水质色度的测定

水质色度的测定 水质色度的测定GB 11903-89 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Water quality-Determination of colority 1 主内容与适用范围 本规定了两种测定颜色的方法。本标准测定经15min澄清后样品的颜色。pH值对颜色有较大影响，在测定颜色时应同时测定pH值。 1.1 铂钴比色法参照采用国际标准ISO 7887—1985《水质颜色的检验和测定》。铂钴比色法适用于清洁水、轻度污染并略带黄色调的水，比较清洁的地面水、地下水和饮用水等。 1.2 稀释倍数法适用于污染较严重的地面水和工业废水。 两种方法应独立使用，一般没有可比性。 样品和标准溶液的颜色色调不一致时，本标准不适用。 2 定义 本标准定义取自国际照明委员会第17号出版物(CIE publication No.17)，采用下述几条。 2.1 水的颜色 改变透射可见光光谱组成的光学性质。 2.2 水的观颜色 由溶解物质及不溶解性悬浮物产生的颜色，用未经过滤或离心分离的原始样品测定。 2.3 水的真实颜色 仅由溶解物质产生的颜色。用经0.45?m滤膜过滤器过滤的样品测定。 2.4 色度的标准单位，度:在每升溶液中含有2mg六水合氯化钴(?)和1mg铂[以六氯铂(?)酸的形式]时产生的颜色为1度。 3 铂钴比色法 3.1 原理 用氯铂酸钾和氯化钴配制颜色标准溶液，与被测样品进行日视比较，以测定样品的颜色强度，即色度。 fast boat. "Moon Pro Power pole and offshore to quickly open bow. See trailing people around the Lake called "shake up, us a lift boat!......" Shen Yuezhen stood in the bow, holding a small pistol, briskly humming "Bella Ciao". Person she wanted to send guns to the Jiangsu Taihu anti-Japanese volunteer station, look for a long time never met comrade ... ... (13) Qian Guibao intensive care wounded soldiers during the war, Zhu Xi Yao bang Tao Yuan San Min, based in this village, where good mass base. In May 1939, Zhu Xi transfer 9 wounded guerrilla, Yao bang due to injury. Qian Guibao, consciously take on the task of caring for the wounded villagers, they are wounded daily diet, taken care of. A few days later, 3 injured from wounds, medical treatment failed, died. Qian Guibao, arranged to buy the coffin, washing the bodies, buried on the spot. After 10 days, the remaining number of wounded was ordered to transfer to other places. Qian Guibao, villagers ' enthusiasm to take care of the wounded, reflect the people's support of anti-Japanese patriotism. (14) mountain Bao Dai Xiuchang, eager to help the underground resistance movement in May 1939, the party member Zhuang Shaozhen according to instructions, came to the Tomb area car dam the resistance movement. He organized the Wujiang administrative team, run evening classes, to introduce youth to turn, the army's case against Japan, revolutionary Outlook on life education; by teaching the Feng Yang, the nation, said song, the sword marches such as songs and organize cultural tours and other activities, mobilize the masses, unite against Japan. Scope of activities in the joy Temple works, Miao and Hui 样品的色度以与之相当的色度标准溶液(3.2.3)的度值表示。 注:此标准单位导出的标准度有时称为“Hazen际”或“Pt,Co标”[GB 3143《液体化学产品颜色测定法(Hazcn单位——铂,钴色号)》]、或毫克铂,升。 3.2 试剂 除另有说明外，测定中仅使用光学纯水(3.2.1)及分析纯试剂。 3.2.1 光学纯水:将0.2?m。滤膜(细菌学研究中所采用的)在100mL蒸馏水或去离子水中浸泡1h，用它过滤250mL蒸馏水或去离子水，弃去最初的250mL，以后用这种水配制全部际准溶液并作为稀释水。 3.2.2 色度标准储备液，相当于500度:将1.245?0.001g六氯铂(?)酸钾(K2PtC16)及1.000?0.001g六水氯化钴(?)(CoCl2?6H2O)溶于约500mL水(4.1)中，加100?1mL盐酸(p,1.18g,mL)并在1000mL的容量瓶内用水稀释下标线。 将溶液放在密封的玻璃瓶中，存放在暗处，温度不能超过30?。个溶液至少能稳定6个月。 3.2.3 色度标准溶液:在一组250mL的容量瓶中，用移液管分别加入2.50,5.00,7.50,10.00,12.50,15.00,17.50,20.00,30.00及35.00mL储备液(3.2.2)，并用水(3.2.1)稀释至标线。溶液色度分别为:5,10,15,20,25,30,35,40,50,60和70度。 溶液放在严密益好的玻璃瓶中，存放于暗处。温度不能超过30?。这些溶液至少可稳定1个月。 3.3 仪器 3.3.1 常用实验室仪器和以下仪器。 3.3.2 具塞比色管，50mL。规格一致，光学透明玻璃底部无阴影。 3.3.3 pH计，精度?0.1pH单位。 3.3.4 容量瓶，250mL。 3.4 采样和样品 所用与样品接触的玻璃器皿都要用盐酸或表面活性剂溶液加以清洗，最后用蒸馏水或去离了水洗净、沥干。 将样品采集在容积至少为1L的玻璃瓶内，在采样后要尽早进行测定。如果必须贮存，则将样品贮于暗处。在有些情况下还要避免样品与空气接触。同时要避兔温度的变化。 fast boat. "Moon Pro Power pole and offshore to quickly open bow. See trailing people around the Lake called "shake up, us a lift boat!......" Shen Yuezhen stood in the bow, holding a small pistol, briskly humming "Bella Ciao". Person she wanted to send guns to the Jiangsu Taihu anti-Japanese volunteer station, look for a long time never met comrade ... ... (13) Qian Guibao intensive care wounded soldiers during the war, Zhu Xi Yao bang Tao Yuan San Min, based in this village, where good mass base. In May 1939, Zhu Xi transfer 9 wounded guerrilla, Yao bang due to injury. Qian Guibao, consciously take on the task of caring for the wounded villagers, they are wounded daily diet, taken care of. A few days later, 3 injured from wounds, medical treatment failed, died. Qian Guibao, arranged to buy the coffin, washing the bodies, buried on the spot. After 10 days, the remaining number of wounded was ordered to transfer to other places. Qian Guibao, villagers ' enthusiasm to take care of the wounded, reflect the people's support of anti-Japanese patriotism. (14) mountain Bao Dai Xiuchang, eager to help the underground resistance movement in May 1939, the party member Zhuang Shaozhen according to instructions, came to the Tomb area car dam the resistance movement. He organized the Wujiang administrative team, run evening classes, to introduce youth to turn, the army's case against Japan, revolutionary Outlook on life education; by teaching the Feng Yang, the nation, said song, the sword marches such as songs and organize cultural tours and other activities, mobilize the masses, unite against Japan. Scope of activities in the joy Temple works, Miao and Hui 3.5 步骤 3.5.1 试料 将样品倒入250mL(或更大)量筒中，静置15min，倾取上层液体作为试料进行测定。 3.5.2 测定 将一组具塞比色管(3.3.2)用色度标准溶液(3.2.3)充至标线。将另一组具塞比色管用试料(3.5.1)充至标线。 将具塞比色管放在白色表面上，比色管与该表面应呈合适的角度，使光线被反射自具塞比色管底部向上通过液柱。 垂直向下观察液柱，找出与试料色度最接近的标准溶液。 如色度?70度，用光学纯水(3.2.1)将试料适当稀释后，使色度落入标准溶液范围之中再行测定。 另取试料测定pH值。 3.6 结果的表示 以色度的际准单位(3)与试料最接近的标准溶液的值，在0,40度(不包括40度)的范围内，准确到5度。40,70度范围内，准确到10度。 在报告样品色度的同时报告pH值。 稀释过的样品色度(A0)，以度计，用下式计算: 式中:V1——样品稀释后的体积，mL; V0——样品稀释前的体积，mL; A1——稀释样品色度的观察值，度。 4 稀释倍数法 4.1 原理 将样品用光学纯水(3.2.1)稀释至用目视比较与光学纯水相比刚好看不见颜色时的稀释倍数作为表达颜色的强度，单位为倍。 fast boat. "Moon Pro Power pole and offshore to quickly open bow. See trailing people around the Lake called "shake up, us a lift boat!......" Shen Yuezhen stood in the bow, holding a small pistol, briskly humming "Bella Ciao". Person she wanted to send guns to the Jiangsu Taihu anti-Japanese volunteer station, look for a long time never met comrade ... ... (13) Qian Guibao intensive care wounded soldiers during the war, Zhu Xi Yao bang Tao Yuan San Min, based in this village, where good mass base. In May 1939, Zhu Xi transfer 9 wounded guerrilla, Yao bang due to injury. Qian Guibao, consciously take on the task of caring for the wounded villagers, they are wounded daily diet, taken care of. A few days later, 3 injured from wounds, medical treatment failed, died. Qian Guibao, arranged to buy the coffin, washing the bodies, buried on the spot. After 10 days, the remaining number of wounded was ordered to transfer to other places. Qian Guibao, villagers ' enthusiasm to take care of the wounded, reflect the people's support of anti-Japanese patriotism. (14) mountain Bao Dai Xiuchang, eager to help the underground resistance movement in May 1939, the party member Zhuang Shaozhen according to instructions, came to the Tomb area car dam the resistance movement. He organized the Wujiang administrative team, run evening classes, to introduce youth to turn, the army's case against Japan, revolutionary Outlook on life education; by teaching the Feng Yang, the nation, said song, the sword marches such as songs and organize cultural tours and other activities, mobilize the masses, unite against Japan. Scope of activities in the joy Temple works, Miao and Hui 同时用目视观察样品，检验颜色性质:颜色的深浅(无色，浅色或深色)，色调(红、橙、黄、绿、蓝和紫等)，如果可能包括样品的透明度(透明、混浊或不透明)。用文字予以描述。 结果以稀释倍数值和文字描述相结合表达。 4.2 试剂 4.2.1 光学纯水(3.2.1)。 4.3 仪器 4.3.1 实验室常用仪器及具塞比色管(3.3.1)、pH计(3.3.3)。 4.4 采样和样品 同3.4条 4.5 步骤 4.5.1 试料 同第3.5.l条。 4.5.2 测定 分别取试料(4.5.1)和光学纯水(4.2.1)于具塞比色管中，充至标线，将具塞比色管放在白色表面上，具塞比色管与该表面应呈合适的角度，使光线被反射自具塞比色管底部向上通过液柱。垂直向下观察液柱，比较样品和光学纯水，描述样品呈现的色度和色凋，如果可能包括透明度。 将试料用光学纯水逐级稀释成不同倍数，分别置于具塞比色管井充至标线。将具塞比色管放在白色表面上，用上述相同的方法与光学纯水进行比较。将试料稀释至刚好与光学纯水无法区别为止，记下此时的稀释倍数值。 稀释的方法:试料的色度在50倍以上时，用移液管计量吸取试料于容量瓶中，用光学纯水稀至标线，每次取大的稀释比，使稀释后色度在50倍之内。 试料的色度在50倍以下时，在具塞比色管中取试料25mL，用光学纯水稀至标线，每次稀释倍数为2。 试料或试料经稀释至色度很低时，应自具塞比色管倒至量筒适量试料并计量，然后用光学纯水稀至标线，每次稀释倍数小于2。记下各次稀释倍数值。 另取试料测定pH值。 fast boat. "Moon Pro Power pole and offshore to quickly open bow. See trailing people around the Lake called "shake up, us a lift boat!......" Shen Yuezhen stood in the bow, holding a small pistol, briskly humming "Bella Ciao". Person she wanted to send guns to the Jiangsu Taihu anti-Japanese volunteer station, look for a long time never met comrade ... ... (13) Qian Guibao intensive care wounded soldiers during the war, Zhu Xi Yao bang Tao Yuan San Min, based in this village, where good mass base. In May 1939, Zhu Xi transfer 9 wounded guerrilla, Yao bang due to injury. Qian Guibao, consciously take on the task of caring for the wounded villagers, they are wounded daily diet, taken care of. A few days later, 3 injured from wounds, medical treatment failed, died. Qian Guibao, arranged to buy the coffin, washing the bodies, buried on the spot. After 10 days, the remaining number of wounded was ordered to transfer to other places. Qian Guibao, villagers ' enthusiasm to take care of the wounded, reflect the people's support of anti-Japanese patriotism. (14) mountain Bao Dai Xiuchang, eager to help the underground resistance movement in May 1939, the party member Zhuang Shaozhen according to instructions, came to the Tomb area car dam the resistance movement. He organized the Wujiang administrative team, run evening classes, to introduce youth to turn, the army's case against Japan, revolutionary Outlook on life education; by teaching the Feng Yang, the nation, said song, the sword marches such as songs and organize cultural tours and other activities, mobilize the masses, unite against Japan. Scope of activities in the joy Temple works, Miao and Hui 5 结果的表示 将逐级稀释的各次倍数相乘，所得之积取整数值，以此表达样品的色度。 同时用文字描述样品的颜色深浅、色调，如果可能，包括透明度。 在报告样品色度的同时，报告pH值。 附加说明: 本标准由国家环境保护局标准处提出。 本标准由中国纺织大学负责起草。 本标准主要起草人奚旦立、陈季华。 本标准委托中国环境监测总站负责解释。 纯水为无色透明。清洁水在水层浅时应为无色，深层为浅蓝绿色。天然水中存在腐殖质、泥土、浮游生物、铁和锰等金属离子，均可使水体着色。 纺织、印染、造纸、食品、有机合成工业的废水中，常含有大量的染料、生物色素和有色悬浮微粒等，因此常常是使环境水体着色的主要污染源。有色废水常给人以不愉快感， 排入环境后又使天然水着色，减弱水体的透光性，影响水生生物的生长。 水的颜色定义为“改变透射可见光光谱组成的光学性质”，可区分为“表观颜色”和“真实颜色”。 “真实颜色”是指去除浊度后水的颜色。测定真色时，如水样浑浊，应放置澄清后，取上清液或用孔径为0(45μm滤膜过滤，也可经离心后再测定。没有去除悬浮物的水所具有的颜色，包括了溶解性物质及不溶解的悬浮物所产生的颜色，称为“表观颜色”，测定未经过滤或离心的原始水样的颜色即为“表观颜色”。对于清洁的或浊度很低的水，这两种颜色相近。对着色很深的工业废水，其颜色主要由于胶体和悬浮物所造成，故可根据需要测 定“真实颜色”或“表观颜色”。 水的色度单位是度，即在每升溶液中含有2mg六水合氯化钴(?)(相当于O(5mg钴)和1mg铂(以六氯铂(?)酸的形式)时产生的颜色为1度。 fast boat. "Moon Pro Power pole and offshore to quickly open bow. See trailing people around the Lake called "shake up, us a lift boat!......" Shen Yuezhen stood in the bow, holding a small pistol, briskly humming "Bella Ciao". Person she wanted to send guns to the Jiangsu Taihu anti-Japanese volunteer station, look for a long time never met comrade ... ... (13) Qian Guibao intensive care wounded soldiers during the war, Zhu Xi Yao bang Tao Yuan San Min, based in this village, where good mass base. In May 1939, Zhu Xi transfer 9 wounded guerrilla, Yao bang due to injury. Qian Guibao, consciously take on the task of caring for the wounded villagers, they are wounded daily diet, taken care of. A few days later, 3 injured from wounds, medical treatment failed, died. Qian Guibao, arranged to buy the coffin, washing the bodies, buried on the spot. After 10 days, the remaining number of wounded was ordered to transfer to other places. Qian Guibao, villagers ' enthusiasm to take care of the wounded, reflect the people's support of anti-Japanese patriotism. (14) mountain Bao Dai Xiuchang, eager to help the underground resistance movement in May 1939, the party member Zhuang Shaozhen according to instructions, came to the Tomb area car dam the resistance movement. He organized the Wujiang administrative team, run evening classes, to introduce youth to turn, the army's case against Japan, revolutionary Outlook on life education; by teaching the Feng Yang, the nation, said song, the sword marches such as songs and organize cultural tours and other activities, mobilize the masses, unite against Japan. Scope of activities in the joy Temple works, Miao and Hui