宿舍生活有时会出现不和谐的情况

宿舍生活有时会出现不和谐的情况 Model Test Five I. Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic On a Harmonious Dormitory Life. You should write at least 120 words following the outline given below in Chinese: 1( 宿舍生活有时会出现不和谐的情况 2( 一个和谐宿舍生活的必要条件 3( 如何创造和谐的宿舍生活 II. Reading comprehension (skimming and scanning ) (15 minutes) Directions: In this part, you will have 15 minutes to go over the passage quickly and answer the questions. For questions 1-7, markY(for YES) if the statement agrees with the information given in the passage; N(for NO) if the statement contradicts the information given in the passage; NG(for NOT GIVEN) if the information is not given in the passage. For questions 8-10 ,complete the sentences with the information given in the passage. If it weren?t for nicotine, people wouldn?t smoke tobacco. Why? Because of the more than 4000 chemicals in tobacco smoke, nicotine is the primary one that acts on the brain, altering people?s moods, appetites and alertness in ways they find pleasant and beneficial. Unfortunately, as it is widely known, nicotine has a dark side: it is highly addictive. Once smokers become hooked on it, they must get their fix of it regularly, sometimes several dozen times a day. Cigarette smoke contains 43 known carcinogens, which means that long-term smoking can amount to a death sentence. In the US alone, 420,000 Americans die every year from tobacco-related illnesses. Breaking nicotine addiction is not easy. Each year, nearly 35 million people make a concerted effort to quit smoking. Sadly, less than 7 percent succeed in abstaining for more than a year; most start smoking again within days. So what is nicotine and how does it insinuate itself into the smoker?s brain and very being? The nicotine found in tobacco is a potent drug and smokers, and even some scientists, say it offers certain benefits. One is enhance performance. One study found that non-smokers given doses of nicotine typed about 5 percent faster than they did without it. To greater or lesser degrees, users also say nicotine helps them to maintain concentration, reduce anxiety, relieve pain, and even dampen their appetites (thus helping in weight control). Unfortunately, nicotine can also produce deleterious effects beyond addiction. At high doses, as are achieved from tobacco products, it can cause high blood pressure, distress in the respiratory and gastrointestinal systems and an increase in susceptibility to seizures and hypothermia. First isolated as a compound in 1828, in its pure form nicotine is a clear liquid that turns brown when burned and smells like tobacco when exposed to air. It is found in several species of plants, including tobacco and, perhaps surprisingly, in tomatoes, potatoes, and eggplant (though in extremely low quantities that are pharmacologically insignificant for humans). As simple as it looks, the cigarette is highly engineered nicotine delivery device. For instance, when tobacco researchers found that much of the nicotine in a cigarette wasn?t released when burned but rather remained chemically bound within the tobacco leaf, they began adding substances such as ammonia to cigarette tobacco to release more nicotine. Ammonia helps keep nicotine in its basic form, which is more readily vaporised by the intense heat of the burning cigarette than the acidic form. Most cigarettes for sale in the US today contain 10 milligrams or more of nicotine. By inhaling smoke from a lighted cigarette, the average smoker takes 1 or 2 milligrams of vaporised nicotine per cigarette. Today we know that only a miniscule amount of nicotine is needed to fuel addiction. Research shows that manufacturers would have to cut nicotine levels in a typical cigarette by 95% to forestall its power to addict. When a smoker puffs on a lighted cigarette, smoke, including vaporised nicotine, is drawn into the mouth. The skin and lining of the mouth immediately absorb some nicotine, but the remainder flows straight down into the lungs, where it easily diffuses into the blood vessels lining the lung walls. The blood vessels carry the nicotine to the heart, which then pumps it directly to the brain. While most of the effects a smoker seeks occur in the brain, the heart takes a hit as well. Studies have shown that a smoker?s first cigarette of the day can increase his or her heart rate by 10 to 20 beats a minute. Scientists have found that a smoked substance reaches the brain more quickly than one swallowed, snorted (such as cocaine powder) or even injected. Indeed, a nicotine molecule inhaled in smoke will reach the brain within 10 seconds. The nicotine travels through blood vessels, which branch out into capillaries within the brain. Capillaries normally carry nutrients but they readily accommodate nicotine molecules as well. Once inside the brain, nicotine, like most addictive drugs, triggers the release of chemicals associated with euphoria and pleasure. Just as it moves rapidly from the lungs into the bloodstream, nicotine also easily diffuses through capillary walls. It then migrates to the spaces surrounding neurones – ganglion cells that transmit nerve impulses throughout the nervous system. These impulses are the basis for our thoughts, feelings, and moods. To transmit nerve impulses to its neighbour, a neurone releases chemical messengers known as neurotransmitters. Like nicotine molecules, the neurotransmitters drift into the so-called synaptic space between neurones, ready to latch onto the receiving neurone and thus deliver a chemical “message” that triggers an electrical impulse. The neurotransmitters bind onto receptors on the surface of the recipient neurone. This opens channels in the cell surface through which enter ions, or charged atoms, of sodium. This generates a current across the membrane of the receiving cell, which completes delivery of the “message”. An accomplished mimic, nicotine competes with the neurotransmitters to bind to the receptors. It wins and, like the vanquished chemical, opens ion channels that let sodium ions into the cell. But there?s a lot more nicotine aroundthan the original transmitter, so a much larger current spreads across the membrane. This bigger current causes increased electrical impulses to travel along certain neurones. With repeated smoking, the neurones adapt to this increased electrical activity, and the smoker becomes dependent on the nicotine. 1. Although nicotine is probably the well-known chemical in cigarettes, it is not necessarily the one that changes the psyche of the smoker when cigarettes are smoked. 2. In spite of the difficulties, according to the text more than thirty-five million people a year give up smoking. 3. It has been shown that nicotine in cigarettes can improve people?s abilities to perform some actions more quickly. 4. Added ammonia in cigarettes allows smokers to inhale more nicotine. 5. Snorted substances reach the brain faster than injected substances. 6. Nicotine dilates the blood vessels that carry it around the body. 7. Nicotine molecules allow greater electrical charges to pass between neurones. 8. Cigarette companies would have to cut the nicotine content in cigarettes by ___ to prevent them from being addictive. 9. According to the passage, a cigarette can raise a smoker?s heart rate by ____ a minute. 10. In order to transmit nerve impulses to its neighbour, a neurone sends ___ known as neurotransmitters. III.Reading comprehension(reading in depth) (III&IV25minutes) Direction : In this section, there is a passage with ten blanks. You are required to select one word for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage. Read the passage through carefully before making your choices. Each choice in bank is identified by a letter. Please mark the corresponding letter for each item on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the center. You may not use any of the words in the bank more than once. Language is learned primarily through communication with other people. Research shows that the more communication children __1__ at home the better developed their language skills will be. Children need to _2___ well in order to learn well. This is especially important for the development of native language skills since the language is _3___ reinforced by the child’s environment outside school. However, the __4__ of communication is just as or more important than quantity alone. The language adults use helps children become aware of the many __5__ aspects of objects and events around them. For example, during a shopping trip to the market or store, adults can develop children’s concepts and events around them. Parents can do this naturally through conversation without __6__ teaching. In other words, conversation with children in _7___ situations expands their minds and develops their thinking skills. In addition to conversing with children, adults can help prepare their children to succeed in school by encourging them to take an __8__ interest in books and in the print that surrounds them in the environment. The child’s first major __9__ in school is learning to read. Children who come to school with knowledte that the print around them carries important meanings and with an interest in books and stories will usually _10___ in learning to read rapidly. A) seldom F) everyday K) task B) different G) number L) succeed C) read H) direct M) often D) quality I) talk N) fail E) difficult J) active O) experience IV. Directions: There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them are four choices marked A), B), C) and D).You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter with a single line through the centre. Passage one Is there enough oil beneath the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (保护区) (ANWR) to help secure America?s energy future ? President Bush certainly thinks so. He has argued that tapping ANWR?s oil would help ease California?s electricity crisis and provide a major boost to the country?s energy independence. But no one knows for sure how much crude oil lies buried beneath the frozen earth with the last government survey, conducted in 1998, projecting output anywhere from 3 billion to 16 billion barrels. The oil industry goes with the high end of the range, which could equal as much as 10% of U.S. consumption for as long as six years. By pumping more than 1 million barrels a day from the reserve for the next two three decades, lobbyists claim, the nation could cut back on imports equivalent to all shipments to the U.S. from Saudi Arabia. Sounds good. An oil boom would also mean a multibillion-dollar windfall(意外之财)in tax revenues, royalties(开采权使用费)and leasing fees for Alaska and the Federal Government. Best of all, advocates of drilling say, damage to the environment would be insignificant . “We?ve never had a document case of oil rig chasing deer out onto the pack ice.” says Alaska State Representative Scott Ogan . Not so far , say environmentalists . Sticking to the low end of government estimates, the National Resources Defense Council says there may be no more than 3.2 billion barrels of economically recoverable oil in the coastal plain of ANWR, a drop in the bucket that would do virtually nothing to ease America?s energy problems. And consumers would wait up to a decade to gain any benefits, because drilling could begin only after much bargaining over leases, environmental permits and regulatory review. As for ANWR?s impact on the California power crisis, environmentalists point out that oil is responsible for only 1% of the Golden State?s electricity output –and just 3% of the nation?s. 1. What does President Bush think of tapping oil in ANWR? A) It will exhaust the nation?s oil reserves. B) It will help secure the future of ANWR. C) It will help reduce the nation?s oil imports D) It will increase America?s energy consumption 2. We learn from the second paragraph that the American oil industry _______ A) believes that drilling for oil in ANWR will produce high yields B) tends to exaggerate America?s reliance on foreign oil C) shows little interest in tapping oil in ANWR D) expects to stop oil imports from Saudi Arabia 3. Those against oil drilling in ANWR argue that _________ A) it can cause serious damage to the environment B) it can do little to solve U.S. energy problems C) it will drain the oil reserves in the Alaskan region D) it will not have much commercial value 4. What do the environmentalists mean by saying “Not so fast” (Line 1, Para .3)? A) Oil exploitation takes a long time B) The oil drilling should be delayed C) Don?t be too optimistic D) Don?t expect fast returns 5. It can be learned from the passage that oil exploitation beneath ANWR?s frozen earth ________. A) remains a controversial issue B) is expected to get under way soon C) involves a lot of technological problems D) will enable the U.S. to be oil independent Passage two “Tear „em apart!” “Kill the fool!” “ Murder the referee ( 裁判)～” These are common remarks one may hear at various sporting events. At the time they are made, they may seem innocent enough. But let?s not kid ourselves. They have been known to influence behavior in such a way as to lead to real bloodshed. Volumes have been written about the way words affect us .It has been shown that words having certain connotations (含义) may cause us to react in ways quite foreign to what we consider to be our usual humanistic behavior . I see the term “opponent “ as one of those words. Perhaps the time has come to delete it from sports terms. The dictionary meaning of the term “opponent “is “adversary “:“enemy “; “one who opposes your interests.” “Thus, when a player meets an opponent, he or she may tend to treat that opponent as an enemy. At such times, winning may dominate one?s intellect, and every action, no matter how gross, may be considered justifiable. I recall an incident in a handball game when a referee refused a player?s request for a time out for a glove change because he did not considered then wet enough. The player proceeded to rub his gloves across his wet T-shirt and then exclaimed. “Are they wet enough now?” In the heat of battle, players have been observed to throw themselves across the court without considering the consequences that such a move might have on anyone in their way. I have also witnessed a player reacting to his opponent?s international and illegal blocking by deliberately hitting him with the ball as hard as he could during the course of play. Off the court, they are good friends. Does that make any sense? It certainly gives proof of a court attitude which departs from normal behavior. Therefore, I believe it is time we elevated(提升)the game to the level where it belongs thereby setting an example to the rest of the sporting world . Replacing the term “opponent “with “associate” could be an ideal way to start. The dictionary meaning of the term “associate “ is “colleague” ; “friend” ; “companion.” Reflect a moment! You may soon see and possibly feel the difference in your reaction to the term “associate” rather than “opponent.” 6. Which of the following statements best expresses the author?s view? A) Aggressive behavior in sports can have serious consequences B) The words people use can influence their behavior C) Unpleasant words in sports are often used by foreign athletes D) Unfair judgments by referees will lead to violence on the sports field 7. Harsh words are spoken during games because the players _______ A) are too eager to win B) are usually short-tempered and easily offended C) cannot afford to be polite in fierce competition D) treat their rivals as enemies 8. What did the handball player do when he was not allowed a time out to change his gloves? A) He refused to continue the game B) He angrily hit the referee with a ball C) He claimed that the referee was unfair D) He wet his gloves by rubbing them across his T-shirt 9. According to the passage, players, in a game , may _______ A) deliberately throw the ball at anyone illegally blocking their way B) keep on screaming and shouting throughout the game C) lie down on the ground as an act of protest D) kick the ball across the court with force 10. The author hopes to have the current situation in sports improved by _______ A) calling on players to use clean language on the court B) raising the referee?s sense of responsibility C) changing the attitude of players on the sports field D) regulating the relationship between players and referees Part V Cloze (15 minutes) Directions:There are 20 blanks in the following passage. For each blank there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D) on the right side of the paper. You should choose the ONE that best fits into the passage. Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre. Many people wrongly believe that when people reach old age, their families place them in nursing homes.They are left in the(1) of strangers for the rest of their lives.Their(2) children visit them only occasionally, but more often, they do not have any(3) visitors.The truth is that this idea is an unfortunate myth-an (4) story.In fact, family members provide over 80 percent of the care (5) elderly people need.Samuel Prestoon, a sociologist, studied (6) the American family is changing.He reported that by the time the (7) American couple reaches 40 years of age, they have more parents than children.(8), because people today live longer after an illness than people did years(9), family members must provide long term care.More psychologists have found that all caregivers( 10 )a common characteristic: All caregivers believe that they are the best(11)for the job.In other words, they all felt that they(12)do the job better than anyone else.Social workers(13) caregivers to find out why they took (14) the responsibility of caring for an elderly relative.Many caregivers believed they had (15) to help their relative.Some stated that helping others (16) them feel more useful.Others hoped that by helping (17) now, they would deserve care when they became old and (18) .Caring for the elderlyand being taken care of can be a (19) satisfying experience for everyone who might be (20) . 1.A.hands B.arms C.bodies D.homes 2.A.growing B.grown C.being grown D.having grown 3.A.constant B.lasting C.regular D.normal 4.A.imaginary B.imaginable C.imaginative D.imagery 5.A.that B.this C.those D.these 6.A.when B.how C.what D.where 7.A.common B.ordinary C.standard D.average 8.A.Further B.However C.Moreover D.Whereas 9.A.before B.ago C.later D.lately 10.A.share B.enjoy C.divide D.consent 11.A.person B.people C.character D.man 12.A.would B.will C.could D.can 13.A.questioned B.interviewed C.inquired D.interrogat 14.A.in B.up C.on D.off 15.A.admiration B.initiative C.necessity D.obligation B.enable C.make D.get 16.A.cause 17.A.someone B.anyone C.everyone D.anybody 18.A.elderly B.dependent C.dependable D.independent 19.A.similarly B.differently C.mutually D.certainly 20.A.involved B.excluded C.included D.considered Part VI Translation (5 minutes) Directions: Complete the sentences by translating into English the Chinese given in brackets. Please write you translation on Answer Sheet 2. 1. you _____________________________(无论多么小心都不为过) when you drive a car. 2. I ______________________________(宁愿读书，而不愿看电视); the programs seem to be getting worse all the time. 3. we are all for you proposal that ____________________________(讨论被延迟). 4. _______________________________________(两本书中没有一本持这种观点) that the danger of nuclear war is increasing. 5. government cannot operate effectively _____________________________(除非它能免去这种 干扰).