.说服某人做某事。 Persuade sb. of sth. 是某人相信。 I‘ve persuaded him into going with us. I persuaded him of the truth. 10. The second half of his voyage was by far the more dangerous part,(Para 5) , by far: very much. This film is by far more exciting than the previous one. 11.The sea became so rough that the boat almost turned over.(Para 6) , turn over: cause to fall over, upset, change position by rolling. The small boat turned over when a big wave came and he was thrown into the water. 12.Fortunately, the damage to the boat was not too serious.( Para 6) , fortunately: adv. by good chance, luckily. I was late in getting to the station, but fortunately for me, the train was late too. fortune: n. 1) a great number of money, possessions, etc. He dreamed of making his fortune. 2) chance, esp. as an important influence on a person‘s life; fate. She had the great fortune to be free from illness all her life. misfortune: bad luck, often of a serious kind. His failure in business was due not to misfortune, but to his own mistakes. fortunate: adj. having or bringing a good condition or situation; lucky. be fortunate to do 很幸运做 He‘s fortunate to have or in having a good job. It was fortunate for her that her husband arrived at that moment. 29 大学英语 Book One be fortunate in 在 方面很幸运 unfortunate: having or showing bad luck, undeserved bad luck.. These unfortunate people have been thrown out of their homes Compare: fortunate, lucky fortunate: 较正式，多用于较大事件;强调所收获的比预想的要多。 The year has been an especially fortunate one for me. lucky: 幸运的，好远的。强调能带来好结果的机遇。 The lucky day I met my future wife. 13. the nearest person he could contact by radio, (Para 6) , contact: vt 1) to touch Our patrols on all our fronts contacted no enemy. 2)to reach someone by message, telephone, etc. For further details, please contact our local office. n. the state of having connection or exchanging information or ideas with some else. be in / out of contact with与„有/失去联系。 Have you ever been out of /in contact with your old classmates? lose/make contact with与„ 失去/取得联系 have contact with与„ 接触。 14.unless there was a ship nearby, (Para 6) , nearby : adj/adv close by; near There is a nearby town. A football match was being played nearby. 15. After succeeding in sailing round Cape Horn, (Para 7) , succeed in: do sth successfully succeed in sth./doing sth. He succeeded in getting the job. He succeeded admirably in his business. 16. I feel as if I had wakened from a nightmare (Para 7). , waken: vt 1) cause to wake I was wakened by their shouts 2) arouse one‘s interest or curiosity in sth. The film was too boring to waken the audience‘s interest. vi cause to stop sleeping I wakened up early. Compare: waken, wake, awaken, awake waken :(wakened, wakened) 叫醒，常作及物动词，比wake 更正式。 The noise wakened him up. 30 大学英语 Book One wake: (woke, woken)醒来，常作及物动词和布及物动词，与up 搭配。 He usually wakes up early. awaken:( awakened, awakened) 唤醒，引起，常作及物动词，多用于比喻用法。 I tried to awaken some enthusiasm for my project. awake: (awoke, awoken) 醒来，正式用语，常作布及物动词，并常用于“觉醒|”，“觉悟”的比喻意 义。 awake to sth开始意识到 In the morning, I awoke from a long sleep. 16.Wild horse could not drag me down to Cape Horn and that sinister South Ocean again(Para 7). , drag: vt 1) to pull along with great effort Why must you drag me out to a concert on such a cold evening? 2) move along slowly or with difficulty At nine o‘clock she dragged herself to the office. vi 1) move along while touching the ground. He walked slowly, his legs dragging with each step. 2) move along too slowly drag on拖延，使拖延。 The meeting dragged on for hours drag behind落后。 drag sb. into doing sth.拉某人做某事。 17. He had done what he wanted to accomplish. (Para 8). , accomplish:v finish successfully Don‘t say it is easy before you accomplish it Compare: accomplish, complete, finish, achieve. accomplish 做成，完成，强调，成功地完成预期的计划，任务。 accomplish one‘s aim/a task/something complete完成，结束，使完满，强调使事物完整起来或完美。 Art completes nature finish 结束，完成，强调事情的终结，终止。 Finish a book/a bottle of wine achieve 完成，做到，强调通过努力，克服困难完成艰巨，困难的工作。 Achieve success/one‘s ambition/peace of mind 18.Like many other adventurers , Chichester had experienced fear and conquered it (Para9). , conquer: vt defeat or overcome I‘m sure I can conquer my fear of mice. We all believed that he will try his best to conquer his wrong ideas. Man can conquer cancer sooner or later. 31 大学英语 Book One conqueror: n a person who conquered others conquerable: adj being conquered Compare: conquer, overcome, subdue. Conquer: 用暴力，斗争将其它事物置于自己的统治或控制之下。 The country has never been conquered by a foreign foe. Overcome: 战胜，克服，强调经过艰苦的奋斗战胜困难，取得胜利。 Overcome difficulties /one‘s shortcomings Subdue: 使屈服，征服，强调战胜之后进而进行控制和镇压。 Subdue the native tribes after years of fighting V. Reading Skill----- How to read a text (part II ) Read the passage once to get an overall impression of what it is about, and then reread it concentrating on the details. First reading: carefully read the text at your normal speed. After the first reading, answer the questions without looking back at the text. Second reading: reread the text, concentrating on the details. Then complete some exercises. Go over the text once more and understanding difficult sentences. VI. Writing o. Writing Skill Contraction: Reducing clauses to phrases or words. In the text of this unit, there are sentences such as: Chichester covered 14,100 miles before stopping in Sydney, Australia.(=„before he stopped in Sydney, Australia. ) After resting in Sydney for a few weeks, Chichester set off once more in spite of his friends‘ attempts to dissuade him.(=After he had rested in Sydney„) In these sentences, gerundial phrases are used instead of clauses. Besides gerundial phrases, infinitives, participial phrases, and prepositional phrases can also be used to replace clauses. 2. Paragraph Writing Write a paragraph of about 120 words describing the difficulties Chichester had to struggle against when sailing round the world. Consider the following points before you start writing. Sailing round the world single-handed Lung cancer Nearly sixty-five years old The main steering device damaged by gales Unable to walk without help Sailing round the treacherous Cape Horn Sample 32 大学英语 Book One Chichester began sailing round the world single-handed when he was nearly sixty-five years old and had lung cancer. Chichester followed the route of the great nineteenth century clipper ships. But the clippers had had plenty of crew. He did it all by himself, even after the main steering device had been damaged by gales. He arrived in Australia on 12 December, just 107 days out from England. He received a warm welcome from the Australians and from his family who had flown there to meet him. On shore, Chichester could not walk without help. After resting in Sydney for a few weeks, Chichester set off once more in spite of his friends‘ attempts to dissuade him.The second half of his voyage was by far the more dangerous part, during which he sailed round the treacherous Cape Horn. VII. Suggested Activity: Group Discussion Procedure: Step 1: find a partner or partners and discuss with them the significance of Francis Chichester‘s feat in sailing round the world single-handed. Step 2: the following questions may help you to start the discussion 1) Why did Chichester decide to sail round the world single-handed ? 2) Do you think he did it entirely for the sake of adventure? Why ? 3) Did he experience fear in the course of his adventure? 4) What did he mean by saying ― Wild horses could not drag me down to Cape Horn and that sinister Southern Ocean again‖? Do you think he regretted making the voyage? Why ? 5) What did Chichester give men throughout the world by successfully completing his voyage round the world? Do you think men still need courage and strength in the age of machines? Why ? VIII. Homework 1. Do all the exercises and review what has been learned. 2. Preview the next unit. Reading Material T o Swim the English Channel at 58 I. Background Information English Channel English Channel, Fr. La Manche [the sleeve], arm of the Atlantic Ocean, c.350 (560 km) long, between France and Great Britain. It is 112 mi (180 km) wide at its west entrance, between Land's End, England, and Ushant, France. Its greatest width, c.150 mi (240 km) is between Lyme Bay and the Gulf of St.-Malo; at the east, between Dover and Cape Gris-Nez, it is 21 mi (34 km) wide. The Strait of Dover connects the Channel with the North Sea. Principal islands are the Isle of Wight and the Channel Islands. The principal Channel ports are Plymouth, Southampton, Portsmouth, and Dover (in England) and Cherbourg, Le Havre, 33 大学英语 Book One Dieppe, and Calais (in France). Noted resorts include Deauville, France, and Brighton, England. A train-ferry service to carry passengers and freight between Paris and London was opened between Dover and Dunkirk in 1936. There are other ferry and hovercraft links, as well as the link under the Channel via the Channel Tunnel, opened in 1994. In 1785, J. P. Blanchard and Dr. John Jeffries crossed the Channel by balloon; the first person to swim across was Matthew Webb (1875); and the first airplane crossing was made by Blériot in 1909. II. Text Structure Analysis 1. Outline of the text Part I My decision of swimming the English Channel at the age of 58 years old.(Para 1) Questions. 1. Is the author young or old? 2. What does he want to do? Part II The reasons why did I decide to swim the Channel at 58 ( Para 2-12 ) Para 2-5 My friends? reaction to my decision and my wife?s worry as well as my answer to their questions. Question. What did people think of his decision to swim the English Channel? Para 6-12 My real reasons and two conditions of this decision. Para6-8 The English Channel has always the greatest challenge to swimmers and if I succeed, I will be the oldest person ever to swim the Channel. Questions. 1. Why do many people attempt the Channel every year? 2. What special reason does the author have for his decision? Para 9-12 I have at least two things in my favor—first training hard, second I am a resolute man. Questions. 1. What is the author actually doing in preparing for his Channel swim? 2. What does the author think of he Channel swimmer who gave up after one hour‘s swim? 3. Did the young girl give up when her trainer thought she should? 4. When do you think the author wrote this article, before or after he attempted the Channel? 2. Summary of the text I decided to swim the English Channel at the age of 58, which caused questions among my friends and others. I thought that the reason was as simple as other‘s. It is the challenge and adventure that attempts me, furthermore, if I succeed, I will be the oldest person ever to swim the Channel. I don‘t think I‘m a superman. I do think I have at least two things in my favor: First, I am training hard now and prior to that time I also kept physically fit by training moderately hard. Second, I am a resolute man. Once I set up a goal, I won‘t give it up. I have a feeling that I will be mentally ready and won‘t do as one Channel swimmer did a few years ago III. Language Points 1(My friends thought I had lost my mind; my wife didn‘t think I was crazy but she was somewhat worried.(Para2) , somewhat: adv. by some degree or amount, a little, rather. The price was somewhat higher than I‘d expected. 34 大学英语 Book One They were suffering somewhat from the heat. 2. and preparing to swim the Channel is far better than working in a supermarket, (Para5) , far better than: much better than The film is far better than the book. 3. One fact that adds to my interest is that, (Para8) , add to: to increase The rise in electricity costs has added to our difficulties. 4. I do think I have at least two things in my favor. (Para9) , in someone?s/something?s favor: to someone‘s /something‘s advantage The plan has this in its favor, that it won‘t cost much 5. Prior to that time I also kept physically fit by training moderately hard. (Para10) , moderately: adv. to a moderate degree; not very. A moderately successful film. 6. Second, I am a resolute man. (Para11) , resolute: adj.( of a person or their character) firm; determined in purpose He is a resolute optimist. Be resolute in your efforts Opposite: irresolute resolutely: adv. firmly They defended the city resolutely. 7. Once I set up a goal, I won‘t give it up easily. (Para11) , set up: to establish or arrange ( an organization, business, plan, etc ) The council set up a committee to look into unemployment. He set up a trust fund for his niece. , give up: to stop attempting something; admit defeat. All the girls swam the lake except two, who gave up halfway. I give up; tell me the end of the story. 8. it no longer meant anything to him(Para11) , mean: v. ( to ) to be of importance to the stated degree. Her work means a lot/means everything to her. 9. On the other hand there was the young girl who was attempting to finish her swim when the ocean got rough. (Para12) , attempt: v. to make an effort at; try to do something, esp. without success. The second question was so difficult I didn‘t even attempt it. attempt to do something He attempted to leave but was stopped. attempt doing something I attempted walking along the rope. 35 大学英语 Book One 10. She made it. (Para12) , make it: 1) to arrive in time I think we‘ll make it 2) to succeed It‘s hard to make it to the top in show business. 36 大学英语 Book One Unit Three The Present Time Allotment: (4.5 Periods) 1. Text Structure analysis and new words and phrases (3 periods) 2. Exercises and reading & writing skills (1.5 periods) Teaching Aims: The teaching of this text aims to enable students 1. to master the new words and useful phrases: present, rare, occasion, content, arrange, minor, operate, efficient, endure, disappoint, reluctant, fold, stoop, tremble, at other times, round the corner, look after, after all, be sure that/of, arrange for sb to do sth, not until, too to, pick up. 2. to learn about the cold relationship among family members and old woman lonely life in west country. 3. to get acquainted with reading skills about reading in thought groups. 4. to learn and practice some writing skills: subordination----combining two simple sentences by turning one of them into a subordinate clause.. I. Background information 1. Important birthday in the West At 21, the age of majority (now lowered to 18 in many countries), one becomes an adult. Usually the family has the big party for the adult and a major present—an expensive watch or a car---is given him or her. The present , of course, varies from family to family. Any birthday past 70 is celebrated in a special way by family members just because the birthday person is getting old and may die before another birthday comes round. That is why the author of The Present says eighty was a special birthday. And then, 100—the centennial birthday—is generally regarded as an unusual occasion because few people reach it. The centenarian may even receive a telegram or a letter of congratulations from political prominent figure, such as the prime minister and the Queen if the anniversary is celebrated in Britain. Again the family may hold a party attended by relatives and the surviving friends as well. Among other things, the centenarian takes delight in counting great grandchildren and grand children at the party. 2. Traditional Birthday Celebration in West Country In the West, it is customary to hold a party in celebration of a person‘s birthday. The guests will come to the party with birthday presents and say ― Happy Birthday‖ to the birthday person. The guests then watch him or her open the presents and he or she thanks them for the presents they have bought. At the party drinks and foods are served. Towards the end of the dinner the lights in the room are turned off, and some comes in from another room with a cake on which are lighted candles, one for each year. At the sight of the cake the guests begin singing ― Happy Birthday to You‖ and the birthday person makes a wish before he or she blows the candles on the cake. It is said that the wish will come true if all the candles go out in one puff, after that the cake is cut in slices usually by the birthday person, one piece for each guest. When the party comes an end, the guests wish the birthday person ― Happy Birthday‖ again and leave. 3. Aging 37 大学英语 Book One In biology, aging is combination of changes in an organism that appears to occur inevitably and irreversibly with the passage of time, eventually resulting in death. Such changes vary considerably in time and severity of occurrence among different species and from one individual organism to the next. Among humans they include a decrease in tissue flexibility, loss of some nerve cells hardening of the blood vessels, and general decrease in body tone. Biologist concerned with aging may investigated such changes, or they may focus on bodily deficits and disabilities that accumulated with age but that appears to result more directly from disease, stress or environmental trauma. No scientific consensus exists as to the true nature of the aging process. 4. Gerotology Gerontology is a scientific study of old age, emphasizing the social and behavioral aspects of aging. Although aging is lifelong process and varies in its effects on individuals, old age has commonly defined as beginning of at the age of 65. Since 1920 the number of people living to old age in industrial society has increased greatly. In the United States in 1990, for example, life expectancy—the average that member of a society will reach—was 79.5 years for white females, 72.9 for white males, 74.7 for black females, and 66.8 for black males. Other nonwhite group has slightly higher long life expectancies: 81.8 years for Native American females, 73.7 years for Native American males, 86 for Asian females, and 79,9 for Asian males. As childhood diseases are eliminated and better sanitations methods are used, life expectancies will also rise in developing countries. 5. Problems of the elderly Gerontologists study how older people are treated in within a society and how the elderly deal with the inevitable problems of aging, particularly those involving health and income. Health problems include normal losses in hearing, eyesight, and memory, and the increased likelihood of chronic diseases. These losses are gradual and proceed at different rates for each individual. Many people do not experience declines until very old age, and the great majority of the elderly learn to adapt to the limitations imposed by health problems. The second major problem of the elderly involves income economic welfare. Because most old people are no longer in the labor force, some form of income maintenance is necessary. Industrial societies are characterized by system of pensions and benefits such as Social Security in the United States. II. Warm-up Questions and Oral Practice Pre-reading questions: 1. Do you often call your parents? What do you usually talk about with your parents on the phone? 2. Do you know your parents‘ birthdays? What do you usually do to celebrated their birthdays? 3. Suppose your mother were fifty tomorrow. What birthday present would you send her? 4. Montesquieu, the famous French thinker and philosopher, once said, ―It is always the adventurer who accomplishes great things.‖ How do you understand this saying of his? Post-reading questions: 38 大学英语 Book One 1. What was the special occasion? 2. Why was the old lady proud of Myra? 3. The old lady lived alone. But do you think she was very lonely? Why or why not? 4. The story tells us that Myra had won a medal for her work with the old people. Do you think she deserved the medal? Do you think she really cared about old people? Why or why not? III. Text Structure Analysis 1. Outline of the text Part I. (Para.1-2) The old lady, filled with expectation, got up early on her birthday. Question: How old was the old lady? Part II. (Para. 3--12) The old lady looked forward to something special from her daughter Myra, because eighty was a special birthday and Myra had got a medal for her work for the aged. Besides, everybody was kind to her. So she expected Myra to come and see her, or at least send her a lovely present if she was too busy to come. Question: Did Myra and her husband often come to see the old lady? What had happened to Enid? Whom did the old lady love more, Myra or Enid? Why? Who was Jim? Was he still alive? Who was Johnnie? How old was he ? What do you think of him? Part III. (Para. 13-21) The present from Myra turned out to be a printed card plus a cheque. The old lady felt so disappointed, so hurt that she tore the cheque into bits. Question: Why did the old lady tear the cheque into pieces? 2. Summary of the text The story tells about what happens to an old lady on her eightieth birthday. She is very excited that day. She gets up early and puts on her best clothes. She wishes her daughter Myra would come to see her, though deep in her heart she is uncertain of her coming. Even if Myra is too busy to come in person, she would send her a lovely present. The old lady is sure of that. So she waits with eagerness. At last her mail comes. The present from her daughter turns out to be a mere printed card along with a cheque. The old lady felt so disappointed, so hurt, that she tears the cheque into small pieces. The story gives us a glimpse of the misery many old people suffer – their emotional needs are seldom attended to; they are forgotten, thus, they are the most lonely and unhappy people in the world. IV. Language Points 1. The present (title) , present: n. 1) gift He got some nice present on his birthday. 2) the time now We learn from the past, experience the present, and hope for success in the future. adj. 1) existing now 39 大学英语 Book One I‘m not going to buy a house at the present high prices; I‘m going to wait until they get cheaper. 2) being in the place talked about A lot of students were present at the meeting. v. 1) introduce He presented me to his wife. 2) give sb. sth as a present Present it as a Christmas gift. 3) show sb sth Present an invitation card at the entrance. 4) hand in, submit Some 260 papers were presented at the conference. at present : now, at the moment Mr. Henry is busy at present----- Can he contact you later? I don‘t want get married at present. for the present: for the time being I‘ve got enough bread for the present, but I‘ll get some more tomorrow. make a present of sth. to sb. / make sb. a present of sth. a present for sb. until / up to the present present one?s apologies/ compliments/respects 2. the ground floor—( Para 2) Notice the difference in floor system between the United States and Britain: U.S. Britain the first floor the ground floor the second floor the first floor 3. on the rare occasion when anything came.( Para 2 ) , rare: adj 1) unusual, interesting and valuable Diane‘s hobby is to collect rare books. 2) not happening often It‘s rare for him to be absent in class rarely: adv not very often I‘ve rarely seen a man looking so unhappy. Compare rare and scarce rare :罕见的，珍奇的，指罕见而可能有价值的东西或不常发生的事情。 可用来表示时间。 a rare plant/ butterfly One of my rare visit to Paris scarce: 匮乏，不足，指普通常用但未能充分得到的东西。 40 大学英语 Book One Potatoes were scarce last , occasion : n. 1) a time when sth. happens This is not an occasion for joking. It was a present her mother sent to her on the occasion of her marriage. 2) an important social event celebration Our children‘s birthdays are special occasions in our family. 3) an opportunity for doing sth. He has never had occasion to use his gun. on occasion: sometimes, now and then, occasionally. He reads detective stories on occasion. on the occasion of: 在„之际。 on this /that occasion: 在这/那种情况下。 on one occasion: 有一次。 4. ,„even if she seldom wrote at other times. (Para 3) at other times: on other occasions If you study at other times, you will pass the exam. Her daughter seldom visited her at other times. at times:有时。 at all times:在任何时候。 at one time:过去。 at no time:决不。 ahead of time:提前。 in time:及时。 5.The old lady was proud of Myra,„(Para 4) be proud of: take pride in Tom is very proud of his new car. Our football team is proud of winning every match this year. 6. Enid had never married, but had seemed content to live with her mother,„(Para 4) , content: adj satisfied, pleased. Are you content with your birthday present? John seems content just to sit in front of the television all night. n. what is contained in I like the style of this book but I don‘t like the content. I didn‘t understand the content of her speech. content & contents content: ，指书、报等的题材，尤指要旨、大意。 The content of the course 课程内容 41 大学英语 Book One contents: 内容，某物里容纳的东西，还指书、报等的目录。 The contents of the bottle; 瓶里的东西the contents of a book.一本书的目录。 She dropped the purse, and the contents fell out on the floor. 7.„and teach in a primary school round the corner. (Para 4) round /around the corner: very near ( in distance or time) The post office is just round the corner. They lived just round the corner. 8. I‘ve arranged for Mrs. Morrison to look after you for a few days, Mother.(Para 5) , arrange: vt. put in proper order; plan in advance. We have arranged the room in the most practical way. We have arranged with someone else to go the cinema tonight. The company arranged for a car to pick them up at the airport. I have arranged for him to meet her. arrange to do sth. 准备做某事。 arrange for sb./sth. to do sth.确保某人(某物)作某事。 arrange with sb. about sth.与某人商定某事。 arrange with sb. to do sth.与某人商定做某事 Compare order, arrange, tidy up and clear away. order: 安排、命令，订购:order one‘s life/an advance/a meal / a suit arrange: 整理、排例，安排:arrange the books/an examination / a meeting tidy up : 使整洁，整理:tidy up the room/tidy up after dinner. clear away : 把„清除掉，消散。Clear away obstacles 9.Tomorrow I have to go into hospital----just a minor operation. .( Para 5) , minor: adj lesser or smaller in degree, size, number, or importance when compared with others He left most of his money to his sons; his daughter received only a minor share of his wealth. The young actress was given a minor part in the new play. The infection is fairly minor; nothing to worry about. opposite: major minority :n 1) the smaller number or part; less than half. Most of the nation wants peace; only a minority wants the war to continue. 2) a small part of a population which is different form the rest in race, religion, etc. There is a law to protect religious minorities. minor to 低于„，次于„。 , operate: vt 1) cut the body in order to set right or remove the diseased part They operated his diseased lungs, but it was too late. 2) cause to work 42 大学英语 Book One Can you operate the computer? The company operates 10 factories. vi.1) to carry on trade or business. Our company operates in several countries. 2) to produce effects The new law operates against us 3) operate on/for cut the body in order to set right or remove the diseased part His knees have been operated on several times. He had to operate on a patient for appendicitis.(阑尾炎) operation: n. 1) the condition or process of working The operation of a new machine can be hard to learn. 2) a thing done; an activity The company‘s oversea operations include banking and insurance. 3) the cutting of the body in order to set right or remove a diseased part. She‘s going into hospital to have a minor operation on her knee. operator: n 1) a person who works a machine, apparatus, etc 2) a person who work a telephone switchboard. 10.Myra came to the funeral, and in her efficient way arranged for Mrs. Morrison to come in„(Para 6) , efficient: adj working well, quickly, and without waste. Our efficient new machines are much cheaper to run. She is quick efficient worker. opposite: inefficient efficiently : adv efficiency : n It would improve our efficiency if we used more up-to-date methods. Compare anxious, effective, adequate, efficient anxious: 焦急的， 焦虑的，常用于feel/be anxious for/about, be anxious to do sth,用作表语。 effective: 有效的，强调达到预期目的或产生预期效果。 An effective medicine adequate: 足够的，可胜任的 adequate time/money, adequate to /for sth. efficient: 高效率的，强调不浪费时间和能量而达到满意的效果。 An efficient small car, an efficient secretary. 11. After all, eighty was a special birthday, another decade lived or endured just as you chose to look at it. (Para 8) , after all: 1) in spite of everything 毕竟，终究。 So you see I was right after all. They tried for an hour, and failed after all. 43 大学英语 Book One 2) it must be remembered that 必须记住。 I know he hasn‘t finished the work, but after all, he is very busy. , endure: v 1) to bear ( pain, suffering ) patiently or for a long time They endured tremendous hardship on their journey to the South Pole. I can‘t endure to see/endure seeing animals suffer like that. 2) to remain alive or in existence, esp. in spite of difficulty. We can‘t endure much longer in this desert without water. Her fame will endure for ever. enduring fame 不朽的名声 durable adj Compare bear, endure, sand, tolerate 1) Bear, endure 和stand 等词都与can 连用构成疑问句， 或加上否定词表示非常不喜欢。 但endure一般只用于非常严重的情况。 I can‘t bear/stand strong coffee. 2) Bear, endure 和stand 用于肉体上受到的极大痛苦， 但endure 指长时间的痛苦。 She bore/stood the pain as long as she could. She had endured great pain for years. 3) tolerate 用于指忍受，容忍人或行为，一般不指痛苦。 I won‘t tolerate such behavior. 12.The old lady was sure of that. (Para 9) , be sure of sth. : certain ( of having or gaining sth.)对获得„有把握。 Are you sure of his honesty? be sure to do sth.: 1) don‘t forget to别忘了，记住。 Be sure to come on time. 2) certain to happen 一定会的，必定会。 It‘s sure to rain. You‘re sure to like it. be sure that: having no doubt; confident in one‘s knowledge of sth. 确信的，有把握的。 Are you sure this is the right bus? make sure that: to take action so that something will certainly happen确保 Make sure that you get here before midnight. make sure of something/that: to find out if something is certainly true.查明，弄清楚。 I think I locked the door, but I‘ll just go back and make sure of it/ that I did. to be sure: must be accepted that; admittedly.诚然，固然。 Some people may disagree, to be sure, but that doesn‘t mean I‘m wrong. 44 大学英语 Book One 13. she had bought a card and a bunch of marigolds when she came to the breakfast. (Para 10) , bunch:(of)a number of things (usually small and the same kind ) fastened, held, or growing together at one point. A bunch of flowers/ grapes/keys The little girl wears her hair in bunches. 14. Jim had always liked her in blue. (Para 12) , in: prep. dressing a girl in red/ in a fur coat. 15. The old lady felt a pang of disappointment. (Para 16) , disappoint: v 1) to fail to fulfill the hopes of a person. I‘m sorry to disappoint you, but I can‘t come after all. 2) to prevent the fulfillment of a plan or hope; frustrate. To disappoint someone‘s hope. disappointed: adj (of a person) unhappy at not seeing hopes come true Since he lost the election he‘s a disappointed man. be disappointed about/at 对„感到失望，多指对事失望。 Are you very disappointed about/at losing the race, be disappointed in/with 对„感到失望，多指对人失望，也可指对事。 His parents are very disappointed in/with him because he has failed the entrance examination. be disappointed of 因得不到„而感到失望。 Be disappointed of one‘s purpose/hopes 16. Almost reluctantly she tore the envelope open. (Para 20) , reluctant: adj unwilling, and therefore perhaps show to act. He gave a reluctant promise. be reluctant to do sth. 不愿做某事，勉强做某事。 They were very reluctant to help. reluctantly: adv She reluctantly accepted the money. reluctance: n He agreed, but with great reluctance. 17. Folded in the card was a piece of paper, (Para 20) , fold: v 1) to turn or press back one part of (sth, esp. paper or cloth) and lay it on the remaining part; bend into two or more parts. She folded the handkerchief and put it in her pocket. Fold up the table cloth and put it away, please. 2) to wrap; cover He found some seeds folded in a little piece of paper. 45 大学英语 Book One 3) to fail and close Our New York operation has folded. 4) to press ( a pair of limbs )together He folded his arms. fold A in B/fold B around A 用B把A包起来。 fold s b./sth. in one?s arms 抱住某人或某物。 fold one?s arms手臂交叉放在胸前。 fold up 倒闭，失败。 18. Slowly the old lady stooped to pick it up. (Para 21) , stoop: v. 1) to bend the upper body forwards and down. I had to stoop (down) to go through the low doorway. 2) to stand habitually with the back and shoulders bents forwards. He used to stoop, but he did exercises to make his shoulders straight. stoop down to do sth. 俯身作某事。 stoop so low as to do sth.如此降低身份尊严去做某事。 stoop to sth./doing sth. 降低行为到去做某事。 She‘d stoop to anything to get her own way. I know you‘d never stoop to lying. stoop: n. position with the shoulders bent forwards or rounded. stooped : adj having a stoop stooping: adj rounded or bent forwards , pick up:1) to take hold of (esp. sth. small or light) and lift it up from a surface. Pick up toys on the floor when you finish playing. I picked up a magazine that was lying on the table. 2) to collect; arrange to go and get. I‘ m going to pick you up at the hotel about ten o‘clock.. Pick me up at the hotel. 3) to come to have; gain, buy, learn, etc.; acquire. Where did you pick up that book/your English/that habit/such idea? 19. With trembling fingers she tore it into little bits. (Para 21) , tremble: vi 1) to shake uncontrollably with quick short movements, usu from fear, excitement, or weakness. He was trembling with rage. The whole house trembled as the train went by. 2) (at/for) to feel great fear and anxiety about something We all trembled at the prospect of an enemy invasion. I tremble to think what‘s going to happen. 46 大学英语 Book One trembling: adj tremblingly: adv tremble with sth. 因„而发抖。 tremble to think 一想到„就不寒而栗。 tremble at sth. 为„而不寒而栗。 Compare tremble, shake, shiver tremble: 颤动，发抖，尤指由于害怕，兴奋，生气等而颤抖 tremble with fear/excitement/rage shake:摇动，抖动，指动作幅度较大的颤动。 She was shaking with laughter/anger/fear shiver:颤抖，哆嗦，指因寒冷，惧怕而发抖 It was so cold that they were all shivering. , tear into: to pull apart or into pieces by force, intentionally or intentionally, esp. so as to leave irregular edges The girl tore the letter into pieces. He tore the book in half. tear sth out of : 从 „撕下 She tears a page out of a notebook. tear sth off:扯 „下 He tore a button off a coat. tear sth open:撕开 The old lady tore an envelop open. V. Reading Skill-----Reading in Thoughts Groups Comprehension--- understanding what you are reading --- is important; but the speed with which you read is important, too. While making constant efforts to improve your reading comprehension, you should try consciously to increase your reading speed. And to read in thought groups is and easy, yet effective, way of picking up speed and fluency. How to read them? A poor reader is apt to move his eyes from word to word while an efficient reader will move his eyes from words to words---- that is, from thought group to thought group. 1. The little boy Johnnie--- --had been up— --- with a packet of mints--- And said -- he wouldn‘t go out to play-- --until the post had come Keep on practicing this skill until you can apply it automatically. Then you will be able to acquire sufficient 47 大学英语 Book One speed to read fluently with good comprehension. VI. Writing 1. Writing Skill Subordination: Combining two simple sentences by turning one of them into a subordinate clause. It is true that being terse is one of the most important principles in writing. But, it does not mean that you should always write simple and short sentences, which would make your writing too monotonous. Therefore, it is advisable to use longer and more complex sentence patterns now and then in order to achieve variation. Subordination is just one way of doing that. Now study the following examples and then combine the following pairs of simple sentences by means of subordination. Examples: Chichester was already 58 years old when he won the first solo transatlantic sailing race I went to visit the American author. He wrote a number of books about China. ---I went to visit the American author who wrote a number of books about China. 2. Paragraph Writing Write one paragraph explaining why the old lady in the story tore the cheque into pieces. Begin the thparagraph with the sentence: ― The old lady was very excited on her 80 birthday„‖ Complete the paragraph with six to eight sentences, using he words and phrases given below. even if send a parcel ( a present ) after all a special birthday wait eagerly feel disappointed feel hurt tear up a rare occasion Sample th The old lady was very excited on her 80 birthday because she was hoping that her daughter would come to see her. She was sure that even if her daughter could not come for a visit, she would at least send a parcel to her. After all, eighty is a special birthday. So the old lady waited eagerly for the postman. But her daughter did not even send a present. Instead, she only sent a printed card along with a cheque. The old lady felt so disappointed, so hurt and so angry that with her trembling fingers she tore up the cheque. Anyone can write a cheque, but only a caring daughter or son will choose a special present for such a rare occasion. VII. Suggested Activity: Group Discussion Procedure: Step 1: find a partner or partners and discuss with them what duties children have towards their parents. Step 2: the following questions may help you to start the discussion. n. What can we learn from the story about elderly people? o. What do they expect most from their children, money, material comforts, or emotional support? p. Do you send your parents presents on their birthdays? 48 大学英语 Book One q. Do you send holiday greetings to your parents? r. Do you think you and your parents are very close? Why do you think so? s. What can children do to make the life of their parents happier? VIII. Homework 1. Do all the exercises and review what has been learned. 2. Preview the next unit. Reading Material The Young and the Old I. Background Information Attitudes Toward the Elderly In many ways, the aged in the United States are victims both of the youth orientation of modern times and of a tendency toward denial of death. In the past old people commanded respect because they controlled the sources of power: wealth, land, political office, information, and the fate of other family members. In most modern societies, however, young people are independent; They choose whom they will marry, and receive public education. Groups such as the Gray Panthers, the National Coalition on Aging and the American Association of Retired Persons (AARP) strive to reverse the stereotype of old people as weak and dependent , and improve the status of the aged. Elderly people themselves often display high level of morale, satisfaction with life, and feelings of self-worth. The important variables are health and income. The task of modern societies is to ensure that the aged have their basic needs met and that they have the resources to continue to function in the community. II. Text Structure Analysis 1. Outline of the texts Part I The man quoted at the beginning of the text gave the reason why he didn?t want to travel and see the world and the author didn?t agree with him(Para 1-2) Question: 1) Does the man want to travel ? why or why not? 2) Does the author agree with him? 3) Then, according to the author, are all people the same, or are they different? Part II The author gives two examples about old people?s condition in different countries to show that a situation that may bring happiness in one place may not bring happiness in another place(Para 3-4) Question: 1) In what country is old age a happy time? 2) What birthday is considered a very important event in that country? 3) Is old age a happy time for many North Americans? 4) Do most of them live with their children or relatives? Part III The author concluded that the man who stayed home was wrong.(Para 5) 49 大学英语 Book One Question: What is he author‘s concluding remark? 2. Summary of the text At the beginning of the text, the author quoted a story about a man who wanted to stay home and his reasons. Then, the author shows his disagreement by giving two examples about old people‘s life in Korea and North America. In many countries old age is a happy time. Young people in these countries show respect to the old people, especially in Korea. But, in the United States, old age can be a sad and lonely time for them. So the author concluded that the man who stayed home was wrong. People are different in their customs and their value. III. Language Points 1. While they alive, they have the same emotions.(Para 1) , emotion: n 1) [C] any of the strong feelings of the human spirit Love, hatred, and grief are emotions His speech had an effect on our emotions rather than on our reason. 2) [UC] strength of feeling excited state of the feelings She described the accident in a voice shaking with emotion emotionless: adj emotionlessly: adv 2. They feel love and hate, happiness and sadness, security and fear, pride and shame, comfort and discomfort .(Para 1) , security: n 1) [U] the state of being secure Once the jewels were safely locked up in the bank he had no more anxieties about their security. 2) [U] a protection against lawbreaking, violence, enemy acts, escape from prison, etc. For security reasons the passengers have to be searched. Strict security measures were in force during the President‘s visit. , discomfort: n 1) [U] lack of comfort; the state of being uncomfortable The wound isn‘t serious, but may cause some discomfort. 2) [C] something that makes one uncomfortable The discomforts of travel 3) [U] slightly anxiety or shame She turned red with discomfort when the teacher called out her name. 3. In that kind of society old people receive honor, privilege and satisfaction.(Para 3) , privilege: n 1) [C] a special advantage limited to a particular person or group He had his privileges withdrawn as a punishment. Education is a privilege, not a right, in many countries. 2) [U] often derog advantage possessed by a person or group because of their wealth, social rank, etc. The British public schools are bastions of privilege. 50 大学英语 Book One 4. the attitudes of their family and their community change toward them.(Para 3) , community : n 1) [C+ sing./pl. v] a group of people living together and /or united by shared interests, religion, nationality, etc. The President met leaders of the black community during his visit to Chicago. Rural community; the academic community. This terrorist attack has been condemned by the entire international community. 2) [the +S] the public; people in general The job of a politician is to serve the whole community. 5.even if they are not related to them. (Para 3) , related : adj. [to] 1) connected by a family relationship She and I are related I am related to her by marriage. 2) connected in some way. The programme deal with drug addiction, juvenile crime, am related issues. 6. Everyone looks forward to this time. (Para 3) , look forward to: to expect with pleasure I‘m really looking forward to your party I‘m looking forward to going to your party I look forward to receiving your reply as soon as possible. 7. There, the strangers take care of them. (Para 4) , take care of: look after Who will take care of the dog while we‘re away The little boy‘s parents couldn‘t look after him, so he‘s been taken into care Don‘t worry about your flight reservation--- it‘s all been taken care of. 51 大学英语 Book One Unit Four Turning Off TV: A Quiet Hour Time Allotment: (4.5 Periods) 1. Text Structure analysis and new words and phrases (3 periods) 2. Exercises and reading & writing skills (1.5 periods) Teaching Aims: The teaching of this text aims to enable students 1. to master the new words and useful phrases: worthwhile, nevertheless, current, propose, prohibited, distraction, disturbing, emotional, entertainment, typical, barely, literate, come up with, at first glance, radical, electronic, imagination 2. to learn about the advantages and disadvantages of watching TV. 3. to get acquainted with reading skills of using context clues for word meanings. 4. to get acquainted with writing skills of contraction----Avoiding Redundancy. I. Background Information 1. The generation gap. The term is used to mean differences in ideas, life styles and attitudes between older and younger people, differences which result in a lack of understanding between them and frequently lead to confrontations. 2. High divorce rate in the US Divorce is a major problem in the US. At present, it is estimated, about one quarter to one third of all American marriages end in divorce. There is a great difference of opinion as to the causes of this high rate of divorce. But studies indicate that there are more cases of divorce among persons with low incomes and inadequate education and among those who marry at a very young age. Apart from legally divorced cases there are many separated couples. The immediate result that arises from the high divorce rate is an increasing number of single parent homes, i.e., homes where children are being raised by only one parent. The breakup of a family affects the children most. They fear being deserted or left alone. Many children suffer from a feeling of guilt when their parents divorce. They think that perhaps some of their actions have caused the parents' separation. Sometimes the children become angry at both parents for changing their lives. Sometimes they may direct their anger at the parent who has left or at the one who stays, who they think has forced the other away. II. Warm-up Questions and Oral Practice Pre-reading questions: 1. Do you often watching TV? Why or Why not? 2. What TV Programs do you like best? Why? 3. What are the advantages and disadvantage of watching TV? Post-reading questions: 1. Describe the television watching habits of the people around you ---- when they watch TV, what they watch, how much they watch, and so on. 52 大学英语 Book One 2. What can we do to make the best of television and at the same time prevent it from having ill effects on our studies and family relationships? 3. What do you think of the author‘s proposal in relation to the television broadcasting in the United States? 4. Sum up the advantages of turning off TV for an hour every night. III. Text Structure Analysis 1. Outline of the texts Part I. (Para.1) The author proposes that all television broadcasting in the USA be prohibited by law for 60-90 minutes after the early evening news. Question: What does the author propose in relation to the television broadcasting in the United States? Part II. (Para. 2--5) What the results might be if such a proposal were accepted. Para.2 Family might use this time for a real family hour. Question: What might the results be if families used a quiet hour to discuss their problems? Para. 3 Family could rediscover more active pastimes. Para. 4—5 Family might rediscover reading, including reading aloud. Question: 1. According to the author, what could help to turn out a more literate new generation? 2. What does the author mean by ― the story hour‖? What effect might it have on the TV networks? Part III. (Para. 6) The idea of an hour without TV is not radical at all. Question: Why is the idea of an hour without TV not radical? 2. Summary of the text Television, since its first prevalence over radio in the 1950s, has played a more and more important role in people‘s lives. As a matter of fact, it has become so much a part of human life that a modern world without television is unimaginable. Some people even say that life without television is not worth living. But some, on the other hand, argue against TV. They think TV is taking too much of a person‘s time and making him lazy, not to mention its harmful influence upon him. The author of this article, Robert Mayer is raising his voice against TV, urging viewers to turn of their sets and enjoy a precious quiet hour, an hour without the distraction of TV. People might use this time for a real family hour, having dinner and talking to one another, which helps family members to know each other better and like each other better; they could also rediscover active pastime and reading, which could contribute to a more literature generation. When the quiet hour is over, TV networks might even be forced to come up with better shows in order to get people back to watch TV. He thinks that this idea is not radical at all. IV. Language Points 1. Generally, there are many worthwhile programs on televison, including news, educational programs for children, programs on current social problems, .... , worthwhile : worthy of the time, efforts, etc;if something is worthwhile, it is important or useful, 53 大学英语 Book One or you gain something from it: The pleasure from success made worthwhile all our hard work over the past years. Can you recommend some worthwhile books for me to read? He wanted to do a worthwhile job. We decided to give the money to a worthwhile cause (=one that helps people). it is worthwhile to do something it is worthwhile doing something It wasn't worthwhile continuing /to contiune with the project compare: worth, worthy, worthwhile worthy : deserving respect from people a worthy opponent 不可小视的对手 a worthy gentleman 一位值得尊敬的绅士 He is worthy to receive such honor. be worthy of (doing) something be worthy to be done A lot of the small towns in the area are definitely worthy to be visited./are worthy of visit/being visited. worth : be worth (doing) something A lot of the small towns in the area are definitely worth visiting. it is worth doing something It's well worth getting there early if you want a good seat be worth somebody's while (to do/doing something) It might be worth your while to talk to the head of department. , programs : n. 1) something that you watch on television or listen to on the radio: What's your favourite television programme? Most newspapers carry TV programs for the day. 2) plan or strategy a United Nations programme to control the spread of AIDS a programme of economic reforms According to the government report, the reemployment program is going on well. 3) set of instructions that a computer follows in order to perform a particular task (程 序) Bill Gates built his company by designing software programs. v. 1) give (a computer) a set of instructions to make it able to perform a particular task The robot is programmed to do dangerous jobs in place of men. 2) be programmed to do something: if a person or animal is programmed socially or biologically to do something, they do it without thinking 54 大学英语 Book One All birds of this species are programmed to build their nests in the same way. current : adj. 1) of the present time 现今的，现时的 What is the current exchange rate for US dollars? the current President the current year : this year 今年 2) generally accepted or in fashion The current belief is that human beings evolved from monkeys. In writing, do not use words that are no longer current. n. 1) stream of flowing water, air, gas, etc. The cold currents of air from Siberia influence the climate of China. The body of the little boy swept away by the current was found days later. ocean/sea/tidal etc current The warm currents int eh Atlantic influence the climate of Great Britain. 大西洋中的暖流 影响英国的气候。 2) flow of electricity through a wire or cable 电流 alternate current (交流电 ) / direct current (直流电) an electrical current 3) general course; tendency (事件，意见，思想的)动向，趋势;潮流 Newspapers influence the current of public opinions. A small incident can sometimes change the whole current of one's life. Nothing disturbs the peaceful current of her life. The government used the radio to influene the current of thought. 2. Nevertheless, perhaps people should not be spending so much of .... , nevertheless : in spite of a fact that you have just mentioned [= nonetheless]; but, however What you said was true. It was, nevertheless, a little unkind. Mother was tired; neverthless, she did not rest until all the sewing was done. 3. Mr. Mayer imagines what we might do if we were forced ot find other activities. a) imagines: to form a picture or idea in your mind about what something could be like Imagine that you have just won a million pounds. Imagine life without hot water Can you imagine living in a place where there is no car. I tried to imagine how my new house would look like when it was finished. Can you imagine Geroge cooking? A lot of people imagine America to be a sort of paradise. (天堂) imaginable adj. 可想象的 imaginative adj. 想象力丰富的 imaginary adj. 假想的, 虚构的 55 大学英语 Book One 4. I would like to propose that for sixty to ninety....in the United States be prohibited by law. , propose : v. 1) suggest, put forward for consideration propose that : (in the subjunctive form) In his speech he proposed that the UN should set up an emergency centre for the environment. propose doing something The report also proposes extending the motorway. 2) to intend to do something propose to do something = propose doing something How does he propose to deal with the situation? We still don't know how the company proposes raising the money. 3) to ask someone to marry you, especially in a formal way Shaun proposed to me only six months after we met. 4) propose a toast (to somebody) : to formally ask a group of people at a social event to join you in wishing someone success, happiness, etc as they raise and drink a glass of wine: I'd like to propose a toast to the bride and groom prpposal :n. 1) plan or scheme the government's proposals for regulation of the industry The committee put forward a proposal to reduce the time limit. The President rejicted the proposal to put off the meeting. 2) offer of marriage marriage proposal/proposal of marriage She politely declined his proposal of marriage , prohibit: vt to say that an action is illegal or not allowed [= ban, forbid] Smoking is strictly prohibited inside the factory. prohibit somebody from doing something They are prohibited from revealing details about the candidates. compare : forbid, ban forbid : to tell someone that they are not allowed to do something, or that something is not allowed [? permit] forbid somebody to do something He was forbidden to leave the house, as a punishment. forbid somebody from doing something Women are forbidden from going out without a veil (面纱). ban :v. to say that something must not be done, seen, used etc [= prohibit; ? allow]: Smoking is banned in the building. ban somebody from doing something 56 大学英语 Book One Charlie's been banned from driving for a year. n. an official order that prevents something from being used or done a total ban on cigarette advertising prohibition : n. 1) the act of saying that something is illegal (uncountable) the prohibition of the sale of firearms (军火) 2) an order stopping something prohibition on/against a prohibition on Sunday trading 5. Let us take a serious, reasonable look at wha tthe results might be is such a proposal were accepted. , reasonable: adj. 1) fair and sensible [? unreasonable]: a reasonable request/excuse I thought it was a perfectly reasonable (=completely reasonable) question. You are not reasonable if you expect a child to understand sarcasm. 2) moderate, neither more nor less than seems rihgt or acceptable a reasonable price/offer 公道的价格/出价 6. Without the distraction of TV, they might sit around together after dinner and actually talk to one another.: The prepositional phrase "without the distraction of TV" functions as a conditional clause -- "if they had not the distraction of TV" With free time and no TV, children and adults might rediscover reading. – If they had free time and no TV, children and adults might rediscover reading , distraction: something that stops you paying attention to what you are doing: I study in the library as there are too many distractions at home. Demands for equality were seen as a distraction from more serious issues. Noise is a distraction when you are trying to study. distract: to take someone's attention away from something by making them look at or listen to something else: Don't distract me while I'm driving! distract attention The noise in the street distracted me from mu reading. What can we do to distract her mind from the sorrow caused by her child‘s death? 7. ... in fact, from the generation gap to the high divorce rate to some forms of mental illness---are caused at least in part by failure to communicate. , gap: l) unfilled space; opening When Jill laughs, the gap between her teeth shows. The sheep went out through a gap in the fence. 2) a wide difference of opinion, character, etc. It takes years to narrow the gap between the city and the countryside / the poor. and rich 57 大学英语 Book One bridge/close/narrow the gap You simply cannot bring John and Thomas together. There is a wide gap between their opinions. , rate: 1 ) 率 inflation / birth / death / interest / marriage / exchange / crime/unemployment/divorce rate Speed is the rate between the change of distance and time. 2) speed Camels travel at a rate of 10 miles an hour. Children learn at different rates. Our money was running out at an alarming rate. 3) price What is the postage rate for a parcel to the US? In China, long-distance telephone rates depend on the distance. , in part : in some degree; partly The driver was in part responsible for the accident. I admit that you are right in part. , communicate: v. 1) share or exchange opinions, ideas, etc. Public relations officers are experts in communicating with customers. Marriage fails when man and wife do not communicate with each other. We communicated mostly by e-mail. 2) pass on information, news, etc. Ancient Indian tribes communicated by sign language. It's the duty of the mass media to communicate news. A baby communicates its needs by crying. 6. We don‘t tell each other what is distubing us. , distub: 1) make worried or upset: She was disturbed by her husband's not coming home in time. I was disturbed to hear there had been another murder the night before. 2) break the peace or order of : to interrupt someone so that they cannot continue what they are doing: Sorry to disturb you with so many questions. The thieves fled when they were disturbed by a neighbour. Do not disturb (=a sign you put on a door so that people will not interrupt you). Would you please turn down your radio? It is disturbing all your neighbors' sleep. He was disturbed to hear of your illness/was distrubed by the new of your illness. 他听到你的生病消息感到不安 disturbance: n. 7. emotional difficulty of one kind or another: various problems relating to one's feeling or emotions 58 大学英语 Book One 8. We might get to each other better, and to like each other better. , get to: begin by chance; begin to We got to know the professor at the party. I was getting to like John when he left. 9. On evenings when such talk is unncessary, family could rediscover more active pasttimes. The most common "prep. + n." constructions to express periods of the day are: in the morning / afternoon / evening, and at night; but if we have a particular morning, afternoon, etc. in mind, the preposition "on" is used instead of "in" or "at". On a cold afternoon in January the old man was found dead in his house. I don't like to receive visitors on a night when I have to work late. , more active pastime: When we watch TV, we take in passively whatever is being shown on the screen. Compared with watching TV, many other pastimes call for a more vigorous exercise of the mind and are therefore more active. Reading, for instance, can be active. Dancing is physically active, too. 10. ... they might take a ride, ... , take a ride: make a trip on an animal or vehicle to take a ride in a car/ bus plane 11. (remember feet?): (do we ever remember that we can travel on foot?) It is a rhetorical question in a parenthesis which implies that the Americans are so used to traveling by car or other vehicles that they seem to have forgotten they can travel on foot. 12. see the neighborhood with fresh, new eyes: see the neighborhood as if for the first time , neighborhood: an area (and the people living in the area) (街坊) There are a lot of lawns in the wealthy neighborhood. Heavy traffic disturbs the life of the whole neighborhood. 13 rediscover reading: Reading as a habit has been thrown into oblivion or disuse, and modern man needs to start cultivating it as if for the first time. 14. There is more entertainment in a good book than in a month of typical TV programming. , entertainment: 1) [Un /Cn] things such as films, television, performances etc that are intended to amuse or interest people The town provides a wide choice of entertainment. There will be live entertainment (=performed then, not recorded) throughout the day. Solving puzzles is an entertainment for many. 猜谜对许多人来说是一项娱乐。 2) 招待，款待， 请客 She was delihgted in enternment of friends and relatives. , entertain: v. 1) to amuse or interest people in a way that gives them pleasure She entertained the children with stories, songs and drama. A museum should aim to entertain as well as educate. 2) to invite people to your home for a meal, party etc, or to take your company's 59 大学英语 Book One customers somewhere to have a meal, drinks etc: I will entertain your friend over the weekend. , typical: representative or characteristic Zhuozheng Garden (拙政园) is a typical Suzhou garden. Such a roof is typical of buildings in Southern China. This painting is typical of his work. This advertisement is a typical example of their marketing strategy. 15. Educators report that the generation growing up with television can barely write an English sentence, ... , barely: hardly Mrs. Teapot had barely been seated when the door bell rang. Barely did he remember what had happened a week before. She was barely aware of his presence. Joe and his brother are barely on speaking terms.Joe和他的哥哥几乎不互相不说话。 16. A more literate new generation could be a product of the quiet hour.: If we had a quiet hour from TV each evening and spent it reading good books, we would produce a more literate new generation. In other words, if our children formed the habit of reading worthwhile books instead of watching TV for at least one hour each day, they would certainly be better cultured than they are now. , literate: adj. 1) able to read and write ? illiterate 有读写能力的 Only half the children in this class are literate. 2) 熟练的，通晓的 computer literate/musically literate etc : able to use computers, understand and play music a computer-literate person 通晓计算机的人 literacy n. 识字，有文化，读写能力 lowering of the level of literacy 文化水平的降低 17. A different form of reading might be done, as it was in the past. "As" in this sentence is used as a conjunction expressing a comparison or similarity. "It was" in the as-clause can be omitted. We ate turkey for Christmas dinner, as we had before the war. Mary is a fine singer, as her mother used to be. Olive oil is used in cooking in Greece as (it is) in Italy. 18. Few pastimes bring a family closer together than gathering around and listening to mother or father read a good story.: We may express this comparison otherwise as follows: 1) Gathering around and listening to mother or father read a good story brings a family closer together than other pastimes. 2) What could bring a family closer together than gathering around and listening to mother or father read a good story? 60 大学英语 Book One 19. ..., the TV network might even be forced to come up with better shows in order to get us back from our newly discovered activities. , come up with : produce; think of (a plan, an answer, a reply, etc. ) They came up with a good excuse for being late. Intelligent students can always come up with good solutions to problems. Is that the best excuse you can come up with? We've been asked to come up with some new ideas. 20. At first glacne, the idea of an hour without TV seems radical. , glance: n.. quick look take/shoot/throw/cast a glance (at sb) Father used to take a glance at / over the newspaper headlines at breakfast. Skimming is to glance over a piece of writing to find main ideas. She couldn't resist a sidelong glance (=a look that is not direct) at him. vi. look quickly Father glanced over the newspaper headlines at breakfast. at first glacne : when you first look at something At first glance, the place seemed deserted. at a glance : if you know something at a glance, you know it as soon as you see it: He saw at a glance what had happened. The letter was so short that I finished it at a glance. compare : glance, glimpse glance (verb) means ?to look quickly and deliberately‘ and a glance is the act of quickly looking at someone or something. I glanced at my watch. • She gave me an amused glance. glimpse (verb) means ?to see something or someone by chance for a very short time‘ and a glimpse is a sight that you see by chance for a very short time . I glimpsed someone behind the curtain. We got/caught a glimpse of her face as she hurried past. 21. What will parents do without the electronic baby-sitter? the electronic babysitter---- the TV set: This is a clever metaphor in that a TV set is an electronic toy that can attract and hold the attention of children whom parents can leave unattended while the machine is on. 22. It has been only twenty-five years since television came to control American free time.: , "It has been (is) ... years / months / weeks since ..." is a useful sentence pattern. It has been two months since he left for Beijing. It is several weeks since the scientist disappeared. , come to: grow to; arrive at mentally : (reach a condition) 61 大学英语 Book One John has come to realize his own mistake. Living here for years, she has come to know the city well. They came to regard him as a friend. 23. ...---which at least involved the listener‘s imagination----.... , involve: 1) have as a part or result involve doing something Running your own business usually involves working long hours. To apply for university study involves taking the College Entrance Examination. Their visit to our company will involve a meeting with our general manager. I didn't realize putting on a play involved so much work. 2) cause to be mixed up (in sth. ) It is said that many politicians were involved in the drug traffic. Reilly involves himself in every aspect of his company's business. They are deeply involved in debt. Don‘t involve yourself in unneccessary expense. n. involvement 24. ---- but also with reading, learning, talking, playing games, inventing new activities. , invent: 1) produce sth. for the first time Thomas Edison invented the first light bulb. It is often difficult to decide who really deserves the credit for inventing a new device. 2) make up He invented a story to explain why his watch was missing. Rumor is invented by ill-intentioned people. 25. It wasn't that difficult. Honest. The truth is we had a ball.: It wasn't so difficult for people to occupy their spare time without the help of TV. I'm telling you the truth: we Americans used to have a very good time before TV came into our life. The word "honest" is used colloquially, meaning "honestly" or "truly", for example: I saw a UFO last night. Honest. "Have a ball" is an American slang expression, which means "have a lot of fun" or "have a good time." V. Reading Skill-----using context clues for word meanings When you read a text, you will inevitably find some words you don‘t know. Sometimes you take time out to look up a new word in a dictionary, but doing that too many times slows down your reading. In fact, you can often figure out meaning for new words or expressions without using a dictionary. Look at the context of each wowrd ore expression----the sentence that the word or expression is in and the sentences that come before and after. It is usually possible to find hints or clues about its definition form the context : Context Clue 1 : Definition Sometimes a writer knows that a word is unfamiliar or strange ot many reader. To make the word wasier toundrstand, the writer may include a defiiton of the qord in a sentence. 62 大学英语 Book One For example : 1. Oceanography has been defined as ?the applicanton of all sciences ot the study of the sea‘. 2. We are on the night shift----from nidnight to 8 a.m.----this week. 3. You would see prunes (which are dried plums) and raisins (which are dried grapes). 4. The modern age of medicine began with the stethoscope, and instument for listneing to a patient‘s heartbeat and breathing. Context Clue 2 : Restatement More often, you may find a restatemetn, which tells you almost as much as a definition. For example : 1. My uncle used to be a prestidigitatior who entertained thechildren by puling rabbits out of his havt, swallowing fire, and other similar tricks. 2. This set of books is for children. The first bookof the sequence, which is oneof the most popullar series of children‘s stories, isa group of stories about the inhabitants of a village. Context Clue 3 :General knowledge More often than not, the meaning of many word can be readily guessed if you use your own experience or general knowledgeof the subject. For example : 1. The municipality (市政府) went form the red into teh black after making ocntracts t levels beginning in April. 2. In a fraction such as 2/5, the number above the line is called the numerator; the number below the line is the denominator. Context Clue 4 : Related information : Sometimes you can make an intellignet guess of the meaning of some new wordsor exppressions if you put together related information form the surrounding text. VI. Writing Redundancy: Although conscious, deliberate repetition can help you emphasize ideas, a redundancy, an expression that says the same thing twice with no new shades of meaning, only makes for flabby sentences. For example: Redundancy: Commuters going back and forth to work spend less time with their children. Concise: Commuters spend less time with their children. VII. Suggested Activity: Group Discussion Procedure: Step 1: Put down on the board the topic -- Is TV a Plus or a Minus? Step 2: Write the following table on the board for the students to use as a guide in their discussion. Arguments for Arguments against -- A convenient & cheap source of entertainment -- A totally passive pastime -- Offering educational programs as well as exciting ones -- Taking up too much of people's free time 63 大学英语 Book One -- Keeping people informed of current events -- Distracting people from their work & study --Helping people to keep up with developments --Making children nearsighted & in science & technology otherwise weak physically -- Giving a great comfort to lonely old people -- Corrupting children with harmful shows Step 3: Break the class into small groups in the usual way. Step 4: Allow students ten minutes or so for discussion. Step 5: Ask representatives from different groups to report to the class the result of their discussion. Step 6: By way of summary, read to the class the listening passage shown in the next section. Television Obviously television has both advantages and disadvantages. In the first place, television is not only a convenient source of entertainment, but also a comparatively cheap one. With a TV set in the family people don't have to pay for expensive seats at the theatre, the cinema, or the opera. All they have to do is to push a button or turn a knob, and they can see plays, films, operas and shows of every kind. Some people, however, think that this is where the danger lies. The television viewers need to do nothing. He does not even have to use his legs if he has a remote control. He makes no choice and exercises no judgment. He is completely passive and has everything presented to him without any effort on his part. Television, it is often said, keeps one informed about current events and the latest developments in science and politics. The most distant countries and the strangest customs are brought right into one's sitting-room. It could be argued that the radio performs this service as well; but on television everything is much more living, much more real. Yet here again there is a danger. The television screen itself has a terrible, almost physical charm for us. We get so used to looking at the movements on it, so dependent on its pictures, that it begins to control our lives. People are often heard to say that their television sets have broken down and that they have suddenly found that they have far more time to do things and that they have actually begun to talk to each other again. It makes one think, doesn't it? There are many other arguments for and against television. We must realize that television in itself is neither good nor bad. It is the uses to which it is put that determines its value to society. VIII. Homework 1. Do all the exercises and review what has been learned. 2. Preview the next unit. Reading Material A New Toy I. Text Structure Analysis 1. Outline of the texts Part I (Paras 1-11) How TV came into my family. Paragraph 1: in 1948 Question: 1. How old was the author in 1948? 64 大学英语 Book One 2. What happened? 3. How did he feel about it? Paragraph 2: Soon, a lot of people got new televisions, but not us. Questions: 1. Did we have a TV set? Why or why not? 2. What was the author‘s reaction to it? Paragraph 3: By 1955,television weren‘t so expensive and they were much larger. Questions: What was his sister‘s reaction to it? Why? Paragraph 4—10: His family got a TV set because his sister got so sad about being without TV. Paragraph 11: After a year or two, TV wasn‘t exciting or new anymore. It became just another part of their lives. Part II (Paras 12-13) What people think of TV today: No one can deny the power of TV, but it is hard enough to measure influence and even harder to decide what is good and what is not. 2. Summary of the text The passage is about how TV came into the author‘s family and their attitudes towards TV. In 1948, when the author was 8 years old, his neighbour bought a small, expensive but wonderful thing---- a TV set. Soon, TV became more popular, but they didn‘t have one because his parents didn‘t think television was good for the children. Without TV his sister was so sad that she said she wouldn‘t go back to school and that without TV was not worth living, so their parents bought one. Later, TV was not exciting or new anymore. It became just another part of their lives. But their parents still had too many worries about it. The author thought they were old-fashioned. Now people still argue about the value of TV. It‘s hard to measure its influence, but we know the coming of TV has changed people‘s life a lot. II. Language Points 1. Being a good, docile son, I didn‘t argue with them. , docile: quiet and easily controlled: Labradors are gentle, docile dogs. docilely adv docility n. 2. Their friends laughed at them, and my sisters felt wretched, very unhappy. , wretched: 1) very unhappy, in very low spirits He is in bed with a bad cold, feeling pretty wretched. I feel wretched about having to disappoint her. 2) causing unhappiness, discomfort, etc. a wretched life/ headache 3) extremely bad What wretched weather! 3. My parents‘ usual arguments only make her more inconsolable. , inconsolable :adj. so sad that it is impossible for anyone to comfort you: The boy was inconsolable after the death of his dog. 65 大学英语 Book One inconsolably: adv. She wept inconsolably. 3. Nobody can deny the power of TV. , deny: 1) to say that something is not true, or that you do not believe something I've never denied that there is a housing problem. deny doing something Two men have denied murdering a woman at a remote picnic spot. The government denied the existence of poverty among 16- and 17-year-olds. deny a charge/allegation/claim The men have denied charges of theft. 2) to refuse to allow someone to have or do something: deny somebody something She could deny her son nothing. He denied himself all pleasures and luxuries. deny something to somebody This is the only country in Europe to deny cancer screening to its citizens. there's no denying (that/something): used to say that it is very clear that something is true: There's no denying that this is an important event. 4. On the average, Americans spend 30 hours a week watching TV. , on (the) average: based on a calculation about how many times something usually happens, how much money someone usually gets, how often people usually do something etc: On average, men still earn more than women. Nearly 80% of Swiss citizens on average turn out to vote. 5. What is good, I suppose, is that many people are concerned about TV‘s influence and that we have the power to change what we don‘t like. , be concerned about: be worried about something She is concerned about how little food I eat. I'm very concerned about Veronica. She looks so pale, and she has no appetite 6. Only a handful of people live there during the long winter, and they live without electricity----by choice. , a handful of: a very small number of people or things: There were only a handful of people there. , by choice: if you do something by choice, you do it because you want to do it and not because you are forced to do it: She lives alone by choice. 66 大学英语 Book One Unit Five I Never Write Right Time Allotment: (4.5 Periods) 1. Text Structure analysis and new words and phrases (3 periods) 2. Exercises and reading & writing skills (1.5 periods) Teaching Aims: The teaching of this text aims to enable students 1. to master the new words and useful phrases: illustrate, embarrass, burst into, graduate, minus, latter, echo, enclose, address, promotional, qualification, fit in, odds, set one’s mind on 2. to think about the dreams they once had and discuss the way to achieve them. 3. to get acquainted with reading skills of using context clues for word meanings. 4. to conduct a series of listening, speaking and writing activities of the unit. I. Background Information 1. Linda Stafford Linda Stafford was born in 1943 and was raised by her grandmother, Shima Sani, on an Indian Reservation. She attended the University of Colorado, 1961; University of Texas, 1966; University of New Mexico, 1967; and the University of Alaska, 1969. Her autobiographies are based on her experiences with poverty, prejudice, conversion to Christianity and her search to find herself. She sometimes writes under the pseudonym Gwendlelynn Lovequist and Linda Stafford. All her books have a message of hope and the optimistic theme of not giving up because things will get better. She is the proprietor of art galleries in Santa Fe, New Mexico; Anchorage, Alaska, and Oklahoma. 2. The capper?s weekly Capper‘s is a century-old American magazine published in Kansas. It concentrates on rural American traditions, and offers a wide selection of poetry in each issue 3. Advance on royalties Royalties are payments made to authors or musicians when their work is sold or performed. They usually received a fixed percentage of the profits from these sales or performances. And sometimes the publisher will pay an author or musician in advance a certain amount of money-say, a $100,000 advance-for a work before it is published or performed. 4. Native Americans The first people to live in North America were the American Indians, or Native Americans. Modern scientists believe that the first Native Americans came from Asia 15,000 or 30, 000 years ago across the Bering Strait from Siberia to Alaska. They did not live in one place, but were always on the move looking for food. In other words, the first American Indians were hunters who followed the animals-their food source-during time of migration from place to place. Together, the nomadic people and animals slowly migrated toward the south. These early inhabitants gradually spread out all over the North American continent. 5. Grading System in the US 67 大学英语 Book One In many countries including the United States, grades are given on an A-F system where A is best and F is worst. The letter E is typically omitted, since an F can be turned into an E by drawing a small line at the bottom of the letter, and because E traditionally stood for Excellent but would be very poor on an A-F system. An F grade is failing and results in denial of course credit, while a D is poor, but passing. Most U.S. colleges require grades of C or better in one's major, as well as a 2.0 (C) grade point average. A = excellent B = good C = average D = poor F = failure 6. Webster?s Dictionary In 1806, Noah Webster published his first dictionary. His great dictionary, An American Dictionary of the English Language, appeared in two volumes in 1828. This work included 12,000 words and 40,000 definitions that had never before appeared in a dictionary. Webster‘s dictionary is a common title given to English language dictionaries in the United States, deriving its name from American lexicographer Noah Webster. In America, the phrase Webster‘s has become a generalized trademark for dictionaries. Born in West Hartford, Connecticut in 1758, Noah Webster came of age during the American Revolution and was a strong advocate of the Constitutional Convention. He believed fervently(热忱地)in the developing cultural independence of the United States, a chief part of which was to be a distinctive American language with its own idiom, pronunciation, and style. II. Warm-up Questions and Oral Practice Pre-reading questions: 1. Have you got any dream? If so, what are they? 2. What do you think are needed to fulfill one‘s dreams? 3. A Hindu proverb says, ―Luck is one half of success.‖ How do you understand this proverb? Post-reading questions: 1. Have you ever dreamed of becoming a writer, only to be put off by fears that you lacked the ability? If so, then reading Linda Stafford‘s story will have you reaching for your pen with renewed hope. III. Text Structure Analysis 1. Outline of the texts Part I. (Para.1-5) The author?s dream to be a writer. Para.1 The author announced her dream of being a writer to the class. Question: 1. What did the author announce when she was 15 years old? 2. What was her classmates‘ reaction? Para.2 The author‘s English teacher did not believe she could succeed. Question: What was the reaction of her English teacher, Para.3 The author‘s first poem was published in the Capper‘s Weekly. Question: 1. How did she feel and what did she do that night? 2. What was the short poem she wrote that night about? What happened to it, 68 大学英语 Book One Para.4 Her English teacher‘s reaction to her first published poem. Question: What did her teacher and fellow students think of her success? Para 5 The author‘s feeling to her success and her classmates‘ reaction. Question: Why did she think about ?dumb luck‘ was fine? Part II. (Para. 6-15) Difficulties and success she experienced in realizing her dream. Para.6-9 After her graduation from school, Linda has a new friend who supported her dreams. Question: 1.Why didn‘t she mention her writing to her teachers, friends and her family after she published something? 2. How did her new friend encourage her to write? Para10-14 Linda‘s first book was successfully published and she became a contracted writer. Question: 1. Did Linda find it easy to write a book when she lived on a farm in Oklahoma? 2. What did Linda receive from her publisher after she sent the manuscript of her first book? 3. Was her first book well received? How do you know it? Para.15 Linda wrote her second and third book and they are all published. Question: 1. What is the name of her second book? Was it a success? Part III. (Para. 16--19) The secret of her successful writing career Para 16-17 Linda‘s answers to the questions when asked about her education and qualifications to be a writer. Question: What did Linda say in reply to questions about her education and qualifications to be a writer? Para. 18 The quantity of books Linda wrote and the results of those books. Question: 1. How many books has Linda written so far? What has happened to them? 2. What is the point Linda makes at the end of the essay? 2. Summary of the text A high school student ―announced‖ in class that she was going to write and illustrate her own books; it must have taken great courage on her part to do so. She never expected that she would be bluntly discouraged by her English teacher and laughed at by her classmates. A few years later, this student wrote her first book Crying Wind, which soon become a bestseller, and was translated into 15 languages. The book also became required reading in Native American Schools in Canada. By the time she wrote this article she had been an author of eight books. She does not think of herself as a ―genius‖ with a gift for writing. She even claims that she never writes ―right.‖ That‘s the life story told us by a woman writer, Linda Stafford by name. IV. Language Points 1. When I was fifteen, I announced to my English class that I was going to write and illustrate my own books. (Para. 1) , illustrate: v. 1) to put pictures in a book, article 加上插图、图解 Over a hundred diagrams, tables and pictures illustrate the book. 69 大学英语 Book One This book is a beautifully illustrated history of science. 这本书是一本插图精美的 科学史 2) make the meaning of something clearer by giving examples 举例说明; 例证 She illustrated her discussion with diagrams. illustration: n. 1) a picture in a book, article etc, especially one that helps you to understand it 插图,图解,说明, The book contains 62 pages of illustrations. 2) a story, event, action etc that shows the truth or existence of something very clearly 例证 The story he told about her illustrates her true generosity very clearly. The scientist cited vivid instances in illustration of his theory. For the purposes of illustration, some of the more important symptoms are listed below. 2. Only geniuses can become writers. (Para.2) genius: 1) (a person of) very great ability Her latest book is a work of genius 2) a special ability She has a genius for mathematics. The young man showed signs of genius for making money at a very early age. compare: genius, gift & talent 这三个词都是名词，都有“天才”，“天赋”，“才华”之意。 genius 语气最强，指智力水平超越大多数优秀人才的一种独特理解力，也指天才人物。例如: The composer Mozart was a genius; he played the piano beautifully at the age of four and conducted an orchestra at twelve. 作曲家莫扎特是位天才，他4岁时钢琴就弹得很好，12岁就 指挥乐队了 gift 强调天生的特性和技能，但与独创性无关。例如: With his gift of gab, he would be an excellent orator他具有雄辩口才，会成为一个出色的演说家 talent 指能从事某种特殊工作或活动的独特的、非凡的才能，这种才能往往先天就有。例如: His talent was largely self-developed. 他的才能主要是自己培养的 3. I was so embarrassed that I burst into tears. (Para. 3) , embarrass: v. cause to feel ashamed or socially uncomfortable. 使窘迫, 使困惑, 使为难 He didn't want to embarrass her by asking questions. Many parents and students seem embarrassed to admit they rely on tutors. embarrassing : adj. making you feel ashamed, nervous, or uncomfortable She asked a lot of embarrassing questions. an embarrassing situation 70 大学英语 Book One embarrassment : n. The feeling of being ashamed, nervous or uncomfortable. 困窘:处于困窘的状 态 She suffered extreme embarrassment at not knowing how to read. He could not hide his embarrassment at his children's rudeness. To her embarrassment, she couldn't remember his name. burst into: suddenly begin to cry, to laugh, etc; (=break into) The excited crowd burst into song. The whole class burst into laughter. It was so annoying that the boy kept bursting into tears. burst into flames 燃烧起来 burst into a fit of passion 大发脾气 burst out laughing/crying 突然笑起来/哭起来 4. To my astonishment they published it, and sent me two dollars. (Para. 3) , astonishment: great surprise or wonder express astonishment 表示惊讶 astonishment at 对„惊讶 in/with astonishment 惊讶地 , to one?s astonishment/the astonishment of sb : to one‘s great surprise, to the great surprise of somebody. To the astonishment of the public, the Prince dressed himself in a Nazil uniform. Dan resigned, to the astonishment of his colleagues. 5. Just plain dumb luck, (Para.4) dumb: 1) (infml.) stupid He came up with a dumb idea. Are they brave or just dumb? It was dumb of him to say “yes”. 他说―是‖是愚蠢的。 be dumb to do sth做„是傻的 2) lacking the power of speech She was struck dumb with amazement. 她惊讶得说不出话。. He was born dumb. deaf and dumb聋哑的 play dumb装聋作哑 Don‘t play dumb with me. 6. By the time I graduated from high school (with a C-minus average), I had scrapbooks filled with my published work.. (Para. 6) , graduate n. someone who has completed a university degree, especially a first degree毕业生, 研究 生 71 大学英语 Book One a graduate of Edinburgh University He's a graduate in philosophy. a high-school graduate v. successfully complete a course and receive a certificate or diploma that shows this Kate graduated from medical school last year. He graduated in physics from Cambridge University. undergraduate n. a student at college or university, who is working for their first degree大学生:还 未拿到学士或类似学位的大学生 second-year undergraduates undergraduate student/course/degree postgraduate n. someone who is studying at a university to get a master's degree or a PhD (= graduate student)研究生 She has finished her first degree a year before, now she is studying her postgraduate course. graduation: n. 1) the time when you complete a university degree course or your education at high school: After graduation Neil returned to Ohio. On graduation (=after completing a first degree), Nancy became an art teacher. 2) a ceremony at which you receive a university degree or a diploma from high school: graduation day , minus: 1)A minus/B minus etc: a mark used in a system of judging students' work. An 'A minus' is slightly lower than a 'A', but higher than a 'B'. [? plus] For shame! I got a C-minus for the course! 2) less than zero - used especially when talking about temperatures: At night temperatures sometimes fall to minus 30?. 3) prep. reduced by a stated number Seven minus three equals four. That will be $500, minus the deposit of $50 that you have already paid 7. I sold dozens of poems, letters, jokes and recipes. dozens of: a group of She's had dozens of boyfriends. There are dozens of people waiting in the line a dozen of(一)打，十二个 half a dozen(约)六个 by the dozen 成打的 by the dozens 大量的 72 大学英语 Book One 8. And if people must choose between their friends and their dreams, they must always choose the latter. (Para. 6) , latter: 1) being the second of two people or things or groups that have just been mentioned后者的:所 提到 的两个人或两件事中的第二个 I have to clean the kitchen and the bathroom—I‘d rather to do the latter first 2) near or nearer to the end The writer spent the latter part of her life in a remote village the former…the latter…: the phrases the former and the latter should be used only to refer to the first of two things and the second of two things, respectively: the former 和 the latter 应该只用于分别替代两件事中的第一件和第二件 Where unemployment and crime are high, it can be assumed that the latter is due to the former. 9.“I don‘t know if I‘m smart enough，”I said, suddenly feeling 15 again and hearing echoes of laughter. , echo: n. 1) a sound which is caused by a noise being reflected off a surface such as a wall回声 She listened and heard nothing but the echoes of her own voice in the dark cave. produce an echo产生回声 2) One who imitates another, as in opinions, speech, or dress. 仿效者，应声虫 He always agrees with his manager, and he was called echo by colleagues. She is only an echo of her husband‘s opinions, and has no ideas of her own. 她只是丈夫 意见的附和者，自己从没有主张 The book contains strong echoes from the work of older and greater poets. 书里有许多 地方明显是在仿效以往更伟大的诗人的作品。 v. (cause to) come back as an echo The room echoed with the sound of music She echoes everything I say. 我说什么她都附和。 10. We live on a goat farm in Oklahoma, miles from anyone. (Pare 10) live on: have as one’s only food or income You cannot live on love only. They live on bread and potatoes. I don't know how they manage to live on ?55 a week. 11. I chose a publisher at random and put the manuscript in an empty diapers package. (para.12) at random: aimlessly; without any plan The terrorists fired into the crowd at random. 恐怖分子向人群胡乱射击. The little girl took a book at random from the shelf. 12. The letter I enclosed read, ―I wrote this book myself, I hope you like it. I also do the illustrations. 73 大学英语 Book One Chapter six and twelve are my favorites. Thank you.‖ (Para 12) , enclose v. 1) to put something inside an envelope as well as a letter: T把„封，附带:装入同一个 信封 Please enclose a cheque with your order (订单) , I enclosed a check for $50 with this letter. 我在此信中附上50美元支票一张。 Please enclose a resume (履历) with/in your letter of application. 2) to surround something, especially with a fence or wall, in order to make it separate圈 起:用篱墙围起来以防公众使用: The pool area is enclosed by a six-foot wall. The old couple lived in an enclosed village. Smoking is banned in enclosed public places. enclosure n. 1) an area surrounded by a wall or fence, and used for a particular purpose: 围起来 的场地 the bear enclosure at the zoo There's a special enclosure where you can look at the horses before the race starts. 2) something that is put inside an envelope with a letter, 附件:附上之物 a business letter with a supplemental enclosure. 13. I traveled from New York to California and Canada on promotional tours. (Para. 14) , promotional: adj. relating to publicizing a product or an organization so as to increase sales or public awareness 促销的;宣传的 a promotional video There is the opportunity to have a look at a slide show and purchase promotional gifts. promote: v. 1) to help something to develop or increase: 促进，推进 a meeting to promote trade between Taiwan and the U.K. 2) to give someone a better, more responsible job in a company [? demote] 使晋升:把„提 拔到更重要的或更负责任的工作或职位 Helen was promoted to senior manager. 3) to help sell a new product, film etc by offering it at a reduced price or by advertising it: 促 销:通过广告或做宣传活动尽力想卖或使„受欢迎: She's in London to promote her new book. commercials promoting a new product. promotion: n. 1) a move to a more important job or position in a company or organization: 晋升 I want a job with good prospects for promotion. 2) an activity intended to help sell a product, or the product that is being promoted: 宣传， 74 大学英语 Book One 推销 a winter sales promotion 3) the activity of helping something to develop or increase发扬，助长 the promotion of international environmental cooperation on tour: a journey during which several places are visited We went on a guided tour around the castle. 我们在导游的带领下参观了城堡。 The singer is currently on tour in South American. 8. People ask what college I attended, what degree I have, and what qualifications I have to be a writer. (Para 16) , qualification: n. ability or skill that one needs in order to do a particular job or activity 资格 Without any training or special qualifications, it was hard for the man to find a job You need more qualifications if you decide to take up teaching One of the qualifications you need to work here is a sense of humor. 在这里工作你需要的资格之一是要有幽默感。 educational qualification学历资格 professional qualification专业资格 have the qualification for sth. qualify: v. To make competent or eligible for an office, a position, or a task. 使合适:使胜任或适 合工作、职位或任务 I finally qualified as a pilot. Fluency in three languages qualifies her for work in the European Parliament. 9. I am not disciplined, either, and spend more time with my children and friends than I do writing. , disciplined : adj. showing a controlled form of behavior or way of working 遵守纪律的，训练有素 的 skilled and disciplined workers 熟练的，训练有素的工人 a disciplined set of work habits. a displined mind. 受过训练的头脑 dicipline : n. 1) a way of training someone so that they learn to control their behaviour and obey rules: 训练 military discipline 军事训练 All children need discipline. the disciplineof hard work 艰苦工作的磨练 2) the ability to control your own behaviour, so that you do what you are expected to do: 自制能力，遵守纪律训练而养成的克制行为; The teacher can‘t keep discipline in her class. 75 大学英语 Book One Soliders have to learn discipline. 士兵们必须学会遵守纪律。 3)学科，科目 v. 1) to punish someone in order to keep order and control: 惩罚，处罚: The officers were later disciplined. 2) to teach someone to obey rules and control their behaviour: 训练 Different cultures have different ways of disciplining their children. 3) discipline yourself (to do something) to control the way you work, how regularly you do something etc, because you know it is good for you 自控 Try to discipline yourself to write every day. 10. I do all the cooking, cleaning, and laundry for a family of six and fit my writing in a few minutes her and there. (Para. 17) , fit in : manage to find time to do or to deal with 安排时间(见某人) Many working mothers just can‘t fit in regular domestic work. The manager is very busy but she‘ll be able to fit you in tomorrow. Ihve to fit in an extra patient because sheis in pain. 我得安排再看一个病人，因为她疼痛难 忍。 11. I don‘t write right, but I‘ve beaten the odds.(Para 19) , odds: n. the ratio of the probability of an event‘s occurring to the probability of its not occurring. 机 率:事 件发生的可能性与不发生的可能性的比率 Gorge saw himself as a lifelong fighter against impossible odds. Her story of overcoming tough odds is inspirational and worthy of respect. against (all) alls: in spite of all difficulties 尽管有极大的困难 Some women do manage to achieve success against all odds. Some immigrants to the United States have managed to fulfil their American dreams against all odds. odd: adj. 1) strange or peculiar:古怪的 an odd name; odd behavior. 2) being one of an incomplete pair or set 不成对的:完整的一双或一套中的一只: an odd shoe. 3) designating an integer not divisible by two, such as 1, 3, and 5. 奇数的:不能被2整除的 整数，如1，3和5 (opposite word: even 偶数的) The number of the group is odd, so we can divide them into two small groups. 12. Writing isn‘t difficult, it is fun, and anyone can write a book if they set their mind on it.(Para 19) , set/put/turn one?s mind on: be determined to do something: devote a lot of energy effort and 76 大学英语 Book One attention to do something决心要 A young man like you could certainly get a job if you set your mind on it. When my brother set his mind on something, he always finds a way to achieve it. V. Reading Skill-----using context clues for word meanings When you read a text, you will inevitably find some words you don‘t know. Sometimes you take time out to look up a new word in a dictionary, but doing that too many times slows down your reading. In fact, you can often figure out meaning for new words or expressions without using a dictionary. Look at the context of each wowrd ore expression----the sentence that the word or expression is in and the sentences that come before and after. It is usually possible to find hints or clues about its definition form the context : Context Clue 5 : Examples Examples can also give you some clues or hints to the meaning of unfamiliar words. For example: 1. A sleuth, such as Sherlock Holmes, can be very helpful in solving crimes. 2. The professor was a favorite among the students at the college. His sagacity was helpful to them as they pursued their degrees. The professor was known to use his experience, insight, and common sense to help students pursue their education. 3. Cold beverages, like iced tea, fruit juice, coca-cola, and milk sakes are sold everywhere on a hot day. 4. Doctors advise that everyone exercise every day, particularly those who spend many hours doing sedentary work, for example, reading writing, typing, or sewing. Context Clue 6: Comparison When we compare things, we see how they are like each other. So comparisons in writing can give you clues to the meaning of unfamiliar words. For example: 1. The girls languidly put on their jackets as if they had no energy at all. 2. The mother was determined to prove her son's innocence; the father was resolute as well. 3. After being unable to get a good night's sleep for many days, Allyson became lethargic. She didn't have the energy to get out of bed. Context Clue 7 : Contrast The use of a contrast can give you a hint to the meaning of an unfamilar word. Sometimes a sentence tells you the opposite of what a new word means. For example : Johnny was besotted in not checking the depth of the water before he jumped in, but it was a good thing that his father was wise and checked it first. Brad made a cursory effort to finish his homework. This was unlike him; usually he worked hard to finish before dinner. 77 大学英语 Book One The omnipotent superhero always won his battles, unlike his weak opponents. VI. Writing Contractions Use an apostrophe to signify letter(s) left out of a word to form a contraction: don‘t = do n[o]t she‘d = she [would] it’s or its? it‘s = it [i]s It’s = it is Use an apostrophe to signify one or more numbers left out of numerals or words that Its = belonging to it are spelled as they are actually spoken: These two words are class of ‘02 ―Good morning‘!‖ commonly confused. Remember: VII. Suggested Activity: Its is a possessive form, like his or For a better understanding of the story, the teacher may divide the students into hers—no apostrophe is two groups and tell one group to find the difficulties the author had to face and the needed. other group to look at how she overcame them. Step 1. Ask the students to write down one of their life dreams as well as any possible obstacles to fulfil it. Step 2. Divide the class into groups and ask the students to talk about their dreams and the obstacles to their group members; ask the group members to sugggest to each other ways of overcoming obstacles Step 3. Ask one student from each group to present to the class his/ her obstacles and suggestions from the group members. Step 4. Based on the individual presentations, choose one talk on the topic of the “Dream most likely to come true ”of the class. VIII. Homework 3. Do all the exercises and review what has been learned. 4. Preview the next unit. Reading Material Bookshoppers? Paradise I. Background Information 1. Brass rubbing is the technique of making full-sized reproductions of the designs and inscriptions on monumental brasses. A reproduction made by this technique is known as a brass rubbing. II. Text Structure Analysis 1. Outline of the texts Part I (Para 1-2) The attraction of a bookshop. Para.1. Time spent in a bookshop can be mist enjoyable. Para.2 The main attraction of a bookshop: the opportunity to escape the realities of everyday life Part II (Para 3) You have to be careful when choosing books. 78 大学英语 Book One Part III (Para 4) An example of a long-suffering and indulgent bookseller. 2. Summary of the text Whatever the reason you enter a bookshop, you will find that time spent there can be very enjoyable. You may be so attracted by the books that you may forget time. The main attraction of a bookshop is the opportunity to escape the realities of everyday life, but when choosing books, you should be careful so as not to buy books that you are not interested in, not to waste much time and money. To be a good bookseller, one must be both long-suffering and indulgent. III. Language Points 1. You may even have entered the shop just to find shelter from a sudden shower.(Para. 1) , shelter: n. 1) a place to live, considered as one of the basic needs of life:遮蔽物 They are in need of food and shelter. They were standing under the shelter of a huge tree. 2) protection from danger or from wind, rain, hot sun etc庇护所 The men took shelter in a bombed-out farmhouse. v. 1) to provide a place where someone or something is protected, especially from the weather or from danger: 庇护，保护;遮挡 Collins was arrested for sheltering enemy soldiers. shelter somebody/something from somebody/something Plant herbs next to a wall to shelter them from the wind. 2) to stay in or under a place where you are protected from the weather or from danger 寻 求保 护;躲避，隐匿 We sat in the shade, sheltering from the sun. 2. The desire to pick up a book with an attractive design is irresistible，although this method of selection ought not to be followed，as you might end up with a rather uninteresting book.(Para. 1) , pick up: 1) to take up (something) by hand: 捡起, Pick up a book. 2) to (cause to) start again (使)重新开始 Let‘s pick up where we left off. We picked up the conversation after an interruption. 3) to come to have; gain, buy, learn, etc; 获得，得到，麦道，学会 Where did you pick up that book/your English/such idea/that habit? 4) to collect; arrange to go and get 取物，接人 Pick me up at the hotel. 5) to be able to hear or receive 收听到 We picked up radio signals for help from the damaged plane. 79 大学英语 Book One 6) to cause to increase 使增加 We picked up speed as we went downhill. , irresistible: impossible to resist: 不可抗拒的: an irresistible impulse to sneeze. irresistible beauty. , end up with: finish with 以告终 Anyone who swims in the river could end up with a nasty stomach upset. (反胃) 3. You soon become engrossed in some book or other, and usually it is only much later… (Para 1) , engross: if something engrosses you, it interests you so much that you do not notice anything else: Take your mind off it by engrossing yourself in a good book. Dad was engrossed in his work.. 4. You can wander round such places to your heart?s content.(Para.2) , to one?s heart?s content.: (to do something) as much as you want: She took refuge in the library, where she could read to her heart's content. 5. If it is a good shop, no assistant will approach you with the inevitable greeting.(Para.2) , approach: v. 1) to come near or nearer, as in space or time: 接近:靠近或靠得更近，如在空间或时 间上: Spring approaches. 2) To begin to deal with or work on: 着手:开始处理或工作于: approach a problem/task/matter The manager approached the task with dread. n. 1) a way or means of reaching something; an access: 途径; 通路: an approach to the bridge. Soldiers were guarding the approaches to the city. 2) a method of doing something or dealing with a problem步骤:用于处理或完成的方 法: a new approach to cancer treatment a new approach to teaching languages He decided to adopt a different approach and teach the Bible through story-telling. 3) the approach of a particular time or event is the fact that it is getting closer:接近，临近 the approach of autumn It's a sign of the approach of middle age. , inevitable: adj. impossible to avoid or prevent.不可避免的 It was inevitable that tomorrow would be Tuesday because today is Monday. "Such a difficult operation may not succeed, it's an inevitable gamble." 6. The assistant should retire discreetly and look as if he is not interested in selling a single book.(Para.2) , retire: v. 1) to stop working, usually because you have reached a certain age: 退休，停止工作 80 大学英语 Book One He was forced to retire early because of poor health. I retired from teaching three years ago. He retired as a GP last year. retiring age 2) to ask someone to stop doing their job, usually because of ill health: 使退休 He became ill and was retired early. 3) to go away to a quiet place 退去 I retired to my room to think. He retired as he was not interested in selling a single book. retired: adj. having stopped working, usually because of your age: 退役的,退休的 a retired teacher Both my parents are retired now. retirement n. , discreetly: politely and carefully谨慎地, 小心地 He does everything discreetly. 7. One day, however, he was dismayed to find the book missing from its usual place and about to leave when he noticed the owner of the shop beckoning to him.(Para 4) , dismay: v. 1) to destroy the courage or resolution of by exciting dread or apprehension. 使惊恐; 使气馁:使 焦虑 We are dismayed that the demonstration was allowed to take place. She was dismayed to learn that her favorite dancer used drugs. We were dismayed at/by the cost. 这笔费用使我们感到震惊。 n. a strong feeling of fear, anxiety, and hopelessness 恐;失望;气馁; They listened in/with dismay to the news. They were filled with dismay by the outcome of the trial. 他们对审讯的结果很失望。 To their dismay, the door was locked.。 , beckon: v. to signal or summon, as by nodding or waving. 示意，召唤 The dean beckoned (to) me to come nearer. A brilliant future beckons. He beckoned us over and introduced us to his wife. 8. Expecting to be told off, he went towards him. (Para.4) tell somebody off: if someone in authority tells you off, they speak to you angrily about something wrong that you have done Shelley was one of those kids who was always getting told off at school. My dad told me off for swearing. 骂人 81 大学英语 Book One Unit Six Sam Adams, Industrial Engineer Time Allotment: (4.5 Periods) 1. Text Structure analysis and new words and phrases (3 periods) 2. Exercises and reading & writing skills (1.5 periods) Teaching Aims: The teaching of this text aims to enable students 1. to master the new words and useful phrases: happen to, neat, efficiency, used to, in place, come in, on a short-term basis, be amazed at, most curious of all, whatsoever, as a result, except for, dull, go/(be) on strike, hold up, on one’s shift, cover, result in, co-owner, talk over, keep up with 2. to learn about how to make advice to a problem. 3. to know the information about the American educational system. 4. to get acquainted with writing skills of combination---Subordinating Conjunctions. I. Background Information 1. Industrial engineering Industrial engineering is the detailed analysis of the use and cost of men, materials and equipment in an organization, with a view to increasing its productivity, profit and efficiency. Those who are involved in this kind of analysis are called industrial engineers. 2. What does an industrial engineer do Engineers in the proper sense of the word can be classified into many types, such as construction engineers, production engineer, design engineer, and industrial engineer. An engineer may work in any one or a variety of these jobs for a career. As for an industrial engineer, his duties are primarily to coordinate personnel, materials and machinery and determine the most productive and efficient use of each. He helps plan the production line, designs or adapts details essential to the manufacturing of a product. 3. Words about the American educational system In the United States, education is the responsibility of individual states, not of the federal government, to requirements many vary from one state to another. The following is a generalization: pre-school (nursery school) - ages 3-5 kindergarten - ages 5-6 elementary school - 1st grade thru 6th grade - ages 6-11 middle school ("junior high school") 7th-9th grades - ages 12-15 high school - 10th - 12th grades - ages 16-18 college - 2 or 4 year post-secondary ("undergraduate") schooling - associate's degree or bachelor's degree Graduate School: (university) Master's Degree - one to two years of post-graduate specialized programs including business, journalism, sciences, humanities, mathematics Professional Degree - post-graduate doctoral degree obtained through a highly specialized course of study such as law (J.D.), medicine (M.D.), psychology (Ph.D.), business administration (M.B.A.), and engineering (M.Eng.) Types of elementary and secondary schools: public school - free, funded by public tax dollars private school - more expensive and exclusive than a public school - offers smaller classes and often more specialized programs parochial school - a private religious school that incorporates religious training and/or rituals into education (i.e. Catholic schools, Jewish yeshiva) charter schools - small schools subsidized by public tax dollars but offering a much more 82 大学英语 Book One intimate learning environment that emphasizes quality II. Warm-up Questions and Oral Practice 1. Pre-reading questions: 1. Are you a well-organized person? Whether your answer is ?yes‘ or ?no‘, give an example or two to illustrate. 2. Do you consider yourself an efficient person? In what ways are you efficient? 3. Suppose you were the manager of a factory. How would you arouse your workers‘ enthusiasm for production? 2. Post-reading questions: 1. What did Sam do during his week in the shirt factory? 2. How many advices did Sam suggest to the owner of the factory? What are the advices? 3. Do you agree with Sam that coffee breaks are important for factory workers? Why or why not? 4. What kind of advices will you give to the factory? 5. How will you do when you need to give advices to others or some problems? III. Text Structure Analysis 1. Outline of the text Part I. (Para. 1-4) When a boy, Sam Adams was the “efficient expert” for the family. Para 1 If you ask my mother how I chanced to be an industrial engineer, she'll tell you that I was a ―born‖ industrial engineer Question: What does Sam‘s mother answer you when asked how Sam happened to be an industrial engineer? Para 2 Sam was a well-organized and neat boy since he was in elementary school. Question: How did Sam organize his stuff when he was in elementary school? Para 3 Sam was not only the efficiency expert for himself but also for the whole family. Para 4 The qualities of efficiency and well-organized gave Sam a good foundation to be an industrial engineer. Question: 1.In what ways was Sam an efficiency expert as a boy? 2. What qualities did Sam possess which gave him a good foundation for a career in industrial engineering? Part II. (Para. 5&6) After graduation from college Sam Adams was asked to work as a “consultant” in a shirt factory Question: 1.What was the first project Sam did after his bachelor‘s degree? 2. Who was Mr. hobbies? Why did he want Sam‘s advice? Part III. (Para. 7-10) Sam spent about a week looking around and he was amazed at what he saw in that factory. Question: 1. Was there a quality control in the factory? 2. What were the working conditions in the factory? 3. How about the work flow there? Part IV. (Para.11-19) Sam made many suggestions concerning the improvement of production, and his suggestions were well-received by the owners. Question: 1. What did Sam suggest? 2. Summary of the text This story tells us something about Sam Adams, a ―born‖ industrial engineer. When he was still a little boy, he was very neat, well organized and efficient in his family. It was these good qualities that made him an industrial engineer and helped him a lot when being asked to work as a consultant in a shirt factory after 83 大学英语 Book One graduation from college. He had an efficient way of survey and making many suggestions concerning the improvement of production. His suggestions were well received by the owners of the factory. But he was also bossy and wasn‘t a very good listener. So when he made his suggestions, he didn‘t make the workers and management seriously be involved in working out to solve the problems. IV. Language Points 1. If you ask my mother how I happened to become an industrial engineer, she'll tell you that I have always been one.(Para 1) , happen to: have chance to; occur or take place by chance 恰巧 How did you happen to be an English teacher? I happened to meet an old friend of mine on the street. , how I happened to: what led me to; how it came about that I became The reporters are eager to know how she happened to be on the spot. How did you happen to develop an interest in French Poetry? 2. She means that I have always wanted everything to be well organized and neat. (Para 2) , neat: 1)tidy; 整洁的 He was always neat about his appearance. neat handwriting His clothes were always neat and clean. Everything in the house was neat and tidy 2)cleverly said or done; very good, pleasant, or enjoyable: 好极了，棒极了 You have done a neat job. Congratulations! That is a neat idea compare: neat, tidy neat: implies a pleasingly clean and orderly condition 指令人心旷神怡的整齐和有序的状态: a neat room; neat hair. tidy emphasizes precise arrangement and order: 强调考究的布置和次序: “When she saw me come in tidy and well dressed, she even smiled‖ (Charlotte Brontë). 3. When I was still in elementary school. (Para.1) elementary: 1)concerning the first and easiest part of a subject [? intermediate, advanced]: 初级的 I'm only familiar with the subject at an elementary level. 2)simple or basic: 基本的，简单的 the elementary principles of justice and democracy 正义和民主的基本原则 You've made a very elementary mistake. 3)American English; relating to elementary school [= primary British English] elementary education 4. In fact, I was the efficiency expert for the whole family. , efficiency: the quality of doing something well and effectively, without wasting time, money, or energy the efficiency of the train service Man‘s biological clock decides at which hours he can work at peak efficiency. , expert: n. someone who has a special skill or special knowledge of a subject专家 medical/technical/financial etc expert 84 大学英语 Book One Tests should be administered by a medical expert. He's a world expert on marine mammals. adj. having or demonstrating great skill, dexterity, or knowledge as the result of experience or training. 熟练的 Kate's (an) expert in / at / on teaching small children. All the young men are expert drivers efficiency expert: is a special term, referring to a person who specializes in time and motion studies, i.e., in observing the actions of an individual involved in one single operation of the manufacturing of an item, and is concerned for the overall efficiency of production throughout each aspect of the manufacturing process. ―Efficiency expert‖ is a ―noun + noun‖ combination, in which the first noun modifies the second. There are many other examples of such combinations in the text: work flow, quality control inspection, assembly line, and machine operator. 5. For me, there was a place for everything and everything was always in its place. (Para 4) , in place: 1) in the appropriate or usual position or order在适当的位置 The chairs for the concert were nearly all in place. With everything in place, she started the slide show. 2) In the same spot; without moving forwards or backwards 在原位 While marching in place, the band played a popular tune. 6. These qualities gave me a good foundation for a career industrial engineering. (Para.4) foundation: 基础 lay/provide the foundation(s) for something:to provide the conditions that will make it possible for something to be successful: Careful planning laid the foundations for the nation's economic miracle. 精心的计划为国家的经济奇迹奠定了基础。 7(You will see what I mean when I tell you about the first project I ever did after I finish my bachelor‘s degree at the university. (Para.5) project: a carefully planned piece of work to get information about something, to build something, to improve something etc:计划，项目，规划，工程，，课题 The project aims to provide an analysis of children's emotions. 这个项目的目的是体工队还得的情感分析。 a three-year research project a project to develop a substitute for oil 一项研发石油的替代品的方案 a project manager 项目经理 In their geography class, the children are doing a special project on North American Indians. 在地理课上，孩子们正在做一个有关北美印第安人的特别作业。 draw up/carry out a plan 制定/执行方案 8(So he asked me to come in on a short-term basis as a consultant.(Para 6) , come in: have or find a place; have a part to play; take one's position in game or at work The second player was very nervous as he came in. I understand your plan perfectly, but I don't see where I come in. Workers hope his coming in will improve the conditions of their life. 85 大学英语 Book One , on a short-term basis: temporarily; for a period of time The delegation of our college will pay a visit to America on a short-term basis. 我校代表团将去美国短期访问。 to hold a job on a full-time basis The two countries established diplomatic relations on the basis of equality and mutual benefits.这两个国家在平等及互惠的基础上建立外交关系。 consultant: someone whose job is to give advice on a particular subject: 顾问 a management consultant 管理顾问 As a consultant to NASA, Cockburn had access to confidential details of the US space program. 作为美国航天航空局的顾问，Cockburn有机会接触美国太空计划的机要文件。 consult: to go to (a book, a person with special knowledge, etc.) for information, advice, etc. 查阅(书籍)，咨询;请教 An increasing number of people are consulting their accountants about the tax laws. 越来越多的人向他们的会计咨询有关税法事宜。 consult a dictionary 查字典 Have you consulted a doctor about your rash? 你找医生看过你的皮疹了吗, consult with: to exchange opinions, information, etc, with 与…交换意见， 与…商议 Before we accepted the management‘s offer, we must consult with the workers again. 在我们接受资方的提议以前要再次同工人们商量。 I was really amazed at what I saw: All I saw in the factory made me really surprised. (Para 7) , be amazed at/by: be greatly surprised (often pleasantly) at/by 吃惊于 The teacher was amazed at his rapid progress in studies. She was amazed at the fantastic design. 9. Most curious of all, there was no quality control whatsoever.(Para8) , most curious of all: what is most curious of all. Similar examples: most important of all, most of all, and worst of all, etc. , whatsoever: at all (more emphatic than whatever, usually used in negative construction) (用在否定 句或含有any的句中，放在被修饰的名词或代词之后)丝毫的，任何的 Nothing whatsoever can prevent us from carrying out this plan. Is there any chance whatsoever? 有任何可能性吗, I can‘t see anyone whatsoever. 我什么人也看不见。 There can be no doubt whatsoever about it. 10. No one inspect the final product of the factory. (Para8) inspect: 1) to examine something carefully in order to find out more about it or to find out what is wrong with it: 检查 After the crash both drivers got out and inspected their cars for damage. 汽车相撞后，两辆车的司机都下来检查车有无损坏。 The boss inspected the work done so far and seemed quite pleased. 老板检查了目前已完成的工作，看起来很满意。 86 大学英语 Book One 2)to make an official visit to a building, organization etc to check that everything is satisfactory and that rules are being obeyed: 视察 The building is regularly inspected by the fire-safety officer 防火安全官员经常视察这个大楼。 Each hotel is inspected and, if it fulfils certain criteria, is recommended. 每个旅馆都被视察过了，而且如果符合一定标准，会受到推荐。 11. As a result some of the shirts that were put in boxes for shipment were missing one or two buttons, the collar, even a sleeve sometimes! (Para8) , as a result: because (of); therefore 因此，结果 The plane did not take off as a result of the bad weather. As a result of the pilots' strike, all flights have had to be cancelled 12. Except for a half hour at lunchtime, there were no breaks in the day to relieve the boring work..(Para 9) , except for: apart from; not including 除…以外 This flat is in perfect condition except for the small waiting room. Except for its high cost, this type of machine would be very suitable. compare: except for, except except for 强调在说明基本情况之后，在细节上加以修正; The room was empty except for several books on the floor. except 指从总体中除去一部分，其后可接名词或从句。 They all agree to the proposal except me. compare: except for, but for except for 与but for两者比较接近，但 but for 所接成分多为非真实条件，其主句常用虚拟语气。 But for the accident (=If there were not the accident), we should have had a pleasant journey. relieve: : 1) lessen or remove (pain, disease, etc.) 减轻，解除(痛苦、疾病等) This medicine will help to relieve you from your pain. 这药将有助于缓解你的疼痛。 relieve tension/pressure/stress etc Some people eat for comfort, to relieve their anxieties. The books helped relieve the boredom of waiting. A secretary was hired to relieve her of some of the administrative work. 聘了一个秘书来缓解她的管理工作 2) provide aid or assistance for (people in need, etc.) 救济，援助 The government has agreed to provide $11 million of emergency food aid to help relieve the famine. 政府已同意提供价值1,100万的紧急食品援助帮助缓解饥荒。 She claims that the pressure on public hospitals could be relieved by combining medical resources in the public and private sectors. 她宣称可以通过结合公私两方面的医疗资源来缓解公共医院的压力。 relief: 1)a feeling of comfort when something frightening, worrying, or painful has ended or has not happened 宽慰，放心，减轻，解除 it is a relief to see/have/know etc something I hate to say it, but it was a relief to have him out of the house. to somebody's relief Much to my relief/To my great relief, her injuries were only slight. 87 大学英语 Book One This medicine will give/bring some relief. I heaved a sigh of relief when I heard he was safe. 2) help for the people in trouble 救济 The government sent relief to the people who lost their homes in the fold. They have started a relief fund for the refugees. 他们为难民筹募救济基金。 boring:not interesting in any way: tedious Her husband is about the most boring person I've ever met. The job was dull and boring. dead/incredibly/terribly etc boring (=very boring) bore: vt. to make someone feel bored, especially by talking too much about something they are not interested in: 使枯燥，乏味 He's the sort of person who bores you at parties. I won't bore you with all the technical details. bore somebody to death/tears (=make them very bored) n. something that is not interesting to you or that annoys you: Waiting is a bore. You'll find it's a terrible bore. boredom n. the feeling you have when you are bored, or the quality of being boring: a game to relieve the boredom of a long journey: 13. The walls of the workrooms were a dull gray color. (Para 9) , dull adj.: 1) not bright nor clear 灰暗的，不明亮的: The candle gave out a dull light. 2) arousing no interest or curiosity; boring: 枯燥的:乏味的: a dull lecture/film/play/party/speaker 3) not sharp Not having a sharp edge or point; blunt: 钝的:没有利刃或利尖的 a dull knife/pain/axe/blade 4) lacking responsiveness or alertness; insensitive. 迟钝的:反应不迅速的;愚笨的 dull pupils 14. I was amazed that the workers hadn't gone on strike. (Para 9) , go/(be) on strike: begin/(be engaged in) a strike 罢工 Most of the workers voted to go on strike. The students are out on strike. 15. There was one especially absent-minded young man in the assembly line who sewed on buttons. (Para 10) assemble: 1) fit together (the parts of sth.) 组装，装配 Martha assembled her latest doll's house very quickly. 玛莎很快地组装好了她最新的一间玩具屋。 Some boys like to assemble model airplanes. 有些男孩喜欢组装模型飞机。 2) (cause people or things to) come together; collect (使)集合，(使)聚集 The grandfather had assembled all the members of the family for the yearly picnic. 祖父把一家人聚在一起参加一年一度的野餐。 When the fire alarm rang we assembled outside the emergency exit. 当火警信号响起时，我们都聚集到紧急出口外。 88 大学英语 Book One assembly line: a system for making things in a factory in which the products move past a line of workers who each make or check one part 16(He was very slow and all the shirts were held up at his position.(Para 10) , hold up: 1) delay 耽搁，延迟 The liner was held up by a thick fog. The construction of the teaching building has to be held up because of the fund. 由于缺少资金，教学楼的建造不得不被延误。 2) stop (a vehicle) by force in order to rob it 抢劫 The criminals held up the train and took all the passengers' money. 17. Workers beyond him in line on his shift had to wait with nothing to do.(Para 10) , on one?s shift: a period of time when someone is on duty to work Peter is on the day shift and I am on the night shift. shift: v. to move or transfer from one place or position to another.变换位置;改变方向 The wind shifted to the north. Shall I shift the chairs? shifts attention/emphasis/focus shift the blame/responsibility (onto somebody): to make someone else responsible for something, especially for something bad that has happened:. n. 1) the working period of such a group: 班次工作时间 do/work a (10/12/24 etc hour) shift Dave had to work a 12-hour shift yesterday. The thought of working night shifts put her off becoming a nurse. I'm on the early shift tomorrow. 2) a change in direction: 转向:方向的改变: a shift in the wind. the shift from one type of economic system to another 从一种经济体制到另一种的转变 an important shift in policy 政策的改变 a marked shift (=noticeable change) in attitudes towards women 18. I covered my major points by telling him the following. (Para 11) , cover: v. 1) to be responsible for reporting the details of (an event or situation): 负责报导:对报导„ 的细 节负责(如事件或情形): Two reporters covered the news story. I was once sent to Iraq to cover the gulf war. 2) include; consist of; take into account涉及;考虑到，处理 The law does not cover all crimes. This book does not fully cover the subject. The lecture covered the history of medicine from ancient times to the present day. The rights of part-time workers are not covered by these regulations. 这些条例不涉及非全日制工人的权利。 3) to be sufficient to defray, meet, or offset the cost or charge of: 足以支付 89 大学英语 Book One She had enough funds to cover her check. 4) to spread over the surface of: 铺满„的表面: Dust covered the table. Snow covered the ground. 5) to complete (a distance) by 走完(一段路程) We aimed to cover 400 miles before nightfall. 10. If excellent work results in frequent pay increase or promotions, the workers will have greater incentive to produce. (Para 17) , result in: have … as a result; end in sth.; make something happen 导致 Eating too much will result in sickness. an accident that resulted in the death of two passengers result from: be caused by由...产生 Let's hope that peace will result from our talks. We are still dealing with problems resulting from errors made in the past. How would you cope with unemployment and the resulting loss of income? promotion:1)a move to a more important job or position in a company or organization:提升，升职 I want a job with good prospects (前景)for promotion. 2)an activity intended to help sell a product, or the product that is being promoted: 促 销 a winter sales promotion 冬季促销 3)the activity of helping something to develop or increase 促进 the promotion of international environmental cooperation promote: 1) to help something to develop or increase: 促进，增进 new effort to promote the cause of world peace 促进世界和平的新努力 a meeting to promote trade between Taiwan and the U.K. Milk promote health.牛奶可增进健康。 2) to help sell a new product, film etc by offering it at a reduced price or by advertising it: 推销 a big advertising campaign to promote our new toothpaste 旨在推销我厂新牙膏的一场声势浩大的广告宣传攻势 She's in London to promote her new book. incentive: something that encourages you to work harder, start a new activity etc: 激励，刺激 create/provide/give somebody an incentive Awards provide an incentive for young people to improve their skills. incentive to do something Farmers lack any incentive to manage their land organically. economic/financial/tax incentives 经济/财政/税收的激励 20. Mr. Hobbs thanked me for this report and told me he would talk over my suggestions with his brother, the co-owner and manager of the factory. (Para 18) , talk over: consider (a matter) at length (with someone else) 详尽地商议, 商量 Come and see me in my office and we'll talk it over. You'd better talk it over with your family before making a decision. , co-owner a joint owner共同所有者,共有者 He is a co-owner of the factory. 90 大学英语 Book One 21. We want to keep up with the times.(Para 18) , keep up with: 1) to continue at the same level or pace. 并行:按相同的水平或步伐继续下去 I had to walk fast to keep up with him He runs so fast that no one can keep up with him. 2) to match one's competitors, colleagues, or neighbors in success or lifestyle: 不落后, 赶上对手、同事或邻居，指在成就或生活方式上 unsuccessfully tried to keep up with his associates. He has some difficulty in keeping up with the rest of the class. 22(He also gave me a check for $100 and a box of shirts with his compliments.(Para.19) compliments.: n. formal respect or greeting 致意，问候 He was showered with compliments on his excellent performance. 他出色的表演使他大受赞扬。 v. praise I must compliment you on the way you handled the meeting . 我应当夸奖你主持会议的。 V. Reading Skill-----reading for the main idea What is the most important thing the paragraph, page, chapter, story, article, or cartoon is about? Without a doubt, it is the main idea or the central idea, which gives the paragraph or passage a purpose and direction. Very often, the main idea appears in one sentence --a general sentence called the topic sentence. The rest of the paragraph contains sentences made up of specific ideas and details that support and explain the main idea. For example: 1. Juan loves to play games. His favorite game is chess because it requires a great deal of thought. Juan also likes to play less demanding board games that are based mostly on luck. He prefers Monopoly because it requires luck and skill. If he‘s alone, Juan likes to play action video games as long as they aren‘t too violent. 2. Maria is watching too much television. A toddler shouldn‘t be spending hours staring blankly at a screen. Worse yet, some of her wild behavior has been inspired by those awful cartoons she watches. We need to spend more time reading books with her and pull the plug on the TV! 3. Samantha, I can‘t eat or sleep when you are gone. I need to hear your scratchy voice and see your lovely toothless smile. I miss that special way that you eat soup with your fingers. Please come home soon! VI. Writing A Subordinating Conjunction (sometimes called a dependent word or subordinator) comes at the beginning of a subordinate (or dependent) clause and establishes the relationship between the dependent clause and the rest of the sentence. It also turns the clause into something that depends on the rest of the sentence for its meaning. --He took to the stage as though he had been preparing for this moment all his life. --Because he loved acting, he refused to give up his dream of being in the movies. --Unless we act now, all is lost. Notice that some of the subordinating conjunctions in the table below — after, before, since — are also prepositions, but as subordinators they are being used to introduce a clause and to subordinate the following clause to the independent element in the sentence. 91 大学英语 Book One Common Subordinating Conjunctions after if though although if only till as in order that unless as if now that until as long as once when as though rather than whenever because since where before so that whereas even if than wherever even though that while VII. Suggested Activity: Step 1. Prepare several pieces of paper and write on each a numbered problem along with a suggested solution to it Step 2. Split the class into 4 or 8 groups and assign each group a numbered problem. Step 3. Encourage the students to imagine that they are working as consultants in Mr. Hobbs‘ factory. They are expected to discuss first the problems and then suggest cures for them. Step 4. After a 10-minutes discussion, ask each group to report to the class the results of their discussion Step 5. Sum up the students‘ activity VIII. Homework 1. Do all the exercises and review what has been learned. 2. Preview the next unit 7 Reading Material I.Background Information 1.The War of 1812, sometimes called "the Second War of Independence," was fought between the United States and Great Britain from 1812 to 1815. Relations between the two countries had often been strained after the United States won its independence in 1783, but the greatest problems developed during the war between England and France that broke out in 1793. To prevent American neutral shipping from helping the French, the British instituted extensive maritime blockades of European ports. The resulting seizures of American merchant shipping quickly brought demands for retaliation in the United States. From 1794 on, however, tensions eased as the administrations of George Washington and John Adams worked to avoid diplomatic difficulties with the British. II. Texts Analysis 1. Main ideas of texts 1) The paragraph 1 indicates that in the ancient days, the school teachers‘ life were very religious. They were expected to provide a variety of services, to behave in an exemplary manner, and to spend some time every evening reading the bible. 2) Because US could not import from Europe and England during the war of 1812, US people began to produce cloth and iron by themselves instead of depending on Europe. 3) This dialog tells that this shirt factory is as inefficient as it used to be. Although some changes had been made but they did not do the works any good and even worse. 92 大学英语 Book One 4) The role of a consultant is not only going into factory, suggesting cures for problems and encouraging the management to follow the suggestions. He needs to make the workers and management seriously be involved in working out to solve the problems. III. Language Points 1. One hundred years ago, school teachers were expected to provide a variety of services in addition to their teaching duties and to behave themselves in an exemplary manner. , in addition to: Over and above; besides. 除...之外 In addition to his movie work, Redford is known as a champion of environmental causes. In addition: Also; as well as. 另外 The company provides cheap Internet access. In addition, it makes shareware freely available. , behave vi. 1) to conduct oneself in a specified way: 表现，行为 The child behaved badly at the party. The teacher encouraged the children to behave well and not to be a discredit to the collective. The little boy behaved with great courage in the face of the gunman. 2) to conduct oneself in a proper way: 举止得体:以一种适宜的方式行动: I told the child to behave. Please behave yourself. I hope you will behave with decorum at the funeral. 3) to act, react, function, or perform in a particular way: 以某一特殊方式行动、反应、 作用或表现: This fabric behaves well even in hot weather. vt. 1) to conduct (oneself) properly: 举止适宜: Did you behave yourself at the party? 2) to conduct (oneself) in a specified way: 以某一特殊方式行动: The witness behaved herself with great calmness. 2. Of course, alcohol and tobacco were forbidden. , forbid: 1) to command (someone) not to do something: 不许:命令(某人)不能干某事 : I forbid you to go. 2) to command against the doing or use of (something); prohibit: 严禁，禁止 forbid smoking on trains. 3) to have the effect of preventing; preclude: 阻止，妨碍:具有阻止的效果;妨碍: Discretion forbids a reply. 3. Until the War of 1812, the United States had always bought its manufactured goods especially its fine cloth, from England. , manufacture v. 1) to concoct or invent; fabricate: 调制或发明;制作: manufacture an excuse. 2) to make or process (a product), especially with the use of industrial machines.用机 器制造 manufacture goods in a factory n. 1) the act, craft, or process of manufacturing products, especially on a large scale.制 造 the manufacture of cars 93 大学英语 Book One 2) an industry in which mechanical power and machinery are employed.制造业 Manufacture industry. 4.The plant isn‘t famous for its efficiency, you know. , famous: well or widely known闻名的:很出名的 The famous film star employed three people to answer her fan mail. be famous for: be well-known for因...而著名 This town is famous for its beautiful buildings. France is famous for its fine food and wine. be famous as: be well-known as当...有名 She is famous as a writer. 94 大学英语 Book One Unit Seven: The Sampler Time Allotment: (4.5 Periods) 1. Text Structure analysis and new words and phrases (3 periods) 2. Exercises and reading & writing skills (1.5 periods) Teaching Aims: The teaching of this text aims to enable students 1. To master the new words and useful phrase: lay out, sample, indeed, suspect, as if, break off, break in, break into, break down, break up, come down, burst, benevolence, string, pull out, count out, honour, be long for, though。 2. To get acquainted with reading skills: Choosing the text as you like. 3. To get acquainted with writing skills:Producing the compound sentence. I. Background Information 1. Christmas Day The word Christmas comes from the words Cristes maesse, or "Christ's Mass". Christmas is the celebration of the birth of Jesus for members of the Christian religion. Most historians peg the first celebration of Christmas to Rome in 336 AD. Christmas is both a holiday and a Holy Day. In America it is the biggest event of the year (especially for kids), and for members of the Christian religions it is an important day on the religious calendar. The federal government, all state governments, all schools/colleges/universities and the vast majority of businesses in America give employees one or two days off at Christmas, making it an important holiday (other federal holidays are: New Year's Day, Martin Luther King Day, Washington's Birthday, Memorial Day, Independence Day, Labor Day, Columbus Day, Veterans Day, Thanksgiving). In the Roman Catholic calendar, Christmas is one of 6 holy feast days celebrated in America, the others being: Circumcision (New Year's Day), Ascension, Assumption (Mary's Assumption into heaven, August 15), All Saints (November 2), and the Immaculate Conception (December 8). According to "The Joy of Cooking" by Irma Rombauere and Marion Becker, "Many people feel that these cakes improve greatly with age. When they are well saturated with alcoholic liquors, which raise the spirits and keep down mold, and are buried in powdered sugar in tightly closed tins, they have been enjoyed as long as 25 years after baking." 2. 圣诞英语赠言English For Christmas It seems that Christmas time is here once again, and it is time again to bring in the New Year. We wish the merrier of Christmas to you and your loved ones, and we wish you happiness and prosperity in the year ahead. 圣诞节转眼又到，又该迎接新的一年了。我们向你及你的亲人们致以最美好的圣诞祝福，愿你在 新的一年里事业兴旺，幸福美满～ A Christmas greeting and good wishes to you who is thought about all the year through. Have a beautiful Christmas and a happy New Year. 始终思念你，捎来圣诞佳节最美好的祝福，祝圣诞吉祥，新年如 95 大学英语 Book One 意。 A Merry Christmas and a wonderful New Year. 圣诞快乐，新年好～ A cheery Christmas and the New Year hold lots of happiness for you! 给你特别的祝福，愿圣诞和新 年带给你无边的幸福、如意。 May you have the best Christmas ever. 愿你度过最美好的圣诞节～ May the warmest wishes, happy thoughts and friendly greetings come at Christmas and stay with you all the year through. 让温馨的祝愿、幸福的思念和友好的祝福，在圣诞佳节来到你身边，伴你左右。 The term is used to mean differences in ideas, life styles and attitudes between older and younger people, differences which result in a lack of understanding between them and frequently lead to confrontations. 3. pudding:1)A hot sweet dish, made from cake, rice , bread with fruit, milk or other sweet things added. 2) a thick sweet creamy dish, usually made with milk, eggs, sugar, and a little flour, and served cold: Chocolate pudding. 3)in Britain, any sweet dish served at the end of meal. II. Warm-up Questions and Oral Practice Pre-reading questions: 1. Do you thin we should help those who are poor and needy? Why or why not? 2. How do you think of Christmas? A holiday or a festival? 3. When, where and what kinds of products can people go to sample? 4. What kinds of people might take advantage of sampling? 5. Why would they do that? Post-reading questions: 1. When and where did the story take place? 2. What privilege did the store give to its customers? 3. Sometimes, good intention alone cannot make the others willing to accept your help. Instead, it may make you and the others feel embarrassed. Have you got this experience before? Please share it with your classmates. 4. How can we offer help to others without hurting their dignity? III. Text Structure Analysis 1. Outline of the text 96 大学英语 Book One Part I. (Para.1--3) The introduction of background of the story and the theme — Some people took advantage of free sampling. Question: 1. What does the author propose the pudding on Christmas? 2. What is the privilege for customers in the pudding shop? 3. What the gentleman will be when he enter into the pudding shop on Christmas? 4. How did the shop girl think of the old gentleman? Part II. (Para. 4-9) An example: the description of how the old man sampled the pudding Question: 1. How does the gentleman appraise these puddings? 2. How does the old gentleman look like? Part III. (Para. 10-15) The old gentleman would have to buy the most expensive pudding in the shop. Question: 1. How did the narrator feel when he realized that because of his offer, the old man had been forced into a purchase he could not afford 2. Why the old man buy one of the largest and most expensive of the puddings? 2. Summary of the text An old gentleman who never bought any pudding but would visited the pudding shop and tasted all the samples on Christmas Eve. The narrator with mercies tried to purchase the pudding for him. However this kind activity hurt the gentleman‘s dignity. The old man refused it and had to buy the most expensive pudding to show his honors, although he had not enough money. IV. Language Points 1. … a number of these delicious things are laid out in a row during the Christmas season. (Para. 1) , lay out : 1) If you lay out a group of things, you spread them out and arrange them neatly, for example so that they can all be seen clearly. 摆放整齐 Grace laid out the knives and forks at the lunch-table. 2)To lay out ideas, principles, or plans means to explain or present them clearly, for example in a document or a meeting. 详细介绍，展示 Cuomo laid it out in simple language. 3)To lay out an area of land or a building means to plan and design how its different parts should be arranged. 设计(建筑，等等) When we laid out the car parks, we reckoned (计算，断定) on one car per four families. Only people that use a kitchen all the time understand the best way to lay it out. 2. Here you may select the one which is most to your taste. (Para.1) , select: vt. choose She was selected from many applicants The city was selected as the site for the coming Olympic Games. adj. chosen 97 大学英语 Book One In ancient times, book knowledge was limited to the select few. John Major became Mrs. Thatcher’s select successor. Compare: select, choose & elect这几个词都是动词，都有“选择”之意。 select: 指经过考虑后从许多同类东西中仔细认真地进行选择，往往是根据被选择对象的优劣进行选 择。 They were selected from among many applicants.他们是从许多报名者当中挑选出来的。 choose: 是最普通的词语，指运用自己的判断能力按照被选对象的正确与否，合适与否进行选择，往 往含有一种在客观条件下进行选择的意思。 Choose the correct for each blank. elect: 通常只用选票或其他方法选中某人担任某一职务。 , to one?s taste: 适合某人的口味 The house hasn‘t been decorated to my taste (=in the way that I like), but it‘s very luxurious. 3. …and you are even allowed to sample them before coming to a decision. (Para.1) , sample:n.1)a small part representing the whole 样本，试用产品 We're giving away 2000 free samples.我们有2000个赠送顾客的免费样品。 They asked me to do some sample drawings. 他们让我画一些样本。 2) a small part or amount of something that is examined in order to find out something about the whole 样品，标本，实例 The nurse took a sample of my blood/my blood sample for tests. Here are some sample questions from last year‘s exam. 去年试题的实例 3)A sample of people or things is a number of them chosen out of a larger group and then used in tests or used to provide information about the whole group.对人抽样调查 We based our analysis on a random sample of more than 200 males. 我们的分析是从对200名男性的随机抽样调查得出来的。 a nationally representative sample of over 950 elderly persons v. 1)to taste food or drink in order to see what it is like: 品尝 a chance to sample the local food We sampled a selection of different bottled waters. 2)to try an activity, go to a place etc in order to see what it is like: 体验 Here's your chance to sample the delights of country life. the chance to sample a different way of life. 尝试不同生活的机会 3) to choose some people from a larger group in order to ask them questions or get information from them: 抽样 18% of the adults sampled admitted having had problems with alcohol abuse. 4 …, who has no intention of making a purchase. (Para.2) 98 大学英语 Book One , intention: purpose If I've hurt your feelings, it was quite without intention Well-intentioned though he is, he is always laughed at by others. 虽然他的本意很好，但他总是被别人嘲笑。 by intention 故意 have no intention of doing无意做„ with the intention of 抱有„目的/打算 without intention 无意中, 不是故意地 5(…would take advantage of this privilege. (Para.2) , advantage:1)something that helps you to be more successful than others, or the state of having this [?disadvantage] 有利条件, 优势 Her experience meant that she had a big advantage over her opponent. His height gives him an advantage over the other players. Western countries enjoyed considerable advantages in terms of technology. Younger workers tend to be at an advantage when applying for jobs. It might be to your advantage to take a computer course of some kind. 2)a good or useful quality or condition that something has 优点，好处，长处 The hotel is not very modern, but it does have the advantage of being close to the city centre. The printer has several advantages over conventional printers. take advantage of: make use of (sth. or sb.) for one’s own benefit We‘ve decided to take full advantage of the week-long holiday to visit some interesting places in southeast countries. They often take advantage of his kindness and borrow money from him and never return it. , privilege:1)a special advantage that is given only to one person or group of people: 特权，特惠待 遇 He had no special privileges and was treated just like every other prisoner. Diplomats enjoy a lot of privilege in foreign countries Education is a privilege, not a right, in many countries. 在某些国家，教育是某些人的特权，不是公民的权利。 2) a special favour; advantage that gives one great pleasure 特别恩惠，荣幸 He is a fine musician; it‘s a privilege to hear him play. It is my great privilege to have dinner with you. 6. ….and I learned it was indeed the case. (Para. 2) , indeed:1)used to emphasize a statement or answer:确实 Later, he admitted that the payments had indeed been made. 99 大学英语 Book One 后来，他承认它确实已经付钱了。 He did indeed keep important documents inside his hat.他确实把重要的文件放在了 帽子里。 2)used to introduce an additional statement that emphasizes or supports what you have just said:当然，进一步说，事实上 We have nothing against diversity (多样性); indeed, we want more of it. When we asked to see more we were refused. Indeed we were escorted (护送) away by men with guns. 7. … and I suspect he never will. (Para. 3) , suspect:v. 1)to think that something is probably true, especially something bad 怀疑，觉得(尤其 是坏 事)可能是事实 I suspected that there was something wrong with the engine. She strongly suspected he was lying to her 2) to think that someone is probably guilty of a crime: 怀疑…有罪 He's suspected of murder. He was suspected of giving away government secrets to the enemy. The police suspected him of robbery / suspected that he was a robber. 警方怀疑他是 个抢劫犯 3) to suppose or guess He said he’d be here at eleven o’clock, but I suspect he will be late. suspect: n. is a person who the police or authorities think may be guilty of a crime. 嫌疑犯 Police have arrested a suspect in a series of killings and sexual assaults in the city. 警:察逮捕了那个连环杀人和性骚扰案件的嫌疑犯。 Compare: suspect, doubt 这两个词都是动词，都有“怀疑”、“不相信”之意。 suspect: 意思是―怀疑‖、―猜想‖、―觉得不可靠‖，指没有足够的证据或毫无证据而相信，或模糊地觉 得某事已经存在或将要发生，但由于证据或理由不足而不能做出断定。如果指不相信某事，有时可 与doubt替换。 doubt: 意思是―怀疑‖、―不相信‖，常带―否定‖意味，指怀疑某种事物的存在或是否会发生，也指怀 疑某人说的话或某种说法是否可靠。 suspicious: adj. 1) thinking that someone might be guilty of doing something wrong or dishonest怀 疑的， 疑心的 Some of his colleagues at work became suspicious of his behaviour. They were suspicious about my past. 2) making you think that something bad or illegal is happening: 可疑的 100 大学英语 Book One He was behaving in a highly suspicious manner. a suspicious-looking character suspicion: n. a feeling you have that someone is probably guilty of doing something wrong or dishonest: 怀疑，涉嫌;疑心 He was under suspicion of murder. I wondered how I could leave early without arousing anyone's suspicions. 8… and I suppose they can afford it. (Para. 3)， , afford: v.1)to have enough money to buy or pay for something. 支付 My parents can't even afford a new refrigerator. The arts should be available to more people at prices they can afford. We couldn't afford to buy a new coat. 2)If someone or something affords you an opportunity or protection, they give it to you. 提供，供应。 This affords us the opportunity to ask questions about how the systems might change. 9. …, only breaking off occasionally to wipe his red eyes with a large torn handkerchief. (Para.6) , breaking off:1)If part of something breaks off or if you break it off, it comes off or is removed by force. 折断 The two wings of the aircraft broke off on impact They've torn down wooden fences and broken branches off trees. 2)If you break off when you are doing or saying something, you suddenly stop doing it or saying it.中断，停止说话 He broke off in mid-sentence to shake hands with the new arrivals. I broke off the conversation and answered the phone. 3)If someone breaks off a relationship, they end it. 断交 The two West African states had broken off relations two years ago. He doesn't seem to have the courage to break it off with her. 其他关于break 的短语: , break down: 1)(esp. a machine ) stops working. 坏了 Their car broke down. 2) to (cause to) separate into different kinds or divide into types 把…分类，分解 Chemicals in the body break our food down into useful substances. , break up: 1) When something breaks up or when you break it up, it separates or is divided into several smaller parts. 分开，打碎 Civil war could come if the country breaks up. There was a danger of the ship breaking up completely. Break up the chocolate and melt it. 101 大学英语 Book One 2)If you break up with your boyfriend, girlfriend, husband, or wife, your relationship with that person ends. 结束 My girlfriend had broken up with me. He felt appalled by the whole idea of marriage so we broke up.= split up 3)When a meeting or gathering breaks up or when someone breaks it up, it is brought to an end and the people involved in it leave. 驱散= disperse A neighbour asked for the music to be turned down and the party broke up. Police used tear gas to break up a demonstration. He charged into the crowd. `Break it up,' he shouted. 4)If you say that someone is breaking up when you are speaking to them on a mobile telephone, you mean that you can only hear parts of what they are saying because the signal is interrupted. The line's gone; I think you're breaking up. , break into: If someone breaks into a building, they get into it by force. 强行闯入 There was no one nearby who might see him trying to break into the house. , break in: 1)to enter a building by using force, in order to steal something: 盗窃 Masked robbers broke in and made off with $8,000. The thief had broken in through a first-floor window. 2)to interrupt someone when they are speaking 打断 I didn't want to break in on his telephone conversation. Dad would occasionally break in with an amusing comment. , break through:1)If you break through a barrier, you succeed in forcing your way through it. 突围 Several demonstrators (示威者) broke through the barriers despite warnings from the police. 2)to manage to do something successfully when there is a difficulty that is preventing you: 突破困难 He's a very talented young actor who's just ready to break through.. I broke through the poverty(穷困) barrier and it was education that did it. , break out:1)begins suddenly. 突然爆发 He was 29 when war broke out. 2)If a prisoner breaks out of a prison, they escape from it. 越狱 The two men broke out of their cells(牢房)and cut through a perimeter (边界) fence. 3)If you break out of a dull situation or routine, you manage to change it or escape from it. 打破常规的事物或行为。 102 大学英语 Book One It's taken a long time to break out of my own conventional training. If her marriage becomes too restrictive (拘束), she will break out and seek new horizons (眼界). 10. Probably he had come down in the world and… (Para.9) , come down in the world:lose a place of respect or honor; become lower as in rank or fortune 贫困 潦倒 Poor old George has come down in the world since his business failed. 11. All the time it was quite evident that he sincerely believed that he might eventually buy one of these puddings, and I am positive that he did not for a moment… (Para. 9) , evident:adj. Clear to the eye or the mind. 明显的，明白的 She looked with evident envy at Judy‘s new ring. , eventually:adv. finally His dreams have eventually come true. The Government apologized to the native Indians eventually. , positive:adj. 1)sure or certain [? negative] I am positive that it was who screamed for help just now. Can you be positive about what you heard? 2)constructive The old professor gave them some positive suggestion on what to do next. 3)( in math) greater than zero; (of electricity) caused by deficiency of electrons ―+‖ is the positive sign You must have confused the positive pole with the negative pole. 12. … and in a burst of benevolent, … (Para. 10) , in a burst of benevolent:It means seized suddenly by a strong desire to be helpful. We seldom use ? a burst of‘ in combination with ?benevolence‘ while ? a burst of anger/sympathy/blood/tears is quit common. , benevolent: adj. kind and fair.慈爱的， 仁爱的 The company has proved to be a most benevolent employer. 13. He jumped back as if he had been stung, …(Para. 12) , string:n.1)细绳 He held out a small bag tied with string. 2)A string of similar events is a series of them that happen one after the other. 一连串， 连续 Between 1940 and 1943 he had a string of 62 consecutive victories. 在1940-1943年之间，他连续取得62次胜利。 103 大学英语 Book One 3)琴弦 He went off to change a guitar string. 14 … I would have thought possible considering his appearance. (Para.13) , considering: used to say that you are thinking about a particular fact when you are giving your opinion: 考虑到，鉴于 Considering the strength of the opposition, we did very well to score two goals. considering (that) I think we paid too much for the house, considering that we needed to get the roof repaired. 15. … , while he pulled out a worn little black pocketbook and began counting out shillings and pennies on to the counter. (Para. 14) , count out:1)put down one by one while counting 逐个地数，算出 He counted out ten $5 notes. 他逐一地数出10张5美元的钞票。 Mr. Rohmbauer counted out the money and put it in an envelope. 2)to decide not to include; exclude 不包括 If you are playing football in this weather you can count me out. count 的短语: count down: (宇宙飞船等发射前的)倒数 count on/upon: depend on 以来，指望 You can count on me; I‘ll help you. She can always be counted on for support. 她的支持总是靠得住的。 You cannot count on the weather being fine. 你不能指望天气会变好。 count in: 把…算入 If you are planning a trip to London, count me in. count up: 共计，算出…的总数 It counts up to a sizeable amount. 总数相当可观。 15. To save his ?hounour‘ he had been forced into a purchase which he could not possibly afford. (Para. 14) , hounour : 1) Un. The great respect and admiration which people have for a person, country, etc. often publicly expressed. 荣誉，尊敬，敬意 to fight for the honor of one‘s country He was prepared even to die in order to defend the honour of his family. national/family/personal etc honour 国家/家庭/个人的荣誉 2)something that makes you proud 引以为荣的人或事 have the honour of doing something it is an honour to do something (=used as a polite way of saying that you are pleased 104 大学英语 Book One to do something) Earlier this year, I had the honor of meeting the President. It is an honour to have you here. Will you do me the honor of dancing with me? in honour of somebody/something/ in somebody's honour 为了纪念，为了庆祝 The stadium was named in honour of the club's first chairman. A special dinner will be held in her honour. An oak tree was planted in honour of the occasion. 16. How I longed for the power to unsay my tactless words! (Para. 14) , long : to want something very much, especially when it seems unlikely to happen soon long to do something He longed to see her again. long for She longed for the chance to speak to him in private. long for somebody to do something She longed for him to return. 17. It was too late though, and… (Para. 14) , though: adv. used after adding a fact, opinion, or question which seems surprising after what you have just said, or which makes what you have just said seem less true: Two heart attacks in a year. It hasn't stopped him smoking, though. It sounds like a lot of fun. Isn't it rather risky though? V. Reading Skill-----reading something as you like To improve your English reading，you should，first of all，choose something you feel important or interesting to read. Don't try to read everything. You should begin with those written in simple English. Don't read those which prove difficult for you at the very beginning. While reading，don't read too slowly or look up every new word you meet with. After reading a passage and having its main idea in mind，you may turn back and read it again. This time you read it slowly and look up some new words if necessary. VI. Writing—producing compound sentences Compound sentences: Writing would, of course, be easy if it consisted exclusively of the generation and proliferation of simple sentences. But it would also become boring and repetitive, and impose limits on what we could say, what ideas we could express. Imagine a history essay constructed exclusively from simple sentences: Adolf Hitler was born in 1889. He was born in Austria. He worked as a house-painter. He fought in the First World War. He became leader of the National Socialist Party. He became leader of the National Socialist Party. He became Chancellor of Germany. The Second World War started in 1939. Hitler was Germany‘s leader. He was a dictator. He killed millions of 105 大学英语 Book One Jews. He died in 1945. The war Somewhere along the way, between starting and leaving school, we acquire the ability (or should acquire the ability) to add variety and interest to such a simple sequence of sentences. We add more information, and probably ideas, to complement the basic facts, but our work will also start to sound more thoughtful as we develop and change the structure of the sentences. It is also the case that a long sequence of simple sentences is difficult for the reader to follow since there seem to be no connections between the points. By the time of GCSE (Grammar Correct Sentence), however, the information above might appear as follows: Adolf Hitler was born in Austria, in 1889. He worked as a house-painter and fought in the First World War, subsequently becoming leader of the National Socialist Party and Chancellor of Germany. Hitler was then Germany‘s leader during the Second World War, which started in 1939; he was a dictator, and responsible for the death of millions of Jews. He died at the conclusion of the war, in 1945. There is nothing essentially new or different about this account, as compared to the first version, but it has become more readable as opposed to the previous listing of the facts. What has changed? In what way have the sentences that become more complicated in structure and, consequently, more weighty in tone. VII. Homework 1. Do all the exercises and review what has been learned. 2. Preview the next unit. Reading Material If Only I. Text Structure Analysis 1. Outline of the texts Part I:(Para 1-3) The sales man encounter with a poor old woman at the store one night helped the young man come to see the actual life were much more complicated than he expected. Question: 1. How did the old woman look like? Part II: (Para 4-10) the old woman a corn can without payment but refused by the young man finally. Question: Why the young man refused the old woman? Part III : (Para 11-12) The old woman had to leave the shop desperately and the young man regretted not having offered the help. Question: Why the young man regretted not having offered the help? 2. Summary of the text A chance encounter with an old poor woman at the store one night helped the young sales man come see that things in actual life were much more complicated than he had expected. This woman is an unusual customer and had no money to pay for the food. The young sale-man would very much like to give away 106 大学英语 Book One the can of corn, but his sense of loyalty to the employer prevailed over his sympathy for the wretched old woman. The old woman left the store, looking shrunken and more pathetic. III. Language Points , arise: 1) If a situation or problem arises, it begins to exist or people start to become aware of it. The birds also attack crops when the opportunity arises.= occur 2) If something arises from a particular situation, or arises out of it, it is created or caused by the situation. This serenity arose in part from Rachel's religious beliefs. The charges arise out of a long-running fraud enquiry by Merseyside police. 3) If something such as a new species, organization, or system arises, it begins to exist and develop. New biological species arise only after the passage of millennia. 4) When you arise, you get out of bed in the morning. He arose at 6:30 a.m. as usual. 5) When you arise from a sitting or kneeling position, you stand up. When I arose from the chair, my father and Eleanor's father were in deep conversation. Arise, Sir William. 6) You can say that something tall such as a building or mountain arises from the ground around it. ...the flat terrace, from which arises the cubic volume of the house.= rise up , smooth over:If you smooth over a problem or difficulty, you make it less serious and easier to deal with, especially by talking to the people concerned. ...an attempt to smooth over the violent splits that have occurred... The Chancellor is trying to smooth things over. , shiny:Shiny things are bright and reflect light. Her blonde hair was shiny and clean. ...a shiny new sports car. , cut out: 1)If you cut something out, you remove or separate it from what surrounds it using scissors or a knife. Cut out the coupon and send those cheques off today. I cut it out and pinned it to my studio wall. 2)If you cut out a part of a text, you do not print, publish, or broadcast that part, because to include it would make the text too long or unacceptable. I listened to the programme and found they'd cut out all the interesting stuff. Her editors wanted her to cut out the poetry from her novel. Several extraneous prefaces were cut out of the prayer book at the beginning of the eleventh c century. = cut, omit 107 大学英语 Book One 3)To cut out something unnecessary or unwanted means to remove it completely from a situation. For example, if you cut out a particular type of food, you stop eating it, usually because it is bad for you. I've simply cut egg yolks out entirely. We will be pressing ahead with our policies on privatisation, deregulation and cutting out waste. A guilty plea cuts out the need for a long trial. = eliminate 4)If you tell someone to cut something out, you are telling them in an irritated way to stop it. Do yourself a favour, and cut that behaviour out. Cut it out, Chip,' I said. He had better cut out the nonsense. = stop 5)If you cut someone out of an activity, you do not allow them to be involved in it. If you cut someone out of a will, you do not allow them to share in it. Environmentalists say this would cut them out of the debate over what to do with public lands. Cut her out of your will,' urged his nephew. He felt that he was being cut out. = exclude 6)If an object cuts out the light, it is between you and the light so that you are in the dark. The curtains were half drawn to cut out the sunlight. 7)If an engine cuts out, it suddenly stops working. The helicopter crash landed when one of its two engines cut out. , intense: 1)Intense is used to describe something that is very great or extreme in strength or degree. He was sweating from the intense heat. Suddenly the room filled with intense light. Stevens's murder was the result of a deep-seated and intense hatred. His threats become more intense, agitated, and frequent. = extreme intensely The fast-food business is intensely competitive. intensity The attack was anticipated but its intensity came as a shock. 2)If you describe an activity as intense, you mean that it is very serious and concentrated, and often involves doing a great deal in a short time. The battle for third place was intense. 108 大学英语 Book One 3)If you describe the way someone looks at you as intense, you mean that they look at you very directly and seem to know what you are thinking or feeling. I felt so self-conscious under Luke's mother's intense gaze. He gazed at me with those intense blue eyes. = forceful 4)If you describe a person as intense, you mean that they appear to concentrate very hard on everything that they do, and they feel and show their emotions in a very extreme way. I know he's an intense player, but he does enjoy what he's doing. She is taller than I imagined, more adult, more intense. = impassioned , Partially: If something happens or exists partially, it happens or exists to some extent, but not completely. Lisa is deaf in one ear and partially blind. = partly , entertain: 1) If a performer, performance, or activity entertains you, it amuses you, interests you, or gives you pleasure. ...games and ideas to entertain children... They were entertained by top singers, dancers and celebrities. Children's television not only entertains but also teaches. entertaining: To generate new money the sport needs to be more entertaining. This is a surprisingly entertaining film. 2) If you entertain people, you provide food and drink for them, for example by inviting them to your house. I don't like to entertain guests anymore. You weren't allowed to entertain men in your rooms even with a chaperone. The Monroes continued to entertain extravagantly. entertaining ...a cosy area for entertaining and relaxing. If you entertain an idea or suggestion, you allow yourself to consider it as possible or as worth thinking about seriously. I feel how foolish I am to entertain doubts. I wouldn't entertain the idea of such an unsociable job. , tremble :1) If you tremble, you shake slightly because you are frightened or cold. His mouth became dry, his eyes widened, and he began to tremble all over. Gil was white and trembling with anger. With trembling fingers, he removed the camera from his pocket. = shake I will never forget the look on the patient's face, the tremble in his hand. 109 大学英语 Book One 2) If something trembles, it shakes slightly. (LITERARY) He felt the earth tremble under him. The leaves trembled in the trees. = shake , barely: 1) You use barely to say that something is only just true or only just the case. Anastasia could barely remember the ride to the hospital. It was 90 degrees and the air conditioning barely cooled the room. His voice was barely audible. She was an elfin-like girl who looked barely 10 years old. = scarcely 2) If you say that one thing had barely happened when something else happened, you mean that the first event was followed immediately by the second. The water had barely come to a simmer when she cracked four eggs into it. Barely had the bulldozers started when Museum of London archaeologists swooped. = no sooner 110 大学英语 Book One Unit Eight: A Magician at Stretching a Dollar Time Allotment: (4.5 Periods) 1. Text Structure analysis and new words and phrases (3 periods) 2. Exercises and reading & writing skills (1.5 periods) Teaching Aims: The teaching of this text aims to enable students 1. to master the new words and useful phrases: astonish, delight, amaze, spontaneously, escape, gratitude, slap, grin, expose, carry on, slap someone on the back, take a delight in something take delight, delight in something, slap someone on the back, slap on the wrist, grin and bear it ,come upon, pretend. 2.. to get acquainted with reading skills of fluent reading. 3. to get acquainted with writing skills of avoiding Sentence fragments. I. Background Information 1 Russell Baker: Russell Baker has been charming readers for years with his astute political commentary and biting cerebral wit. The noted journalist, humorist, essayist, and biographer has written or edited seventeen books, and was the author of the nationally syndicated "Observer" column for the New York Times from 1962 to 1998. Called by Robert Sherrill of the Washington Post Book Word, "the supreme satirist of this half-century," Baker is most famous for turning the daily gossip of most newspapers into the stuff of laugh-out-loud literature. John Skow, of Time described Baker's work as "funny, but full of the pain and absurdity of the age. . .he can write with a hunting strain of melancholy, with delight, or. . .with shame or outrage." Baker received his first Pulitzer Prize for distinguished commentary in 1979, in recognition of his "Observer" column. Baker received his second Pulitzer Prize in 1983 for his autobiography, Growing Up (1983). With a moving mix of humor and sadness, Baker insightfully recounts the struggles he and his mother endured in depression-era Virginia, New Jersey, and Baltimore after his father passed away. The book's greatest achievement is Baker's portrayal of his mother, a driven woman haunted by poverty and dreams of her son's success. "I would make something of myself," he wrote, "and if I lacked the grit to do it, well then she would make me make something of myself." Mary Lee Settle of the Los Angeles Times Book Review called Growing Up, "a wondrous book, funny, sad, and strong. . .(with scenes) "as funny and touching as Mark 111 大学英语 Book One Twain's." Jonathan Yardley of Washington Post Book World declared that "Baker has accomplished the memoirists's task: to find shape and meaning in his own life, and to make it interesting and pertinent to the reader. In lovely, haunting prose, he has told a story that is deeply in the American grain." In addition to his regular column and numerous books, Baker has also edited the anthologies, The Norton Book of Light Verse (1986) and Russell Baker's Book of American Humor (1993). Since 1993, he has been the regular host of the PBS television series, Masterpiece Theatre. Baker is a regular contributor to national periodicals such as The New York Times Magazine, Sports Illustrated, Saturday Evening Post, and McCalls. One of his columns, How to Hypnotize Yourself into Forgetting the Vietnam War, was dramatized and filmed by Eli Wallach for PBS. 2 Boxing Day and Other Common Holidays : Despite its name, Boxing Day, which is celebrated on December 26 in Great Britain, has nothing to do with pugilistic competition. Nor is it a day for people to return unwanted Christmas presents. While the exact origins of the holiday are obscure, it is likely that Boxing Day began in England during the Middle Ages. Some historians say the holiday developed because servants were required to work on Christmas Day, but took the following day off. As servants prepared to leave to visit their families, their employers would present them with gift boxes. How is Boxing Day celebrated? There seems to be two theories on the origin of Boxing Day and why it is celebrated. The first is that centuries ago, on the day after Christmas, members of the merchant class would give boxes containing food and fruit, clothing, and/or money to trades people and servants. The gifts were an expression of gratitude much like when people receive bonuses, from their employer, for a job well done, today. These gifts, given in boxes, gave the holiday it's name, "Boxing Day". The second thought is that Boxing Day comes from the tradition of opening the alms boxes placed in churches over the Christmas season. The contents thereof which were distributed amongst the poor, by the clergy, the day after Christmas. Today, Boxing Day is spent with family and friends with lots of food and sharing of friendship and love. Government buildings and small businesses are closed but the malls are open and filled with people exchanging gifts or buying reduced priced Christmas gifts, cards, and decorations. To keep the tradition of Boxing Day alive, many businesses, organizations, and families donate their time, 112 大学英语 Book One services, and money to aid Food Banks and provide gifts for the poor, or they may choose to help an individual family that is in need. What a great extension of the Christmas holiday spirit. You might consider making this holiday a tradition in your family. No matter where you live the simple principle of giving to others less fortunate than yourself can be put into practice. Church Alms Boxes Another theory is that the boxes placed in churches where parishioners deposited coins for the poor were opened and the contents distributed on December 26, which is also the Feast of St. Stephen. As time went by, Boxing Day gift giving expanded to include those who had rendered a service during the previous year. This tradition survives today as people give presents to tradesmen, mail carriers, doormen, porters, and others who have helped them. The Day after Christmas Boxing Day is December 26, the day after Christmas, and is celebrated in Great Britain and in most areas settled by the English (the U.S. is the major exception), including Canada, Australia, and New Zealand Bank Holidays Boxing Day is just one of the British bank holidays recognized since 1871 that are observed by banks, government offices, and the post office. The others include Christmas, Good Friday, Easter, Whitmonday (the day after Pentecost), and the banking holiday on the first Monday in August. 3 Bicycle with balloon tires: 113 大学英语 Book One Balloon street bicycle tire 3 Mickey Rooney Joe Yule Jr., also known as Mickey Rooney, was born September 23, 1920 in Brooklyn, New York. His parents, chorus girl Nell Carter and comic Joe Yule Sr., were vaudeville performers. Two weeks after Mickey's birth, he was on the road with the circuit traveling throughout North America. At 17 months old, his talent surfaced by accident. While hiding underneath a shoeshine stand in a Chicago theatre, fascinated by his father's act, he let out a sneeze. The noise caused a spotlight to find him in the crowd. Not knowing what to do he stood up and blew on his tiny toy mouth organ that was hanging on a string around his neck. The audience erupted with laughter. The show's manager got him a pint-sized tuxedo after the incident, and young Mickey began performing small ballads and speeches on stage. Mickey's parents divorced when he was three. Mickey's mother took him to Kansas City, Missouri so they could live with her sister. The normal way of life they had there was short lived, for in 1924, Mickey's mother decided he would be perfect for Hal Roach's "Our Gang" series. They headed west to Hollywood so Mickey could try out for the role. Once there, however, they realized the pay was insufficient. Penniless, they drove back to Kansas City. They returned to California again in 1926. This time Mickey landed his first film role in the movie "Not To Be Trusted," in which he played a midget. 114 大学英语 Book One His big break came in 1927 when he was cast for "Mickey 'Himself' McGuire," a series based on a comic strip. His mother wanted to legally change his name to Mickey McGuire for publicity reasons, but the comic's creator did not approve this. Instead she renamed him Mickey Rooney after getting approval from his manager. In 1934, Mickey was competing in a table tennis tournament in Los Angles and was showing off to the audience. MGM producer David O. Selznick noticed his antics. He told MGM studio chief Louis Mayer that he had found a kid that was a "goldmine" and begged him to sign Mickey to MGM. Mayer was reluctant to do so. Selznick made a role for Mickey in the film "Manhattan Melodrama," which was later made famous when notorious gangster John Dillinger was shot and killed while leaving the theater where he had been watching it. Mickey's work on the film led him to being signed to a long-term contract with MGM. Although he had the reputation of being a troublemaker, he put his all into acting and began to receive rave reviews. Short in stature, but never short in confidence, Mickey was the number one box office actor in the United States from 1939-41. He became known for his work on films such as: "A Midsummer Nights Dream," "Boys Town," "Babes In Arms" and the hit "Andy Hardy" series. He also starred with many Hollywood leading ladies including Lana Turner, Anne Rutherford and Judy Garland. During the 1950s, he worked on a television series called "Hey Mulligan." It was short-lived and could not compete with the likes of "The Jackie Gleason Show " which was scheduled in the same time slot. Mickey never was one to settle down, which explains his eight marriages. In 1942, he married Hollywood star Ava Gardner, but they soon divorced. After entering the service for 21 months in 1944 to entertain the troops in WWII, he married Betty Jane Rase. This marriage was followed by similar experiences with Martha Vickers in 1949 and Elaine Mahnken in 1952. In 1958 Rooney married Barbara Ann Thompson, but tragedy struck when she was murdered in 1966. Stumbling into deep depression, he married Barbara's friend, Marge Lane, who helped him take care of his young children. The marriage lasted only 100 days. He married Carolyn Hockett from 1969-1974, but financial instability ended the relationship. Finally, in 1978 Rooney married Jan Chamberlin, his current wife, with whom he lives in Los Angeles, California. In the early 1970s, Mickey undertook several short-lived financial ventures and acted in various dinner theatres. He reluctantly went back to the stage in the burlesque production of "Sugar Babies" in 1979. The production ended up being a phenomenal success, and his career was reborn. All in all, Mickey is a man with over 200 films under his belt. He earned an Honorary Oscar for Lifetime Achievement, a special Juvenile Oscar he shared with Deana Durbin in 1939, five Oscar nominations, one Emmy Award, five Emmy Nominations and two Golden Globes. Mickey's career has extended through many generations and in many different directions. Mickey Rooney: actor, survivor, inventor and Hollywood living legend. II. Warm-up Questions and Oral Practice Pre-reading questions: 1. Have you received present from you parents or friends? Could you describe your mood when you received it? 2. How did you spend your last Christmas? 3. What do you do during the Christmas season? Post-reading questions: 1. How did the author feel when he discovered his mother‘s secret? 2. Do you think his mother had forgotten all about the bike? If not, then, why didn't she put it under the 115 大学英语 Book One Christmas tree according to custom? 3. What did he do when his mother wheeled the bike out of her bedroom? Was it in keeping with his breeding? 4. What do we learn from the story about the author‘s family? III. Text Structure Analysis 1. Outline of the text Part I. (Para.1) When the author was looking for the safety pin, he found his Christmas gift-a black bicycle with balloon tires. Question: What did the author find when he went into his mother‘s room to look for a safety pin before Christmas? Part II. (Para. 2--4) The author began to worry that his mother would now no longer have the pleasure of giving him a surprise, so he made a plan which pretended everything had never happened. Para.2 The author began to worry about it. Question: What the author worry about ? Para. 3 -4 The author planned to hide what he had learned. Question: 1. How did the author make his plan? 2.what id he do in the privacy of his bedroom? Part III. (Para. 5-10) His mother showed the Christmas gifts to his family and brought out the black bicycle finally. Question: 1 What did he suppose his mother had done with the bike when he didn‘t see it under the Christmas tree? 2 How did he look when he saw no bicycle under the Christmas tree on Christmas morning? Summary of the text When the boy was looking for a safety pin, he discovered his Christmas gift-a black bicycle with balloon tires. However then he began to worry about that his mother would now no longer have the pleasure of giving him a surprise. Thus he made a plan that pretended nothing had happened, but the boy failed in preparing different face expressions of seeing the gift. While on the Christmas Day, his mother did not show the Christmas gift as usual, she just gave out some normal gifts to his family without bicyle. This time the boy felt very disappointed in missing the bicycle, and then another surprise that her mother took out the bicycle in the last few minutes. IV. Language Points 1…..I had robbed her of the pleasure of seeing me astonished and delighted on Christmas day. (Para. 2) , astonish: vt. to surprise very much. 使惊讶，使惊奇 My news will astonish you. = amaze 我的新闻会令你震惊的 , delight 1) n. a feeling of very great pleasure. 欢喜，高兴。(=joy) To my great delight, it worked perfectly. 令我高兴的是，它运转的相当好。 2)take delight or take a delight in something:get a lot of pleasure from it. 获得喜悦， 嗜好， 乐于，喜欢 Haig took obvious delight in proving his wrong. Haig很乐于别人指出他的错误。 v. 3) To give somebody a lot of pleasure. 使人高兴，使欢喜 (反:disappoint) She has created a style of music that has delighted audiences all over the world. 116 大学英语 Book One 她所创造的音乐风格风靡全世界. 4.) delight in something: you get a lot of pleasure from it. 喜欢做…某事 He delighted in sharing his love of birds with children. 他喜欢和孩子们分享他对小鸟的喜爱。 2. …Nothing bust deny her the happiness of seeing me completely amazed on Christmas day…. (para.3) , amaze: vt. to surprise somebody very much. 使惊讶 He amazed us by his knowledge of Welsh history 我们惊讶于他的威尔士历史方面的知识。= astonish , amazed: adj. = astonished I was amazed to learn she was still writing her stories. 令我惊讶的是她仍然写她的那些故事。 She is amazed that people still risk travelling without insurance. 她很惊讶人们在有危险的旅行的时候竟然没买保险。 3. … still coming upon it like this made me feel as thought I‘d struck a blow against her happiness….(Para. 2) , come upon : meet somebody or find somebody by chance. 偶然遇到，偶然找到 I came upon an irresistible(难以抗拒的)coat at a yard sale (大卖场) 4….when I wanted to cry out my love spontaneously from the heart….(Para. 4) , spontaneous : adj. spontaneous acts are not planned or arranged, but are done because someone suddenly wants to do them. 自然的，自发的 I joined in the spontaneous applause (鼓掌).我也情不自禁的一起鼓掌。 , spontaneously: adv. As soon as the earthquake passed, many people spontaneously arose and cheered. 地震一过，人们都禁不住欢呼。 5. …but appear to be shocked into such deep pleasure that speech had escaped me….(Para. 4) , escape v.1) If you escape from a place, you succeed in getting away from it. 逃脱，成功的避免 A prisoner has escaped from a jail in northern England. 一名囚犯成功地从英格兰北部的一所监狱逃跑。 n. 2) Someone's escape is the act of escaping from a particular place or situation. 漏出 Don‘t look for an escape of gas with a lighted match. 不要用燃着的火柴寻找漏煤气的地方。 v. 3)You can say that you escape when you survive something such as an accident. 逃过，避 免，免除。 The two officers were extremely lucky to escape punishment. 这两名官员逃过了受罚，真幸运。 n. 4)a way of avoiding difficulties or responsibilities. 消遣物，消遣。 But for me television is an escape.对我来说电视机就是一种消遣。 6. …I‘d seen speechless gratitude in the movies too,… (Para. 4) , gratitude : n. the state of feeling grateful. 感恩，感激 117 大学英语 Book One I wish to express my gratitude to Kathy Davis for her immense(无限的，极好的，很多 的) practical help. 7…. Hands slapped firmly against both cheeks to keep the jaw from falling off;…(Para. 4) , slap v.1)To hit somebody with the palm (手掌) of your hand. 拍打 He would push or slap her once in a while. 不久他就会推她或者拍她。 2)slap someone on the back,: you hit them in a friendly manner on their back. A large middle-aged lady slapped me on the back and said `Nice to see you again.' 3)slap on the wrist :a warning or a punishment that is not very severe.轻微的谴责 The fine they gave her is just more or less a slap on the wrist. 她所交的罚金只是一个轻微的处罚。 8. …ear-to-ear grin with all teeth fully exposed while hugging myself with both arms. , grin : v. 1) When you grin, you smile broadly. 露出牙齿的微笑 He grins, delighted at the memory. 他笑着，陶醉在回忆中。 n. 2) a broad smile. ...a big grin on her face... 咧嘴大笑 3)grin and bear it: accept a difficult or unpleasant situation without complaining because you know there is nothing you can do to make things better. 默默忍受，逆来顺受。 , expose :v. 1)To expose something that is usually hidden means to uncover it so that it can be seen. 暴露 His whole back was exposed. 他的后背都露出来了。 2)To expose a person or situation means to reveal that they are bad or immoral in some way. 接露 After the scandal(丑闻)was exposed, Dr Bailey committed suicide (自杀). 3)be exposed to something dangerous or unpleasant: they are put in a situation in which it might affect them. 使…接触， 使…暴露于… A wise mother never exposes her children to the slightest (细微的) possibility of danger. 聪明的母亲是从来不会把孩子放在有危险的地方，哪怕是很小的危险。 9. … I didn‘t have to pretend, after all. …(Para.8) , pretend : v.1) to act in a way that is intended to make people believe that it is the case, although in fact it is not. 假装。 I pretend that things are really okay (很好)when they're not. Sometimes the boy pretended to be asleep. 2)to imagine that they are doing it, for example as part of a game. 装成，装扮， 假装 She can sunbathe(日光浴) and pretend (假装)she's in Spain (西班牙人). The children pretend(装扮成) to be different animals dancing to the music. 10. … , don‘t carry on about it…..(Para. 9) , carry on: 1) continue to do it. 持续做某事 = continue The assistant carried on talking.助理一直在谈论着 Rachael Carr intends to carry on teaching. 118 大学英语 Book One Rachael Carr打算继续在这里任教。 2)If you carry on an activity, you do it or take part in it for a period of time. 做某事情，执行某件事情= conduct The consulate will carry on a political dialogue with Indonesia.领事馆将和印尼进行 一轮政治对话 V. Reading Skill----- The Importance of Fluent Reading. Good reading comprehension rests on a foundation of fluent reading of words. Good readers rapidly recognize words without having to think about what the words are and they automatically activate the meaning of the words they are reading. They can then construct the meaning of sentences, paragraphs, and even larger units of text without undue effort. Readers who are not fluent readers of words have comprehension difficulties that increase in severity as words and sentences become more complex and as they increasingly are asked to read subject matter text such as science, social studies, and literature. This creates a sense of having to work much harder than peers to complete reading assignments and it sometimes results in students essentially giving up on academic accomplishment. VI. Writing Sentence fragments: Both ?fragments‘ and ?running-together‘ stem from not recognising the difference between writing and speech, a point we have touched on before. We use both ?framents‘and ?running together‘ over and over again when we are speaking. By ?fragments‘ we mean incomplete sentences :they are fragments because they cannot stand alonge and make grammatical sense even though they are presented as sentences, and even though we know what they mean. Look at these examples : The behaviour of members of parliament has been widely criticised. Which isn’t surprising. Algernon Ponsonby-Smthe‘s appearce seems to sum him up. A chinless wonder. Lottery winners have lots of money and very little todo all day. Unlike the ajority of people. In each case, the last few words in italics after the main sentene pretend to be a sentence but they are not. They are fragments : they lack a subject and they lack a finite verb. There are tow ways of correcting the ?frgment‘ mistake. The additional phrase could either be absorbed into or added to the sentence that precedes it, or it could be rewritten as a complete and self-sufficient sentence. We could reconstruct the last example, therfore, either as : Lottery winners have lots of money and very little todo all day, unlike the majority of people. Or as : Lotery winners, unlike the majority of piople , have lots of money and very little to do all day. Or as : Lottery winners have lots of money and very little to do all day. This is quite unlike the majority of people. In the first instance, a comma is substituted for the full stop. In the second instance, the fragment has been absorbed into the main frame of the sentence. In the third instance, the addition of a subject (This) and a verb (is) has turned the phrase into a main or independent clause so that it can stand on its own as a second sentence. VIII. Homework 119 大学英语 Book One 1. Do all the exercises and review what has been learned. 2. Preview the next unit. Reading Material I. Background Information Charles Dickens Charles Dickens was born on February 7, 1812, the son of John and Elizabeth Dickens. John Dickens was a clerk in the Naval Pay Office. He had a poor head for finances, and in 1824 found himself imprisoned for debt. His wife and children, with the exception of Charles, who was put to work at Warren's Blacking Factory, joined him in the Marshalsea Prison. When the family finances were put at least partly to rights and his father was released, the twelve-year-old Dickens, already scarred psychologically by the experience, was further wounded by his mother's insistence that he continue to work at the factory. His father, however, rescued him from that fate, and between 1824 and 1827 Dickens was a day pupil at a school in London. At fifteen, he found employment as an office boy at an attorney's, while he studied shorthand at night. His brief stint at the Blacking Factory haunted him all of his life -- he spoke of it only to his wife and to his closest friend, John Forster -- but the dark secret became a source both of creative energy and of the preoccupation with the themes of alienation and betrayal which would emerge, most notably, in David Copperfield and in Great Expectations. In 1829 he became a free-lance reporter at Doctor's Commons Courts, and in 1830 he met and fell in love with Maria Beadnell, the daughter of a banker. By 1832 he had become a very successful shorthand reporter of Parliamentary debates in the House of Commons, and began work as a reporter for a newspaper. In 1833 his relationship with Maria Beadnell ended, probably because her parents did not think him a good match (a not very flattering version of her would appear years later in Little Dorrit). In the same year his first published story appeared, and was followed, very shortly thereafter, by a number of other stories and sketches. In 1834, still a newspaper reporter, he adopted the soon to be famous pseudonym "Boz." His impecunious father (who was the original of Mr. Micawber in David Copperfield, as Dickens's mother was the original for the querulous Mrs. Nickleby) was once again arrested for debt, and Charles, much to his chagrin, was forced to come to his aid. Later in his life both of his parents (and his brothers) were frequently after him for money. In 1835 he met and became engaged to Catherine Hogarth. The first series of Sketches by Boz was published in 1836, and that same year Dickens was hired to write short texts to accompany a series of humorous sporting illustrations by Robert Seymour, a popular artist. Seymour committed suicide after the second number, however, and under these peculiar circumstances Dickens altered the initial conception of The Pickwick Papers , which became a novel (illustrated by Hablot K. Browne, "Phiz," whose association with Dickens would continue for many years). The Pickwick Papers continued in monthly parts through November 1837, and, to everyone's surprise, it became an enormous popular success. Dickens proceeded to marry Catherine Hogarth on April 2, 1836, and during the same year he became editor of Bentley's Miscellany, published (in December) the second series of Sketches by Boz, and met John Forster, who would become his closest friend and confidant as well as his first biographer. After the success of Pickwick, Dickens embarked on a full-time career as a novelist, producing work of increasing complexity at an incredible rate, although he continued, as well, his journalistic and editorial activities. Oliver Twist was begun in 1837, and continued in monthly parts until April 1839. It was in 1837, too, that Catherine's younger sister Mary, whom Dickens idolized, died. She too would appear, in various 120 大学英语 Book One guises, in Dickens's later fiction. A son, Charles, the first of ten children, was born in the same year. Nicholas Nickleby got underway in 1838, and continued through October 1839, in which year Dickens resigned as editor of Bentley's Miscellany. The first number of Master Humphrey's Clock appeared in 1840, and The Old Curiosity Shop, begun in Master Humphrey, continued through February 1841, when Dickens commenced Barnaby Rudge, which continued through November of that year. In 1842 he embarked on a visit to Canada and the United States in which he advocated international copyright (unscrupulous American publishers, in particular, were pirating his works) and the abolition of slavery. His American Notes, which created a furor in America (he commented unfavorably, for one thing, on the apparently universal -- and, so far as Dickens was concerned, highly distasteful -- American predilection for chewing tobacco and spitting the juice), appeared in October of that year. Martin Chuzzlewit, part of which was set in a not very flatteringly portrayed America, was begun in 1843, and ran through July 1844. A Christmas Carol, the first of Dickens's enormously successful Christmas books -- each, though they grew progressively darker, intended as "a whimsical sort of masque intended to awaken loving and forbearing thoughts" -- appeared in December 1844. In that same year, Dickens and his family toured Italy, and were much abroad, in Italy, Switzerland, and France, until 1847. Dickens returned to London in December 1844, when The Chimes was published, and then went back to Italy, not to return to England until July of 1845. 1845 also brought the debut of Dickens's amateur theatrical company, which would occupy a great deal of his time from then on. The Cricket and the Hearth, a third Christmas book, was published in December, and his Pictures From Italy appeared in 1846 in the "Daily News," a paper which Dickens founded and of which, for a short time, he was the editor. In 1847, in Switzerland, Dickens began Dombey and Son, which ran until April 1848. The Battle of Life appeared in December of that year. In 1848 Dickens also wrote an autobiographical fragment, directed and acted in a number of amateur theatricals, and published what would be his last Christmas book, The Haunted Man, in December. 1849 saw the birth of David Copperfield, which would run through November 1850. In that year, too, Dickens founded and installed himself as editor of the weekly Household Words, which would be succeeded, in 1859, by All the Year Round, which he edited until his death. 1851 found him at work on Bleak House, which appeared monthly from 1852 until September 1853. In 1853 he toured Italy with Augustus Egg and Wilkie Collins, and gave, upon his return to England, the first of many public readings from his own works. Hard Times began to appear weekly in Household Words in 1854, and continued until August. Dickens's family spent the summer and the fall in Boulogne. In 1855 they arrived in Paris in October, and Dickens began Little Dorrit, which continued in monthly parts until June 1857. In 1856 Dickens and Wilkie Collins collaborated on a play, The Frozen Deep, and Dickens purchased Gad's Hill, an estate he had admired since childhood. The Dickens family spent the summer of 1857 at a renovated Gad's Hill. Hans Christian Anderson, whose fairy tales Dickens admired greatly, visited them there and quickly wore out his welcome. Dickens's theatrical company performed The Frozen Deep for the Queen, and when a young actress named Ellen Ternan joined the cast in August, Dickens fell in love with her. In 1858, in London, Dickens undertook his first public readings for pay, and quarreled with his old friend and rival, the great novelist Thackeray. More importantly, it was in that year that, after a long period of difficulties, he separated from his wife. They had been for many years "tempermentally unsuited" to each other. Dickens, charming and brilliant though he was, was also fundamentally insecure emotionally, and must have been extraordinarily difficult to live with. 121 大学英语 Book One In 1859 his London readings continued, and he began a new weekly, All the Year Round. The first installment of A Tale of Two Cities appeared in the opening number, and the novel continued through November. By 1860, the Dickens family had taken up residence at Gad's Hill. Dickens, during a period of retrospection, burned many personal letters, and re-read his own David Copperfield, the most autobiographical of his novels, before beginning Great Expectations, which appeared weekly until August 1861. 1861 found Dickens embarking upon another series of public readings in London, readings which would continue through the next year. In 1863, he did public readings both in Paris and London, and reconciled with Thackeray just before the latter's death. Our Mutual Friend was begun in 1864, and appeared monthly until November 1865. Dickens was in poor health, due largely to consistent overwork. In 1865, an incident occurred which disturbed Dickens greatly, both psychologically and physically: Dickens and Ellen Ternan, returning from a Paris holiday, were badly shaken up in a railway accident in which a number of people were injured. 1866 brought another series of public readings, this time in various locations in England and Scotland, and still more public readings, in England and Ireland, were undertaken in 1867. Dickens was now really unwell but carried on, compulsively, against his doctor's advice. Late in the year he embarked on an American reading tour, which continued into 1868. Dickens's health was worsening, but he took over still another physically and mentally exhausting task, editorial duties at All the Year Round. During 1869, his readings continued, in England, Scotland, and Ireland, until at last he collapsed, showing symptoms of mild stroke. Further provincial readings were cancelled, but he began upon The Mystery of Edwin Drood. Dickens's final public readings took place in London in 1870. He suffered another stroke on June 8 at Gad's Hill, after a full day's work on Edwin Drood, and died the next day. He was buried at Westminster Abbey on June 14, and the last episode of the unfinished Mystery of Edwin Drood appeared in September. Commonwealth What is a Commonwealth? It's a system of organizing government very similar to the way a state does, except that cities are seperate entities, and so are not in any county. The city of Richmond, in Virginia, for example, is not in any county within Virginia. It's its own dealybob. When did Commonwealth Games begin? Why? A sporting competition bringing together the members of the British Empire was first proposed by 122 大学英语 Book One Reverend Astley Cooper in 1891 when he wrote an article in The Times suggesting a "Pan-Britannic-Pan-Anglican Contest and Festival every four years as a means of increasing the goodwill and good understanding of the British Empire". In 1911, the Festival of the Empire was held in London to celebrate the coronation of King George V. As part of the festival an Inter-Empire Championships was held in which teams from Australia, Canada, South Africa and the United Kingdom competed in events such as boxing, wrestling, swimming and athletics. In 1928, Melville Marks (Bobby) Robinson of Canada was asked to organise the first British Empire Games. These were held in Hamilton, Ontario two years later. The Commonwealth Games is a multi-sport event held every four years involving the elite athletes of the Commonwealth of Nations. The first such event, then known as the British Empire Games, was held in 1930. The name changed to British Empire and Commonwealth Games in 1954, to British Commonwealth Games in 1970 and assumed the current name of the Commonwealth Games in 1978. II. Text Structure Analysis 1. Outline of the texts Part 1 (Para: 1-3): how the shop and home will be during Christmas season. Question: 1.how the home will be decorated? How about the Christmas tree? Part II (Para 4-5) How these children wait for their present fro Santa Claus. Question: 1 How do these children receive their Christmas gift? 2 Who prepares it for them? Part III (Para6-9)How people spend their Christmas. Question: 1Why people today talk of a ?good old-fashioned Christmas‘? 2What does the theatre will play during the Christmas season? 2. Summary of the text An English Christmas is to celebrate the birth of Christ, and thus the greatest of Christian festivals. It is also a holiday for children. As Christmas draws near, the home is decorated colorful and a Christmas tree in the corner, meanwhile people will receive or send greeting card to pass their good will. On Christmas, children are waiting for their gifts and hoping to catch a glimpse of Father Christmas. Actually, when they are really asleep, the parents creep like robbers into their bedroom and leave the presents near their beds. In addition, the theatre plays special shows for children. Everybody likes to be happy and enjoyable at Christmas time as well as children. III. Language Points 1 The grown-ups, less excitable, save their own presents till breakfast. (para.5) , excitable:adj.: Someone is in a rather nervous way and become excited very easily. 易兴奋的， 易 激动地。 The staff were somewhat alarmed by the man, who was in an excitable state. 所有的员工都很惊慌，那个男人正处在一个很易激动地状态。 , .excitability n:兴奋性，易兴奋，激动性 She has always been more inclined to(倾向于…..) excitability and impatience. 她 经常容易兴奋，烦躁。 123 大学英语 Book One 2 …This includes poultry for the main course (e.g. chicken, turkey, duck, goose), salads, breads, and vegetables, … (para 5) , poultry :You can refer to chickens, ducks, and other birds that are kept for their eggs and meat as poultry. 家禽，家禽的肉 Eat plenty of fish and poultry.要多吃鱼和禽肉。 to keep poultry: 饲养家禽 3 … a big Chirstmas cake covered with a frosting as sweet as candy and as smooth as pudding, …(para 6) , frost : n.1) the temperature outside falls below freezing point and the ground becomes covered in ice crystals (结冰):严寒天气，霜冻， 冰点以下温度 sharp/hard.severe forst: 酷寒 It will be a clear night with some ground frost.今夜晴，部分地面有霜冻。. 2)the thin white layer of ice that forms when the temperature drops below zero:霜 The car windows were covered with frost.车窗玻璃结了霜。 v.3) to cover a cake with icing: 给(糕饼覆上糖霜) 4)to cover sth: 结霜，蒙上霜 The mirror was frosted up. 镜子上蒙上了一层霜。 4 …the Christmas season by putting on special shows for childred….(para 8) , put on :1) place cloth on your body in order to wear it. Or make up. 穿衣服,化装 She put on her coat and went out. 她穿上衣服出去。 Maximo put on a pair of glasses. Maximo戴上一幅眼镜 I haven't even put any lipstick on. 我从不摸唇膏。 2) they perform it or organize it. 举办 The band are hoping to put on a UK show before the end of the year.这个乐队希望能在今年年底之前在英国举办一次表演。 3)somebody becomes heavier. 胖了= gain I can eat what I want but I never put on weight. 我能吃我想吃的，可我从不长肉。 4)make it start working, for example by pressing a switch 打开 I put the radio on. 我打开收音机 I put on the light by the bed. 我打开窗边的灯 5. …The circus is another thing that parents may very well take their children to see as a Christmas treat. (para. 8) , circus n.1) a group that consists of clowns (小丑), acrobats(走钢丝表演), and animals which travels around to different places and performs shows. 马戏团 My real ambition was to work in a circus. 我真正的梦想是能在马戏团工作 circus performers 马戏表演者 2)The circus is the show performed by these people. 马戏表演 My dad took me to the circus. 我父亲带我去看马戏表演。 3)Circus is sometimes used as part of the name of a street which goes in a circle. (英国英语) 街区 ...Piccadilly Circus.匹克狄利街区。 6. …and even the more docile beasts like elephants and horses do astonishing tricks. (para 8) 124 大学英语 Book One , docile:adj. 1) A person or animal that is docile is quiet, not aggressive, and easily controlled.温顺的， 驯良的，服从的。= amenable They wanted a low-cost, docile workforce. 他们想找一些廉价的听话的劳工。 n. docility adv. docilely , trick n.1) an action that is intended to deceive someone. 诡计 play a trick: 耍诡计 We are playing a trick on a man who keeps bothering me.对那个经常骚扰我们的家伙使了点诡计。 2) v. they deceive you, often in order to make you do something. 欺骗 Stephen is going to be pretty upset when he finds out how you tricked him. 如果Stephen 知道你一直在骗他，会很难过的。 3 )a clever or skilful action that someone does in order to entertain people.戏法 He shows me card tricks. 他给我表演了扑克戏法。 4)do the trick:做恶作剧 6) every trick in the book: they try every possible thing that they can think of in order to achieve something.竭尽全力，绞尽脑汁。 Companies are using every trick in the book to stay one step in front of their competitors. 公司绞尽脑汁超过其对手 125 大学英语 Book One Unit Nine Is There Life on Earth? Time Allotment: (4.5 Periods) 1. Text Structure analysis and new words and phrases (3 periods) 2. Exercises and reading & writing skills (1.5 periods) Teaching Aims: The teaching of this text aims to enable students 1. to master the new words and useful phrases: signal, name after, feasibility, conference, indicate, deadly, survive, as far as …concerned, hazard, hover, unfit, emit, crash, proceed, scrape, smash, stick up, give off, set back 2. to learn about the planet of Venus.. 3. to get acquainted with reading skills of using word part clues for word meaning. 4. to get acquainted with writing skills of coherence. I. Background Information 1. About the author Art Buchwald (1925- ) is a well-known American humorist and journalist. He writes a political humor column that appears daily in hundreds of newspapers across the United States. His columns frequently deal with stories about politicians and famous personalities, current events in politics and issues in the news. Some of his well-received columns have been collected and reprinted in book form. 2. Venus. Venus is the second planet in distance from the sun and nearest to the Earth of all the planets in the solar system. Except for the sun and the moon, Venus is the brightest object in the sky. The planet is called ―the morning star‖ when it appears in the east at sunrise, and ―the evening star‖ when it is in the west at sunset. The surface temperature of Venus averages about 475? and its atmosphere is about 95% carbon dioxide. Oxygen is very rare. The high temperature and near absence of oxygen on Venus make it unlikely that life as we know it could exist there. It is satirically interesting that Art Buchwald has chosen the planet Venus as the setting for his story. His satire is most deeply felt when he has the Venusian professor say that if the Venusians can learn to breathe in an Earth atmosphere, then they can live anywhere. 3. Consolidated Edison Belt It is a fictitious and facetious name coined by Art Buchwald. In fact, it is a blending of two familiar names: Van Allen Belts and Consolidated Edison. Van Allen Belts refer to two radiation zones encircling the earth named after James Van Allen, an American scientist who first identified such zones. Consolidated Edison is a group of electric power companies consolidated for greater efficiency, the largest of which was originally founded by Thomas Edison. The power plants of these companies, which produce and supply electricity for New York City and much of eastern New York State, burn a lot of coal, causing serious air pollution in the area. By Consolidated Edison Belt, Art Buchwald suggests in playful dismay that if Consolidated Edison--- the embodiment of man‘s total indifference to his environment --- should continue to pollute the air, we would eventually have a belt of coal dust and smoke encircling the planet Earth. II. Warm-up Questions and Oral Practice Pre-reading questions: 1. Is water pollution a serious problem in the city where you live? How serious is it? 2. Is air pollution a serious problem in the city where you live? How serious is it? 3. What measures do you think the government should take to improve our environment? 126 大学英语 Book One Post-reading questions: 1. What caused the excitement on the planet Venus? 2. What led the Venusians scientists to believe that there is no life on Earth? 3. Sum up briefly the various dangers that a Venus Being might encounter if sent to Earth. 4. What will you do to help protect our environment from being seriously polluted?. III. Text Structure Analysis 1. Outline of the texts Part I. (Para.1-2) there was great excitement on the planet of Venus--- for the first time Venusian scientists managed land a satellite on the planet Earth, and it already worked Question: what caused excitement on the planet Venus? Part II. (Para. 3--19) Venusian scientist answered the questions on the feasibility of a manned flying saucer landing on Earth at the press conferences Para.3 The Venus Institute of Technology held a press conference on the feasibility of a manned flying saucer landing on Earth. Question: Where was the press conference held and for what purpose? Para. 4---8 There is no life on Earth. Question: 1. What led the Venusian scientists to believe that there is no life on Earth? Para.9—17 The dangers that a Venus Being might encounter if sent to the Earth. Question: 1. Do scientists know what the consolidated Edison belt is made of? 2.What, according to Prof. Zog, will add weight to the saucer? Explain. 3. What might the tiny black spots be on the photo ? why a flying saucer is smashed by one black spot when it is landing? Para.18—19 Why do scientists spend so much money to land a flying saucer on Earth when there is no life there? 2. Summary of the text The author of this article, Art Buchwald, has meant this article to appear as a piece of science fiction or to be an amusing nonsense story just for light reading. But in fact it is a serious article, conveying a grave and thought-provoking message. We human beings tend to take pride in our ―mastery‖ of nature. We‘ve viewed ourselves as ―conquerors‖ of the skies and oceans. We‘ve devised ways of using the natural resources of the earth for great profit. In recent years, however, we‘ve begun to realize that we are not the masters of the natural world, but a part of it. We‘ ve also begun to understand that if we do not treat the natural world with greater respect, our very existence as a species may be threatened. And the author is just issuing such a warning in his seemingly humorous article. The story was opened at a press conference held at the Venus Institute of Technology. In the conference, Venusian scientists reported their research on Earth and revealed there was no life on Earth with evidences. IV. Language Points 1. ...and it has sending back signals as well as photographs ever since.(para.1) , signal: n. Movenment, message, device, etc. Used to convey information The commander made a signal with his hand for his soldier to move on. All vehicles must stop when the traffic signal turns red. v. To make a sound or action in order to give information or tell someone to do something She signalled, and the waiter brought the bill. The whistle signalled the end of the match. signal for 127 大学英语 Book One He pushed his plate away and signalled for coffee. 3. The satellite was directed into an area known as Manhattan (named after the great Venusian astronomer... (para. 2) , Be named after : be given the same name (of) as The Hudson River is named after the English explorer Henry Hudson Our eldest son was named George after his uncle. 3. ...Venusian scientists were able to get valuable information as to the feasibility of a manned flying saucer landing on Earth. (para. 3) , feasibility : n. Possibility of being carried out or done I doubt the feasibility of the plan. A feasibility study on the proposed new airport feasible adj. That is possible and likely to be achieved a feasible plan/ suggestion/idea It‘s just not feasible to manage the business on a part-time basis. 4. A press conference was held at the Venus Institute of Technology. (para. 3) , conference: n. 1) meeting Representatives from over 100 countries attended the International Peace Conference in Geneva. hold a conference (=have a conference) 2) a private meeting for a few people to have formal discussions conference with After a brief conference with his aides, he left for the airport. in conference Mr Dickson is in conference. 5. For anotehr, the atmosphere is filled with carbon monoxide and other deadly gases and nobody could possibly breathe this air and survive. (para. 6) , deadly adj. 1) Causing death; likely to cause death a deadly poison a deadly weapon deadly disease/virus 2) deadly enemy someone who will always be your enemy and will try to harm you as much as possible: The two rapidly became deadly enemies. 3) complete or total: We sat in deadly silence. He was in deadly earnest (=completely serious). 4) causing harm in a very effective way: She hit the target with deadly accuracy. adv. deadly serious/dull/boring etc very serious, dull etc: I'm deadly serious, this isn't a game! , Survive : v. 1) to continue to live after an accident, war, or illness: Only 12 of the 140 passengers survived. She survived the attack. 2) to continue to live normally in spite of many problems: 128 大学英语 Book One I'm sure she will survive this crisis. I've had a tough few months, but I'll survive. survive on I don't know how you all manage to survive on Jeremy's salary. the amount that a family needs each week just to survive survive from Several buildings in the town have survived from medieval times. survive into an old custom which has survived into the twenty-first century survive as The main building was demolished, but the library still survives as a museum. Survival n. the state of continuing to live or exist survival of Illegal hunting is threatening the survival of the species. The doctors gave him a one-in-ten chance of survival. A lot of small companies are having to fight for survival (=work hard in order to continue to exist). 6. What does this mean as far as our flying saucer program is concerned. (para. 7) , As far as ...be concerned : as for; in respect of As far as your career is concerned, you should choose to work in a big company. As far as the color is concerned. I prefer this suit. 7. ?Are there any other hazards that you discovered in your studies?‘ (para.9) , Hazard : n. 1) Danger hazard to/for Polluted water sources are a hazard to wildlife. That pile of rubbish is a fire hazard (=something that is likely to cause a fire). health/safety hazard the health hazard posed by lead in petrol 2) a risk that cannot be avoided the hazards of something the economic hazards of running a small farm occupational hazard (=a danger that exists in a job) v. to say something that is only a suggestion or guess and that might not be correct: $50,000? I don't know. I'm only hazarding a guess. 8. You see this dark black cloud hovering over the surface of Earth? (para. 10) Hover : v. 1) if a bird, insect, or helicopterhovers, it stays in one place in the air hover over/above flies hovering above the surface of the water 2) to stay nervously in the same place, especially because you are waiting for something or are not certain what to do: Her younger brother hovered in the background watching us. hover around/about I noticed several reporters hovering around outside the courtroom. 3) if a level, price etc hovers around a certain amount, it stays close to that amount, only changing slightly up or down hover around/between etc Hovering between life and death 129 大学英语 Book One 9.....but the satellite findings indicate it is polluted and the water is unfit to drink. (para. 11) , indicate : v. 1) to show that a particular situation exists, or that something is likely to be true propose that : Research indicates that over 81% of teachers are dissatisfied with their salary. Long skid marks on the pavement indicated the driver had attempted to brake. The study indicates a connection between poverty and crime.. 2) to say or do something to make your wishes, intentions etc clear: The Russians have already indicated their willingness to cooperate. Professor Johnson has indicated his intention to retire at the end of next year.. 3) to direct someone's attention to something or someone, for example by pointing: 'That's her,' said Toby, indicating a girl on the other side of the room. indication : n. a sign, remark, event etc that shows what is happening, what someone is thinking or feeling, or what is true Dark green leaves are a good indication of healthy roots. He gave no indication of his own feelings at all. Could you give me some indication as to when I am likely to receive a reply? indicative: adj. be indicative of something to be a clear sign that a particular situation exists or that something is likely to be true: This behaviour is indicative of her whole attitude, I'm afraid. , Be unfit (to do sth. / for sth) : be not suitable (for sth./ doing sth) Those who have a low voice are unfit to teach large classes. He is unfit for military service because of poor eyesight. 10. They emit gases, make noise and keep crashing into each other (para. 13) , emit: v. send out The kettle emitted a shrill whistle. , crash: v. 1 ) fall or strike suddenly, violently and noisily The fighter plane crashed to the ground after being hit by enemy gunfire. A strong wind came and the empty vase crashed to the floor. 2) to make a sudden loud noise: Thunder crashed and boomed outside. n. 1) an accident in which a vehicle violently hits something else plane/car etc crash 41 people were killed in the plane crash. the Clapham rail crash a fatal crash a head-on crash between two trains a crash victim price 2) a sudden loud noise made by something falling, breaking etc: I heard a loud crash. The branch came down with a crash. a crash of thunde 11. ... to land a flying saucer without its being smashed by one. (para. 13) smash: v. 1) to break into pieces violently or noisily, or to make something do this by dropping, throwing, or hitting it: Vandals had smashed all the windows. Firemen had to smash the lock to get in. Several cups fell to the floor and smashed to pieces 130 大学英语 Book One 2) to hit an object or surface violently, or to make something do this: A stolen car smashed into the bus. He smashed his fist down on the table. n. 1 ) a serious road or railway accident - used especially in newspapers: Young boy hurt in car smash. 2) smash hit a new film, song etc which is very successful: a box-office smash (=a film which many people go to see at the cinema) 12. „What are those stalagmite projections sticking up?‘ (para. 14) , stick up: project upwards; stand upright or on end The empire, State Building that sticks up on Manhattan is the tallest skyscraper in the world. The girl‘s hair has stuck up straight with fright. 13. ?They‘re some type of granite formations that give off light at night. , give off : send out; emit The liquid gave off a strong smell. This chimney gives off a lot of waste gas. 14. Prof. Glom has named them skyscrapers since they seem to be scraping the skies. (para. 15) Scrape : v. 1) to remove something from a surface using the edge of a knife, a stick etc: Scrape the carrots and slice them thinly. scrape something away/off The earth was scraped away to uncover a trap door. scrape something off/into etc something 2) to rub against a rough surface in a way that causes slight damage or injury, or to make something do this The coat was too long; the hem scraped the pavement. scrape against/on etc I heard the side of the car scrape against the wall. scrape something against/on something I scraped my knee painfully on the concrete. n. 1) a mark or slight injury caused by rubbing against a rough surface: I came away from the accident with only cuts and scrapes. 2) a situation in which you are in trouble or have difficulties: He got intoall sorts of scrapes as a boy. 15. ?If all you say is true, won‘t this set back the flying saucer program several years?‘ (para. 16) Set back : cause to put off or get behind schedule; reverse the progress of Bad weather set back the construction of the building by one month. We shall set our clocks back by one hour when summer ends. 16. ?Yes, but we shall proceed as soon as the Grubstart gives us the added funds. (para. 17) , proceed: v 1). Continue after having stopped The government was determined to proceed with the election. Before proceeding further, we must define our terms. 2) to continue: Work is proceeding according to plan. 3) proceed to do something to do something after doing something else first - used sometimes to express surprise or annoyance: Sammy took off his coat and proceeded to undo his boots. Proceeding : n. 1) the proceedings also the proceeding an event or a series of things that happen: 131 大学英语 Book One We watched the proceedings in the street below. At this point in the proceedings, my doctor offered me a choice. 2) when someone uses a court of law to deal with a legal case begin/open/take proceedings (against somebody) She has begun divorce proceedings. John is taking legal proceedings against his ex-partner. V. Reading Skill-----using word part Clues for word meanings In the previous units we learned how to guess the meaning of unknown words by using context clues. There is another way of guessing the meaning of unknown words, and that is by looking at the formation of these words 1 . Dividing compound words Unknown word may be a compound word, that is, a word made up of two or more words. By dividing the word into small units, you may get a clue to its meaning. 2. recognizing prefixes A prefix is a word or syllable put at the beginning of a word to change its meaning or add to its meaning. By recognizing prefixes, you will be able to learn many new words. 3 . recognizing suffixes A suffix is a syllable or syllables added to the end of a word. Suffixes can also offer clues to meanings of new words as they usually just change the parts of speech of the base words. VI. Writing Coherence: is one of the most important elements in paragraph writing, which requires that each sentence in a paragraph lead naturally and logically to the next in explaining the central idea. VII. Suggested Activity: Group presentation 1. Dividing the class into several groups 2. Each group prepare one topic about how to protect environment and then do a presentation VIII. Homework 1. Do all the exercises and review what has been learned. 2. Preview the next unit. Reading Material Fresh Air Will Kill You I. Background Information II. Text Structure Analysis 1. Outline of the texts Part I (Para1) Air pollution is so serious that people are hardly breathe anything else. Question: 1. where has smog? 2. How about the people there? Part II (Paras 2-25) the author?s experience in a fresh air place，Flagstaff Question: 1. what happened when the author got out of the plane? 132 大学英语 Book One 2. how did the author feel about the unfamiliar place? 3. what did the host respond to the author‘s uncomfortableness? 4. why the host let the author put a handkerchief over his nose and breathe through his mouth? 5. did the author sneeze a lot in his native place? 6. why did they find a truck? Part III (para. 26) went back to another smog city, Los Angeles Question: what happened when the author got Los Angeles? 2. Summary of the text This article is a thought-provoking story. It described the author‘s experience in a unpolluted place. It satirized the people had got used to polluted air but it‘s difficult for them to breathe fresh air. III. Language Points 7. Smog, which was once the big attraction of Los Angeles,…(para. 1) , smog: n. dirty air that looks like a mixture of smoke and fog, caused by smoke from cars and factories in cities 8. …I smelled something peculiar. (para. 3) , Peculiar:1) strange, unfamiliar, or a little surprising: There was a peculiar smell in the kitchen. Something peculiar is going on. It seems very peculiar that no one noticed Kay had gone. 2) be peculiar to somebody/something : The problem of racism is not peculiar to this country. 3) behaving in a strange and slightly crazy way: He's been a little peculiar lately. She's a very peculiar child. 3. ―There‘s a definite odor that I‘m not familiar with,‖ I said. (para. 6) , definite: adj. clearly known, seen, or stated: It's impossible for me to give you a definite answer. We need to record sufficient data to enable definite conclusions to be reached. He'd shown definite signs of resigning himself to the situation.. , odor: n. a smell, especially an unpleasant one odour of the faint odour of damp strong/unpleasant/pungent/offensive etc odour obnoxious odours from a factory 9. It was a strange sensation and made me feel very uncomfortable. (para. 12) , sensation: n. 1) a feeling that you get from one of your five senses, especially the sense of touch burning/prickling/tingling etc sensation One sign of a heart attack is a tingling sensation in the left arm. sensation of a sensation of heat 2) a feeling that is difficult to describe, caused by a particular event, experience, or memory Caroline had the sensation that she was being watched. strange/curious/odd sensation 133 大学英语 Book One It was a strange sensation - I felt I'd been there before. Sensational adj. 1) very interesting, exciting, and surprising: a sensational discovery The show was a sensational success. a sensational 6-0 victory 2) intended to interest, excite, or shock people - used in order to show disapproval: sensational newspaper stories sensational headlines 10. He has no tolerance for it. (14) , tolerance: n. 1) willingness to allow people to do, say, or believe what they want without criticizing or punishing them tolerance of/towards/for tolerance towards religious minorities 2) the degree to which someone can suffer pain, difficulty etc without being harmed or damaged Many old people have a very limited tolerance to cold tolerant: adj. allowing people to do, say, or believe what they want without criticizing or punishing them be tolerant of/towards Luckily, my parents were tolerant of my choice of music. A tolerant society tolerate: v. to allow people to do, say, or believe something without criticizing or punishing them We simply will not tolerate vigilante groups on our streets. 11. We found a truck driver, and slipped him a five-dollar bill,… , Slip v. 1) to put something somewhere quietly or smoothly Ann slipped the book into her bag. A letter had been slipped under his door. Carrie slipped her arm through her brother's. 2) to slide a short distance accidentally, and fall or lose your balance slightly: Wright slipped but managed to keep hold of the ball. slip on He slipped on the ice. 12. …put my head near his exhaust pipe for a half hour. , Exhaust pipe: a pipe on a car or machine that waste gases pass through 134 大学英语 Book One Unit Ten Going Home Time Allotment: (4.5 Periods) 1. Text Structure analysis and new words and phrases (3 periods) 2. Exercises and reading & writing skills (1.5 periods) Teaching Aims: The teaching of this text aims to enable students 1. to master the new words and useful phrases: vanish; mask; chew; root; swig; retreat; chatter; parole; come through; exclaim; unformed; snapshot; tighten; fortify; stun; billow; be caught up in; take over 2. to get acquainted with reading skills----reading for full understanding. 3. to get acquainted with writing skills of review. I. Background Information II. Warm-up Questions and Oral Practice Pre-reading questions: 1. If a close friend of yours committed a crime and told you about it, what would you advise him or her to do? why? 2. Suppose your boyfriend or girlfriend were found guilty and sent to prison for three years. would you still maintain your relationship with him or her? Why or why not? 3. what do you think is the right attitude towards reformed? III. Text Structure Analysis 1. Outline of the texts Part I. (Para.1-2) Introduction: on the way to Fort Lauderdale, some young people met Vingo. Question: 1. Where were the young people going? 2. How was Vingo dressed? Was he old or young? Part II. (Para. 3--15) Body paragraphs: Vingo?s story and his purpose to Fort Lauderdale . Para. 3-6. the young people were interested in VIngo. Question: 1. Why were the young people on the bus interested in Vingo? Para. 7-14. Vingo told the girl besides him his story Question: 1. When the girl asked him whether he was married or not , why did Vingo answer that he didn‘t know? 2. Why didn‘t Vingo‘s wife write to him for three and a half years? 3. Where was Vingo been these years? 4.What did Vingo tell his wife if she wanted to take him back? Para. 15. Vingo showed the young people his picture. Part III. (Para. 16-18) the end of the story: Question: 1。What do you think Vingo‘s wife? 2(What do you think the ending of the story? 2. Summary of the text Going Home was a romantic story. A young man went home with hesitation and fear when he was on parole. He wished to go back home but was afraid of her refusing him. Fortunately his wife still waited for him. IV. Language Points 1. …cold spring of New York vanished behind them. (para. 1) , vanish: v. disappear 135 大学英语 Book One My keys were here a minute ago but now they've vanished. The youngster vanished without a trace one day and has never been found. The bird vanished from sight. She seemed to have just vanished into thin air. Synonym: disappear • vanish • become extinct • extinction • die out • cease to exist 2. …his dusty face masking his age (para. 2) , mask : v. 1)conceal; hide. He masked his anger with a smile. The young man masked his hatred under an appearance of friendliness 2) if a smell, taste, sound etc is masked by a stronger one, it cannot be noticed because of the stronger one: Liz turned on a radio to mask the noise. Air-fresheners mask bad smells instead of removing them. n. 1) something that covers all or part of your face, to protect or to hide it: a surgical face mask He was attacked and robbed by two people wearing masks. 2) something that covers your face, and has another face painted on it, which is used for ceremonies or special occasions: a Halloween mask 3. He kept chewing the inside of his lip a lot, frozen into complete silence. (para. 2) , chew: v. bite ; grind with the teeth Sitting in the waiting room, this young man chewed his lower lip nervously. I find that many people in the US are chewing gum constantly. 4. …he sat rooted in his seat,…(para. 3) , root: v. fix firmly Stunned by what had happened, the old man stood rooted to the spot. These words have been rooted in my memory. 5. He smiled and took a swig from the bottle. (para. 6) , swig:n. long and large drink She took a long swig of coke. v. to drink something in large mouthfuls, especially from a bottle , He sat swigging beer and smoking. 6. He thanked her and retreated again into his silence. (para. 6) , retreat: v. to move away from the enemy after being defeated in battle The rebels retreated to the mountains. They were attacked and forced to retreat. n. a movement away from the enemy after a defeat in battle Napoleon's retreat from Moscow The rebel forces are in full retreat. The bugler sounded the retreat. 7… as the young people chattered about sleeping on beaches. (para. 7) , chatter: v. talk fast and noisily about sth. Unimportant She chattered away happily until she noticed I wasn't listening. She chattered excitedly like a child. chatter about 136 大学英语 Book One We were chattering about the events of last night. She chattered away happily until she noticed I wasn't listening. n. things that are not serious or important chatter of the excited chatter of the audience Jane's constant chatter was annoying him. gossip and idle chatter She was full of chatter about her new friends. 8. …when I was sure the parole was coming through… (para. 13) , parole: n. conditional release from prison: on parole He was released on parole after serving two years. She will become eligible for parole in 19 months. , Come through: pass through official chanel ; agreed to or approved by the authorities When the appointment finally came through, he was ready. The ambassador‘s posting has come through; it‘s Washington. 9. ―Wow,‖ the girl exclaimed. (para. 14) , exclaim: cry out suddenly and loudly because of surprise , anger, pain, etc. At the sight of the brand-new computer in his room, Johnny exclaimed in delight. ―Someone broke into my office!‖ exclaimed our boss. Exclamation n. a sound, word, or short sentence that you say suddenly and loudly because you are surprised, angry, or excited exclamation of horrified exclamations of disgust 10. …,the children still unformed in the much-handled snapshots. (para. 15) , unformed: a. immature the unformed mind of a child , snapshots: n. a photograph taken quickly and often not very skilfully snapshot of a snapshot of his girlfriend 11. Vingo stopped looking, tightening his face, as if fortifying himself against still another disappointment. (para. 16) , Tighten: v. make or become tighter or firmer There are still a few bolts to be tightened up. The Government will tighten its control over economic growth. tighten your grip/hold on something 1) to control a place or situation more strictly: Rebel forces have tightened their hold on the capital. 2) to hold someone or something more firmly: Sarah tightened her grip on my arm. tighten up on something a range of measures to tighten up on illegal share dealing , Fortify: v. 1)make strong Her position was fortified by election successes and economic recovery. 2) to build towers, walls etc around an area or city in order to defend it: 137 大学英语 Book One The town was heavily fortified. 12. …, and the young people took over window seats on the right side,… (para.16) , Take over: take control or possession of Prof. Lu took over the chairmanship of the committee. After graduation he took over his father‘s practice. 13. Vingo sat there stunned, looking at the oak tree. (para. 18) , stun: v. shock or surprise Frances often stuns her professors with extraordinary answers. Her stunning beauty makes everyone speechless. Stunned: adj. too surprised or shocked to speak: He looked completely stunned. The audience sat in stunned silence. 14. …a tree that stood like a banner of welcome billowing in the wind. (para. 18) , billow: v. wave Her long skirt billowed in the breeze. billow out of/up There was smoke billowing out of the windows. n. a moving cloud or mass of something such as smoke or cloth V. Reading Skill-----Reading for Full Understanding (Part I) VI. Writing Review VIII. Homework 1. Do all the exercises and review what has been learned. 2. Preview the next unit. Reading Material The Hitchhiker i.Background Information II. Text Structure Analysis 1. Outline of the texts Part I. (Para.1) Introduction: John Henderson was driving home at raining night. Question: Why did John put off visiting the company‘s new headquarters? Part II. (Para. 2--3) Owing to sympathy, John offered a hitchhiker a lift without hesitation . Question: Why did John pick up the hitchhiker? Part III. (Para. 4-8) John regretted to let the hitchhiker get in the car: Para. 4. John was sorry that he had picked the hitchhiker up once he got in. Question: 1.Why John was sorry? 2. What did the hitchhiker look like? Para.5. John suspected that the hitchhiker was a criminal. Question: What did John remember? Para 6. John found an excuse to let the hitchhiker get off. 138 大学英语 Book One Question: What did John say to the hitchhiker? Para. 7-8. The hitchhiker paid John for the favor. Question: Who was the hitchhiker? Part IV. (Para. 9) The end of the story. 2. Summary of the text It is a narrative story. It narrates a driver who drove at a rain night and he gave a lift to a hitchhiker on the way home. At the moment the hitchhiker got in the car, the driver was sorry and suspected him of a criminal. The most part of the story describe the driver had a nervous feeling on a trip until the hitchhiker got off and disappear. The story proposes that believes between human beings are very important. III. Language Points 1. John Henderson was driving home late last night from an exhausting business trip. , exhausting: adj. making you feel extremely tired: an exhausting process It had been an exhausting day. exhaust v. 1) to make someone feel extremely tired: A full day's teaching exhausts me. He'd exhausted himself carrying all the boxes upstairs. 2) to use all of something: We are in danger of exhausting the world's oil supply. Having exhaustedall other possibilities, I asked Jan to look after the baby. 2. The young man had a strange face and very penetrating eyes. , Penetrating : adj. 1)penetrating look/eyes/gaze which makes you feel uncomfortable and seems to see inside your mind: a pair of penetrating dark eyes He gave her a penetrating stare. 2) showing an ability to understand things quickly and completely: questions that are intelligent and penetrating a penetrating analysis of the issue Penetrate: v. 1)to enter something and pass or spread through it, especially when this is difficult bullets that penetrate thick armour plating Sunlight barely penetrated the dirty windows. penetrate into Explorers penetrated deep into unknown regions. 2) to start to sell things to an area or country, or to have an influence there: Few U.S. companies have successfully penetrated the Japanese electronics market. Penetration: n. when something or someone enters or passes through something, especially when this is difficult: Cover the entire device to prevent water penetration. penetration of The attack failed to lead to any deep penetration of enemy territory. 3. He desperately tried to remember what the newscaster had said earlier about a robbery. , Desperately: 1) in a desperate way: The doctors tried desperately to save her life. He looked round desperately for someone to help him. 2) very or very much desperately want/need 139 大学英语 Book One The crops desperately need rain. desperately poor/ill/tired etc He was desperately ill with a fever. desperately unhappy/lonely/worried etc desperate: adj. 1) willing to do anything to change a very bad situation, and not caring about danger: I had no money left and was desperate. Time was running out and we were getting desperate. the missing teenager's desperate parents desperate with She was desperate with fear. 2) needing or wanting something very much desperate for The team is desperate for a win. I was desperate for a cigarette. desperate to do something He was desperate to get a job. Desperation: n. the state of being desperate: a look of desperation in/out of desperation She resorted to stealing food out of desperation. In desperation, we had to borrow the money. 4. …but instead of a gun or a knife, the hitchhiker pulled out several wrinkled bills and offered them to John. , wrinkle: n. 1) a small untidy fold in a piece of clothing or paper: She walked over to the bed and smoothed out the wrinkles. 2) wrinkles are lines on your face and skin that you get when you are old: Her face was a mass of wrinkles. v. wrinkle up if you wrinkle a part of your face, or if it wrinkles, small lines appear on it: Alex wrinkled up her nose at the smell. Carter wrinkled his forehead in concentration. His brow wrinkled when he saw us. 5.The young man looked puzzled, … , puzzled: adj. confused and unable to understand something: 'Dinner?' Sam asked, looking puzzled. puzzled about/as to/at John seemed puzzled about what the question meant. puzzled that Harry was puzzled that Nicholas didn't seem to recognize him. puzzled look/expression/frown etc Alice read the letter with a puzzled expression on her face. puzzle: n. 1) something that is difficult to understand or explain puzzle of the puzzle of how the sun works The meaning of the poem has always been a puzzle. He thought he had solved the puzzle. 140 大学英语 Book One 2) a game or toy that has a lot of pieces that you have to fit together: a child's wooden puzzle v. 1) to confuse someone or make them feel slightly anxious because they do not understand something: a question that continues to puzzle scientists He was puzzled by the reactions to his remark. What puzzles me is why his books are so popular. 2) to solve a confusing or difficult problem by thinking about it carefully: He lay looking at the ceiling, trying to puzzle things out. puzzle over something phrasal verb 3)to think for a long time about something because you cannot understand or solve it: The class puzzled over a poem by Shakespeare. 141