基于单片机的开关电源 毕业设计外文翻译

基于单片机的开关电源 毕业外文翻译 本科毕业设计(论文) 外文参考文献译文及原文 学 院 信息工程学院 专 业 信息工程 年级班别 学 号 学生姓名 指导教师 2013年 # 月 目 录 译文 ................................................................................................................... 1 基于单片机的开关电源 .................................................................................... 1 1、用途...................................................... 1 2、简介...................................................... 1 3、分类...................................................... 2 4、开关电源的分类............................................ 3 5、技术发展动向.............................................. 4 6、原理简介.................................................. 6 7、电路原理.................................................. 7 8、DC/DC变换 ................................................ 8 9、AC/DC变换 ................................................ 8 原文 ................................................................................................................. 10 The design Based onsingle chip switching power supply ................... 10 1、uses ........................................................ 10 2、Introduction ................................................ 10 3、classification .............................................. 11 4、the switching power supply. ................................. 13 5、technology developments ..................................... 14 6、the principle of Introduction ............................... 17 7、the circuit schematic ....................................... 18 8、the DC / DC conversion ...................................... 19 9, AC / DC conversion .......................................... 20 译文 基于单片机的开关电源 1、用途 开关电源产品广泛应用于工业自动化控制、军工设备、科研设备、LED照明、工控设备、通讯设备、电力设备、仪器仪表、医疗设备、半导体制冷制热、空气净化器，电子冰箱，液晶显示器，LED灯具，通讯设备，视听产品，安防，电脑机箱，数码产品和仪器类等领域。 2、简介 随着电力电子技术的高速发展，电力电子设备与人们的工作、生活的关系日益密切，而电子设备都离不开可靠的电源，进入80年代计算机电源全面实现了开关电源化，率先完成计算机的电源换代，进入90年代开关电源相继进入各种电子、电器设备领域，程控交换机、通讯、电子检测设备电源、控制设备电源等都已广泛地使用了开关电源，更促进了开关电源技术的迅速发展。 开关电源是利用现代电力电子技术，控制开关晶体管开通和关断的时间比率，维持稳定输出电压的一种电源，开关电源一般由脉冲宽度调制(PWM)控制IC和开关器件(MOSFET、BJT等)构成。开关电源和线性电源相比，二者的成本都随着输出功率的增加而增长，但二者增长速率各异。线性电源成本在某一输出功率点上，反而高于开关电源。随着电力电子技术的发展和创新，使得开关电源技术在不断地创新，这一成本反转点日益向低输出电力端移动，这为开关电源提供了广泛的发展空间。 开关电源高频化是其发展的方向，高频化使开关电源小型化，并使开关电源进入更广泛的应用领域，特别是在高新技术领域的应用，推动了高新技术产品的小型化、轻便化。另外开关电源的发展与应用在节约能源、节约资源及保护环境方面都具有重要的意义。 1 3、分类 现代开关电源有两种:一种是直流开关电源;另一种是交流开关电源。这里主要介绍的只是直流开关电源，其功能是将电能质量较差的原生态电源(粗电)，如市电电源或蓄电池电源，转换成满足设备要求的质量较高的直流电压(精电)。直流开关电源的核心是DC/DC转换器。因此直流开关 电源的分类是依赖DC/DC转换器分类的。也就是说，直流开关电源的分类与DC/DC转换器的分类是基本相同的，DC/DC转换器的分类基本上就是直 流开关电源的分类。 直流DC/DC转换器按输入与输出之间是否有电气隔离可以分为两类:一类是 式DC/DC有隔离的称为隔离式DC/DC转换器;另一类是没有隔离的称为非隔离 转换器。 隔离式DC/DC转换器也可以按有源功率器件的个数来分类。单管的DC/DC转换器有正激式(Forward)和反激式(Feedback)两种。双管DC/DC转换器 有双管正激式(Double Transistor Forward Converter)，双管反激式(Double Transistor Feedback Converter)、推挽式(Push-Pull Converter) 和半桥式(Half-Bridge Converter)四种。四管DC/DC转换器就是全桥DC/DC转换器(Full-Bridge Converter)。 非隔离式DC/DC转换器，按有源功率器件的个数，可以分为单管、双管和四管三类。单管DC/DC转换器共有六种，即降压式(Buck)DC/DC转换器 ，升压式(Boost)DC/DC转换器、升压降压式(Buck Boost)DC/DC转换器、Cuk DC/DC转换器、Zeta DC/DC转换器和SEPIC DC/DC转换器。在这六种 单管DC/DC转换器中，Buck和Boost式DC/DC转换器是基本的，Buck-Boost、Cuk、Zeta、SEPIC式DC/DC转换器是从中派生出来的。双管DC/DC转换 器有双管串接的升压式(Buck-Boost)DC/DC转换器。四管DC/DC转换器常用的是全桥DC/DC转换器(Full-Bridge Converter)。 隔离式DC/DC转换器在实现输出与输入电气隔离时，通常采用变压器来实现，由于变压器具有变压的功能，所以有利于扩大转换器的输出应用 范围，也 2 便于实现不同电压的多路输出，或相同电压的多种输出。 在功率开关管的电压和电流定额相同时，转换器的输出功率通常与所用开关管的数量成正比。所以开关管数越多，DC/DC转换器的输出功率越大，四管式比两管式输出功率大一倍，单管式输出功率只有四管式的1/4。 非隔离式转换器与隔离式转换器的组合，可以得到单个转换器所不具各的一些特性。 按能量的传输来分，DC/DC转换器有单向传输和双向传输两种。具有双向传输功能的DC/DC转换器，既可以从电源侧向负载侧传输功率，也可以从负载侧向电源侧传输功率。 DC/DC转换器也可以分为自激式和他控式。借助转换器本身的正反馈信号实现开关管自持周期性开关的转换器，叫做自激式转换器，如洛耶尔 (Royer)转换器就是一种典型的推挽自激式转换器。他控式DC/DC转换器中的开关器件控制信号，是由外部专门的控制电路产生的。 4、开关电源的分类 人们在开关电源技术领域是边开发相关电力电子器件，边开发开关变频技术，两者相互促进推动着开关电源每年以超过两位数字的增长率向着轻、小、薄、低噪声、高可靠、抗干扰的方向发展。开关电源可分为AC/DC和DC/DC两大类，也有AC/AC DC/AC 如逆变器 DC/DC变换器现已实现模块化，且设计技术及生产在国内外均已成熟和化，并已得到用户的认可，但AC/DC的模块化，因其自身的特性使得在模块化的进程中，遇到较为复杂的技术和工艺制造问题。以下分别对两类开关电源的结构和特性作以阐述。 自激式:是无须外加信号源能自行振荡，自激式完全可以把它看作是一个变压器反馈式振荡电路。 3 它激式:则完全依赖于外部维持振荡，在实际应用中它激式应用比较广泛。根据激励信号结构分类;可分为脉冲调宽和脉冲调幅两种，脉冲调宽是控制信号的宽度，也就是频率，脉冲调幅控制信号的幅度，两者的作用相同都是使振荡频率维持在某一范围内，达到稳定电压的效果。变压器的绕组一般可以分成三种类型，一组是参与振荡的初级绕组，一组是维持振荡的反馈绕组，还有一组是负载绕组。比如在家用电器中使用的上海正艺科技生产的开关电源，将220V的交流电经过桥式整流，变换成300V左右的直流电，滤波后进入变压器后加到开关管的集电极进行高频振荡，反馈绕组反馈到基极维持电路振荡，负载绕组感应的电信号，经整流、滤波、稳压得到的直流电压给负载提供电能。负载绕组在提供电能的同时，也肩负起稳定电压的能力，其原理是在电压输出电路接一个电压取样装置，监测输出电压的变化情况，及时反馈给振荡电路调整振荡频率，从而达到稳定电压的目的，为了避免电路的干扰，反馈回振荡电路的电压会用光电耦合器隔离。 5、技术发展动向 开关电源高频化是其发展的方向，高频化使开关电源小型化，并使开关电源进入更广泛的应用领域，特别是在高新技术领域的应用，推动了开关电源的发展前进，每年以超过两位数字的增长率向着轻、小、薄、低噪声、高可靠、抗干扰的方向发展。开关电源可分为AC/DC和DC/DC两大类，DC/DC变换器现已实现模块化，且设计技术及生产工艺在国内外均已成熟和标准化，并已得到用户的认可，但AC/DC的模块化，因其自身的特性使得在模块化的进程中，遇到较为复杂的技术和工艺制造问题。另外，开关电源的发展与应用在节约能源、节约资源及保护环境方面都具有重要的意义。 开关电源中应用的电力电子器件主要为二极管、IGBT和MOSFET。 SCR在开关电源输入整流电路及软启动电路中有少量应用，GTR驱动困难，开关频率低，逐渐被IGBT和MOSFET取代。 4 开关电源的发展方向是高频、高可靠、低耗、低噪声、抗干扰和模块化。由于开关电源轻、小、薄的关键技术是高频化，因此国外各大开关电源制造商都致力于同步开发新型高智能化的元器件，特别是改善二次整流器件的损耗，并在功率铁氧体材料上加大科技创新，以提高在高频率和较大磁通密度(Bs)下获得高的磁性能，而电容器的小型化也是一项关键技术。SMT技术的应用使得开关电源取得了长足的进展，在电路板两面布置元器件，以确保开关电源的轻、小、薄。开关电源的高频化就必然对传统的PWM开关技术进行创新，实现ZVS、ZCS的软开关技术已成为开关电源的主流技术，并大幅提高了开关电源的工作效率。对于高可靠性指标，美国的开关电源生产商通过降低运行电流，降低结温等措施以减少器件的应力，使得产品的可靠性大大提高。 模块化是开关电源发展的总体趋势，可以采用模块化电源组成分布式电源系统，可以设计成N+1冗余电源系统，并实现并联方式的容量扩展。针对开关电源运行噪声大这一缺点，若单独追求高频化其噪声也必将随着增大，而采用部分谐振转换电路技术，在理论上即可实现高频化又可降低噪声，但部分谐振转换技术的实际应用仍存在着技术问题，故仍需在这一领域开展大量的工作，以使得该项技术得以实用化。 电力电子技术的不断创新，使开关电源产业有着广阔的发展前景。要加快我国开关电源产业的发展速度，就必须走技术创新之路，走出有中国特色的产学研联合发展之路，为我国国民经济的高速发展做出贡献。 开关电源的发展和趋势 1955年美国罗耶(Roger)发明的自激振荡推挽晶体管单变压器直流变换器，是实现高频转换控制电路的开端，1957年美国查赛(Jen Sen)发明了自激式推挽双变压器，1964年美国科学家们提出取消工频变压器的串联开关电源的设想，这对电源向体积和重量的下降获得了一条根本的途径。到了1969年由于大功率硅晶体管的耐压提高，二极管反向恢复时间的缩短等元器件改善，终于做成了25千赫的开关电源。 目前，开关电源以小型、轻量和高效率的特点被广泛应用于以电子计算机为主导的各种终端设备、通信设备等几乎所有的电子设备，是当今电子信息产 5 业飞速发展不可缺少的一种电源方式。目前市场上出售的开关电源中采用双极性晶体管制成的100kHz、用MOS,FET制成的500kHz电源，虽已实用化，但其频率有待进一步提高。要提高开关频率，就要减少开关损耗，而要减少开关损耗，就需要有高速开关元器件。然而，开关速度提高后，会受电路中分布电感和电容或二极管中存储电荷的影响而产生浪涌或噪声。这样，不仅会影响周围电子设备，还会大大降低电源本身的可靠性。其中，为防止随开关启-闭所发生的电压浪涌，可采用R-C或L-C缓冲器，而对由二极管存储电荷所致的电流浪涌可采用非晶态等磁芯制成的磁缓冲器。不过，对1MHz以上的高频，要采用谐振电路，以使开关上的电压或通过开关的电流呈正弦波，这样既可减少开关损耗，同时也可控制浪涌的发生。这种开关方式称为谐振式开关。目前对这种开关电源的研究很活跃，因为采用这种方式不需要大幅度提高开关速度就可以在理论上把开关损耗降到零，而且噪声也小，可望成为开关电源高频化的一种主要方式。当前，世界上许多国家都在致力于数兆Hz的变换器的实用化研究。 6、原理简介 开关电源的工作过程相当容易理解，在线性电源中，让功率晶体管工作在线性模式，与线性电源不同的是，PWM开关电源是让功率晶体管工作在导通和关断的状态，在这两种状态中，加在功率晶体管上的伏-安乘积是很小的(在导通时，电压低，电流大;关断时，电压高，电流小)/功率器件上的伏安乘积就是功率半导体器件上所产生的损耗。 与线性电源相比，PWM开关电源更为有效的工作过程是通过“斩波”，即把输入的直流电压斩成幅值等于输入电压幅值的脉冲电压来实现的。脉冲的占空比由开关电源的控制器来调节。一旦输入电压被斩成交流方波，其幅值就可以通过变压器来升高或降低。通过增加变压器的二次绕组数就可以增加输出的电压组数。最后这些交流波形经过整流滤波后就得到直流输出电压。 控制器的主要目的是保持输出电压稳定，其工作过程与线性形式的控制器很类似。也就是说控制器的功能块、电压参考和误差放大器，可以设计成与线性调 6 节器相同。他们的不同之处在于，误差放大器的输出(误差电压)在驱动功率管之前要经过一个电压/脉冲宽度转换单元。 开关电源有两种主要的工作方式:正激式变换和升压式变换。尽管它们各部分的布置差别很小，但是工作过程相差很大，在特定的应用场合下各有优点。 7、电路原理 所谓开关电源，顾名思义，就是这里有一扇门，一开门电源就通过，一关门电源就停止通过，那么什么是门呢，开关电源里有的采用可控硅，有的采用开关管，这两个元器件性能差不多，都是靠基极、(开关管)控制极(可控硅)上加上脉冲信号来完成导通和截止的，脉冲信号正半周到来，控制极上电压升高，开关管或可控硅就导通，由220V整流、滤波后输出的300V电压就导通，通过开关变压器传到次级，再通过变压比将电压升高或降低，供各个电路工作。振荡脉冲负半周到来，电源调整管的基极、或可控硅的控制极电压低于原来的设置电压，电源调整管截止，300V电源被关断，开关变压器次级没电压，这时各电路所需的工作电压，就靠次级本路整流后的滤波电容放电来维持。待到下一个脉冲的周期正半周信号到来时，重复上一个过程。这个开关变压器就叫高频变压器，因为他的工作频率高于50HZ低频。那么推动开关管或可控硅的脉冲如何获得呢，这就需要有个振荡电路产生，我们知道，晶体三极管有个特性，就是基极对发射极电压是0.65-0.7V是放大状态，0.7V以上就是饱和导通状态， -0.1V- -0.3V就工作在振荡状态，那么其工作点调好后，就靠较深的负反馈来产生负压，使振荡管起振，振荡管的频率由基极上的电容充放电的时间长短来决定，振荡频率高输出脉冲幅度就大，反之就小，这就决定了电源调整管的输出电压的大小。那么变压器次级输出的工作电压如何稳压呢，一般是在开关变压器上，单绕一组线圈，在其上端获得的电压经过整流滤波后，作为基准电压，然后通过光电耦合器，将这个基准电压返回振荡管的基极，来调整震荡频率的高低，如果变压器次级电压升高，本取样线圈输出的电压也升高，通过光电耦合器获得的正反馈电压也升高，这个电压加到振荡管基极上，就使振荡频率降低，起到了稳定次级输出电压的稳定，太细的工作情况就不必细讲了，也没必要了解的那么细的，这样大功率的电 7 压由开关变压器传递，并与后级隔开，返回的取样电压由光耦传递也与后级隔开，所以前级的市电电压，是与后级分离的，这就叫冷板，是安全的，变压器前的电源是独立的，这就叫开关电源。 8、DC/DC变换 DC/DC变换是将固定的直流电压变换成可变的直流电压，也称为直流斩波。斩波器的工作方式有两种，一是脉宽调制方式Ts不变，改变ton(通用)，二是频率调制方式，ton不变，改变Ts(易产生干扰)。其具体的电路由以下几类: Buck电路——降压斩波器，其输出平均电压U0小于输入电压Ui，极性相同。 Boost电路——升压斩波器，其输出平均电压 开关电源及电路图U0大于输入电压Ui，极性相同。 Buck,Boost电路——降压或升压斩波器，其输出平均电压U0大于或小于输入电压Ui，极性相反，电感传输。 Cuk电路——降压或升压斩波器，其输出平均电 压U0大于或小于输入电压Ui，极性相反，电容传输。 上述为非隔离型电路，隔离型电路有正激电路、反激电路、半桥电路、全桥电路、推挽电路。 当今软开关技术使得DC/DC发生了质的飞跃，美国VICOR公司设计制造的多种ECI软开关DC/DC变换器，其最大输出功率有300W、600W、800W等，相应的功率密度为(6.2、10、17)W/cm3，效率为(80,90)%。日本Nemic Lambda公司最新推出的一种采用软开关技术的高频开关电源模块RM系列，其开关频率为(200,300)kHz，功率密度已达到27W/cm3，采用同步整流器(MOSFET代替肖特基二极管)，使整个电路效率提高到90%。 9、AC/DC变换 AC/DC变换是将交流变换为直流，其功率流向可以是双向的，功率流由电源 8 流向负载的称为“整流”，功率流由负载返回电源的称为“有源逆变”。AC/DC变换器输入为50/60Hz的交流电，因必须经整流、滤波，因此体积相对较大的滤波电容器是必不可少的，同时因遇到安全标准(如UL、CCEE等)及EMC指令的限制(如IEC、、FCC、CSA)，交流输入侧必须加EMC滤波及使用符合安全标准的元件，这样就限制AC/DC电源体积的小型化，另外，由于内部的高频、高压、大电流开关动作，使得解决EMC电磁兼容问题难度加大，也就对内部高密度安装电路设计提出了很高的要求，由于同样的原因，高电压、大电流开关使得电源工作损耗增大，限制了AC/DC变换器模块化的进程，因此必须采用电源系统优化设计方法才能使其工作效率达到一定的满意程度。 AC/DC变换按电路的接线方式可分为，半波电路、全波电路。按电源相数可分为，单相、三相、多相。按电路工作象限又可分为一象限、二象限、三象限、四象限。 开关电源的选用 开关电源在输入抗干扰性能上，由于其自身电路结构的特点(多级串联)，一般的输入干扰如浪涌电压很难通过，在输出电压稳定度这一技术指标上与线性电源相比具有较大的优势，其输出电压稳定度可达(0.5,1)%。开关电源模块作为一种电力电子集成器件，要注意选择。 9 原文 The design Based onsingle chip switching power supply 1、uses The switching power supply products are widely used in industrial automation and control, military equipment, scientific equipment, LED lighting, industrial equipment,communications equipment,electrical equipment,instrumentation, medical equipment, semiconductor cooling and heating, air purifiers, electronic refrigerator, LCD monitor, LED lighting, communications equipment, audio-visual products, security, computer chassis, digital products and equipment and other fields. 2、Introduction With the rapid development of power electronics technology, power electronics equipment and people's work, the relationship of life become increasingly close, and electronic equipment without reliable power, into the 1980s, computer power and the full realization of the switching power supply, the first to complete the computer Power new generation to enter the switching power supply in the 1990s have entered into a variety of electronic, electrical devices, program-controlled switchboards, communications, electronic testing equipment power control equipment, power supply, etc. have been widely used in switching power supply, but also to promote the rapid development of the switching power supply technology . Switching power supply is the use of modern power electronics technology to control the ratio of the switching transistor to turn on and off to maintain a stable output voltage power supply, switching power supply is generally controlled by pulse width modulation (PWM) ICs and switching devices (MOSFET, BJT) composition. Switching power supply and linear power compared to both the cost and growth with 10 the increase of output power, but the two different growth rates. A power point, linear power supply costs, but higher than the switching power supply. With the development of power electronics technology and innovation, making the switching power supply technology to continue to innovate, the turning points of this cost is increasingly move to the low output power side, the switching power supply provides a broad space for development. The direction of its development is the high-frequency switching power supply, high frequency switching power supply miniaturization, and switching power supply into a wider range of application areas, especially in high-tech fields, and promote the miniaturization of high-tech products, light of. In addition, the development and application of the switching power supply in terms of energy conservation, resource conservation and environmental protection are of great significance. 3、classification Modern switching power supply, there are two: one is the DC switching power supply; the other is the AC switching power supply. Introduces only DC switching power supply and its function is poor power quality of the original eco-power (coarse) - such as mains power or battery power, converted to meet the equipment requirements of high-quality DC voltage (Varitronix) . The core of the DC switching power supply DC / DC converter. DC switching power supply classification is dependent on the classification of DC / DC converter. In other words, the classification of the classification of the DC switching power supply and DC/DC converter is the classification of essentially the same, the DC / DC converter is basically a classification of the DC switching power supply. DC /DC converter between the input and output electrical isolation can be divided into two categories: one is isolated called isolated DC/DC converter; the other is not isolated as non-isolated DC / DC converter. 11 Isolated DC / DC converter can also be classified by the number of active power devices. The single tube of DC / DC converter Forward (Forward), Feedback (Feedback) two. The double-barreled double-barreled DC/ DC converter Forward (Double Transistor Forward Converter), twin-tube feedback (Double Transistor Feedback Converter), Push-Pull (Push the Pull Converter) and half-bridge (Half-Bridge Converter) four. Four DC / DC converter is the full-bridge DC / DC converter (Full-Bridge Converter). Non-isolated DC / DC converter, according to the number of active power devices can be divided into single-tube, double pipe, and four three categories. Single tube to a total of six of the DC / DC converter, step-down (Buck) DC / DC converter, step-up (Boost) DC / DC converters, DC / DC converter, boost buck (Buck Boost) device of Cuk the DC / DC converter, the Zeta DC / DC converter and SEPIC, the DC / DC converter. DC / DC converters, the Buck and Boost type DC / DC converter is the basic buck-boost of Cuk, Zeta, SEPIC, type DC / DC converter is derived from a single tube in this six. The twin-tube cascaded double-barreled boost (buck-boost) DC / DC converter DC / DC converter. Four DC / DC converter is used, the full-bridge DC / DC converter (Full-Bridge Converter). Isolated DC / DC converter input and output electrical isolation is usually transformer to achieve the function of the transformer has a transformer, so conducive to the expansion of the converter output range of applications, but also easy to achieve different voltage output , or a variety of the same voltage output. Power switch voltage and current rating, the converter's output power is usually proportional to the number of switch. The more the number of switch, the greater the output power of the DC / DC converter, four type than the two output power is twice as large, single-tube output power of only four 1/4. A combination of non-isolated converters and isolated converters can be a single converter does not have their own characteristics. Energy transmission points, one-way transmission and two-way transmission of two DC / DC converter. DC / DC converter with bi-directional transmission function, either side of the transmission power from the power of lateral load power from the load-lateral side of the 12 transmission power. DC / DC converter can be divided into self-excited and separately controlled. With the positive feedback signal converter to switch to self-sustaining periodic switching converter, called self-excited converter, such as the the Luo Yeer (Royer,) converter is a typical push-pull self-oscillating converter. Controlled DC / DC converter switching device control signal is generated by specialized external control circuit. 4、the switching power supply. People in the field of switching power supply technology side of the development of power electronic devices, while the development of the switching inverter technology, the two promote each other to promote the switching power supply annual growth rate of more than two digits toward the light, small, thin, low-noise, high reliability, the direction of development of anti-jamming. Switching power supply can be divided into AC / DC and DC / DC two categories, AC / AC DC / AC, such as inverters, DC / DC converter is now modular design technology and production processes at home and abroad have already matured and standardization, and has been recognized by the user, but AC / DC modular, its own characteristics make the modular process, encounter more complex technology and manufacturing process. Hereinafter to illustrate the structure and characteristics of the two types of switching power supply. Self-excited: no external signal source can be self-oscillation, completely self-excited to see it as feedback oscillation circuit of a transformer. Separate excitation: entirely dependent on external sustain oscillations, excited used widely in practical applications. According to the excitation signal structure classification; can be divided into pulse-width-modulated and pulse 13 amplitude modulated two pulse width modulated control the width of the signal is frequency, pulse amplitude modulation control signal amplitude between the same effect are the oscillation frequency to maintain within a certain range to achieve the effect of voltage stability. The winding of the transformer can generally be divided into three types, one group is involved in the oscillation of the primary winding, a group of sustained oscillations in the feedback winding, there is a group of load winding. Such as Shanghai is used in household appliances art technological production of switching power supply, 220V AC bridge rectifier, changing to about 300V DC filter added to the collector of the switch into the transformer for high frequency oscillation, the feedback winding feedback to the base to maintain the circuit oscillating load winding induction signal, the DC voltage by the rectifier, filter, regulator to provide power to the load. Load winding to provide power at the same time, take up the ability to voltage stability, the principle is the voltage output circuit connected to a voltage sampling device to monitor the output voltage changes, and timely feedback to the oscillator circuit to adjust the oscillation frequency, so as to achieve stable voltage purposes, in order to avoid the interference of the circuit, the feedback voltage back to the oscillator circuit with optocoupler isolation. 5、technology developments The high-frequency switching power supply is the direction of its development, high-frequency switching power supply miniaturization, and switching power supply into the broader field of application, especially in high-tech fields, and promote the development and advancement of the switching power supply, an annual more than two-digit growth rate toward the light, small, thin, low noise, high reliability, the direction of the anti-jamming. Switching power supply can be divided into AC / DC and DC / DC two categories, the DC / DC converter is now modular design technology and production processes at home and abroad have already matured and standardized, and has been recognized by the user, but modular AC / DC, because of 14 its own characteristics makes the modular process, encounter more complex technology and manufacturing process. In addition, the development and application of the switching power supply in terms of energy conservation, resource conservation and environmental protection are of great significance. The switching power supply applications in power electronic devices as diodes, IGBT and MOSFET. SCR switching power supply input rectifier circuit and soft start circuit, a small amount of applications, the GTR drive difficult, low switching frequency, gradually replace the IGBT and MOSFET. Direction of development of the switching power supply is a high-frequency, high reliability, low power, low noise, jamming and modular. Small, thin, and the key technology is the high frequency switching power supply light, so foreign major switching power supply manufacturers have committed to synchronize the development of new intelligent components, in particular, is to improve the secondary rectifier loss, and the power of iron Oxygen materials to increase scientific and technological innovation in order to improve the magnetic properties of high frequency and large magnetic flux density (Bs), and capacitor miniaturization is a key technology. SMT technology allows the switching power supply has made considerable progress, the arrangement of the components in the circuit board on both sides, to ensure that the light of the switching power supply, a small, thin. High-frequency switching power supply is bound to the traditional PWM switching technology innovation, realization of ZVS, ZCS soft-switching technology has become the mainstream technology of the switching power supply, and a substantial increase in the efficiency of the switching power supply. Indicators for high reliability, switching power supply manufacturers in the United States by reducing the operating current, reducing the junction temperature and other measures to reduce the stress of the device, greatly improve the reliability of products. Modularity is the overall trend of switching power supply, distributed power systems can be composed of modular power supply, can be designed to N +1 15 redundant power system, and the parallel capacity expansion. For this shortcoming of the switching power supply running noise, separate the pursuit of high frequency noise will also increase, while the use of part of the resonant converter circuit technology to achieve high frequency, in theory, but also reduce noise, but some The practical application of the resonant converter technology, there are still technical problems, it is still a lot of work in this field, so that the technology to be practical. Power electronics technology innovation, switching power supply industry has broad prospects for development. To accelerate the pace of development of the switching power supply industry in China, it must take the road of technological innovation, out of joint production and research development path with Chinese characteristics and contribute to the rapid development of China's national economy. Developments and trends of the switching power supply 1955 U.S. Royer (Roger) invented the self-oscillating push-pull transistor single-transformer DC-DC converter is the beginning of the high-frequency conversion control circuit 1957 check race Jen, Sen, invented a self-oscillating push-pull dual transformers, 1964, U.S. scientists canceled frequency transformer in series the idea of switching power supply, the power supply to the size and weight of the decline in a fundamental way. 1969 increased due to the pressure of the high-power silicon transistor, diode reverse recovery time shortened and other components to improve, and finally made a 25-kHz switching power supply. At present, the switching power supply to the small, lightweight and high efficiency characteristics are widely used in a variety of computer-oriented terminal equipment, communications equipment, etc. Almost all electronic equipment is indispensable for a rapid development of today's electronic information industry power mode. Bipolar transistor made of 100kHz, 500kHz power MOS-FET made, though already the practical switching power supply is currently available on the market, but its frequency to be further improved. To improve the switching frequency, it is necessary to reduce the switching losses, and to reduce the switching losses, the need for high-speed switch components. However, the switching speed will be affected by the distribution of the charge stored in the inductance and capacitance, or 16 diode circuit to produce a surge or noise. This will not only affect the surrounding electronic equipment, but also greatly reduce the reliability of the power supply itself. Which, in order to prevent the switching Kai - closed the voltage surge, RC or LC buffers can be used, and the current surge can be caused by the diode stored charge of amorphous and other core made of magnetic buffer . However, the high frequency more than 1MHz, the resonant circuit to make the switch on the voltage or current through the switch was a sine wave, which can reduce switching losses, but also to control the occurrence of surges. This switch is called the resonant switch. Of this switching power supply is active, you can, in theory, because in this way do not need to greatly improve the switching speed of the switching losses reduced to zero, and the noise is expected to become one of the high-frequency switching power supply The main ways. At present, many countries in the world are committed to several trillion Hz converter utility. 6、the principle of Introduction The switching power supply of the process is quite easy to understand, linear power supplies, power transistors operating in the linear mode and linear power, the PWM switching power supply to the power transistor turns on and off state, in both states, on the power transistor V - security product is very small (conduction, low voltage, large current; shutdown, voltage, current) Voltammetric product / power device is power semiconductor devices on the loss. Compared with the linear power supply, the PWM switching power supply more efficient process is achieved by "chopping", that is cut into the amplitude of the input DC voltage equal to the input voltage amplitude of the pulse voltage. The pulse duty cycle is adjusted by the switching power supply controller. Once the input voltage is cut into the AC square wave, its amplitude through the transformer to raise or lower. Number of groups of output voltage can be increased by increasing the number of primary and secondary windings of the transformer. After the last AC 17 waveform after the rectifier filter the DC output voltage. The main purpose of the controller is to maintain the stability of the output voltage, the course of their work is very similar to the linear form of the controller. That is the function blocks of the controller, the voltage reference and error amplifier can be designed the same as the linear regulator. Their difference lies in the error amplifier output (error voltage) in the drive before the power tube to go through a voltage / pulse-width conversion unit. Switching power supply There are two main ways of working: Forward transform and boost transformation. Although they are all part of the layout difference is small, but the course of their work vary greatly, have advantages in specific applications. 7、the circuit schematic The so-called switching power supply, as the name implies, is a door, a door power through a closed power to stop by, then what is the door, the switching power supply using SCR, some switch, these two component performance is similar, are relying on the base switch control pole (SCR), coupled with the pulse signal to complete the on and off, the pulse signal is half attentive to control the pole voltage increases, the switch or transistor conduction, the filter output voltage of 300V, 220V rectifier conduction, transmitted through the switching transformer secondary through the transformer to the voltage increase or decrease for each circuit work. Oscillation pulse of negative semi-attentive to the power regulator, base, or SCR control voltage lower than the original set voltage power regulator cut-off, 300V power is off, switch the transformer secondary no voltage, then each circuit The required operating voltage, depends on this secondary road rectifier filter capacitor discharge to maintain. Repeat the process until the next pulse cycle is a half weeks when the signal arrival. This switch transformer is called the high-frequency transformer, because the operating frequency is higher than the 50HZ low frequency. Then promote the pulse of the 18 switch or SCR, which requires the oscillator circuit, we know, the transistor has a characteristic, is the base-emitter voltage is 0.65-0.7V is the zoom state, 0.7V These are the saturated hydraulic conductivity state-0.1V-0.3V in the oscillatory state, then the operating point after a good tune, to rely on the deep negative feedback to generate a negative pressure, so that the oscillating tube onset, the frequency of the oscillating tube capacitor charging and discharging of the length of time from the base to determine the oscillation frequency of the output pulse amplitude, and vice versa on the small, which determines the size of the output voltage of the power regulator. Transformer secondary output voltage regulator, usually switching transformer, single around a set of coils, the voltage at its upper end, as the reference voltage after the rectifier filter, then through the optocoupler, this benchmark voltage return to the base of the oscillating tube pole to adjust the level of the oscillation frequency, if the transformer secondary voltage is increased, the sampling coil output voltage increases, the positive feedback voltage obtained through the optocoupler is also increased, this voltage is applied oscillating tube base, so that oscillation frequency is reduced, played a stable secondary output voltage stability, too small do not have to go into detail, nor it is necessary to understand the fine, such a high-power voltage transformer by switching transmission, separated and after the class returned by sampling the voltage from the opto-coupler pass separated after class, so before the mains voltage, and after the class separation, which is called cold plate, it is safe, transformers before power is independent, which is called switching power supply. 8、the DC / DC conversion DC / DC converter is a fixed DC voltage transformation into a variable DC voltage, also known as the DC chopper. There are two ways of working chopper, one Ts constant pulse width modulation mode, change the ton (General), the second is the frequency modulation, the same ton to change the Ts, (easy to produce interference). Circuit by the following categories: 19 Buck circuit - the step-down chopper, the average output voltage U0 is less than the input voltage Ui, the same polarity. Boost Circuit - step-up chopper, the average output voltage switching power supply schematic U0 is greater than the input voltage Ui, the same polarity. Buck-Boost circuit - buck or boost chopper, the output average voltage U0 is greater than or less than the input voltage Ui, the opposite polarity, the inductance transmission. Cuk circuit - a buck or boost chopper, the output average voltage U0 is greater than or less than the input voltage Ui, the opposite polarity, capacitance transmission. The above-mentioned non-isolated circuit, the isolation circuit forward circuits, feedback circuit, the half-bridge circuit, the full bridge circuit, push-pull circuit. Today's soft-switching technology makes a qualitative leap in the DC / DC the U.S. VICOR company design and manufacture a variety of ECI soft-switching DC / DC converter, the maximum output power 300W, 600W, 800W, etc., the corresponding power density (6.2 , 10,17) W/cm3 efficiency (80-90)%. A the Japanese Nemic Lambda latest using soft-switching technology, high frequency switching power supply module RM Series, its switching frequency (200 to 300) kHz, power density has reached 27W/cm3 with synchronous rectifier (MOSFETs instead of Schottky diodes ), so that the whole circuit efficiency by up to 90%. 9, AC / DC conversion AC / DC conversion will transform AC to DC, the power flow can be bi-directional power flow by the power flow to load known as the "rectification", referred to as "active inverter power flow returned by the load power. AC / DC converter input 50/60Hz AC due must be rectified, filtered, so the volume is relatively large filter capacitor is essential, while experiencing safety standards (such as UL, CCEE, etc.) and EMC Directive restrictions (such as IEC, FCC, CSA) in the AC input side must be added to the EMC filter and use meets the safety standards of the 20 components, thus limiting the miniaturization of the volume of AC / DC power, In addition, due to internal frequency, high voltage, current switching, making the problem difficult to solve EMC also high demands on the internal high-density mounting circuit design, for the same reason, the high voltage, high current switch makes power supply loss increases, limiting the AC / DC converter modular process, and therefore must be used to power system optimal design method to make it work efficiency to reach a certain level of satisfaction. AC / DC conversion circuit wiring can be divided into half-wave circuit, full-wave circuit. Press the power phase can be divided into single-phase three-phase, multiphase. Can be divided into a quadrant, two quadrant, three quadrants, four-quadrant circuit work quadrant. The selection of the switching power supply Switching power supply input on the anti-jamming performance, compared to its circuit structure characteristics (multi-level series), the input disturbances, such as surge voltage is difficult to pass on the stability of the output voltage of the technical indicators and linear power have greater advantages, the output voltage stability up to (0.5)%. Switching power supply module as an integrated power electronic devices should be selected 21