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英语四级资料

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英语四级资料英语四级资料 现代社会很多人都处于―亚健康‖状态 2)造成―亚健康‖的原因 3)应该如何解决―亚健康‖问题 【思路点拨】 本文属于提纲式文字命题。提纲第1点要求提出一个问题,提纲第2点要求分 析导致该问题的原因,提纲第3点要求说明如何解决该问题,由此可判断本文 应为问题解决型作文。 根据所给提纲,本文应包含以下内容:指出亚健康问题的普遍性及其影响;分 析亚健康出现的原因;说明应该如何解决亚健康问题。 【参考范文】 How to Deal with Sub-health Nowadays, quite a fe...
英语四级资料
英语四级资料 现代社会很多人都处于―亚健康‖状态 2)造成―亚健康‖的原因 3)应该如何解决―亚健康‖问 【思路点拨】 本文属于提纲式文字命题。提纲第1点要求提出一个问题,提纲第2点要求分 析导致该问题的原因,提纲第3点要求说明如何解决该问题,由此可判断本文 应为问题解决型作文。 根据所给提纲,本文应包含以下内容:指出亚健康问题的普遍性及其影响;分 析亚健康出现的原因;说明应该如何解决亚健康问题。 【参考范文】 How to Deal with Sub-health Nowadays, quite a few people are suffering from sub-health. Indeed, sub-health can result in both physical and mental diseases. Even worse, people who suffer from sub-health are more easily to die prematurely. There are many factors resulting in sub-health. Among these, the pace of modern life plays a vital role. The fast pace of modern life exerts great pressure on people and pressure is the ultimate cause of sub-health. What’s more, modern people spend too much night time working or entertaining, which seriously affects their health. Considering the great harm brought by sub-health, I think it is high time that we took effective measures to prevent sub-health. Firstly, people must have enough sleep to ensure that they can regain energy and physical strength. Secondly, people should have a rational diet under the instruction of doctor in order to avoid the diseases caused by malnutrition or super-nutrition. Thirdly, people should regularly do some exercise to keep healthy. To conclude, it is necessary for us to take flexible measures to avoid the threat of sub-health. 1)现在许多人都喜欢买打折商品 2)而另一些人认为越是打折的商品越不能买 3)―我‖的看法 【思路点拨】 本题属于提纲式文字命题。提纲第1点和提纲第2点要求提出两种相反的观点, 提纲第3点要求表明―我‖的看法,由此可判断本文应为对比选择型作文。 根据所给提纲,本文应包含以下内容:指出人们对待打折商品的两种不同态度: 可以买打折商品,不应该买打折商品;对比阐述两种态度各自的理由;表明―我‖ 更倾向于哪种态度,并说明理由。 【参考范文】 Should Customers Buy Cut-price Products? When asked about whether customers should buy cut-price products, different people will offer different views. Some people like to buy cut-price products since a discount is a great appeal. However, others maintain that it’s not a wise and rational idea to buy discount products. Those people who make the former choice believe they can save themselves a lot of money by buying cut-price products. In addition, they can use less money to buy more products. However, still others do not agree this. In their opinions, the 1 discount is merely a business means of attracting customers and enhancing their desires for purchase. Besides, they argue that the discount always tempts customers to buy something unnecessary. As to me, I tend to refuse to buy cut-price products. For one thing, complaints about cut-price products rank first in recent days according to the newspapers. For another, cut-price products are usually not provided with an after-sales service, such as three guarantees for products. Considering these, we may reasonably conclude that customers should think carefully when they buy cut-price products. 预测十六 Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic How People Spend Their Holidays. You should write at least 120 words, and base your composition on the table and the outline given below: 、 根据上表,简要描述1990年、1995年、2000年某城市人们度假方式的情1 况及其变化; 2、 请说明发生这些变化的原因; 3、 得出结论。 参考范文: How People Spend Their Holidays As is clearly shown in the table that there was a dramatic change in the way people spent their holidays between 1990 and 2000. Especially, in 1990, 63% of people spent their holidays at home, while the figure decreased considerably to 24% in 2000. there are three reasons for this phenomenon. To begin with, with the development of market-oriented economy, people earn by far more money than they used to, making it possible for them to afford traveling expenses. In addition, people realize the importance of getting well-informed about the outside world in this modern era to develop their potential. For example, a traveller may encounter or talk with someone of a different cultural background so as to broaden his vision. Last but not least, by traveling outside, people are close to nature, which is not only beneficial to both their health and peace of mind. In short, more and more people take the occasion of holiday to travel outside and relax themselves. As far as I am concerned, I prefer to go traveling instead of staying at home during holidays. On the one hand, I love meeting different people and take in some fresh ideas. On the other hand, it is agreed that the world is becoming a global village. No one could confine himself within his small circle of families or relatives. In brief, I have benefited a lot and will benefit more from traveling during the holidays. 点评:该篇作文属图表作文,命题思路与四级真题图表作文一致,仿真度高。 本预测题关于人们旅游度假方式的变化,也是社会热点话题,2006年1月就考 过名校校园该不该成为旅游景点话题;2004年6月也是关于旅游景点的介绍 预测十七 Directions:For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic: Social Practice.You should write at least120words following the outline 2 below in Chinese. a) 社会实践的作用 b) 可能产生的问题 c) 提出建议 参考范文: Social Practice Social practice has been more and more popular in universities and colleges. Students are asked to enter society and get some idea of it. Surely social practice has many advantages. Firstly, social practice can offer students a chance to contact society and meet different kinds of people. In this way students can gain some valuable social experience, which will be useful to their future career. Secondly, students can apply what they have learned in class to practical work, thus knowing themselves more clearly. Thirdly, social practice can bring them some financial reward and make them more independent of their family. However, some problems may arise if no correct guidance is made. For example, some students get overly interested in social practice and want to work full-time and earn money, thus neglecting their studies. And some students are likely to get in touch with the dark side of society, which will affect their future studies. In order to carry out social practice smoothly, students should first know its objective. They should put their studies in the first place and see social practice just as a useful supplement, so they ought to try to strike a balance between social practice and their studies. 点评:本篇文章属于解释性说明文。就业市场的竞争要求大学生具有丰富的社 会实践,才能适应就业市场的竞争,所以现在在校大学生参与社会实践活动频 繁,但如何处理好学业和社会实践的关系成为人们关注的话题。本预测题与大 学生生活密切相关,也是四级作文关注的重要话题。 热点作文25 Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic Body-building. You should write at least 150 words, and base your composition on the outline (given in Chinese) below: 1)近年来越来越多的人开始参加各种健身俱乐部或健身中心 2)人们健身的目的有哪些 3)你对此的看法 【思路点拨】 本题属于提纲式文字命题。提纲第1点要求指出一种现象,提纲第2点要求说 明人们热衷于该现象的目的,提纲第3点要求谈谈―我‖对该现象的看法,由此 可判断本文应为现象解释型作文。 根据所给提纲,本文应包含以下内容:描述近年来人们热衷于参加健身俱乐部 或健身中心的现象;说明人们健身的主要目的;谈谈―我‖对健身的看法。 【参考范文】 Body-building In recent years, more and more people spare no pains to join in the body-building group. People begin to take part in various fitness clubs or fitness centers in their spare time. This shows body-building has become an 3 indispensable part of many people’s life. Why are so many people keen on body-building? Firstly, keeping health is one of their main purposes. In modern society, many people stay for most of the day before the desk without doing any exercises, which definitely harms their health. Body-building caters to the need of these people who come to realize the potential danger of their working pattern. Secondly, body-building is beneficial for people to keep their body shape. Many setting-up exercises like aerobics are very helpful in cutting up weight. Besides, body-building is a good way by which people can release pressure. As far as I am concerned, the popularity of body-building will be a long-time trend. It shows people begin to pay more and more attention to life quality. As a fashionable, healthy lifestyle, body-building will attract more and more people.热 点作文26 Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic Parasites of Big Cities. You should write at least 150 words, and base your composition on the outline (given in Chinese) below: 1)现在大城市里有很多―城市寄生虫‖,他们以乞讨为生 )这种现象带来的影响 2 3)如何解决这一问题 【思路点拨】 本题属于提纲式文字命题。提纲第1点要求指出一种不良现象,提纲第2点要 求分析该现象带来的影响,提纲第3点要求说明如何解决该问题,由此可判断 本文应为问题解决型作文。 根据所给提纲,本文应包含以下内容:描述大城市中的―城市寄生虫‖现象;分 析―城市寄生虫‖现象带来的影响;说明应该如何才能有效地减少这种―城市寄生 虫‖。 【参考范文】 Parasites of Big Cities Nowadays there are many beggars in big cities, who are called ―parasites of big cities‖. Some are begging something to eat for survival, while most of them are professional beggars according to the survey. In addition to plain beggars in rags, there are many disabled beggars and begging families with the children as the leading character. Besides, in recent years, student beggars have appeared. No doubt, these ―parasites of big cities‖ have brought great bad effects. On the one hand, their asking a reward without labor is a burden on the society and influences the city image. On the other hand, many pretended beggars cheat people’s sympathy by fake stories and experiences, which is very harmful to society. Considering the bad effects of ―parasites of big cities‖, it is high time for us to take effective measures to solve the problem. Firstly, the government should pay more attention to these beggars and resettle them in a reasonable way. Secondly, education and training should be given to these beggars to help them learn how to support themselves. Besides, people should be more cautious in providing helps to the beggars and leave no chance to those cheaters. 4 热点作文27 Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic Security or Privacy? You should write at least 150 words, and base your composition on the outline (given in Chinese) below: 1)近些年来,许多公共场合都安装了摄像监控装置 2)人们对此众说纷纭 3)你的看法 【思路点拨】 本题属于提纲式文字命题。提纲第1点要求指出一种现象,提纲第2点要求阐 述人们对该现象的不同看法,提纲第3点要求谈谈―我‖的看法,由此可判断本 文应为对比选择型作文。 根据所给提纲,本文应包含以下内容:描述近年来公共场合安装摄像监控装置 的现象,引出人们对其的争议;对比阐述争议双方各自的理由;表明―我‖的倾 向并陈述理由。 【参考范文】 Security or Privacy? In recent years, security cameras are installed in public places for the purpose of preventing and combating crimes. This phenomenon has sparked many debates. Most people welcome it and believe these cameras play a positive role in maintaining people’s security, while still some others think installing cameras infringe people’s privacy rights. Those supporters maintain that installing cameras in public places, especially some key sites, can provide law enforcement agencies with criminal evidence. Moreover, they say that installation of cameras is a good deterrent to those with intentions of crimes. However, those protesting this practice claim that the government shouldn’t sacrifice millions of citizens’ privacy rights only for monitoring probably nonexistent crimes. As to me, I prefer the former opinion. In my opinion, As far as public security situation is concerned, the installation of security cameras is quite necessary to maintaining citizens’ security. On the other hand, people needn’t feel uncomfortable for being monitored by a camera in public places since everything we do outside can be seen by some other people. To conclude, the advantages of installing cameras in public places much outweigh its disadvantages. 热点作文28 Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic Campus Politics. You should write at least 150 words, and base your composition on the outline (given in Chinese) below: 1)很多大学生都热衷于参加―校园政治‖活动,比如竞选学生会或社团干部 2)这样做有哪些好处 3)可能带来的问题 【思路点拨】 本题属于提纲式文字命题。提纲第1点要求指出一种现象,提纲第2点要求说 明这种现象会带来的好处,提纲第3点要求分析该现象可能带来的问题,由此 可判断本文应为现象解释型作文。 5 根据所给提纲,本文应包含以下内容:描述大学校园内的学生热衷参加―校园政 治‖的现象;说明参加―校园政治‖的好处;分析过分热衷于―校园政治‖可能带来 的问题。 【参考范文】 Campus Politics Nowadays, many college students show great enthusiasm in participating into campus political activities, such as running for heads of the Students Union or the associations. Campus politics is an important part of college life. College students can benefit a lot from participation in campus politics. Above all, by attending campus political activities, students can develop their practical capabilities, especially management and coordination capacity. Moreover, these activities provide students a stage to show themselves and bring their abilities into full play. Besides, campus political activities help strengthen students’ sense of responsibility. However, campus politics might bring some problems. Too much participation in campus politics might influence study. Besides, some students’ being keen on campus politics is for fame and gain, which will influence their health of mentality. Therefore, schools and teachers should give necessary instruction to students on their participation into campus politics. 预测十二 Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay on the topic of traffic jam. You should write at least 120 words following the outline given below. ,(在现代社会,城市交通问题变得越来越严重 ,(城市交通问题的表现以及对人们生活的影响 ,(解决的方法与措施 参考范文: Traffic Jam There is no doubt that traffic congestion becomes a growing worry for the residents of most urban areas. Some major roads are regularly choked with traffic in rush hours. The limited transport capacity contributes largely to the vexing problem. How to solve the headache?. The existing solutions to traffic jam mainly aim at creating metro bus systems and broadening major roads. Widening the existing roads can solve traffic snarls on some level. Soaring car ownership compounds the chronic annoying problem, so we must sharply reduce the heavy reliance on cars and drive a shift to the mass transportation. It is a cheap and good way. We can create a system of customized bus routes and highlight the development of subways, trolleys and light rail. The effective combination of these solutions will enable the urban areas to possess a smooth traffic. 点评:交通话题一直是四级作文命题话题之一。1990年6月考查过How to solve the problem of Heavy Traffic,1994年1月考题 The World Is Getting Smaller and Smaller也与交通有关,近年来,随着私家车的日益增多,城市交通拥堵凸显, 6 出行难越来越成为人们关注的焦点。 预测十三 Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay on the topic Environmental Protection. You should write at least 120 words following the outline given below. 1. 全球变暖对地球环境造成了很大影响 2. 引起全球变暖的原因 3. 我们需要采取的措施 参考范文: Environmental Protection No one,regardless of race, religion or nationality, can deny that the world we live in is becoming increasingly intolerable because of the effects of global warming. According to many experts, even greater impacts are still on the way. There are numerous causes for this problem. On one hand, human-related emissions of carbon into the atmosphere is causing, and will in the future cause, significant global warming according to the theory. On the other hand, the lack of knowledge about the importance of protecting environment hinders the solving of the problem. It is urgent that immediate and effective actions should be taken right away. First, more trees need to be planted to help improve and beautify the environment. Besides, stricter laws concerning global warming and irresponsible use of fuel resources have to be put into effect and achieved good results. In a word, there is a long way to go before we can take a comfortable world for granted again . 点评:环境问题也是四级作文命题重点话题之一。大学英语(Q吧)四级考试曾经 考过Make our Cities Greener.近年来,全球气候异常,造成许多自然灾害的频 繁,保护环境刻不容缓,已成为全社会乃至全人类共同关注的热点。 预测十四 Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay on the topic of Credit Cards. You should write at least 120 words following the outline given below in Chinese: 1. 越来越多的人使用信用卡, 信用卡有哪些好处 2. 信用卡的弊端 3. 你自己的观点 参考范文: Credit Cards Personal credit cards are becoming more common in China. Banks and other financial institutions are encouraging their customers to change the way they buy things. Credit cards, otherwise known as ―plastic money‖, are being offered on very good terms to encourage the change. Consumers will be able to ―buy now, pay later‖, and many see this as an advantage. But people need to be careful. There are dangers associated with credit cards. Some people find it very easy to exceed their budget. They are tempted to 7 purchase goods that they do not really need, and can become quickly overburdened by debt. The credit cards often charge a high rate of interest, which exacerbates the problems for these people. However, used wisely credit cards can improve the quality of people’s lives. They can give people access to money to meet sudden unplanned expenses. Properly handled, they can let people control their expenditure and the monthly statements provide a record of where their money has gone. 点评:这是一篇议, 关于信用卡的利弊。可以分成三部分: 第一部分, 信用卡的好处,比如说应急等;第二部分,信用卡的一些弊端,比如说鼓励一 些无用的消费;第三部分:你自己的观点,理性使用 预测十五 Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic Pet Raising . You should write at least 120 words following the outline given below in Chinese: ( 有些人喜欢养动物作为宠物。 1 2( 有些人反对圈养动物作为宠物。 3( 你的观点。 参考范文: Pet Raising Nowadays, with the improvement of the people’s living standard, some people form a habit of raising small or domestic animals as pets. Some raise small dogs or cats as their pets while others raise various birds or fishes as their pets. However, some people object to the idea of raising animals as pets. To them, animals have their own right to live a natural life like human beings. On the other hand, the way people raise animals as pets have a negative influence on the surroundings ,for example, dogs’ chasing people on the street and so on. What’s more, some animals will transmit some diseases. In my opinion, I do not like the idea to raise animals at pets. We should not deprive them of their natural right. In this way, we will live in a peaceful world in harmony with the other living creatures. 其实我很不喜欢搞这样的噱头,因为每个词都有它的用处。我只是从一个阅卷 人的角度去看,喜欢看到学生用的词。当然这也是因人而异的。另外,北京新 东方国内部最近出的一个小的宣传手册上提到―六级写作和翻译中的一百个高 频词汇‖,因为编辑匆忙,所以不是很靠谱,如entrepreneur, literacy,tariff等词 作文中是不太可能用到的。鉴于此,列出100个好词如下。这些词还需要大家 自己到范文或字典中查一下用法。 access accomplish account achieve acknowledge acquire adapt adopt 8 afford apply approve argue arouse attach attribute benefit boost campaign challenge commit competent competition concentrate concept concern confront conquer considerable contribute controversial controversy coordinate critical crucial cultivate damage decade decline desirable despite emphasis emphasize enable engage enhance enormous enrich enroll ensure entitle essential establish 9 expose extreme facilitate fierce financial focus frequent fulfill fundamental generate ideal ignore illustrate indispensable inevitable involve justify likewise maintain meanwhile measure mutual negative neglect nevertheless numerous otherwise overcome pace participate perspective positive qualify relevant relieve remarkable responsibility ruin significance significant stage stimulate strengthen stress 10 tend tendency therefore threaten variety shrink approach startling guarantee boost overwhlem squeeze relieve panic increasingly prospect crucial prestige anticipate dividend evaluate extinction contamination descendant prompt urge workforce inferior priority impact permanent sustain criteria assumption concept notion perspective dynamic abandon plausible instinctive margin fund slump 11 inevitably insecurity barrier conflict gauge destine obesity domestic morality corporate desire have the final say in not necessarily 四级主要以综合部分的考试为主,六级则会把重心更多地放在改错上。希望以下的改错题目通用公式对你有所帮助(每个条目的横线左边为原题,右边为改后 答案)。 常见七大错:动词、连词、平行结构、代词、语义矛盾、词性、固定搭配。 1.动词: 谓语动词:注意时态,语态,主谓一致 时态: do——did ,did——do 语态: 被动语态:be + v-ed + by(of/with...) 例如:...the countries which threatened by...(05年) 主谓一致:n. + (prep. + n.) + v 非谓语动词:doing——done 2.连词:三大从句 定语从句:that + 从句——which/who prep + that/who + 从句 —— which/whom 名词性从句:that —— what 状语从句: S + even/just + S 3.平行结构: do, do, and doing prep + do and doing 4.代词: it —— they/them its —— their 5.语义矛盾:acceptance —— rejection 6.词性:adj —— adv,adv —— adj 7.固定搭配:考查较简单。 一、用形容词―very‖,―single‖等表示强调 Red Army fought a battle on this very spot. 红军就在此地打过一仗。 Not a single person has been in the office this afternoon. 今天下午竟然没有一个人来过办公室。 二、用反身代词表示强调 I myself will see her off at the station. 我将亲自到车站为她送行。 You can do it well yourself. 你自己能做好这件事情。 三、用助词―do‖表示强调 The baby is generally healthy, but every now and then she does catch a cold. 那孩子的健康状况尚好,但就是偶尔患感冒。 12 Do be quiet. I told you I had a headache. 务必安静,我告诉过你,我头疼。 四、用副词―very‖,―only‖,―even‖,―too‖,―just‖等表示强调 He drank it to the very last drop.他把它喝得一干二净。 Only in this way can we wipe out the enemy troops. 只有用这样的方法我们才能消灭敌军。 He didn’t answer even my letter.他甚至连我的信都不回。 I will too go~ 我要去的~ The scenery is just superb. 风景真是美极了。 五、用―...and that‖,―...and those‖,―not...too much‖,―否定加否定‖等结构表示强调 They fulfilled the task, and that in a few days. 他们在几天内完成的就是那项任务。 I gave her some presents, and those the day before yesterday. 前天我送给她的就是那些礼物。 I can’t thank you too much. 我无论怎样感谢你都不过份。 I am not unfaithful to you. 我对你无比忠诚。 六、用短语―in every way‖,―in no way‖,―by all means‖,―by no means‖,―only too‖,―all too‖,―but too‖,―in heaven‖,―in the world‖,―in hell‖,―on earth‖,―under the sun‖等表示强调 His behaviour was in every way perfect. 他的举止确实无可挑剔。 By all means take your son with you. 你一定要把儿子带来。 The news was only too true. 这消息确实是事实。 It was over all too soon~ 此事的确了结得很快~ Where in heaven were you then,当时你到底在哪里, Nobody under the sun would buy that car. 确实没有人会买那辆车。 七、用倒装句表示强调 Dishonest he is~ 他的确不诚实~ In wine is the truth. 酒后吐真言。 八、用强调句型表示强调 It was the headmaster who opened the door for me. 正是校长为我开的门。 It was yesterday that we carried out that experiment. 就是在昨天我们做了那个实验。 状语从句(Adverbial Clause) 一、时间状语从句 1. when, as, while 和whenever when 表示某个具体的时间,可指一段时间和一点时间,可表示短暂动作,又可表示持续动作。As所表示的动作与主句动作同时发生,具有延续的含义,一般与延续性动词连用。While只表示持续性的动作或状态,强调主句的动作在从句动作发生的过程中。Whenever指的是―任何时间‖。例如: When you arrive in London, please give us a call. When I was watching TV, my mother suddenly came in. 3) He entered the room when (while, as) the meeting was going on. 4) While she was reading a novel, her mother was cooking the dinner. It rains whenever he has the class. 13 Whenever that man says ―To tell you the truth‖, I suspect that he’s about to tell a lie. NT: 当as意为―当…时候‖时,主要与表示动作或发展过程的动词连用,用于连 接两个逐渐发展或演变的动作或状态。通常情况下不与表示感觉的动词,表示 感情的动词,表示精神活动的动词和表示拥有的动词连用。 As the day goes on, the weather gets worse. 2(before 和after before 引导的从句的动作通常发生在主句动作之后,如果从句是过去时,主句 一般要用过去完成时。After引导的从句动作通常发生在主句动作之前,如果主 句要用过去时,从句则要用过去完成时。例如: 1) The plane had taken off before he arrived at the airport. 2) After he had lived in the south for 20 years, he decided to go to seek his fortune in the north. 3) He was still tired even after he had had eight hours of sleeping. 但是如果不强调先后,或是因为从句中使用的是某个状态动词,after和 before 句子结构中的谓语动词也可以都用一般过去时。例如:They arrived at the cinema after the film began. 3. till 和until 这两个词的用法十分近似,都表示―直到…―,但在句首只能用until 。在肯定句 中,主句要用延续性动词;在否定句中,until 或till可以和非延续性动词连用, 这时until和before同义。例如: Not until they had finished the work did they go home. I did not lose my confidence until I failed seven times. I did not go to bed until my mother came back. We ran and ran, till I thought my heart would burst. 4(as long as, every time, each time, next time as long as表示―只要‖;every time 表示―每次‖;each time表示―每逢‖;next time 表示―下次‖,它们可以直接引导句子。 1)I am happy as long as my children are. 2) He will continue working as long as he has the strength. She will not sit so long as she can lie on the bed. She smiles every time she sees me. I am going to see him next time he comes to Shanghai. 5. once, as soon as, the instant (that), the moment(that),, the minute(that), directly 和immediately 这几个连词引导的从句都表示从句动作一发生,主句动作随即发生, 意为―一… 就‖。例如: 1) She came to the scene immediately she heard of the bad news. 2) They told me the news the moment they got the message. 3) Once you understand this rule, you will have no further difficulty. 4) She wept aloud as soon as she heard the news. 6. No sooner … than 和hardly (scarcely) … when 这两个连词词组都是表示主句与从句动作随即发生,意为―一…就―。主句动词 用过去完成时。如果No sooner, hardly 或scarcely位于句首,主句要倒装。例 14 如: 1) He had no sooner entered the house then it began to rain. 2) No sooner had he entered the house, than it began to rain. 3) He had hardly gone to bed when the telephone rang. 4) Hardly had he gone to bed when the telephone rang. 二、地点状语从句 地点状语从句表示在主句中某一动作或状态发生的地点或进行的方向,这类从句 通常由Where, wherever或 everywhere引导,可以放在主句前,也可以放在主句 后。Where指―在某个地方‖,wherever指―在任何一个地方‖,everywhere指―每 一…地方‖, 意思与wherever相近。例如: 1) Bamboo grows well where it has plenty of rain. 2) Wherever you go, whatever you do, I will be here waiting for you.. 3) Everywhere you go, I will follow you. 三、条件状语从句 1. if 和unless if 表示正面的条件,意为―如果‖,unless表示反而的条件,意为―除非,如果不‖ 例如: 1) If you’ve got exams tomorrow, why aren’t you studying? 2) The sports meeting will begin tomorrow unless it rains. NT:在条件状语从句中常用一般时表示将要发生的动作。 2. providing, provided (that), supposing, suppose (that), on condition that 和in case 这些连词(词组)意思相近,有―如果,只要,假如,假使,在…条件下‖等意 思。例如: 1) You can arrive in Beijing earlier for the meeting provided you don’t mind taking the night train. 2) On condition that the liquid is cooled still further, it will turn to a solid. 3. only if和if only Only if 引导的从句用陈述语气,意为―只要‖; if only引导从句要用虚拟语气,意 为―要是…就好了‖。 1) Only if you have persistence, you can achieve great success. 2) If only I had wings, I would be able to travel around the world easily. 4. where有时也可以表示条件(常用于谚语和习语) 1) Where there is a will, there is a way.(有志者事竟成)。 2) There is never peace where men are greedy.(人类贪欲不止,世界和平无望)。 3) Birth is nothing where virtue is not.(如果没有品德,出身再好也等于零)。 四、原因状语从句 1(because, since, as 和for because 表示原因语气最强,常用于回答以疑问词―why‖引导的疑问句。 because 从句一般位于主句后面。for引导的从句并不说明主句行为发生的直接原因,只 是提供一些有助于说明情况的补充说明,且不可位于主句前。since 表示一种附 带的原因,或者表示已知的显然理由,意为―既然‖,引导的从句常放在句首。 As所表示的理由最弱,只是对主句的附带说明,重点在主句, as通常放在主句 前。例如: 15 1) The teacher is strict with us because he wants us to make rapid progress. 2) Since you are free today, you had better help me with my mathematics. 3) As the day was fine, they decided to go on a trip. 4) It rained last night, for the ground is wet this morning. 2(seeing (that), considering (that), now (that) , in that, given (that) 这几个连词同since意思相近,都有―鉴于某个事实‖的意思。例如: 1) Now that you are a big boy, you must behave better. 2) Men differ form brutes in that they can think and speak. 3) Given it is going to rain tomorrow, the sports meet will be put off to next month. 3. not…because 本结构中not否定的是because引导的整个从句。例如: I am going on a trip tomorrow, because I have to, not because I want to. He stole, not because he wanted the money but he liked. 五、让步状语从句 1(though, although, even if 和even though (1) 这四个词(词组)都有―虽然,即使,尽管‖的意思,even if 和even though 带 有强调的意味,语气较强,though 和although 语气较弱,though 比although 通俗,但不如although 正式。让步状语从句可以放在主句前或主句后。例如: 1) Although they did heavy work that day, they were all in high spirits. 2) She carries on the job even if she has had a bad cold for several days. (2)英语不允许在though 或although从句后用but。如果要强调前后两个部分的 对比意义,可以在主句前加上yet或still。例如:Although she has a lot of money, yet (still) she is not happy. 2(no matter how (what, when, which, who, where) 这几个短语意为―不管怎样(什么,什么时候,哪一个,谁,什么地方)‖,例 如: 1) Do not believe the rumor, no matter who repeats it. 2) He keeps taking physical training in the winter no matter how cold it is. 3(whatever, whenever, wherever, whoever, whichever however 这几个词也可以引导让步状语从句,相当于no matter what (when, where , who, which, how)。例如: 1) Whatever work we do, we should do our best. 2) However hard a solid may be, we can change its shape. NT:however引导让步状语从句时,与它所修饰的词一起放在句首。 (让步状语从句的倒装 4 though 引导的让步状语从句可以倒装,也可以不倒装。用 as引导的让步状语 从句必须倒装。如果名词放提前放在句首,该名词前不可加定冠词或不定冠词。 常用的句型为形容词(副词,动词,名词,过去分词),though (as, that),主 语,谓语。例如: 1) Bravely though we fought, we had no chance of winning. 2) Smart as he was, he was not able to solve the problem. 3) Child as he was, he had a good command of English. 六、方式状语从句 16 1(as 和just as 二者都表示―如…,犹如…,正如…‖。just as 比as强调的语气更强。例如: 1) In the early days, people could not live a happy life as we do now. 2) Most plants need sunlight just as they need water. 2(as if 和as though as if 或as though从句可以用陈述语气,表示可能符合事实的情况;也可以用虚 拟语气,表示不符合事实或与事实相反的情况,意为―好像,仿佛‖。例如: 1) Some rocks sparkle with an unusual brilliancy as if they contained gold. 2) It looks as though it is going to rain. 七、比较状语从句 1(as… as这种结构可以用于同等程度的比较,否定句用not so (as) …as。例如: 1) A pound of cotton weighs as mush as a pound of iron. 2) Sound does not travel so fast in gases as in liquids. (as 和than连接的比较状语从句常常省去同主句相同的部分,只留下相比的2 部分。例如: 1) Bill is as tall as Bob (is). 2) Steel is more useful than iron (is). 3(The… the…后面分别跟形容词或副词的比较级,意思为―越…越…‖。例如: 1) The faster, the better. 2) The higher the airplane flies, the thinner the air is. 八、目的状语从句 1(so that 和in order that 。so that 较常用,一般放在主句之后。in order that (1) 二者都表示―为了,以便‖ 用于正式文体,引导从句可中谓语多用may/can/will+动词原形。例如: 1) She takes notes carefully (so) that she may use them when she reviews her lessons after class. 2) He plays basketball every day in order that he can be like Michael Jordan. 3) We arrived early so that we could get good seats. 4) He wrote his dairy in code so that his wife wouldn’t be able to read it. 2(lest, for fear that 和in case 意思是―以防,以免‖。lest, for fear that后的从句一般要用虚拟语气,形式为 ― should, 动词原形‖。例: 1) We must hurry off lest we should miss the bus. 2) Don’t forget your umbrella in case it should rain. 3) Phone me in case you meet problems. 九、结果状语从句 1.so …that 和such …that这两个词组意为―如此…以至于‖ 常用结构如下:so,adj / adv,that / so,adj,a (an),n,that / such,a (an), adj,n,that 1) The box is so heavy that nobody can move it away. 2) It is so heavy a box that nobody can move it away. 3) It is such a heavy box that nobody can move it away. 4) There was so much dust that we couldn’t see what was happening. NT: such 不能用于much, many 之前 来自:新东方在线 热点作文24 17 Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic Work with a Person or Work with a Machine? You should write at least 150 words and base your composition on the outline given below: 1)一些人喜欢和人打交道多的工作 2)然而也有一些人更愿意和机器打交道 3)你更喜欢哪种工作,为什么, 【思路点拨】 本题属于提纲式文字命题。提纲第1点要求指出人们的一种喜好,提纲第2点 要求指出人们的另外一种喜好,提纲第3点要求―我‖从中做出选择,由此可判 断本文应为对比选择型作文。 根据所给提纲,本文应包含以下内容:指出人们对于工作的两种喜好:喜欢和 人打交道多的工作,喜欢和机器打交道多的工作;对比阐述两种工作各自的特 点;表明―我‖更喜欢哪种工作,并说明理由。 【参考范文】 Work with a Person or Work with a Machine? When asked about work preference, different people will give different answers. Some people like working with people. However, others prefer jobs which mainly involve objects or machines. Those people who have the first preference believe working with people usually makes one feel interesting and efficient. In addition, they maintain people can be inspired to bring forward new ideas by communicating or consulting with those around them. However, still others have different preferences. In their opinions, working with objects or machines can make one enjoy more peace and quiet. Besides, they argue, under such peaceful conditions, one can do more practical work, improve his skill and make technical renovations. Weighing up these two kinds of work, I prefer working with people. For one thing, I like to cooperate with others and work in a team. For another, although there are competition and rivalry, we can learn something from other people. Considering these, I think, working with people is beneficial to our career development. Passage Seventeen (A Strong Stock Market) The increase in the margin rate from 50% to 70% was not an attempt to stem any rampant speculation on the part of the public—actually the market seemed technically quite strong, with public participation essentially dignified—but rather an attempt by the Federal Reserve Board to preserve the sound underpinnings that existed in the market. Naturally, such a move had a momentarily chilling effect upon prices but if the FRB had been preoccupied with undue speculation, the increase might have been to the 80% or even 90% level. Such an increases in the margin rate is a confirmation of a strong stock market and since 19…,such increases have resulted in interim market highs over twelve months later. Obviously, there could be no guarantee that this would once again be the case, but if history is any guideline—and if business and corporate earnings were to continue on the same course—continued optimism over the outlook for the stock market would seem more prudent than pessimism. 18 The margin increase underscored the good rise that stocks had enjoyed for the previous year—and the fact that a 50% rate was maintained as long as it was pointed up the fact that the rise was mainly conservative in that it was concentrated in the blue chips for the most part. In past Investment Letters we have voiced the thought that speciality stocks could outperform the general market from this point. We continue to believe that this could be the case. For example, steel stocks tend to sell at certain fixed price/earnings ratios. Below a certain ratio they are considered good value—above a certain ratio, overpriced. If a company produces a unique product it is far more difficult for market analysis to place a numerical ratio upon the company’s earnings. We have also contended in the past Letters that the stock market reflects mass psychology as well as the business outlook. When investors—both the public and the institutions—are nervous and pessimistic they definitely hesitate to buy stocks: they seek low price/earnings multiples and high yields. These same investors—when they are in an optimistic frame of mind—become for less preoccupied with yields and more wiling to pay a premium(high p/e multiples) for accelerated growth. If the public’s attitude towards the auto industry is any measure, then this period seems to have been one of optimism. 1.The title that best expresses the ideas of this passage is [A]. A Time to Sell Stock. [ B]. A Strong Stock Market [C]. Raising the Margin Rate [C]. Price/earnings Ratio in Steel 2.When investors are pessimistic what do they do? [A]. They look to the FRB for help. [ B]. They buy steel [C]. They buy automobile stocks. [D]. They look for high yields. 3.Why does the writer believe that speciality stocks could outperform the general market? [A]. Because analysis have difficulty in deciding upon a fixed price/earnings ratio. [ B]. Because the activity had been limited to blue chips. [C]. Because the rise was conservative. [D]. Because of the FRB action. 4.When investors are optimistic, what do they do? [A]. They look for accelerated growth. [ B]. They buy speciality stocks. [C]. They look for high yields. [C]. They are more prudent. Vocabulary: 1. margin rate 保证金率,边际比率 2. rampant 无约束力,猖獗的,蔓延的 3. stem 遏制 4. stem from 滋长,源自 5. underpin 加强……基础,支持 6. underpinning 支持物,基础(建筑物下的) 7. preoccupy 先占,使专心于,吸引住 8. undue 过分的,非法的,不适当的 9. interim 间歇;暂时的,间歇的 10. guideline 方针,指导路线 19 11. underscore 在……下面划线,强调 12. point up 加强,强调 13. bluechip 兰筹股票 14. blue-chip 兰筹的 15. outperform 在使用上胜过 16. overprice 将……标价过高 17. numerical ratio 数率,数字比率 18. earnings 收益,利润,收入 19. contend 竞争,坚决主张,争论 20. premium 佣金,酬金 难句译注: 1.The increase in the margin rate from 50% to 70% was not an attempt to stem any rampant speculation on the part of the public—actually the market seemed technically quite strong, with public participation essentially dignified—but rather an attempt by the Federal Reserve Board to preserve the sound underpinnings that existed in the market. [结构简析] 是not…but句型,两个破折号中间是插入成分;中插入一个带 with+N+participle 短语 [参考译文] 保证金率从50%增长到70%,并不是想要遏制群众方面猖獗的投机, 而是联邦储备委员会想要保持现存于股市强劲基础——事实上股市由于群众非 常庄严的参与——在技术上看起来相当强劲。 2.Obviously, there could be no guarantee that this would once again be the case, but if history is any guideline—and if business and corporate earnings were to continue on the same course—continued optimism over the outlook for the stock market would seem more prudent than pessimism. [结构简析] 复合句。中间有插入语if clause, 进一步说明条件。 [参考译文] 显然,不可能保证这种情况再次出现(情况再是这样)。可是,如果 历史具有指导方针的话——如果商业和公司的利润仍然保持在同样轨道上—— 那么对股市前景乐观似乎要比悲观更精确些。 3.The margin increase underscored the good rise that stocks had enjoyed for the previous year—and the fact that a 50% rate was maintained as long as it was pointed up the fact that the rise was mainly conservative in that it was concentrated in the blue chips for the most part. [结构简析] 这句句子内有四个that clause:第一个that是good rise的定语从句。 第二个和第三个that都是the fact that句型。但第二个the fact that中,as long as in that连词,义:因为。 it was, 指头一年,pointed up是谓语。第四个是 写作方法与文章大意: 文章论述―强劲证券市场‖的种种情况。首先是联邦储备委员会为保持强股市基 础要求保证金率增长。这种增长过去,现在,将来都能巩固强市。其次由于绝 大部分集中在兰筹股上,使股市看好上升趋于保守,引出行业股比普通股吃香。 最后是投资者心情和股市强弱有关。 参考答案+详解: 1.B. 强劲证券市场(强市)。见难句译注1和第一段第三句:―那种保证金率的 增长有力的巩固了强劲证券市场。从19……年起,这种增长导致一年来股市屡 20 创新高。 A. 买出股票的时候。 C. 提高保证金率。 D. 钢的市盈率。这三项都不对,它们只是文中涉及的方面。 2.D. 他寻找高业绩(即公司的产量或投资收益)。见文章倒数第三句:―当投资者——公众和团体机构——紧张而又悲观时,他们肯定在买进股票上举棋不定;他们寻求低价格/利润倍数和高额利润。 A. 他们寻求联邦储备委员会的帮助。 B. 他们买进钢材。 C. 他们买进汽车股票。 3.A. 因为在决定定价/利润比上难以分析。见第二段第二句:―在过去的投资保证上我们一直表达了这样的思想:行业股票在使用上可能超过普通股。我们依然相信情况可能就是这样。举例说:钢股往往在一定价格/利润比上抛出。低于一定比率,可认为股是好价值,而高于一定比率就是超价。如果一个公司就生产独一无二的产品,那市场分析就很难对公司所得定出数比。― B. 因为股市活动受兰筹股所限。 C. 因为行情上升保守。这两项见难句译注3。 D. 由于联邦储备基金会的行动。 4.A. 他们寻求加速的增长。见文章倒数第二句:―同样是这些股民,当投资者(对股市前景)持乐观态度时,他们不太关注(公司的)业绩(产值)而愿意以高价来购买具有高成长性的股票。‖ 211give in妥协,让步,投降,屈服 212give off放出,释放 213give out分发,放出 214give something away泄露 215give up停止,放弃 216give way让路,让步 217go beyond 超越,超过; 218go by从……旁走过,顺访 219go for追求 220go in进入,参加 221go through经历 222hand on传下来,依次传递 223hand out分发,散发 224hand over交出,移交 225have a bearing on与……有关系 226have difficulty with与---有分歧,相处不好 227hold back踌躇,退缩,阻止 228hold down 控制 229hold on to紧紧抓住,坚持 230hold on继续,握住不放,坚持 231hold out维持,伸出,提出,坚持 232hold up 保持良好,停止;阻滞 233hold up举起,承载,阻挡 234if only(要是,只要)表条件; 235in use 在使用; 236in … degree在……速度上 21 237in a sense (从某种意义上说)它可以放在句首、句中或者句尾,一般不用逗号隔开; 238in a state of 处于……的状态 239in a way从某一点上看 240in accord with与……一致 1. This is yet _________________ (两国人民的又一个共同点). 2. His scientific works _______________(在英语国家得到广泛阅读). 3. Revolution means the emancipation of the productive forces,_____________(改革也是解放生产力). 4.He is optimistic ________________(对现时信息产业的发展状况). 5.Work in all fields should be subordinated to and ________________(服务于经济发展的进程). 参考答案+解析: 1. another common point between the people of our two countries 解析:本题考查通过增补介词使译文的意思更完整。虽然原文没有和between相对应的词,但是"共同点"是两国人民之间在某方面进行比较的结果,所以增补 between之后,符合英语表达习惯。增词法也是汉译英中常用技巧之一,再如:她以教书为业。(She is a teacher by occupation.)我已重新考虑了那件事。(I've had second thought on that matter.) 2. were widely read in English-speaking countries 解析:若是按照字面翻译,这句话很可能被译为were widely read in English countries。但是原文中"英语国家"的含义是"讲英语的国家"。这体现了英汉表达差异。请考生看下面这句话的英译:我卖掉了彩电。/I sold out my color TV. 这句译文错误在于,没弄清"彩电"的含义。"彩电"有两层意思:一是指具体的实物,即彩色电视机color TV set;二是指屏幕上出现的影像,即彩色电视color TV。而句子中卖掉的只能是机器,具体的实物。 3. and so does reform 解析:本题意为:革命是解放生产力,改革也是解放生产力。考点有二:第一,考查词性转移。原文中"解放"用作动词,"生产力"作宾语。译文中处理成名词短语 "对生产力的解放"。第二,考查省译法。我们不能把原文译成and reform also means the emancipation of the productive forces,这种结构显得臃肿累赘。为避免重复,可以选用and so does...来代替这个动宾结构。 4. about the present development of information industry 解析:"对......表示乐观"可以用句型be optimistic about sth.。这句话不能译成about the status of the present development of information industry。"状况"是一个范畴词,没有实际含义,可省略不译。 5. serve the economic development 解析:"服务于......"即"为......服务",所以要用serve sb./ sth.的结构,不能译成be served to。"进程"也是一个范畴词,可以省略不译。另外,be subordinated to是一个固定结构,含义是"从属于......,隶属于......"。 Unit Twenty Passage 1 Computer Use in School Education Accompanying the developments in computing as a subject for study there has 22 been a corresponding growth in the use of the computer as an aid to teaching across the curriculum. The government offer of half-price computers led to the installation of a large number of school microcomputer systems at a time when there was very little educational software. At the same time there was an explosive demand for introductory courses, at first for secondary teachers and later, when the offer was extended to primary schools, for primary teachers. It would be impossible, and inappropriate, to make every teacher into a computer programming expert. What the teacher needs to know is how to connect up a system. And how to load and run programs. Once these skills have been acquired the much more important topic of the evaluation of. computer-based teaching materials can be addressed. The Unintelligent Machine Over the past 20 years the amount of computing power available for a given sum of money has approximately doubled every two years, and it looks as if this trend will continue in the foreseeable future. On the other hand, the fundamental logical design of computers is much the same as at the beginning of this period. The revolution has been one of scale and cost rather than a change in the kinds of things which computers can do. One might have expected therefore that by now we would know the best way in which computers can be used to help with the educational process. In the early sixties, programmed learning was looked on as the pathway to mechanize the learning process. But teaching machines of the time were inflexible and unresponsive. It was soon recognized that computers provide a much higher level of interaction with the student. Responses need not be restricted to multiple-choice button pushing, but can involve the recognition of words or numbers related to the context of the subject. In order to present information and questions to the student and to provide for appropriate branching, depending on the responses, some form of programming language is required. COURSEWRITER and later PILOT are " author languages" which allow someone without technical knowledge of computing to prepare programs of this kind. Text and graphics can be displayed, responses analyzed, and appropriate action taken. A tool such as this might seem to put considerable power in the hands of the teacher and yet such systems are hardly used at all in our schools. One reason is that the preparation of course material using an author language is, like that for videodisc systems, a very time-consuming business. A figure of 20 to 100 hours of preparation is quoted for each hour of student time at the computer. Such an investment is only worthwhile if the material can be used by a large number of students, and that assumes that the necessary resources in time and hardware are actually available. There is a more fundamental reason for lack of progress in computer-based tutorial systems and this relates to the fundamental lack of "intelligence" on the part of the computer. It is easy to generate drill and practice exercises which test a student's ability to produce response. It is quite another matter to provide 23 useful advice if the response is wrong. The human teacher has a mental model of the student and can make a reasonable estimate of why a particular wrong answer has been produced. The longer the teacher has been in contact with that student the better he or she is able to offer constructive advice. The kind of system discussed above has no such model of the student on which to make decisions, nor does it have access to the large body of subject knowledge which is held by the human teacher. Its responses therefore must be stereotyped and unintelligent. Further evidence of the lack of machine intelligence is the failure to make computer " understand" natural language. We talk about " programming languages" for computers, but these are not languages in the ordinary sense. They are just systems of coding which provide a highly stylized way of writing down the solutions to particular sorts of problems. The tact that programs in these languages, although made up largely of English words and some well-known mathematical symbols, are unintelligible to the layC^f-ff W) reader indicates the gulf which still exists between the kind of verbal instructions which can be given to another human, and the coded instructions required by the computer. One expert has argued that the construction of an intelligent machine is a logical impossibility. Many researchers in this area would dispute such a claim, but so far they cannot provide the essential demonstration to the contrary. The development of " expert systems", which can provide advice and information on the basis of human experience which is fed into them, is one step in the direction of machine intelligence. However, such systems are limited to knowledge in a tightly defined domain, and cannot operate outside this area. Nevertheless, there may well be something here for education. The Computer in the Classroom Where does this leave the computer as a tool for the teacher? Clearly teachers must exploit its strengths rather than complain about its weakness. However dull much drill and practice material may seem, children will often work at it for a considerable time without losing concentration. Rote learning (硬记硬背) is rightly out of favor in most educational contexts, but there are certain things which it is convenient to be able to recall instantly, and the computer can help us to remember them. The school pupil soon learns that the computer never gets tired, never loses its temper, will always respond almost instantaneously to any input, and does not display the pupil's ignorance to other people, and these factors help to provide a micro-environment within which the pupil is stable and secure. The introduction of computers into primary schools has concentrated the minds of educators on the use of the machine as an aid to the teacher, without the distraction of computer studies as a subject in its own right. The computer is very good at storing and rearranging information, and the introduction of simple database manipulation packages has allowed teachers to present pupils with the opportunity to collect information which is of interest to them, to structure it appropriately, and to store it on the computer. From the files thus produced 24 various reports can be generated. These packages can be used in a variety of areas of study, from history to science, and an introduction to them is now an important part of teacher education in the use of computers. Computers can also simulate (|模拟) various dynamic situations, and a number of packages exploit this ability. Even the adventure games, which are sold for amusement to home computer users, can be turned to advantage if the problem-solving aspects are emphasized and the pupils' activity is appropriately structured. 1. A computer has its limitations in the use as an aid to teaching. 2. It is likely that computers will take the place of human teachers in the future. 3. With the use of many computers in schools, the computer courses were in great demand. 4. Computers are more reliable than human teachers in many respects. 5. If focusing on problem-solving, pupils can get more amusement from the computer games. 6. There is an argument over the possibility of making computers as intelligent as human teachers. 7. The more fundamental factor that affects computer aided teaching is that it is time-consuming to prepare course materials. 8. Coursewriter and Pilot are______. 9. For constructive advice, students will have to rely on______. 10. The advantage of computer's capability of storing information has been displayed by the use of______. Passage 2 Growth of trade will depend greatly on availability of energy sources. There may still be a trillion barrels of recoverable oil in the Middle East. But the oil crisis of 1974 has 11 to renewed interest in coal and to a search for 12 sources of energy. Solar, geothermal, and nuclear energy will play a large role in the years to come. Solar energy is available in 13 forms. Buildings can be heated and cooled by direct use of solar radiation, crops and trees, which are the most efficient converters of sunlight into energy, can be grown for their energy potential, wastes can be burned as 14 , sunlight can be converted into DC (direct current) electricity, electric power can be 15 from the sun-warmed surface waters of the ocean, and lastly, solar radiation can be converted into heat that will drive electric power generators. Serious problems still remain as to 16 and storage of solar energy. Geothermal energy is the energy contained within the earth. Heat is abundantly available deep in the earth's core and is constantly being produced. However, this heat is usually located at too deep a level for 17 exploitation. In short, very little is known on the use of geothermal energy, and it has 18 been exploited. Nuclear energy is produced in nuclear power plants. At these plants atoms of uranium are split, thus 19 masses of energy. Another source of energy under development is the nuclear fusion of certain atoms of hydrogen. This could eventually 20 natural gas as a source of energy. A. rarelyB.transformationC.fuelD.replace 25 E. ledF.alternativeG.commercialH.briefly I. derivedJ.variousK.relievingL.releasing M. transportationN.financialO.described Passage 3 For as long as humans have raised crops as a source of food and other products, insects have damaged them. Between 1870 and 1880, locusts ate millions of dollars' worth of crops in the Mississippi Valley. Today in the United States the cotton boll weevil damages about 300 million dollars' worth of crops each year. Additional millions are lost each year to the appetites of other plant-eating insects. Some of these are corn borers, gypsy moths, potato beetles, and Japanese beetles. In modern times, many powerful insecticides(杀虫剂) have been used in an attempt to destroy insects that damage crops and trees. Some kinds of insecticides, when carefully used, have worked well. Yet the same insecticides have caused some unexpected problems. In one large area, an insecticide was used against Japanese beetles, which eat almost any kind of flower or leaf. Shortly afterward, the number of corn borers almost doubled. As intended, the insecticide had killed many Japanese beetles. But it had killed many of the insect enemies of the corn borer as well. In another case, an insecticide was used in Louisiana to kill the troublesome fire ant. The insecticide did not kill many fire ants. It did kill several small animals. It also killed some insect enemies of the sugarcane borer, a much more destructive pest than the fire ants. As a result, the number of sugarcane borers increased and severely damaged the sugarcane crop. To be sure that one insect pest will not be traded for another when an insecticide is used, scientists must perform careful experiments and do wide research. The experiments and research provide knowledge of the possible hazards an insecticide may bring to plant and animal communities. Without such knowledge, we have found that nature sometimes responds to insecticides in unexpected ways. 21. An insecticide was used in Louisiana to kill the troublesome______. A. corn borer B. Japanese beetle B. gypsy moth D. fire ant 22. While it is not directly stated, the article suggests that______. A. insecticides are not dangerous to any small animals B. insecticides do not always accomplish their purposes C. insecticides are no longer being used to kill insects D. insecticides do no harm to people 23. On the whole, the article tells about______. A. the appetites of plant-eating insects B. the best way to kill boll weevils C. the dangers in using insecticides D. the best way to grow crops 24. Which statement does this article lead you to believe? A. All changes are predictable. B. Nothing ever changes in nature. C. Nature is not always predictable. D. Nature always serves man well. 26 25. Scientists perform careful experiments and do wide research because______. A. they must learn to destroy all the insects that we need B. they must be sure one insect pest is not traded for another C. research keeps them from inventing new insecticide for the crops D. research helps them find a way to kill all insects Passage 4 Every day 25 million U. S. children ride school buses. The safety record for these buses is much better than for passenger cars; but nevertheless, about 10 children are killed each year riding on large school buses, and nearly four times that number are killed outside buses in the loading zones. By and large, however, the nation's school children are transported to and from school safely. Even though the number of school bus casualties(死亡人数) is not large, the safety of children is always of intense public concern. While everyone wants to see children transported safely, people are divided about what needs to be particularly whether seat belts should be mandatory (J强制性的) done— Supporters of seat belts on school buses argue that seat belts are necessary not only to reduce death and injury, but also to teach children lessons about the importance of using them routinely in any moving vehicle. A side benefit, they point out, is that seat belts help keep children in their seats, away from the bus driver. Opponents of seat belt installation suggest that children are already well protected by the school buses that follow the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration's (NHTSA) safety requirement set in 1977. They also believe that many children won't wear seat belts anyway, and that they may damage the belts or use them as weapons to hurt other children. A new Research Council report on school bus safety suggests that there are alternate safety devices and procedures that may be more effective and less expensive. For example, the study committee suggested that raising seat backs four inches may have the same safety effectiveness as seat belts. The report sponsored by the Department of Transportation at the request of Congress, reviews seat belts extensively while taking a broader look at safety in and around school buses. 26. Each year, children killed outside buses in the loading zones are about_______. A. 10 B. 40 C. 30 D. 50 27. Which of these words is nearest in meaning to the words "are divided" in Paragraph 2? A. disagree B. separate C. arrange D. concern 28. According to the passage, who has the greatest degree of control of the school buses' "safety"? A. A New Research Council. B. The Department of Transportation. 27 C. The Medical Organizations. D. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. 29. It may be inferred from this passage that_______. A. many of the opponents of seat belt installation are parents and officials of the Department of Transportation B. proposal of seat belts on school buses would be seriously considered C. an alternate safety device (raising seat backs four inches) may be taken into consideration D. The Department of Transportation may either take the idea of seat belts or other measures when it reviews the whole situation 30. The best title which expresses the idea of the passage is_______. A. Making School Buses Even Safer for Children B. Seat Belts Needed on School Buses C. Alternate Safety Devices and Procedures D. Safety in and around School Buses 参考答案: Unit Twenty I. Y 2. NG 3. Y 4. Y 5. N 6. N 7. N 8. computer languages 9. human teachers 10. database manipulation packages II. E 12. F 13. J 14. C 15. I 16. M 17. G 18. A 19. L 20. D 21. D 22. B 23. C 24. C 25. B 26. B 27. A 28. D 29. D 30. A Today, most countries in the world have canals.Many countries have built canals near the coast, and parallel 1 the coast.Even in the twentieth century, goods can be moved more cheaply by boat than by any other 2 of transport.These 3 make it possible for boats to travel 4 ports along the coast without being 5 to the dangers of the open.Some canals, such as the Suez and the Panama, save ships weeks of time by making their 6 a thousand miles shorter.Other canals permit boats to reach cities that are not 7 on the coast, still other canals 8 landss where there is too much water, help to 9 fields wherethere is not enough water, and 10 water power for factories and mills.The size of a canal 11 on the kind of boats going through it.The canal must be wide enough to permit two of the largest boats using it to 12 each other easily.It must be deep enough to leave about two feet of water 13 the keel of the largest boat using the canal.When the planet Mars was first 14 through a telescope, people saw that the round disk of the planet was criss-crossed by a 15 of strange blue-green lines.These were called―canals‖ 16 they looked the same as canals on earth 17 are viewed from an airplane.However, scientists are now 18 that the Martian phenomena are really not canals.The photographs 19 from space-ships have helped us to 20 the truth about the Martia―canals‖.(244words) 1.A.off B.with C.to D.by 2.A.way B.means C.method D.approach 3.A.waterways B.waterfronts C.channels D.paths 4.A.among B.between C.in D.to 5.A.revealed B.exposed C.opened D.shown 28 6.A.trip B.journey C.voyage D.route 7.A.lain B.stationed C.set D.located 8.A.escape B.drain C.dry D.leak 9.A.water B.wet C.soak D.irrigate 10.A.furnish B.afford C.offer D.give 11.A.focuses B.bases C.depends D.takes 12.A.cross B.pass C.move D.advance 13.A.down B.below C.beneath D.off 14.A.studied B.researched C.surveyed D.observed 15.A.few B.number C.deal D.supply 16.A.although B.because C.so D.if 17.A.that B.where C.when D.as 18.A.exact B.definite C.certain D.decisive 19.A.held B.taken C.got D.developed 20.A.find B.expose C.uncover D.discover 参考答案+解说: 1.【答案】C【解析】parallel to―与……平行‖,固定搭配。 【答案】B【解析】means of transport―交通工具‖,固定搭配。 2. 3.【答案】A【解析】waterways―水道‖;waterfronts指城市的滨水区;channels指海峡;paths指小路。 4.【答案】B【解析】between指在两个港口间航行。among指三个或三个以上。 5.【答案】B【解析】expose―使暴露、面临‖后接to;reveal―显示‖;show―展示‖;open意为打开。本句意为暴露在危险面前。 6.【答案】C【解析】voyage特指水上航行,其他选项均与水无关。 7.【答案】D【解析】locate―位于‖;stationed―住扎于‖;set―放置于‖。lie则不用被动式。 8.【答案】B【解析】drain指排掉(过多的水);其他选项不符合题意。 9.【答案】D【解析】irrigate指灌溉;soak浸泡,及其他选项不符合题意。 10.【答案】A【解析】与介词for搭配的只有furnish。 11.【答案】C【解析】depend on―取决于‖;base on―把……基于‖;take on―承担‖;focus on为集中注意力。 12.【答案】B【解析】本句的意思是―运河必须有能够允许两条最大的船通过的宽度‖。只有pass―通过―符合句意。Cross―穿过、横跨‖与句意不符。 13.【答案】C【解析】beneath指在……以下,表示位置;down指向下,表方向;below用于抽象概念;off表示距离。 14.【答案】D【解析】表示―用……观测‖,要用observe;study、research指系统研究;survey指调查、检查。 15.【答案】B【解析】a few of是一些的意思,修饰可数名词;a deal of不能修饰可数名词;a number of指大量的;无a supply of的用法。 16.【答案】B【解析】根据句意,这里要用表原因的连词来引导一个状语从句。 17.【答案】A【解析】此处用that指代canals。 18.【答案】C【解析】在四个选项中,只有certain有确信的意思。exact和definite的主语应为事物,decisive不符合句意。 19.【答案】B【解析】take photographs是固定搭配,意为拍照。 29 20.【答案】D【解析】discover指发现抽象的事物;find指发现实物;expose指 暴露;uncover指揭开。后两词不符合句意。 18. then came the weakening of the U.S. dollar against major currencies. [参考译文]其次,美元对世界其他主要货币的比价下跌。 19. Bottom retail prices—anywhere from 30% to 70% lower than those in Europe and Asia—have attracted some 47 million visitors, who are expected to leave behind 79 billion in 1994. [参考译文]比欧洲和亚洲低30%~70%的零售价价格吸引了约四千七百万的游客 于1994年涌入美国,而这些游客为美国留下了79亿美元的收入。 20. It is said that the public and Congressional concern about deceptive(欺骗性 的)packaging rumpus(喧嚣)started because Senator Hart discovered that the boxes of cereals consumed by him, Mrs. Hart, and their children were becoming higher and narrower, with a decline of net weight from 12 to 10 1/2 ounces, without any reduction in price. [参考译文]参议员哈特一家在购买合装麦片时发现,包装盒变高了,变窄了,食 品的分量也减少了,然而价格却分文未降。据说,由此在公众和议会中引发了 一场关于欺骗性商品包装的轩然大波。 21. The producers of packaged products argue strongly against changing sizes of packages to contain even weights and volumes, but no one in the trade comments unfavorably on the huge costs incurred by endless changes of package sizes, materials, shape, art work, and net weights that are used for improving a product’s market position. [参考译文]生产包装产品的商家极力反对在改变了包装上原有分量的商品,但他 们却丝毫不反对为了扩大产品的市场优势,用于不断改变包装的大小、用料、 形状、制作工艺以及商品的净重的大笔花费。 22. If the bottom half can’t effectively staff the processes that have to be operated, the management and professional jobs that go with these processes will disappear. [参考译文]如果生产工人不能有效地完成有关的生产过程,那么,与这些过程相 关的管理和专业职位亦将不复存在。 23. The biographer has to dance between two shaky positions with respect to the subject. 全句的字面意思是:传记作家不得不在与传主所处的摇摆不定位置之间跳来跳 致病去。 隐含之义为:传记作家必须与传主保持适当距离,并要时常调整与传主间的距 离。 24. In book promotions, the ―unauthorized‖ characterization usually suggests the prospect of juicy gossip that the subject had hoped to suppress. [参考译文]推销书时,未经授权的传记往往意味着读者有可能从中读到传主不希 望公之于众的,绘声绘色的内幕故事。 预测十一 Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay on the topic College Students’ Job Hunting. You should write at least 120 words following the outline given below. 1. 近几年出现了大学生就业难的现象 30 2. 产生这种现象的原因(如大学生追求的目标过高,专业不对口等) 3. 如何解决这一问题(改变就业观念,大学生再培训等) 参考范文: College Students’ Job Hunting In recent years, college students find it increasingly difficult to get a job. It sounds strange since young college students are usually intelligent, well-educated phenomenon, aspirant and eager to bring their talent into full play. Then what underlies the strange phenomenon? There are several reasons for this. To begin with, nowadays college students aim too high. All they want are ―good‖ jobs which could offer good salary, comfortable working conditions, high social status among others. Consequently, most college students are unwilling to accept vacant jobs they consider not ―good‖ enough. Another reason is that there is a big gap between the majors some students study in school and the demands of vacant jobs. So companies think some students are not fit for the jobs. Solution to the problem requires efforts on both the society and the students. The companies should value the students, talent and knowledge while the latter should not merely aim at material gains. They should be down-to–earth in building up their career. Furthermore, they should face their weak points so as to improve themselves and be more competent. 点评:本预测题为社会热点话题。近年来大学生就业难日益成为各级政府及社 会各方面关注的焦点,媒体也广泛报道了大学生就业形势严峻,呼吁全社会共 同努力;此外,该预测题也与大学生就业密切相关,也是四级作文选题重点之 一。 Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic Young People Should Have Combatant Spirit. You should write at least 150 words and base your composition on the outline given below: 1)现在很多年轻人缺乏拼搏精神 2)导致这一问题的原因是什么 3)大学生应该加强拼搏精神 【思路点拨】 本题属于提纲式文字命题。提纲第1点要求指出一个问题,指纲第2点要求分 析导致该问题的原因,提纲第3点要求说明如何解决该问题,由此可判断本文 应为问题解决型作文。 根据所给提纲,本文应包含以下内容:描述年轻人缺乏拼搏精神的现状;分析 导致这一问题的原因;说明大学生应该如何加强拼搏精神。 【参考范文】 Young People Should Have Combatant Spirit Nowadays, quite a few people believe that combatant spirit is essential for one’s success in today’s competitive world. However, some young people today think nothing of this spirit which,in their opinion, is only needed in revolutionary age. Even worse, when facing the difficulties, they will choose to yield or cower without making any efforts. There are many factors resulting in young people’s lack of combatant spirit. 31 Among these, comfortable living environment plays a vital role. Today’s parents provide nearly everything to the children, which results in the children’s lack of motivation for striving on their own. What’s more, the present education system does not pay much attention to help the young people build up the combatant spirit. Considering the importance of combatant spirit, I think it is high time to take effective measures to strengthen young people’s combatant spirit. Above all, parents shouldn’t spoil their children and should ask their children to strive for what they intend to obtain. Moreover, schools should build a better environment for students to develop their struggle and aggressive spirit. Besides, young people themselves should adjust their minds and follow the examples of those people in history or around us who achieve their success under the stimulation of combatant spirit. In a word, it is an urgent thing for today’s young people to enhance combatant spirit. Passage Sixteen (Crime in Computer) New and bizarre crimes have come into being with the advent of computer technology. Organized crime to has been directly involved; the new technology offers it unlimited opportunities, such as data crimes, theft of services, property-related crimes, industrial sabotage, politically related sabotage, vandalism, crimes against the individual and financially related crimes… Theft of data, or data crime, has attracted the interest of organized criminal syndicates. This is usually the theft or copying of valuable computer grogram. An international market already exists for computerized data, and specialized fences are said to be playing a key role in this rapidly expanding criminal market. Buyers for stolen programs may range from a firm’s competitors to foreign nations. A competitor sabotages a company’s computer system to destroy or cripple the firm’s operational ability, thus neutralizing its competitive capability either in the private or the government sector. This computer sabotage may also be tied to an attempt by affluent investors to acquire the victim firm. With the growing reliance by firms on computers for their recordkeeping and daily operations, sabotage of their computers can result in internal havoc, after which the group interested in acquiring the firm can easily buy it at a substantially lower price. Criminal groups could also resort to sabotage if the company is a competitor of a business owned or controlled by organized crime. Politically motivated sabotage is on the increase; political extremist groups have sprouted on every continent. Sophisticated computer technology arms these groups with awesome powers and opens technologically advanced nations to their attack. Several attempts have already been made to destroy computer facility at an air force base. A university computer facility involved in national defence work suffered more than 2 million in damages as a result of a bombing. Computer vulnerability has been amply documented. One congressional study concluded that neither government nor private computer systems are adequately protected against sabotage. Organized criminal syndicates have shown their 32 willingness to work with politically motivated groups. Investigators have uncovered evidence of cooperation between criminal groups and foreign governments in narcotics. Criminal groups have taken attempts in assassinating political leaders…. Computers are used in hospital life-support system, in laboratories, and in major surgery. Criminals could easily turn these computers into tools of devastation. By sabotaging the computer of a life-support system, criminals could kill an individual as easily as they had used a gun. By manipulating a computer, they could guide awesome tools of terror against large urban centers. Cities and nations could become hostages. Homicide could take a now form. The computer may become the hit man of the twentieth century. The computer opens vast areas of crime to organized criminal groups, both national and international. It calls on them to pool their resources and increase their cooperative efforts, because many of these crimes are too complex for one group to handle, especially those requiting a vast network of fences. Although criminals have adapted to computer technology, law enforcement has not. Many still think in terms of traditional criminology. 1.How many kinds of crimes are mentioned in the passage? [A]. 7. [ B]. 8. [C]. 9. [D]. 10 2.What is the purpose of a competitor to sabotage a company’s computer? [A]. His purpose is to destroy or weaken the firm’s operational ability. [ B]. His purpose is to weaken firm’s competitive capability and get it. [C]. His purpose is to buy the rival’s company at a relatively low price. [D]. His purpose is to steal important data. 3.Which of the following can be labeled as a politically motivated sabotage of a computer system? [A]. Sabotage of a university computer. [ B]. Sabotage of a hospital computer. [C]. Sabotage of computer at a secret training base. [D]. Sabotage of a factory computer. 4.What does the author mean by ―Homicide could take a new form‖? [A]. There is no need to use a gun in killing a person. [ B]. Criminals can kill whoever they want by a computer. [C]. The computer can replace any weapons. [D]. The function of a computer is just like a gun. Vocabulary: 1. bizarre 奇怪的 2. vandalism 破坏,故意破坏文化,艺术的行为 3. cripple 使瘫痪,削弱 4. fence 贼市,脏品买卖处 5. neutralize 使成为无效 6. affluent 富裕的 7. recordkeeping 存贮 8. havoc 浩劫,大破坏 9. resort to 求助于,借助于 33 10. motivate 作为……的动机,激发 11. extremist 过激分子,极端主义分子 12. sprout 萌发迅速发展 13. awesome 令人惊惧的,引起敬畏的 14. vulnerability 易受攻击,脆弱 15. devastation 劫持,破坏 16. hospital life-support system 医院的生命维持系统 17. hit man 职业凶手(杀手) 18. pool 集中(资金)合办,入股 19. criminology 犯罪学,刑事学 难句译注: 1.Organized crime to has been directly involved; the new technology offers it unlimited opportunities, such as data crimes, theft of services, property-related crimes, industrial sabotage, politically related sabotage, vandalism, crimes against the individual and financially related crimes… [结构简析] 句子很长,都是简单句,中间有分号隔开,后面是举例。 [参考译文] 有组织犯罪团伙也直接参与:计算机新技术较为犯罪提供了无限的 机会,如数据信息犯罪,偷窃服务项目,跟财产有关的犯罪,工业破坏,跟政 治有关的破坏,破坏文化艺术,对个人和财经方面的罪行等等。 2.An international market already exists for computerized data, and specialized fences are said to be playing a key role in this rapidly expanding criminal market. [结构简析] 并列句,and 作对比连接词用。 [参考译文] 一个计算机信息的国际市场已经存在,而专门从事脏品交易的市场 据说在迅速扩展的犯罪市场中起着关键的作用。 3.A competitor sabotages a company’s computer system to destroy or cripple the firm’s operational ability, thus neutralizing its competitive capability either in the private or the government sector. [结构简析] 主谓宾补结构,后跟thus+从句表示结果。 [参考译文] 竞争对手破坏一个公司的计算机系统为的是摧毁或削弱公司的操作 运行能力,从而使其丧失在私人或政府部门中的竞争力。 4.The computer opens vast areas of crime to organized criminal groups, both national and international. It calls on them to pool their resources and increase their cooperative efforts, because many of these crimes are too complex for one group to handle, especially those requiting a vast network of fences. [结构简析] 两句话。前一句为主谓宾,后一句为主从句,从句内采用too…to 句 型,后跟分词独立结构进一步说明。 [参考译文] 计算机为国内和国际有组织犯罪集团开辟了犯罪的广泛领域。它要 求它们集中资源,提高通力协作力量,因为许多犯罪太复杂,一个集团难以驾 驭,特别是那些需要巨大的脏品交易时常网络的罪行。 写作方法与文章大意: ,采用分类写作手法,先列出种种计算机犯罪项,下面文章介绍―计算机犯罪‖ 逐一说明。文本只选四种犯罪——信息数据偷窃或信息(数据)犯罪,产业破 坏,政治破坏,对个人生命破坏。分四段叙述,每段为一种罪行,最后是对比 罪犯势力越来越有组织,势力请大,而司法部门却没有准备好。 34 参考答案+详解: 1.B. ,种,具体罪行。见难句译注,。 2.B. 他的目的是削弱公司竞争力进而得到它。答案见难句译注,及第二段第二句起:―计算机破坏也可以和富裕的投资者欲得到对手的公司的企图相连。随着公司对计算机记录存储的信赖性加强,破坏他们的计算机可以造成内部大破坏。之后,对取得这个公司感性趣的集团很容易在级低价格上买进。‖ A. 削弱公司运转能力。 C. 在相当低的价格上买进对手的公司。这两个选项都只是破坏目的的一个方面。 D. 偷窃重要资料,文内没有讲。 3.C 破坏秘密训练基础。这可以标以政治目的的破坏计算机。 A. 大学 B. 医院 D. 工厂。 这三个地方都难以和政治直接相连,第三段讲的大学是―参与国防保卫工作的大学计算机措施‖,和一般大学不一样。只有秘密训练的基地和真正相连的可能性最大,所以选C. 4.B. 犯罪可以通过计算机任意杀人。答案在第五段:―犯罪集团曾采取步骤暗杀政治领袖。医院的生命维护系统,实验室,大型外科手术中都用计算机。罪犯们很容易把这些计算机转变成破坏的工具。通过破坏生命维护系统计算机,罪犯们就像用枪一样很容易杀死人。通过控制计算机,他们可以指导这可怖的工具攻击大城市中心。城市和国家都可以成为人质。谋杀具有新的形式,计算机可能成为,,世纪的事业杀手。‖ A. 杀人不需要用枪。这话太笼统,不用枪,用什么。用毒药,用刀, C. 计算机可以取代任何武器。 D. 计算机的功能就像枪,错误的。 181even if甚至,即使 182even though (虽然,尽管)表让步; 之后,从此以后)表时间; 183ever since(自从? 184faithful to忠心于 185fall from 从…落下; 186far from毫不,远非 187favor of喜欢 188figure out计算出 189find out查明 190focus on集中于,集中研究 191followed by 接着是; 192for all 尽管; 193for example举例来说 194for instance 和 such as 都表示举例,前者常接句子,后者常接名词或名词短语; 195for instance 例如 196for the purpose of 为了?目的; 197for the sake of为了……起见 198frankly speaking坦白来说 199freedom from免于……(的自由) 200from all appearances从所能见到和所能知道的情况判断 201from all sides 从四面八方,全面地 202from now on从现在开始 203from/by all accounts根据方面所说 35 204gather up拾起,集拢; 205generally speaking一般来说 206get along with进展,相处融洽 207get away逃脱,离开 208get away逃脱,离开 209get down to开始,着手 210get in进入,收获,收集 45. Having evolved when the pace of life was slower, the human brain has an inherent defect that prevents it from absorbing several streams of information simultaneously and acting on them quickly. [参考译文]由于在其进化期间,人类的生活节奏较为缓慢,人脑形成了固有的缺 陷,不能同时接收来自多个渠道的信息并迅速进行处理。 47. In an ideal world, there would be some ways of controlling quality such as that the VCR must be redesigned repeatedly until, say. 90 per cent of the time. [参考译文]理想的社会里,一定会有办法来监控产品的质量。例如,对录像机, 的用户在90%的情况下能正确可以通过反复设计,最终达到,比方说,使90% 使用其90%的功能。 47. We have only to look behind us to get some sense of what may lie ahead. [参考译文]要想知道未来会是什么样子,我们就要回顾过去。或者:回顾过去, 我们可以据此展望未来。 48. No one looking ahead 20 years possibly could have foreseen the ways in which a single invention, the chip, would transform our world thanks to its applications in personal computers, digital communications and factory robots. [参考译文]如果20年前的人们预想现在的情况,恐怕谁也无法预见到仅集成电 路块一项发明,一旦将其运用于个人电脑、数字通信和工厂机器人身上,会给 世界带来怎样的变化。 49. Interestingly, though, the rise of the unattractive overnight successes was attributed more to personal relationships and less to ability than was that of attractive overnight successes. [参考译文]然而,有趣的是,如果长相平平的女士和漂亮的女士都有突然获得成 功,人们会认为长相平平的女士的人际关系比漂亮女士好,而她们的能力却不 如漂亮女士。 50. Most of these books, as well as several chapters, mainly in, but not limited to, journalism and broadcasting handbooks and reporting texts, stress the ―how to ‖ aspects of journalistic interviewing rather than the conceptual aspects of the interview, its context, and implications. [参考译文]大多数的这类书和一些章节强调如何进行采访,而不是研究采访的概 念性问题,比如采访的概念性问题,比如采访的背景以及含义。这些章节主要 见于,但也不限于,报章杂志、广播手册以及新闻报道的书籍中。 Unit Nineteen Passage 1 Etiquette (礼仪) The origins of etiquette—the conventional rules of behavior and ceremonies observed in polite society—are complex. One of them is respect for authority. 36 From the most primitive times, subjects(臣民) showed respect for their ruler by bowing, prostrating themselves on the ground, not speaking until spoken to, and never turning their backs to the throne. Some rulers developed rules to stress even further the respect due to them. The emperors of Byzantium expected their subjects to kiss their feet. When an ambassador from abroad was introduced, he had to touch the ground before the throne with his forehead. Meanwhile the throne itself was raised in the air so that, on looking up, the ambassador saw the ruler far above him, haughty and remote. Absolute rulers have, as a rule, made etiquette more complicated rather than simpler. The purpose is not only to make the ruler seem almost godlike, but also to protect him from familiarity, for without some such protection his life, lived inevitably in the public eye, would be intolerable. The court of Louis XIV of France provided an excellent example of a very highly developed system of etiquette. Because the king and his family were considered to belong to France, they were almost continually on show among their courtiers (朝臣). They woke, prayed, washed and dressed before crowds of courtiers. Even large crowds watched them eat their meals, and access to their palace was free to all their subjects. Yet this public life was organized so carefully, with such a refinement of ceremonial, that the authority of the King and the respect in which he was held grew steadily throughout his lifetime. A crowd watched him dress, but only the Duke who was his first valet de chamber (贴身男仆) was allowed to hold out the right sleeve of his shirt, only the Prince who was his Grand Chamberlain could relieve him of his dressing gown, and only the Master of the Wardrobe might help him pull up his trousers. These were not familiarities, nor merely duties, but highly desired privileges. Napoleon recognized the value of ceremony to a ruler. When he became Emperor, he discarded the revolutionary custom of calling everyone "citizen", restored much of the Court ceremonial that the Revolution had destroyed, and recalled members of the nobility to instruct his new court in the old formal manners. Rules of etiquette may prevent embarrassment and even serious disputes. The general rule of social precedence is that people of greater importance precede those of lesser importance. Before the rules of diplomatic precedence were worked out in the early sixteenth century, rival ambassadors often fought for the most honourable seating position at a ceremony. Before the principle was established that ambassadors of various countries should sign treaties in order of seniority, disputes arose as to who should sign first. The establishment of rules for such matters prevented uncertainty and disagreement, as to rules for less important occasions. For example, at an English wedding, the mother of the bridegroom should sit in the first pew or bench on the right-hand side of the church. The result is dignity and order. Outside palace circles, the main concern of etiquette has been to make harmonious the behaviour of equals, but sometimes social classes have used etiquette as a weapon against intruders, refining their manners in order to mark 37 themselves off from the lower classes. In sixteenth-century Italy and eighteenth-century France, decreasing prosperity and increasing social unrest led the ruling families to try to preserve their superiority by withdrawing from the lower and middle classes behind barriers of etiquette. In a prosperous community, on the other hand, polite society soon absorbs the newly rich, and in England there has never been any shortage of books on etiquette for teaching them the manners appropriate to their new way of life. Every code of etiquette has contained three elements: basic moral duties; practical rules which promote efficiency; and artificial, optional graces such as formal compliments to, say, women on their beauty or superiors on their generosity and importance. In the first category are consideration for the weak and respect for age. Among the ancient Egyptians the young always stood in the presence of older people. Among the Mponguwe of Tanzania, the young men bow as they pass the huts of the elders. In England, until about a century ago, young children did not sit in their parents' presence without asking permission. Practical rules are helpful in such ordinary occurrences of social life as making proper introductions at parties or other functions so that people can be brought to know each other. Before the invention of the fork, etiquette directed that the fingers should be kept as clean as possible; before the handkerchief came into common use, etiquette suggested that, after spitting, a person should rub the spit inconspicuously (难以察觉的) underfoot. Extremely refined behavior, however, cultivated as an art of gracious living, has been characteristic only of societies with wealth and leisure, which admitted women as the social equals of men. After the fall of Rome, the first European society to regulate behavior in private life in accordance with a complicated code of etiquette was twelfth-century Provence, in France. Provence had become wealthy. The lords had returned to their castles from the crusades (十字军东征) , and there the ideals of chivalry (武士) grew up, which emphasized the virtue and gentleness of women and demanded that a knight (骑士) should profess a pure and dedicated love to a lady who would be his inspiration, and to whom he would dedicate his brave deeds, though he would never come physically close to her. This was the introduction of the concept of romantic love, which was to influence literature for many hundreds of years and which still lives on in a belittled form in simple popular songs and cheap novels today. In Renaissance Italy too, in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, a wealthy and leisured society developed an extremely complex code of manners, but the rules of behavior of fashionable society had little influence on the daily life of the lower classes. Indeed many of the rules, such as how to enter a banquet room, or how to use a sword or handkerchief for ceremonial purposes, were irrelevant to the way of life of the average working man, who spent most of his life outdoors or in his own poor hut and most probably did not have a handkerchief, certainly not a 38 sword, to his name. Yet the essential basis of all good manners does not vary. Consideration for the old and weak and the avoidance of harming or giving unnecessary offence to others is a feature of all societies everywhere and at all levels from the highest to the lowest. You can easily think of dozens of examples of customs and habits in your own daily life which come under this heading. 1. Etiquette simply serves the purpose of showing respect for authority. 2. Louis XIV of France made etiquette very complicated to avoid familiarity. 3. People of all societies and social ranks observe the good manners of consideration for the weak and respect for age. 4. Napoleon discarded aristocratic privileges when he became Emperor of France. 5. Etiquette has been used to distinguish people from different classes. 6. In Europe, the newly rich have added new ingredients to etiquette while they are learning to behave appropriately for a new way of life. 7. After the sixteenth century, fights between ambassadors over precedence were a common occurrence. 8. Extremely refined behaviour had ______ on the life of the working class. 9. Basic moral duties are one of the_______of every code of etiquette. 10. According to the passage, the concept of romantic love was introduced in_______. Passage 2 The economy of the United States after 1952 was the economy of a well-fed, almost fully employed people. Despite 11 alarms, the country escaped any postwar depression and lived in a 12 of boom. An economic survey of the year 1955, a typical year of the 1950's, may be typical as 13 the rapid economic growth of the decade. The national output was 14 at 10 percent above that of 1954(1955 output was estimated at 392 billion dollars). The production of manufactures was about 40 percent more than it had 15 in the years immediately following World War I . The country's business spent about 30 billion dollars for new factories and machinery. National income 16 for spending was almost a third greater than it had been in 1950. Consumers spent about 256 billion dollars; that is about 700 million dollars a day, or about twenty-five million dollars every hour, all round the 17 . Sixty-five million people held jobs and only a little more than two million wanted jobs but could not find them. Only agriculture 18 that it was not sharing in the boom. To some observers this was a sad reflection of the mid-1920's. As farmers' share of their products 19 , marketing costs rose. But there were, among the observers of the national economy, a few who were not as confident as the majority. Those few seemed to fear that the boom could not last long and would 20 lead to the opposite—depression. A. eventuallyB.averagedC.graduallyD.state E. valuedF.formG.declinedH.occasional I. casualJ.arguedK.descendedL.complained M. clockN.availableO.illustrating 39 Passage 3 In the last two hundred years there have been great changes in the method of production of goods. This is now also true of the building industry; for mechanization has been introduced. System building can save both time and money. The principle of system building is that the building is made from a set of standard units. These are either made at the building-site or at a factory. Some designers, in fact, are standardizing the dimensions of rooms. They are made in multiples of a single fixed length, usually ten centimeters. This is called a modular (件的) system, and it means that manufactures can produce standardized fittings at a lower cost. The most important fact about system building is its speed. A ten-storey flat, for example, can be completed in four months. There are several new methods of system building. One is the panel method. In this case, the construction company sometimes erects a factory on the site. The walls and floors of the building, called panels, are cast in a horizontal or vertical position. Conduits for electrical wires and sleeves for pipes are cast in the panels when they are being made. The moulds for making these castings are situated all around the building. After the concrete panels are cast, they are allowed to set and harden for a week. Next they are lifted by a tower crane on to any section of the building. There the panels are cemented together at their joints and the floor covering is laid. After the panels have been cemented together, the crane lifts a case into the area. It contains all the fittings to be installed, such as wash-basins, radiators and pipes. Finishing tradesmen, such as plumbers, plasterers, painters and electricians, follow behind to complete the work. In some building developments, in some countries, whole flats with internal features like their bathrooms, bedrooms and connecting stairs, and weighing as much as twenty tons, are carried to the building-site ready-made. A giant overhead crane is used to lift them into position. In the future, this method may become more widespread. 1. The main difference between panel method and the method discussed in the last paragraph is_______. A. the latter uses ready-made internal features B. panels are cast in a level position C. the former is used to build walls and floors while the latter to construct bathrooms or bedrooms D. the former is more expensive than the latter 22. Which of these statements is TRUE of system building? A. It employs more men. B. It is difficult and dangerous. C. It can save both time and money. D. It means less mechanization. 23. According to the passage, the principle of system building is that_______. A. construction methods are safer B. buildings are made from a set of standardized units 40 C. similar buildings can be produced D. all units are produced on the site 24. The usual fixed length in the modular system is_______. A. twenty centimeters B. ten millimeters C. fifty centimeters D. ten centimeters 25. What lifts the concrete panels onto the building? A. Cranes. B. Man-power. C. Pulleys. D. Hydraulic jacks. Passage 4 According to the latest research in the' United States of America, men and women talk such different languages that it is like people from two different cultures trying to communicate. Professor Deborah Tannen of Georgetown University, has noticed the difference in the style of boy's and girl's conversations from an early age. She says that little girls' conversation is less definite than boys' and expresses more doubts. Little boys use conversation to establish status with their listeners. These differences continue into adult life, she says. In public conversations, men talk most and interrupt other speakers more. In private conversations, men and women speak in equal amounts—although they say things in a different style. Professor Tannen believes that, for woman, private talking is a way to establish and test intimacy. For men, private talking is a way to explore the power structure of a relationship. Teaching is one job where the differences between men's and women's ways of talking show. When a man teaches a woman, says Professor Tannen, he wants to show that he has more knowledge, and hence more power in conversation. When a woman teaches another woman, however, she is more likely to take a sharing approach and to encourage her student to join in. But Professor Tannen does not believe that women are naturally more helpful. She says women feel they achieve power by being able to help others. Although the research suggests men talk and interrupt people more than women, Professor Tannen says, women actually encourage this to happen because they believe it will lead to more intimacy and help to establish a relationship. Some scientists who are studying speech think that the brain is preprogrammed for language. As we are usually taught to speak by women, it seems likely that the brain must have a sexual bias(倾向性) in its programming, otherwise male speech patterns would not arise at all. 26. In the opinion of the writer, women encourage men to talk because A. it will lead to more intimacy and help to establish a relationship B. it will help to establish status with their listeners C. it will help to express more clearly D. it will help to communicate better 27. There are_______in little girls' conversation than in boys'. A. fewer doubts B. more demands 41 C. more doubts D. fewer uncertainties 28. Some scientists believe that brain is pre-programmed for language. The word "pre programmed" means_______. A. programmed already B. programmed before one is born C. programmed early D. programmed by women 29. In private conversation, women speak A. the same things as men B. less than men C. more than men D. as much as men 30. The theme of this article is _______. A. women are naturally more helpful B. men and women talk different languages C. men talk most and interrupt other speakers more D. little girls' conversation is less definite 参考答案: Unit Nineteen I. N 2. Y 3. Y 4. N 5. Y 6. NG 7. N 8. little influence 9. three elements 10. twelfth-century Provence, France II. H 12. D 13. O 14. E 15. B 16. N 17. M 18. L 19. G 20. A 21. A 22. C 23. B 24. D 25. A 26. A 27. C 28. B 29. D 30. B Reading involves looking at graphic symbols and formulating mentally the sounds and ideas they represent.Concepts of reading have changed 1 over the centuries.During the 1950's and 1960's especially, increased attention has been devoted to 2 the reading process. 3 specialists agree that reading 4 a complex organization of higher mental 5 , they disagree 6 the exact nature of the process.Some experts, who regard language primarily as a code using symbols to represent sounds, 7 reading as simply the decoding of symbolssintosthe sounds they stand 8 . These authorities 9 that meaning, being concerned with thinking, must be taught independently of the decoding process.Others maintain that reading is 10 related to thinking, and that a child who pronounces sounds without 11 their meaning is not truly reading.The reader, 12 some, is not just a person with a theoretical ability to read but one who 13 reads. Many adults, although they have the ability to read, have never read a book in its 14 .By some expert they would not be 15 as readers.Clearly, the philosophy, objectives, methods and materials of reading will depend on the definition one use.By the most 16 and satisfactory definition, reading is the ability to 17 the sound-symbols code of the language, to interpret meaning for various 18 , at various rates, and at various levels of difficulty, and to do 19 widely and enthusiastically. 20 reading is the interpretation of ideas through the use of symbols representing sounds and ideas.(245words) 1.A.substantively B.substantially C.substitutively D.subjectively 2.A.define and describe B.definition and description C.defining and describing D.have defined and described 42 3.A.Although B.If C.Unless D.Until 4.A.involves B.involves to C.is involved D.involves of 5.A.opinions B.effects C.manners D.functions 6.A.of B.about C.for D.into 7.A.view B.look C.reassure D.agree 8.A.by B.to C.off D.for 9.A.content B.contend C.contempt D.contact 10.A.inexplicably B.inexpressibly C.inextricably D.inexpediently 11.A.interpreting B.saying C.explaining D.reading 12.A.like B.for example C.according to D.as 13.A.sometimes B.might C.practical D.actually 14.A.entire B.entirety C.entirely D.entity 15.A.classed B.granted C.classified D.graded 16.A.inclusive B.inclinable C.conclusive D.complicated 17.A.break up B.elaborate C.define D.unlock 18.A.purposes B.degrees C.stages D.steps 19.A.such B.so as C.so D.such as 20.A.By the way B.In short C.So far D.On the other hand 参考答案+解析: 1.【答案】B【解析】substantively―实质地‖;substantially―大量地‖; substitutively―可替代地‖;subjectively―主观地‖。本句意为经过几个世纪,阅读 的概念已经改变了很多。 2.【答案】C【解析】在这里to是介词,后接名词或动名词。因本句中the reading process前也应有动词,故选动名词。 3.【答案】A【解析】although表示―尽管‖,符合句意。 4.【答案】A 【解析】involve使卷入、包括;被动语态时用be involved in; 没有involve to和involve of的用法。 5.【答案】D【解析】mental function智力活动。Opinion―意见‖;manner―行 为‖;effect―影响‖,这三项与mental搭配不妥。 6.【答案】B【解析】disagree about/on―对……有不同意见‖,在这一含义上 不能用其他介词。 7.【答案】A【解析】view…as把……看作。 8.【答案】D 【解析】stand for―代表‖;stand by―支持‖;stand to―遵守‖; stand off―冷淡‖。 9.【答案】B【解析】contend―争论‖;content―含量、容量‖;contempt―轻 视、蔑视‖;contact―接触、联系‖。根据句意,此处应选contend,意为这些权 威争论说……。 10.【答案】A【解析】inexplicably―无法解释地‖;inextricably―无法摆脱的‖; inexpressibly―说不出地‖;inexpediently―不适当地、不明智地‖。本句意为其他 人坚持认为阅读无法解释地与思考联系在一起。 43 11.【答案】A【解析】interpreting―理解‖;explaining―解释‖。本句意为一 个孩子能发出声音而不理解所读的含义,不能叫做真正的阅读。 12.【答案】C【解析】在这里according to some是说―根据一些人的观点‖。 13.【答案】D【解析】actually―事实上地‖;practical是形容词,不能修饰 动词。这里actually和前半句的theoretical是在词意上的相对,符合句意。 14.【答案】B【解析】代词its后接名词,四项选择中只有B、D项是名词。 entirety―整体‖;entity―实体‖。in its entirety指整体地、全面地。 15.【答案】C【解析】be classified as―被划分、被分类到‖;be granted―被 授予‖。 16.【答案】C 【解析】conclusive―确定的‖;inclusive―包括的、包围的‖; inclinable―倾向于、赞成的‖;complicated―复杂的‖。the most conclusive是最高 级,指最确定性的。 ;elaborate―详细说明、论述‖; 17.【答案】D【解析】unlock―解开、破译‖ define―解释、限定‖;break up―解散‖。 18.【答案】A【解析】for various purposes因为各种各样的原因,与上下文 相符。 19.【答案】C【解析】此处用副词so修饰widely。 。By the 20.【答案】B【解析】根据文意,此处要作总结,选in short―总之‖ way顺便说,So far到目前为止,on the other hand另一方面。 10. The current crisis, it contends, does not derive from a legitimate desire to put learning to productive ends. [参考译文]报告坚持认为,当前高校面临的危机不是由将知识运用于生产这一指 导思想导致的,这一思想是完全正确的。 11. Yet for all the talk of a forthcoming technological utopia little attention has been given to the implications of these developments for the poor. [参考译文]然而,尽管人们正在大谈特谈即将到来的令人神往的科技王国,却很 少有人意识到这些技术发展中国家意味着什么。 12. The electronic economy made possible by information technology allows the haves to increase their control on global market, —with destructive impact on the have-nots. [参考译文]信息技术使电子经济成为可能,而电子经济将进一步加强富国对全球 市场的控制,从而给穷国家带来毁灭性的影响。 13. Home schoolers habor few kind words for public schools, charging shortcomings that range from lack of religious perspective in the curriculum to a herdlike approach to teaching children. [参考译文]家庭教育的倡导对学校教育鲜有褒奖,他们指责学校教育的种种弊 端,从课和表上没有宗教课到放牧的教育方法,不一而足。 14. Finally, advertisers try to begin commercials with sounds that are highly different from those of programming within which the commercial is buried. [参考译文]最后,广告人员还运用各种方法使广告节目的声音不同于其他节目的 声音。 15. The act, designed to protect species’ living areas, and policies that preserve land and forests compete with economic interests. [参考译文]这一旨在保护动物生活场所的法案以及一些保护土地及森林的政策 44 却与经济利益相抵触。 16. Once again, the scientists have caught us mouthing pieties while acting just the contrary. [参考译文]你会说以貌取人不是美国人的做法,这不公平,令人难以置信然而, 科学家们又一次证明我们言行不一。 17. Not content with its doubtful claim to produce cheap food for our own population, the factory farming industry also argues that ―hungry nations are benefiting from advances made by the poultry industry.‖ [参考译文]工厂养殖业已不满足于我国人口提供廉价食物的可疑说法,进一步提 出了―让贫困国家从家禽养殖业的发展中受益‖的论调。 预测十 Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay entitled Blog. You should write at least 120 words based on the chart and outline given below: 下图是2007年1-10月中国博客服务人均月度有效浏览时间及增长率,描述变化, 说明原因。 参考范文: Blog This histogram shows the number of people using blog services from January to October in 2007. From it we can see that the number of users increased monthly from January to August, except February. After two peak months, July and August, the number dropped slightly in September, while in October it picked up again. Possible reasons for these changes are first, in February Chinese people celebrated the most important festival——Chinese New Year. This means more people spent more time with their families and friends, and therefore they didn’t have as much time for surfing online. Secondly, college students are the main users of blog services. While in July and August,they had summer holidays, which enabled them to have more spare time reading and writing blogs. Thirdly, with improvements of blog services and the influence of some ―star bloggers‖, most of whom are celebrities, blogs are becoming an important way for people to express themselves and communicate with others. So more and more people are starting to use these services, which help explain the overall increase shown here. 点评:这是一篇图表题。 可以看出,整体呈增长趋势。但是,二月和九月有所 下降。所以,分析的时候要照顾各个方面。 45
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