在职MPA强化笔记1

在职MPA强化笔记1 To know English To know the exam Unfamiliar 不熟悉的 Accuracy:精确度 Speed 基本点包括: 语法 词汇 阅读 To know English(英语是结构性语言) Structure 1. sentence patterns 包括基本句型和特殊句型 基本句型包括: 1. 主语+谓语(不及物动词) 2. 主语+谓语(及物动词)+宾语 3. 主语+be+主语补足语 4. 主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语 例如:Modern life makes me crazy. 5. 主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语 Modern life gives me a lot of opportunities. Jack repaired the TV set for Marry. Jack borrow a lot of money from me.若是:Jack borrowed a lot of money for me.则意为:Jack 帮我借了很多的 钱。 动词根据是否需要带宾语可分为及物动词和不及物动词。 动词可分为实义动词，助动词(be, do, have, shall, will) 情态动词 半系动词: 1. 表“变得，变成”的动词:become, come, go, fall, get, grow, run, turn等 2. 表保持状态的动词:continue, keep, lie, remain, stand, stay. 3. 表看上去好像的动词:seem, appear, look. 4. 表感官动词:feel, taste, smell, sound. 这些半系动词相当于be动词，后面可以跟形容词做主语补足语。 Bomb suicide自杀性爆炸 两个特殊: 例外1: There be ….存在句。 1. There be sb/sth in place. Candidates 候选人，考生 There are 150 candidates in the classroom. There are 1.5 million cars in Shenzhen city. There is a leader and 150 students in this classroom.(注意这是主谓一致中的就近原则) 主谓一致中的出乎意料原则: Every boy and every girl is good. Tom and Marry are friends. Rice and eggs is my favorite.蛋炒饭是我的最爱。 其他类似的有:War and Peace战争与和平, love and hatred爱与恨, knife and fork刀叉，the writer and professor作家兼教授等等后面的动词都要用单数的形式。 2. There be sb/sth doing(表主动或进行)/to do(表将来/目的)/ done(表被动或完成). 表示主动或进行的要用doing 例:There are 150 students taking class in the room. I found that there were many people wandering/walking/looking around in the street. 若用将来时则要用to do. 例:My aim/goal/purpose is to pass post-graduate exam this year. There are 30 students to take part in GCT examination in our class. 表示被动或完成则要用done 例:It is said that there are four people killed in the bomb happened in Changsha. It is reported that there are 100 thousand people killed in Wenchuan earthquake. There are many tables/desks used for students to take class in the room. It is important for us to study English. It is very kind of you to lend me so much money. It is vital for us to study English well. 注意:当形式主语中的形容词是用来修饰动词不定式时，要用for sb. 当形式主语中的形容词是对逻辑主语进行修饰时，则要用of sb. 3. There can be no doubt that…毫无疑问…. 4. There be +变化+方面 It is said that there is a great decline/drop/fall in the price of houses in Shenzhen city. 例外二 It 句型: (1)作形式主语:It is adj + (that +SVO)/to do sth/for sb to do 用it来做形式主语主要是为了在结构上避免头重脚轻的现象，语义上表达说话人的态度。 例: It is very important for us to study English. It is necessary for those who have graduated from university for many years to take part in English training. It is useful to drink water. It is a great honor for someone to do charity cause. It is life honor for me to marry you. (2)形式宾语 S+V+it+Oc+O 例:We found it quite possible for us to pass post-graduate examination within only three months. We find it not so easy to study English well within three months. Sth+V+it+Oc+O 例:Subway/metro makes it very convenient for us to go to office. The training class makes it easier for us to pass post-graduate exam. 第一课件结束: (3)强调句型: It is+主语/宾语/补语/宾语补足语+that/who We have to take English class in Xin Yang Guang School on Monday evening. 强调句为:It is on Monday evening that we have to take English class in Xin Yang Guang School. 在具体某一天时间的早上,下午，或是晚上时要用on. It is+时间+before+从句(还有…就要…) It is only three months before we have to take part in GCT exam. It is less than one year before I graduate from Beijing University. Stability is everything. 稳定压倒一切。 Stability is of top priority.稳定压倒一切。 扩展句型: Modifiers修饰语，可以由words, phrases, 以及clauses来构成。 不定代词做后置定语: 例如:I have something important to tell you. There is nothing serious. 还有少数以a-开头的形容词作定语也要后置如:people alone/alive. 短语,不定式，动名词，过去分词短语，介词短语，形容词短语，从句等作定语修饰语一般要后置。 例:The girl in glasses is from Guang Dong province. He is the man responsible for the accident. We should master/acquire much knowledge necessary for the future development of Shenzhen city. 做成分的从句有名词性从句如: I believe what you said. (宾语从句) What you said is important.(主语从句) 作修饰用的从句有定语从句和副词性从句即状语从句如: This is the book which is written by Mr. Zhang, who is from Beijing University. 限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句之间的区别在于:非限制性定语从句之前要有逗号隔开，主要是补充说明作用。 English is very important, which is known to all of us. I will never forget the days that we spent in XYG. 注意:that是关系代词在此句中做spent的宾语，所以不能用when,因为when定语从句中作状 语成分。 再如:I will never forget the days when we grew up in Shenzhen. 状语从句包括: 时间，地点，原因，条件，方式，让步，目的，结果，以及比较方式状语从句。 句子的functions 1.句子可以分为simple sentence, compound sentence, complex sentence, compound-complex sentence. I like English, but he hates English. When I was young, I liked drinking mineral water which is produced by Jing Tian Company. Part 2 Noun-grammar 1.可数名词单复数 ne person, two persons O 一些名词变复数是不规则形式:crisis-crises(危机) child-children 名词的四大特殊用法:单数名词当复数用，复数名词当单数用，单复数同形。以及易误用的八大名词包括:information, knowledge, advice, news, equipment, furniture, progress, 以及cash. 这八大名词都是不可数名词。 2.限定词中注意的短语有:a great/large number of +可数名词复数形式。而a great deal/amount of后接不可数名词。 Verb-grammar 1. tense (时态) 2. mood(语气) 3. nonfinite verbs(非谓语动词) (1)动词时态共16种。 My grandfather said that he would have been living in Shenzhen for 50 years by the end of 2010. 此句用的是过去将来完成进行时。 有些动词是不能用被动语态:如:take place, happen, occur, belong to,以及consist of 等。 例:In the past thirty years, great changes have taken place in Shenzhen. Hardly….when/no sooner…than/scarcely….when/rarely…when/barely…when/as soon as 等表示“一…..就”中若从句用的是一般过去时，则主句要用过去完成时。 Hardly had I arrived at the classroom when it began to rain. Measures should be taken to solve to problems of houses. (2) Mood语气 虚拟语气的特点:1.不受时态限制，不受人称限制。2.行为动词都要用过去式中的一种。 虚拟语气主要包括两大块:幻想式虚拟语气和强制性虚拟语气。 幻想式虚拟语气if+SVO, SVO. . S+wish+that SVO. If I had had time yesterday, I would have attended your party.详见基础语法参考21页表格。 强制性虚拟语气: 1.S+V+that+S+V(这里的动词为should do，其中should可以省略)+O 这类动词主要包括:坚持(insist, maintain)命令(command, order)建议(suggest, advise)请求(request, require)等动词。 2. It is+adj+that+SVO It is important/indispensable(必不可少的)/essential(重要的)/advisable(明智的)/vital(重要的)/incredible/amazing/ridiculous(荒谬的 that sb+ (should) do …. 其中:It is incredible/amazing/ridiculous that+S+should do sth.这其中的should 是不能够省略且表达的含义是“竟然，居然”. 虚拟语气中的3种例外: 1. but for, without, otherwise, f only表示“要不是，该…多好”。其中but for, without后需接 名词，而if only, otherwise后接句子。 例如:But for/without your help, I would not have passed the examination so easily. 2. lest that, in case that, for fear that引导的表示“惟恐，以免”，的虚拟语气，从句要用s hould+do. 3. It is (about/high/good) time that..., 表示“该…的时候了’, 从句一般要用一般过去时。 例:It is time that we went home. It is time that we dismissed our class. 非谓语动词:指的是不能单独做谓语的动词形式，也不受主语人称和数的限制。 非谓语动词包括动词不定式to do,现在分词doing, 和过去分词done. 其中注意:动词不定式表示将来，现在分词表示主动或进行，而过去分词表示被动或完成。 I want to go out to see/have a look to see what is happening outside. I took English class, listening to music.