2010年心肺复苏指南

2010年心肺复苏指南 2010年心肺复苏(CPR)指南 心搏骤停一旦发生，如得不到即刻及时地抢救复苏，4,6min后会造成患者脑和其他人体重要器官组织的不可逆的损害，因此心搏骤停后的心肺复苏(cardiopulmonary resuscitation, CPR)必须在现场立即进行。 目录 1疾病简介:? 发病原因 ? 疾病分类 ? 临床现 2基础生命支持 BLS 3高级生命支持 ALS:? 气道控制 ? 呼吸支持 ? 复苏用药 ? 心脏电击除颤 4脑复苏 5心肺复苏成功的? 心肺复苏有效指标 ? 终止抢救的标准 疾病简介编辑 心搏骤停(Cardiac Arrest, CA)是指各种原因引起的、在未能预计的情况和时间内心脏突然停止搏动，从而导致有效心泵功能和有效循环突然中止，引起全身组织细胞严重缺血、缺氧和代谢障碍，如不及时抢救即可立刻失去生命。心搏骤停不同于任何慢性病终末期的心脏停搏，若及时采取正确有效的复苏措施，病人有可能被挽回生命[1]并得到康复。 心搏骤停一旦发生，如得不到即刻及时地抢救复苏，4,6min后会造成患者脑和其他人体重要器官组织的不可逆的损害，因此心搏骤停后的心肺复苏(cardiopulmonary resuscitation, CPR)必须在现场立即进行，为进一步抢救直至挽回心搏骤停伤病员的生命而赢得最宝贵的时间。 由美国心脏学会(AHA)和其它一些西方发达国家复苏学会制订的每五年更新一次的“国际心肺复苏指南”对指导和在全球范围内的心肺复苏具有重要的积极意义。2010年美国心脏学会(AHA)和国际复苏联盟(ILCOR)发布最新心肺复苏和心血管急救指南，由2005年的四早生存链改为五个链环来表达实施紧急生命支持的重要性:(1)立即识别心脏停搏并启动应急反应系统;(2)尽早实施心肺复苏CPR，强调胸外按压;(3)快速除颤;(4)有效的高级生命支持;(5)综合的心脏骤停后治疗。(图1) 图1 chain of survival coupling Centre shall be checked, the second poured concrete strength of more than 70%. In the process of reaming or boring, apart from the special provisions in factory, does not allow any work that may affect the coupling Centre, such as irrigation, to cylinder connections to flood the condenser pipes and so on. Well boring, hinge bolt hole flange with coupling of vertical, not oblique. Mounting bolts should be added lubricants, typing gently with a small hammer, not too loose or too tight, packed the bolts with the corresponding seal screw hole should be marked. 6.4.5.4.2 coupling reamed and pairings is close to the diameter of bolt bearing good hinge holes, dressed with a good two coupling bolts before you can move the rotor, boring-reaming hole in turn. Coupling bolts must be tight coupling is symmetrical diameter, in boring, reaming, two bolts out. Well boring, hinge bolt hole flange with coupling of vertical, not oblique. Due to the coupling bolts in accordance with hinge holes corresponding to the diameter of the screw holes one by one after processing, processing back bolt installation location cannot be changed, so according to bolt after the actual weight difference of nut and lock washer to match. General requirements for coupling two symmetrical diameter bolt, nut and lock washer's total weight difference should not be greater than 10 g and knocks stamped mark. (See Figure 18) The coupling bolts apply lubricant, and then gently with copper home, not too loose or too tight. Bolt Assembly is finished, symmetrical tightening all bolts to 30%, 50%, 70%, 100% force, and check the coupling flutter and before connecting the circle gradually changes its value should be less than 0.02mm. Tightening torque of the coupling bolts shall comply with the technical requirements manufacturers drawings, with a dynamometric wrench or log tension tools. Three wheel rotor swing test coupling connections should be checked: taking leave, chain of survival 发病原因 [2]心搏骤停的原因可分为心源性心搏骤停和非心源性心搏骤停 疾病分类 心搏骤停时，心脏虽然丧失了有效泵血功能，但并非心电和心脏活动完全停止，根据[3]心电图特征及心脏活动情况心搏骤停可分为以下3种类型: 1、心室颤动:心室肌发生快速而极不、不协调的连续颤动。心电图表现为QRS波群消失，代之以不规则的连续的室颤波，频率为200-500次/分，这种心搏骤停是最常见的类型，约占80%(图2)。心室颤动如能立刻给予电除颤，则复苏成功率较高。 2、心室静止:心室肌完全丧失了收缩活动，呈静止状态。心电图表现呈一直线或仅有心房波，多在心搏骤停一段时间后(如3,5min)出现。 3、心电-机械分离:此种情况也就是缓慢而无效的心室自主节律。心室肌可断续出现缓慢而极微弱的不完整的收缩。心电图表现为间断出现并逐步增宽的QRS波群，频率多为20-30次/分以下。由于心脏无有效泵血功能，听诊无心音，周围动脉也触及不到搏动。此型多为严重心肌损伤的后果，最后以心室静止告终，复苏较困难。 心搏骤停的以上3种心电图类型及其心脏活动情况虽各有特点，但心脏丧失有效泵血功能导致循环骤停是共同的结果。全身组织急性缺血、缺氧时，机体交感肾上腺系统活动增强，释放大量儿茶酚胺及相关激素，使外周血管收缩，以保证脑心等重要器官供血;缺氧又导致无氧代谢和乳酸增多，引起代谢性酸中毒。急性缺氧对器官的损害，以大脑最为严重，随着脑血流量的急骤下降，脑神经元三磷酸腺苷(ATP)含量迅速降低，细胞不能保持膜内外离子梯度，加上乳酸盐积聚，细胞水肿和酸中毒，进而细胞代谢停止，细胞变性及溶酶体酶释放而导致脑等组织细胞的不可逆损害。缺氧对心脏的影响可由于儿茶酚胺增多和酸中毒使希氏束及浦氏系统自律性增高，室颤阈降低;严重缺氧导致心肌超微结构受损而发生不可逆损伤。持久缺血缺氧可引起急性肾小管坏死、肝小叶中心性坏死等脏器损伤和功能障碍或衰竭等并发症。 室颤 coupling Centre shall be checked, the second poured concrete strength of more than 70%. In the process of reaming or boring, apart from the special provisions in factory, does not allow any work that may affect the coupling Centre, such as irrigation, to cylinder connections to flood the condenser pipes and so on. Well boring, hinge bolt hole flange with coupling of vertical, not oblique. Mounting bolts should be added lubricants, typing gently with a small hammer, not too loose or too tight, packed the bolts with the corresponding seal screw hole should be marked. 6.4.5.4.2 coupling reamed and pairings is close to the diameter of bolt bearing good hinge holes, dressed with a good two coupling bolts before you can move the rotor, boring-reaming hole in turn. Coupling bolts must be tight coupling is symmetrical diameter, in boring, reaming, two bolts out. Well boring, hinge bolt hole flange with coupling of vertical, not oblique. Due to the coupling bolts in accordance with hinge holes corresponding to the diameter of the screw holes one by one after processing, processing back bolt installation location cannot be changed, so according to bolt after the actual weight difference of nut and lock washer to match. General requirements for coupling two symmetrical diameter bolt, nut and lock washer's total weight difference should not be greater than 10 g and knocks stamped mark. (See Figure 18) The coupling bolts apply lubricant, and then gently with copper home, not too loose or too tight. Bolt Assembly is finished, symmetrical tightening all bolts to 30%, 50%, 70%, 100% force, and check the coupling flutter and before connecting the circle gradually changes its value should be less than 0.02mm. Tightening torque of the coupling bolts shall comply with the technical requirements manufacturers drawings, with a dynamometric wrench or log tension tools. Three wheel rotor swing test coupling connections should be checked: taking leave, 室颤 临床表现 绝大多数病人无先兆症状，常突然发病。少数病人在发病前数分钟至数十分钟有头晕、乏力、心悸、胸闷等非特异性症状。心搏骤停的主要临床表现为意识突然丧失，心音及大动脉搏动消失。一般心脏停搏3,5秒 ，病人有头晕和黑朦;停搏5,10秒由于脑部缺氧而引起晕阙，即意识丧失;停搏10,15秒可发生阿-斯综合征，伴有全身性抽搐及大小便失禁等;停搏20,30秒呼吸断续或停止，同时伴有面色苍白或紫绀;停搏60秒出现瞳孔散大;如停搏超过4~5分钟，往往因中枢神经系统缺氧过久而造成严重的不可逆损害。辅助检查以心电图最为重要，心搏骤停4分钟内部分病人可表现为心室颤动，4分钟后则多为心室静止。 心搏骤停的识别一般并不困难，最可靠且出现较早的临床征象是意识突然丧失和大动脉搏动消失，一般轻拍病人肩膀并大声呼喊以判断意识是否存在，以食指和中指触摸颈动脉以感觉有无搏动，如果二者均不存在，就可做出心搏骤停的诊断，并应该立即实施初步急救和复苏。如在心搏骤停5min内争分夺秒给予有效的心肺复苏，病人有可能获得复苏成功且不留下脑和其他重要器官组织损害的后遗症;但若延迟至5min以上，则复苏成功率极低，即使心肺复苏成功，亦难免造成病人中枢神经系统不可逆性的损害。因此在现场识别和急救时，应分秒必争并充分认识到时间的宝贵性，注意不应要求所有临床表现都具备齐全才肯定诊断，不要等待听心音、测血压和心电图检查而延误识别和抢救时机。 基础生命支持 BLS编辑 基础生命支持(basic life support, BLS)又称初步急救或现场急救，目的是在心脏骤停后，立即以徒手方法争分夺秒地进行复苏抢救，以使心搏骤停病人心、脑及全身重要器官获得最低限度的紧急供氧(通常按正规训练的手法可提供正常血供的25%—30%)。BLS的基础包括突发心脏骤停(sudden cardiac arrest, SCA)的识别、紧急反应系统的启动、早期心肺复苏(CPR)、迅速使用自动体外除颤仪(automatic external defibrillator, AED)除颤。对于心脏病发作和中风的早起识别和反应也被列为BLS的其中部分。在2010成人BLS指南对于非专业施救者和医务人员都提出了这一要求。BLS步骤由一系列连续评估和动作组成(图3): 图3 成人、儿童和婴儿的关键基础生命支持步骤的总结 基础生命支持步骤 coupling Centre shall be checked, the second poured concrete strength of more than 70%. In the process of reaming or boring, apart from the special provisions in factory, does not allow any work that may affect the coupling Centre, such as irrigation, to cylinder connections to flood the condenser pipes and so on. Well boring, hinge bolt hole flange with coupling of vertical, not oblique. Mounting bolts should be added lubricants, typing gently with a small hammer, not too loose or too tight, packed the bolts with the corresponding seal screw hole should be marked. 6.4.5.4.2 coupling reamed and pairings is close to the diameter of bolt bearing good hinge holes, dressed with a good two coupling bolts before you can move the rotor, boring-reaming hole in turn. Coupling bolts must be tight coupling is symmetrical diameter, in boring, reaming, two bolts out. Well boring, hinge bolt hole flange with coupling of vertical, not oblique. Due to the coupling bolts in accordance with hinge holes corresponding to the diameter of the screw holes one by one after processing, processing back bolt installation location cannot be changed, so according to bolt after the actual weight difference of nut and lock washer to match. General requirements for coupling two symmetrical diameter bolt, nut and lock washer's total weight difference should not be greater than 10 g and knocks stamped mark. (See Figure 18) The coupling bolts apply lubricant, and then gently with copper home, not too loose or too tight. Bolt Assembly is finished, symmetrical tightening all bolts to 30%, 50%, 70%, 100% force, and check the coupling flutter and before connecting the circle gradually changes its value should be less than 0.02mm. Tightening torque of the coupling bolts shall comply with the technical requirements manufacturers drawings, with a dynamometric wrench or log tension tools. Three wheel rotor swing test coupling connections should be checked: taking leave, 1、评估和现场安全:急救者在确认现场安全的情况下轻拍患者的肩膀，并大声呼喊“你还好吗,”检查患者是否有呼吸。如果没有呼吸或者没有正常呼吸(即只有喘息)，立刻启动应急反应系统。BLS程序已被简化，已把“看、听和感觉”从程序中删除，实施这些步骤既不合理又很耗时间，基于这个原因，2010心肺复苏指南强调对无反应且无呼吸或无正常呼吸的成人，立即启动急救反应系统并开始胸外心脏按压。 2、启动紧急医疗服务(emergency medical service, EMS)并获取AED: (1)如发现患者无反应无呼吸，急救者应启动EMS体系(拨打120)，取来AED(如果有条件)，对患者实施CPR，如需要时立即进行除颤。 (2)如有多名急救者在现场，其中一名急救者按步骤进行CPR，另一名启动 EMS体系(拨打120)，取来AED(如果有条件)。 (3)在救助淹溺或窒息性心脏骤停患者时，急救者应先进行5个周期(2min)的CPR，然后拨打120启动 EMS系统。 3、脉搏检查:对于非专业急救人员，不再强调训练其检查脉搏，只要发现无反应的患者没有自主呼吸就应按心搏骤停处理。对于医务人员，一般以一手食指和中指触摸患者颈动脉以感觉有无搏动(搏动触点在甲状软骨旁胸锁乳突肌沟内)。检查脉搏的时间一般不能超过10秒，如10秒内仍不能确定有无脉搏，应立即实施胸外按压。 4、胸外按压(circulation, C):确保患者仰卧于平地上或用胸外按压板垫于其肩背下，急救者可采用跪式或踏脚凳等不同体位，将一只手的掌根放在患者胸部的中央，胸骨下半部上，将另一只手的掌根置于第一只手上。手指不接触胸壁(图4)。按压时双肘须伸直，垂直向下用力按压，成人按压频率为至少100次/min，下压深度至少为125px，每次按压之后应让胸廓完全回复。按压时间与放松时间各占50%左右，放松时掌根部不能离开胸壁，以免按压点移位。对于儿童患者，用单手或双手于乳头连线水平按压胸骨，对于婴儿，用两手指于紧贴乳头连线下放水平按压胸骨。为了尽量减少因通气而中断胸外按压，对于未建立人工气道的成人，2010年国际心肺复苏指南推荐的按压-通气比率为30:2。对于婴儿和儿童，双人CPR时可采用15:2的比率。如双人或多人施救，应每2分钟或5个周期CPR(每个周期包括30次按压和2次人工呼吸)更换按压者，并在5秒钟内完成转换，因为研究表明，在按压开始1,2分钟后，操作者按压的质量就开始下降(表现为频率和幅度以及胸壁复位情况均不理想)。 胸外按压法于1960年提出后曾一直认为胸部按压使位于胸骨和脊柱之间的心脏受到挤压，引起心室内压力的增加和房室瓣的关闭，从而促使血液流向肺动脉和主动脉，按压放松时，心脏则“舒张”而再度充盈，此即为“心泵机制”。但这一概念在1980年以后受到“胸泵机制”的严重挑战，后者认为按压胸部时胸内压增高并平均地传递至胸腔内所有腔室和大血管，由于动脉不萎陷，血液由胸腔内流向周围，而静脉由于萎陷及单向静脉瓣的阻挡，压力不能传向胸腔外静脉，即静脉内并无血液返流;按压放松时，胸内压减少，当胸内压低于静脉压时，静脉血回流至心脏，使心室充盈，如此反复。不论“心泵机制”或“胸泵机制”，均可建立有效的人工循环。国际心肺复苏指南更强调持续有效胸外按压，快速有力，尽量不间断，因为过多中断按压，会使冠脉和脑血流中断，复苏成功率明显降低。 胸外按压法 coupling Centre shall be checked, the second poured concrete strength of more than 70%. In the process of reaming or boring, apart from the special provisions in factory, does not allow any work that may affect the coupling Centre, such as irrigation, to cylinder connections to flood the condenser pipes and so on. Well boring, hinge bolt hole flange with coupling of vertical, not oblique. Mounting bolts should be added lubricants, typing gently with a small hammer, not too loose or too tight, packed the bolts with the corresponding seal screw hole should be marked. 6.4.5.4.2 coupling reamed and pairings is close to the diameter of bolt bearing good hinge holes, dressed with a good two coupling bolts before you can move the rotor, boring-reaming hole in turn. Coupling bolts must be tight coupling is symmetrical diameter, in boring, reaming, two bolts out. Well boring, hinge bolt hole flange with coupling of vertical, not oblique. Due to the coupling bolts in accordance with hinge holes corresponding to the diameter of the screw holes one by one after processing, processing back bolt installation location cannot be changed, so according to bolt after the actual weight difference of nut and lock washer to match. General requirements for coupling two symmetrical diameter bolt, nut and lock washer's total weight difference should not be greater than 10 g and knocks stamped mark. (See Figure 18) The coupling bolts apply lubricant, and then gently with copper home, not too loose or too tight. Bolt Assembly is finished, symmetrical tightening all bolts to 30%, 50%, 70%, 100% force, and check the coupling flutter and before connecting the circle gradually changes its value should be less than 0.02mm. Tightening torque of the coupling bolts shall comply with the technical requirements manufacturers drawings, with a dynamometric wrench or log tension tools. Three wheel rotor swing test coupling connections should be checked: taking leave, 5、开放气道(airway, A):在2010年美国心脏协会CPR及ECC指南中有一个重要改变是在通气前就要开始胸外按压。胸外按压能产生血流，在整个复苏过程中，都应该尽量减少延迟和中断胸外按压。而调整头部位置，实现密封以进行口对口呼吸，拿取球囊面罩进行人工呼吸等都要花费时间。采用30:2的按压通气比开始CPR能使首次按压延迟的时间缩短。有两种方法可以开放气道提供人工呼吸:仰头抬颏法(图5)和推举下颌法。后者仅在怀疑头部或颈部损伤时使用，因为此法可以减少颈部和脊椎的移动。遵循以下步骤实施仰头抬颏:将一只手置于患儿的前额，然后用手掌推动，使其头部后仰;将另一只手的手指置于颏骨附近的下颌下方;提起下颌，使颏骨上抬。注意在开放气道同时应该用手指挖出病人口中异物或呕吐物，有假牙者应取出假牙。 仰头举颏法 6、人工呼吸(breathing, B):给予人工呼吸前，正常吸气即可，无需深吸气;所有人工呼吸(无论是口对口、口对面罩、球囊-面罩或球囊对高级气道)均应该持续吹气1秒以上，保证有足够量的气体进入并使胸廓起伏;如第一次人工呼吸未能使胸廓起伏，可再次用仰头抬颏法开放气道，给予第二次通气;过度通气(多次吹气或吹入气量过大)可能有害，应避免。 实施口对口人工呼吸是借助急救者吹气的力量，使气体被动吹入肺泡，通过肺的间歇性膨胀，以达到维持肺泡通气和氧合作用，从而减轻组织缺氧和二氧化碳潴留。方法为:将受害者仰卧置于稳定的硬板上，托住颈部并使头后仰，用手指清洁其口腔，以解除气道异物，急救者以右手拇指和食指捏紧病人的鼻孔，用自己的双唇把病人的口完全包绕，然后吹气1秒以上,使胸廓扩张;吹气毕，施救者松开捏鼻孔的手，让病人的胸廓及肺依靠其弹性自主回缩呼气，同时均匀吸气，以上步骤再重复一次。对婴儿及年幼儿童复苏，可将婴儿的头部稍后仰，把口唇封住患儿的嘴和鼻子，轻微吹气入患儿肺部。如患者面部受伤则可妨碍进行口对口人工呼吸，可进行口对鼻通气。深呼吸一次并将嘴封住患者的鼻子，抬高患者的下巴并封住口唇，对患者的鼻子深吹一口气，移开救护者的嘴并用手将受伤者的嘴敞开，这样气体可以出来。在建立了高级气道后，每6-8秒进行一次通气，而不必在两次按压间才同步进行(即呼吸频率8-10次/min)。在通气时不需要停止胸外按压。 7、AED除颤:室颤是成人心脏骤停的最初发生的较为常见而且是较容易治疗的心律。对于VF患者，如果能在意识丧失的3-5min内立即实施CPR及除颤，存活率是最高的。对于院外心脏骤停患者或在监护心律的住院患者，迅速除颤是治疗短时间VF的好方法。除颤会在下文作进一步阐述。 高级生命支持 ALS编辑 进一步生命支持(advanced life support, ALS)又称二期复苏或高级生命维护，主要是在BLS基础上应用器械和药物，建立和维持有效的通气和循环，识别及控制心律失常，直流电非同步除颤，建立有效的静脉通道及治疗原发疾病。ALS应尽可能早开始。 coupling Centre shall be checked, the second poured concrete strength of more than 70%. In the process of reaming or boring, apart from the special provisions in factory, does not allow any work that may affect the coupling Centre, such as irrigation, to cylinder connections to flood the condenser pipes and so on. Well boring, hinge bolt hole flange with coupling of vertical, not oblique. Mounting bolts should be added lubricants, typing gently with a small hammer, not too loose or too tight, packed the bolts with the corresponding seal screw hole should be marked. 6.4.5.4.2 coupling reamed and pairings is close to the diameter of bolt bearing good hinge holes, dressed with a good two coupling bolts before you can move the rotor, boring-reaming hole in turn. Coupling bolts must be tight coupling is symmetrical diameter, in boring, reaming, two bolts out. Well boring, hinge bolt hole flange with coupling of vertical, not oblique. Due to the coupling bolts in accordance with hinge holes corresponding to the diameter of the screw holes one by one after processing, processing back bolt installation location cannot be changed, so according to bolt after the actual weight difference of nut and lock washer to match. General requirements for coupling two symmetrical diameter bolt, nut and lock washer's total weight difference should not be greater than 10 g and knocks stamped mark. (See Figure 18) The coupling bolts apply lubricant, and then gently with copper home, not too loose or too tight. Bolt Assembly is finished, symmetrical tightening all bolts to 30%, 50%, 70%, 100% force, and check the coupling flutter and before connecting the circle gradually changes its value should be less than 0.02mm. Tightening torque of the coupling bolts shall comply with the technical requirements manufacturers drawings, with a dynamometric wrench or log tension tools. Three wheel rotor swing test coupling connections should be checked: taking leave, 气道控制 (1)气管内插管:如有条件，应尽早作气管内插管，因气管内插管是进行人工通气的最好办法，它能保持呼吸道通畅，减少气道阻力，便于清除呼吸道分泌物，减少解剖死腔，保证有效通气量，为输氧、加压人工通气、气管内给药等提供有利条件。当传统气管内插管因各种原因发生困难时，可使用食管气管联合插管实施盲插，以紧急给病人供氧。 (2)环甲膜穿刺:遇有紧急喉腔阻塞而严重窒息的病人，没有条件立即作气管切开时，可行紧急环甲膜穿刺，方法为用16号粗针头刺入环甲膜，接上“T”型管输氧，即可达到呼吸道通畅、缓解严重缺氧情况。 (3)气管切开:通过气管切开，可保持较长期的呼吸道通畅，防止或迅速解除气道梗阻，清除气道分泌物，减少气道阻力和解剖无效腔，增加有效通气量，也便于吸痰、加压给氧及气管内滴药等, 气管切开常用于口面颈部创伤而不能行气管内插管者。 呼吸支持 及时建立人工气道和呼吸支持至关重要，为了提高动脉血氧分压，开始一般主张吸入纯氧。吸氧可通过各种面罩及各种人工气道，以气管内插管及机械通气(呼吸机)最为有效。简易呼吸器是最简单的一种人工机械通气方式，它是由一个橡皮囊、三通阀门、连接管和面罩组成。在橡皮囊后面有一单向阀门，可保证橡皮囊舒张时空气能单向进入;其侧方有一氧气入口，可自此输氧10,15L/min,徒手挤压橡皮囊，保持适当的频率、深度和时间，可使吸入气的氧浓度增至60%,80%。 复苏用药 复苏用药的目的在于增加脑、心等重要器官的血液灌注，纠正酸中毒和提高室颤阈值或心肌张力，以有利于除颤。复苏用药途经以静脉给药为首选，其次是气管滴入法。气管滴入的常用药物有肾上腺素、利多卡因、阿托品、纳洛酮及安定等。一般以常规剂量溶于5,10ml注射用水滴入，但药物可被气管内分泌物稀释或因吸收不良而需加大剂量，通常为静脉给药量的2,4倍。心内注射给药目前不主张应用，因操作不当可造成心肌或冠状动脉撕裂、心包积血、血胸或气胸等，如将肾上腺素等药物注入心肌内，可导致顽固性室颤，且用药时要中断心脏按压和人工呼吸，故不宜作为常规途经。复苏常用药物如下: (1)肾上腺素:肾上腺素通过α受体兴奋作用使外周血管收缩(冠状动脉和脑血管除外)，有利于提高主动脉舒张压，增加冠脉灌注和心、脑血流量;其β-肾上腺素能效应尚存争议，因为它可能增加心肌做功和减少心内膜下心肌的灌注。对心搏骤停无论何种类型，肾上腺素常用剂量为每次1mg静脉注射，必要时每隔3-5min重复1次。近年来有人主张应用大剂量，认为大剂量对自主循环恢复有利，但新近研究表明大剂量肾上腺素对心搏骤停出院存活率并无改善，且可出现如心肌抑制损害等复苏后并发症。故复苏时肾上腺素理想用药量尚需进一步研究证实。如果IV/IO通道延误或无法建立，肾上腺素可气管内给药，每次2-2.5mg。2010国际心肺复苏指南推荐也可以用一个剂量的血管加压素40U IV/IO替代第一或第二次剂量的肾上腺素。 (2)抗心律失常药物:严重心律失常是导致心脏骤停甚至猝死的主要原因之一，药物治疗是控制心律失常的重要手段。2010年国际心肺复苏指南建议:对高度阻滞应迅速准备经皮起搏。在等待起搏时给予阿托品0.5mg，IV。阿托品的剂量可重复直至总coupling Centre shall be checked, the second poured concrete strength of more than 70%. In the process of reaming or boring, apart from the special provisions in factory, does not allow any work that may affect the coupling Centre, such as irrigation, to cylinder connections to flood the condenser pipes and so on. Well boring, hinge bolt hole flange with coupling of vertical, not oblique. Mounting bolts should be added lubricants, typing gently with a small hammer, not too loose or too tight, packed the bolts with the corresponding seal screw hole should be marked. 6.4.5.4.2 coupling reamed and pairings is close to the diameter of bolt bearing good hinge holes, dressed with a good two coupling bolts before you can move the rotor, boring-reaming hole in turn. Coupling bolts must be tight coupling is symmetrical diameter, in boring, reaming, two bolts out. Well boring, hinge bolt hole flange with coupling of vertical, not oblique. Due to the coupling bolts in accordance with hinge holes corresponding to the diameter of the screw holes one by one after processing, processing back bolt installation location cannot be changed, so according to bolt after the actual weight difference of nut and lock washer to match. General requirements for coupling two symmetrical diameter bolt, nut and lock washer's total weight difference should not be greater than 10 g and knocks stamped mark. (See Figure 18) The coupling bolts apply lubricant, and then gently with copper home, not too loose or too tight. Bolt Assembly is finished, symmetrical tightening all bolts to 30%, 50%, 70%, 100% force, and check the coupling flutter and before connecting the circle gradually changes its value should be less than 0.02mm. Tightening torque of the coupling bolts shall comply with the technical requirements manufacturers drawings, with a dynamometric wrench or log tension tools. Three wheel rotor swing test coupling connections should be checked: taking leave, 量达3mg。如阿托品无效，就开始起搏。在等待起搏器或起搏无效时，可以考虑输注肾上腺素(2-10μg/min)或多巴胺，(2-10μg/kg.min)。胺碘酮可在室颤和无脉性室速对CPR、除颤、血管升压药无反应时应用。首次剂量300mg静脉/骨内注射，可追加一剂150mg。 利多卡因可考虑作为胺碘酮的替代药物(未定级)。首次剂量为1,1.5mg/kg，如果室颤和无脉性室速持续存在，间隔5-10min重复给予0.5-0.75mg/kg静推，总剂量3mg/kg。 镁剂静推可有效终止尖端扭转型室速，1-2g硫酸镁，用5%GS 10ml稀释5-20min内静脉推入。 心脏电击除颤 电击除颤是终止心室颤动的最有效方法，应早期除颤。有研究表明，绝大部分心搏骤停是由心室颤动所致，75%发生在院外，20%的人没有任何先兆，而除颤每延迟1分钟，抢救成功的可能性就下降7%,10%。除颤波形包括单相波和双相波两类，不同的波形对能量的需求有所不同。成人发生室颤和无脉性室速，应给予单向波除颤器能量360焦耳一次除颤，双向波除颤器120,200焦耳。如对除颤器不熟悉，推荐用200焦耳作为除颤能量。双相波形电除颤:早期临床试验表明，使用150~200 J即可有效终止院前发生的室颤。低能量的双相波有效，而且终止室颤的效果与高能量单相波除颤相似或更有效。儿童第1次2J/kg，以后按4J/kg计算。电除颤后，一般需要20,30s才能恢复正常窦性节律，因此电击后仍应立刻继续进行CPR，直至能触及颈动脉搏动为止。持续CPR、纠正缺氧和酸中毒、静脉注射肾上腺素(可连续使用)可提高除颤成功率。 电击除颤的操作步骤为:?电极板涂以导电糊或垫上盐水纱布;?接通电源，确定非同步相放电，室颤不需麻醉;?选择能量水平及充电;?按要求正确放置电极板，一块放在胸骨右缘第2,3肋间(心底部)，另一块放在左腋前线第5,6肋间(心尖部)(图6);?经再次核对监测心律，明确所有人员均未接触病人(或病床)后，按压放电电钮;?电击后即进行心电监测与。 除颤器 目前已出现电脑语音提示指导操作的自动体外除颤器(automatic external defibrillator, AED)，大大方便了非专业急救医务人员的操作，为抢救争取了宝贵的时间。AED使复苏成功率提高了2~3倍，非专业救护者30分钟就可学会。AED适用于无反应、无呼吸和无循环体征(包括室上速、室速和室颤)的患者。公众启动除颤(PAD)要求受过训练的急救人员(警察、消防员等)，在5分钟内使用就近预先准备的AED对心搏骤停患者实施电击除颤，可使院前急救生存率明显提高(49%)(图7)。 2010年新指南建议应用AED时，给予1次电击后不要马上检查心跳或脉搏，而应该重新进行胸外按压，循环评估应在实施5个周期CPR(约2分钟)后进行。因为大部分除颤器可一次终止室颤，况且室颤终止后数分钟内，心脏并不能有效泵血，立即实施CPR十分必要。 coupling Centre shall be checked, the second poured concrete strength of more than 70%. In the process of reaming or boring, apart from the special provisions in factory, does not allow any work that may affect the coupling Centre, such as irrigation, to cylinder connections to flood the condenser pipes and so on. Well boring, hinge bolt hole flange with coupling of vertical, not oblique. Mounting bolts should be added lubricants, typing gently with a small hammer, not too loose or too tight, packed the bolts with the corresponding seal screw hole should be marked. 6.4.5.4.2 coupling reamed and pairings is close to the diameter of bolt bearing good hinge holes, dressed with a good two coupling bolts before you can move the rotor, boring-reaming hole in turn. Coupling bolts must be tight coupling is symmetrical diameter, in boring, reaming, two bolts out. Well boring, hinge bolt hole flange with coupling of vertical, not oblique. Due to the coupling bolts in accordance with hinge holes corresponding to the diameter of the screw holes one by one after processing, processing back bolt installation location cannot be changed, so according to bolt after the actual weight difference of nut and lock washer to match. General requirements for coupling two symmetrical diameter bolt, nut and lock washer's total weight difference should not be greater than 10 g and knocks stamped mark. (See Figure 18) The coupling bolts apply lubricant, and then gently with copper home, not too loose or too tight. Bolt Assembly is finished, symmetrical tightening all bolts to 30%, 50%, 70%, 100% force, and check the coupling flutter and before connecting the circle gradually changes its value should be less than 0.02mm. Tightening torque of the coupling bolts shall comply with the technical requirements manufacturers drawings, with a dynamometric wrench or log tension tools. Three wheel rotor swing test coupling connections should be checked: taking leave, 除颤器 脑复苏编辑 很多心脏停搏患者即使自主循环恢复以后脑功能也不能完全恢复，而约80%复苏成功的患者昏迷时间超过1小时。在入院患者中，神经功能转归良好率为本1%~18%，而其他或者死亡或者成为持续性植物状态。研究表明各种药物在脑复苏领域疗效甚微，而亚低温(32~35OC)对脑具有保护作用，且无明显不良反应。对心脏停搏患者脑复苏的降温技术有多种，如体表降温的冰袋、冰毯、冰帽等，但降温速度缓慢。快速注入大量(30mL/kg)冷却(4OC)液体(如乳酸盐溶液)，能显著降低核心温度，但易出现病人输注液体过量。最近出现一种血管内热交换装置，能快速降温和维持病人低温状态，还能准确控制温度。基于一些临床试验的结果，国际复苏学会提出:对于昏迷的成人院外VF性心脏骤停ROSC(restoration of spontaneous circulation，自主循环恢复)患者应该降温到32~34摄氏度，并维持12~24小时。对于任何心律失常所致的成人院内心脏骤停，或具有以下心律失常之一:无脉性点活动或心脏停搏所致的成人院外心脏骤停ROSC后昏迷患者，也要考虑人工低温。ROSC后第一个48小时期间，对于心脏骤停复苏后的自发性轻度亚低温(>32摄氏度)的昏迷患者不要开始复温。 心肺复苏成功的标准编辑 非专业急救者应持续CPR直至获得AED和被EMS人员接替，或患者开始有活动，不应为了检查循环或检查反应有无恢复而随意中止CPR。对于医务人员应遵循下述心肺复苏有效指标和终止抢救的标准。 心肺复苏有效指标 (1)颈动脉搏动:按压有效时，每按压一次可触摸到颈动脉一次搏动，若中止按压搏动亦消失，则应继续进行胸外按压，如果停止按压后脉搏仍然存在，说明病人心搏已恢复。 (2)面色(口唇):复苏有效时，面色由紫绀转为红润，若变为灰白，则说明复苏无效。 (3)其他:复苏有效时，可出现自主呼吸，或瞳孔由大变小并有对光反射，甚至有眼球活动及四肢抽动。 终止抢救的标准 现场CPR应坚持不间断地进行，不可轻易作出停止复苏的决定，如符合下列条件者，现场抢救人员方可考虑终止复苏: coupling Centre shall be checked, the second poured concrete strength of more than 70%. In the process of reaming or boring, apart from the special provisions in factory, does not allow any work that may affect the coupling Centre, such as irrigation, to cylinder connections to flood the condenser pipes and so on. Well boring, hinge bolt hole flange with coupling of vertical, not oblique. Mounting bolts should be added lubricants, typing gently with a small hammer, not too loose or too tight, packed the bolts with the corresponding seal screw hole should be marked. 6.4.5.4.2 coupling reamed and pairings is close to the diameter of bolt bearing good hinge holes, dressed with a good two coupling bolts before you can move the rotor, boring-reaming hole in turn. Coupling bolts must be tight coupling is symmetrical diameter, in boring, reaming, two bolts out. Well boring, hinge bolt hole flange with coupling of vertical, not oblique. Due to the coupling bolts in accordance with hinge holes corresponding to the diameter of the screw holes one by one after processing, processing back bolt installation location cannot be changed, so according to bolt after the actual weight difference of nut and lock washer to match. General requirements for coupling two symmetrical diameter bolt, nut and lock washer's total weight difference should not be greater than 10 g and knocks stamped mark. (See Figure 18) The coupling bolts apply lubricant, and then gently with copper home, not too loose or too tight. Bolt Assembly is finished, symmetrical tightening all bolts to 30%, 50%, 70%, 100% force, and check the coupling flutter and before connecting the circle gradually changes its value should be less than 0.02mm. Tightening torque of the coupling bolts shall comply with the technical requirements manufacturers drawings, with a dynamometric wrench or log tension tools. Three wheel rotor swing test coupling connections should be checked: taking leave, (1)患者呼吸和循环已有效恢复。 (2)无心搏和自主呼吸，CPR在常温下持续30min以上，EMS人员到场确定患者已死 亡。 (3)有EMS人员接手承担复苏或其他人员接替抢救。 coupling Centre shall be checked, the second poured concrete strength of more than 70%. In the process of reaming or boring, apart from the special provisions in factory, does not allow any work that may affect the coupling Centre, such as irrigation, to cylinder connections to flood the condenser pipes and so on. Well boring, hinge bolt hole flange with coupling of vertical, not oblique. Mounting bolts should be added lubricants, typing gently with a small hammer, not too loose or too tight, packed the bolts with the corresponding seal screw hole should be marked. 6.4.5.4.2 coupling reamed and pairings is close to the diameter of bolt bearing good hinge holes, dressed with a good two coupling bolts before you can move the rotor, boring-reaming hole in turn. Coupling bolts must be tight coupling is symmetrical diameter, in boring, reaming, two bolts out. Well boring, hinge bolt hole flange with coupling of vertical, not oblique. Due to the coupling bolts in accordance with hinge holes corresponding to the diameter of the screw holes one by one after processing, processing back bolt installation location cannot be changed, so according to bolt after the actual weight difference of nut and lock washer to match. General requirements for coupling two symmetrical diameter bolt, nut and lock washer's total weight difference should not be greater than 10 g and knocks stamped mark. (See Figure 18) The coupling bolts apply lubricant, and then gently with copper home, not too loose or too tight. Bolt Assembly is finished, symmetrical tightening all bolts to 30%, 50%, 70%, 100% force, and check the coupling flutter and before connecting the circle gradually changes its value should be less than 0.02mm. Tightening torque of the coupling bolts shall comply with the technical requirements manufacturers drawings, with a dynamometric wrench or log tension tools. Three wheel rotor swing test coupling connections should be checked: taking leave,