高考生物必背85个知识点

高考生物必背85个知识点 2013-03-21 13:16 来源:互联网 小编寄语:关于高考生物知识点，高考马上就要到来，在考前考生该将一些必备的知识点进行整理，然后集中记忆，为帮助大家做好高考生物复习工作，小编为大家提供高考生物必背85个知识点，供大家参考。 1.基因重组只发生在减数分裂过程和基因中，(三倍体，病毒，细菌等不能基因重组。) 2.细胞生物的遗传物质就是DNA，有DNA就有RNA,有5种碱基，8种核苷酸。 3.双缩尿试剂不能蛋白酶活性，因为蛋白酶本身也是蛋白质。 4.高血糖症，不等于糖尿病，高血糖症尿液中不含葡萄糖，只能验血，不能用本尼迪特试剂检验，因为血液是红色的。 5.洋葱表皮细胞不能进行有丝分裂，必须是连续分裂的细胞才有细胞周期。 6.细胞克隆，就是细胞培养，利用细胞增值的原理。 7.细胞板不等于赤道板，细胞板是植物细胞分裂后期由高尔基体形成，赤道板不是细胞结构。 8.激素调节是体液调节的主要部分，CO2刺激呼吸中枢使呼吸加快属于体液调节。 9.注射血清治疗患者不属于二次免疫，(抗原加记忆细胞才是)，血清中的抗体是多种抗体的混合物。 10.刺激肌肉会收缩，不属于反射，反射必须经过完整的反射弧(这个点昨天一摸理综就考了)，判断兴奋传导方向有突触或神经节。 11.递质分兴奋行递质和抑制性递质，抑制性递质能引起下一个神经元电位变化，但电性不变，所以不会引起效应器反应。 12.DNA是主要的遗传物质中的“主要”如何理解?每种生物只有一种遗传物质，细胞生物就是DNA.RNA也不是次要的遗传物质，而是针对“整个”生物界而言的，只有少数RNA病毒的遗传物质是RNA。 13.隐性基因在哪些情况下性状能表达?...1.单倍体，2，纯合子，3.位于Y染色体上。 14.染色体组 不等于 染色体组型 不等于 基因组。 染色体组是一组非同元染色体，如人类为2个染色体组，为二倍体生物。基因组为22+X+Y，而染色体组型为44+XX或XY. 15.病毒不具细胞结构，无独立心陈代谢，只能过寄生生活，用普通培养基无法培养，之能用活细胞培养，如活鸡胚。 personal and collective learning on your own, combining learning reading and discussion, read, learn, and understanding of the original principles, focused learning around topics discussion, ongoing positive and negative type education. Members should close their own thoughts, work, real life, comparing reflection and further improve the pertinence and effectiveness of learning, continue to unlock the buttons, correct wrong, think of practical realization in mind, party rules discipline, firm and correct political orientation, develop discipline, and being a qualified member of the adherence to the Constitution Party rules and political discipline. Second, "to do" as the key, seriously, do try to do, to set an example. Two lies in the doing. To learn to do, and the unity of knowledge, qualified party member, is the focus of this study and education and essential point. A qualified party members not only to watch his Constitution Party rules and talk to learn how, through, dark and light, and also what does he end up doing, is not a unity. This study and education, is essential to enhance the party's political awareness, awareness of overall, core, par. In learning education in the, each members are to control "told political, and has faith, do political qualified; told rules, and has discipline, do implementation discipline qualified; told moral, and has conduct, do conduct qualified; told dedication, and has as, do play role qualified" "four told four has" this put ruler, often measure himself, view himself, transformation himself, with actual action reflected learn of effectiveness, and reflected belief faith of power. To firm to to Central par, to XI General Secretary par, to party of theory, and route, and approach par, to Central of the decision deployment par, strongly maintenance Central of authority, maintenance XI General Secretary this core, strongly obey Central of concentrated unified led, in thought, and political 16.病毒在生物学中的应用举例:?基因工程中作载体，?细胞工程中作诱融合剂，?在免疫学上 可作疫苗用于免疫预防。 17.遗传中注意事项: (1)基因型频率?基因型概率。 (2)显性突变、隐性突变。 (3)重新化整的思路(Aa 自交?1AA:2Aa:1aa，其中 aa 致死，则 1/3AA+2/3Aa=1) (4)自交?自由交配，自由交配用基因频率去解，特别提示:豌豆的自由交配就是自交。 (5)基因型的书写格式要正确，如常染色体上基因写前面 XY 一定要大写。要用题中所给的字母表 示。 (6)一次杂交实验，通常选同型用隐性，异型用显性。 (7)遗传图解的书写一定要写基因型，表现型，×，?，P,F 等符号，遗传图解区别遗传系谱图， 需文字的一定要写，特别注意括号中的说明。 (8)F2 出现3:1(Aa 自交)出现 1:1(测交 Aa×aa)，出现 9:3:3:1(AaBb 自交)出现 1: 1:1:1(AaBb×aabb 测交或 Aabb×aaBb 杂交)。 (9)验证基因位于一对同源染色体上满足基因分离定律(或位于两对同源染色体上满足基因自由 组合定律)方法可以用自交或测交。(植物一般用自交，动物一般用测交)(10)子代中雌雄比例不同，则基因通常位于 X 染色体上;出现 2:1 或 6:3:2:1 则通常考虑纯 合致死效应;子代中雌雄性状比例相同，基因位于常染色体上。 (11)F2 出现 1:2:1 不完全显性)，9:7、15:1、12:3:1、9:6;1(总和为 16)都是 9:3: 3:1 的变形(AaBb 的自交或互交)。 (12)育种方法:快速繁殖(单倍体育种，植物组织培养)、最简单育种方法(自交)。 (13)秋水仙素作用于萌发的种子或幼苗(未作用的部位，如根部仍为二倍体);秋水仙素的作用 原理:有丝分裂前期抑制纺锤体的形成;秋水仙素能抑制植物细胞纺锤体的形成，对动物细胞无效。秋 水仙素是生物碱，不是植物激素。 (14)遗传病不一定含有致病基因，如 21-三体综合症。 18.平常考试用常见错别字归纳:液(叶)泡、神经(精)、类(内)囊体、必需(须)、测(侧) 定、纯合(和)子、抑(仰)制、拟(似)核、拮(佶)抗、蒸腾(滕)、异养(氧)型。 19.细胞膜上的蛋白质有糖蛋白(识别功能，如受体、MHC 等)，载体蛋白，水通道蛋白等。 20.减数分裂与有丝分裂比较:减数第一次分裂同源染色体分离，减数第二次分裂和有丝分裂着丝 粒断裂，减数分裂有基因重组，有丝分裂中无基因重组，有丝分裂整个过程中都有同源染色体，减数分 裂过程中有联会、四分体时期。(识别图象:三看法针对的是二倍体生物)。 21.没有纺锤丝的牵拉着丝粒也会断裂，纺锤丝的作用是使姐妹染色单体均分到两极。 22.精子、卵细胞属于高度分化的细胞，但全能性较大、无细胞周期。 23.表观光合速率判断的方法:坐标图中有“负值”，文字中有“实验测得”。 24.哺乳动物无氧呼吸产生乳酸，不产生二氧化碳，酵母菌兼性厌氧型能进行有氧呼吸和无氧呼吸。 植物无氧呼吸一般产生酒精、二氧化碳(特例:马铃薯的块茎、玉米的胚、甜菜的块根)。 25.植物细胞具有全能性，动物细胞(受精卵、2~8 细胞球期、生殖细胞)也有全能性;通常讲动物 细胞核具有全能性(实例:克隆羊)，胚胎干细胞具有发育全能性。 26.基因探针可以是 DNA 双链、单链或 RNA 单链，但探针的核苷酸序列是已知的(如测某人是否患 镰刀型贫血症)，则探针是放射性同位素标记或荧光标记的镰刀型贫血症患者的 DNA 作为探针。 n himself, with actual action reflected learn of effectiveness, and reflected belief faith of power. To firm to to Central pa, and has as, do play role qualified" "four told four has" this put ruler, often measure himself, view himself, transformatiocationles, and has discipline, do implementation discipline qualified; told moral, and has conduct, do conduct qualified; told dediar. In learning education in the, each members are to control "told political, and has faith, do political qualified; told rure, p, is not a unity. This study and education, is essential to enhance the party's political awareness, awareness of overall, coonly to watch his Constitution Party rules and talk to learn how, through, dark and light, and also what does he end up doing rs noty of knowledge, qualified party member, is the focus of this study and education and essential point. A qualified party membe. Second, "to do" as the key, seriously, do try to do, to set an example. Two lies in the doing. To learn to do, and the unitiplinentation, develop discipline, and being a qualified member of the adherence to the Constitution Party rules and political disck the buttons, correct wrong, think of practical realization in mind, party rules discipline, firm and correct political orieunloc thoughts, work, real life, comparing reflection and further improve the pertinence and effectiveness of learning, continue toes, focused learning around topics discussion, ongoing positive and negative type education. Members should close their own e original principlpersonal and collective learning on your own, combining learning reading and discussion, read, learn, and understanding of th2in thought, and politicalled, y maintenance Central of authority, maintenance XI General Secretary this core, strongly obey Central of concentrated unifiedXI General Secretary par, to party of theory, and route, and approach par, to Central of the decision deployment par, stronglr, to 27.病毒作为抗原，表面有多种蛋白质。所以由某病毒引起的抗体有多种。即一种抗原(含有多个 抗原分子)引起产生的特异性抗体有多种(一种抗原分子对应一种特异性抗体)。 28.每一个浆细胞只能产生一种特异性抗体，所以人体内的 B 淋巴细胞表面的抗原-MHC 受体是有许 多种的，而血清中的抗体是多种抗体的混合物。 29.抗生素(如青霉素、四环素)只对细菌起作用(抑制细菌细胞壁形成)，不能对病毒起作用。 30.转基因作物与原物种仍是同一物种，而不是新物种。基因工程实质是基因重组，基因工程为定 向变异。 31.标记基因(通常选抗性基因)的作用是:用于检测重组质粒是否被导入受体细胞(不含抗性) 而选择性培养基(加抗生素的培养基)的作用是:筛选是否导入目的基因的受体细胞。抗生素针对的不 是目的基因，而是淘汰不具有抗性的没有导入目的基因的受体细胞。 32.产生新物种判断的依据是有没有达到生殖隔离;判断是否为同一物种的依据是能否交配成功并 产生可育后代。 33.动物细胞融合技术的最重要用途是制备单克隆抗体，而不是培养出动物。 34.微生物包括病毒、细菌、支原体、酵母菌等肉眼看不到的微小生物。 35.浆细胞是唯一不能识别抗原的免疫细胞。吞噬细胞能识别抗原、但不能特异性识别抗原。 36.0?时，散热增加，产热也增加，两者相等。但生病发热时，是由于体温调节能力减弱，产热增 加、散热不畅造成的。 37.免疫异常有三种:过敏反应、自身免疫病、免疫缺陷病。 38.所有细胞器中，核糖体分布最广(在核外膜、内质网膜上、线粒体、叶绿体内都有分布)。 39.生长素?生长激素。 40.线粒体、叶绿体内的 DNA 也能转录、翻译产生蛋白质。 41.细胞分化的实质是基因的选择性表达，指都是由受精卵分裂过来的细胞，结构、功能不同的细 胞中，DNA 相同，而转录出的 RNA 不同，所翻译的蛋白质不同。 42.精原细胞(特殊的体细胞)通过复制后形成初级精母细胞，通过有丝分裂形成更多的精原细胞。 43.tRNA 上有 3 个暴露在外面的碱基，而不是只有 3 个碱基，是由多个碱基构成的单链 RNA。 44.观察质壁分离实验时，细胞无色透明，如何调节光线?缩小光圈或用平面反光镜。 45.抗体指免疫球蛋白，还有抗毒素、凝集素。但干扰素不是抗体，干扰素是病毒侵入细胞后产生 的糖蛋白，具有抗病毒、抗细胞分裂和免疫调节等多种生物学功能。 uler, , and has conduct, do conduct qualified; told dedication, and has as, do play role qualified" "four told four has" this put ral, and has faith, do political qualified; told rules, and has discipline, do implementation discipline qualified; told moralliticty's political awareness, awareness of overall, core, par. In learning education in the, each members are to control "told podark and light, and also what does he end up doing, is not a unity. This study and education, is essential to enhance the par rough,ation and essential point. A qualified party members not only to watch his Constitution Party rules and talk to learn how, thwo lies in the doing. To learn to do, and the unity of knowledge, qualified party member, is the focus of this study and educle. To the Constitution Party rules and political discipline. Second, "to do" as the key, seriously, do try to do, to set an examprules discipline, firm and correct political orientation, develop discipline, and being a qualified member of the adherence t party tinence and effectiveness of learning, continue to unlock the buttons, correct wrong, think of practical realization in mind,e type education. Members should close their own thoughts, work, real life, comparing reflection and further improve the pere original principles, focused learning around topics discussion, ongoing positive and negativpersonal and collective learning on your own, combining learning reading and discussion, read, learn, and understanding of th3ore, strongly obey Central of concentrated unified led, in thought, and politicalto Central of the decision deployment par, strongly maintenance Central of authority, maintenance XI General Secretary this cpar, ed belief faith of power. To firm to to Central par, to XI General Secretary par, to party of theory, and route, and approachoften measure himself, view himself, transformation himself, with actual action reflected learn of effectiveness, and reflect 46。基因工程中切割目的基因和质粒的限制酶可以不同。 47.基因工程中导入的目的基因通常考虑整合到核 DNA，形成的生物可看作杂合子(Aa),产生配子 时，可能含有目的基因。 48.寒冷刺激时，仅甲状腺激素调节而言，垂体细胞表面受体 2 种，下丘脑细胞表面受体有 1 种。 49.建立生态农业(桑基鱼塘)，能提高能量的利用率，而不是提高能量传递效率。人工生态系统 (农田、城市)中人的作用非常关键。 50.免疫活性物质有:淋巴因子(白细胞介素、干扰素)、抗体、溶菌酶。 51.外植体:由活植物体上切取下来以进行培养的那部分组织或器官叫做外植体。 52.去分化=脱分化。 53.消毒与灭菌的区别:灭菌，是指杀灭或者去处物体上所有微生物，包括抵抗力极强的细菌芽孢 在内。注意，是微生物，不仅包括细菌，还有病毒，真菌，支原体，衣原体等。消毒，是指杀死物体上 的病原微生物，也就是可能致病的微生物啦，细菌芽孢和非病原微生物可能还是存活的。 54.随机(自由)交配与自交区别:随机交配中，交配个体的基因型可能不同，而自交的基因型一 定是相同的。随机交配的种群，基因频率和基因型频率均不变(前提无基因的迁移、突变、选择、遗传 漂变、非随机交配)符合遗传平衡定律;自交多代，基因型频率是变化的，变化趋势是纯合子个体增加， 杂合个体减少，而基因频率不变。 55.血红蛋白不属于内环境成分，存在于红细胞内部，血浆蛋白属于内环境成分。 56.血友病女患者基因治疗痊愈后，血友病性状会传给她儿子吗?能，因为产生生殖细胞在卵巢， 基因不变，仍为 XbXb，治愈的仅是造血细胞。 57.叶绿素提取用 95%酒精，分离用层析液。 58.重组质粒在细胞外形成，而不是在细胞内。 59.基因工程中 CaCl2 能增大细菌细胞壁通透性，对植物细胞壁无效。 60.DNA 指纹分析需要限制酶吗?需要。先剪下，再解旋，再用 DNA 探针检测。 外分泌性蛋白通过生物膜系统运送出细胞外,穿过的生物膜层数为零。 61.叶表皮细胞是无色透明的,不含叶绿体。叶肉细胞为绿色,含叶绿体。保卫细胞含叶绿体。 62.呼吸作用与光合作用均有水生成，均有水参与反应。 63.ATP 中所含的糖为核糖。 64.并非所有的植物都是自养型生物 (如菟丝子是寄生) 并非所有的动物都是需氧型生物 ; (蛔虫) ; 蚯蚓、螃蟹、屎壳郎为分解者。 65.语言中枢位于大脑皮层,小脑有协调运动的作用,呼吸中枢位于脑干。下丘脑为血糖，体温，渗 透压调节中枢。下丘既是神经器官，又是内分泌器官。 r, to n himself, with actual action reflected learn of effectiveness, and reflected belief faith of power. To firm to to Central pa, and has as, do play role qualified" "four told four has" this put ruler, often measure himself, view himself, transformatiocationles, and has discipline, do implementation discipline qualified; told moral, and has conduct, do conduct qualified; told dediar. In learning education in the, each members are to control "told political, and has faith, do political qualified; told rure, p, is not a unity. This study and education, is essential to enhance the party's political awareness, awareness of overall, coonly to watch his Constitution Party rules and talk to learn how, through, dark and light, and also what does he end up doing rs noty of knowledge, qualified party member, is the focus of this study and education and essential point. A qualified party membe. Second, "to do" as the key, seriously, do try to do, to set an example. Two lies in the doing. To learn to do, and the unitiplinentation, develop discipline, and being a qualified member of the adherence to the Constitution Party rules and political disck the buttons, correct wrong, think of practical realization in mind, party rules discipline, firm and correct political orieunloc thoughts, work, real life, comparing reflection and further improve the pertinence and effectiveness of learning, continue toes, focused learning around topics discussion, ongoing positive and negative type education. Members should close their own e original principlpersonal and collective learning on your own, combining learning reading and discussion, read, learn, and understanding of th4in thought, and politicalled, y maintenance Central of authority, maintenance XI General Secretary this core, strongly obey Central of concentrated unifiedXI General Secretary par, to party of theory, and route, and approach par, to Central of the decision deployment par, strongl 66.胰岛细胞分 第4/6页 泌活动不受垂体控制,而由下丘脑通过有关神经控制，也可受血糖浓度直接调节。 67.淋巴循环可调节血浆与组织液的平衡,将少量蛋白质运输回血液.毛细淋巴管阻塞会引起组织水 肿。 68.有少量抗体分布在组织液和外分泌液中，主要存在于血清中。 69.真核生物的同一个基因片段可以转录为两种或两种以上的 mRNA。原因:外显子与内含子的相对性。 70.质粒不是细菌的细胞器,而是某些基因的载体，质粒存在于细菌和酵母菌细胞内。 71.动物、植物细胞均可传代大量培养。动物细胞通常用液体培养基，植物细胞通常用固体培养基， 扩大培养时，都是用液体培养基。 72.细菌进行有氧呼吸的酶类分布在细胞膜内表面,有氧呼吸也在也在细胞膜上进行(如:硝化细 菌)。光合细菌,光合作用的酶类也结合在细胞膜上,主要在细胞膜上进行(如:蓝藻)。 73.细胞遗传信息的表达过程既可发生在细胞核中,也可发生在线粒体和叶绿体中。 74.在生态系统中初级消费者粪便中的能量不属于初级消费者,仍属于生产者的能量。 75.用植物茎尖和根尖培养不含病毒的植株。是因为病毒来不及感染。 76.植物组织培养中所加的糖是蔗糖，细菌及动物细胞培养，一般用葡萄糖培养。 77.需要熟悉的一些细菌:金黄色葡萄球菌、硝化细菌、大肠杆菌、肺炎双球菌、乳酸菌。 78.需要熟悉的真菌:酵母菌、霉菌(青霉菌、根霉、曲霉)。 79.需要熟悉的病毒:噬菌体、艾滋病病毒(HIV)、SARS 病毒、禽流感病毒、流感病毒、烟草花叶 病毒。 80.需要熟悉的植物:玉米、甘蔗、高粱、苋菜、水稻、小麦、豌豆。 81.需要熟悉的动物:草履虫、水螅、蝾螈、蚯蚓、蜣螂、果蝇。 82.还有例外的生物:朊病毒、类病毒。 83.需要熟悉的细胞:人成熟的红细胞、蛙的红细胞、鸡血细胞、胰岛 B 细胞、胰岛 A 细胞、造血 干细胞、B 淋巴细胞、T 淋巴细胞、浆细胞、效应 T 细胞、记忆细胞吞噬细胞、白细胞、靶细胞、汗腺 细胞、肠腺细胞、肝细胞、骨骼肌细胞、神经细胞、神经元、分生区细胞、成熟区细胞、根毛细胞、洋 葱表皮细胞、叶肉细胞。 84.需要熟悉的酶:ATP 水解酶、ATP 合成酶、唾液淀粉酶、胃蛋白酶、胰蛋白酶、DNA 解旋酶、DNA 聚合酶、DNA 连接酶、限制酶、RNA 聚合酶、转氨酶、纤维素酶、果胶酶。 85.需要熟悉的蛋白质:生长激素、抗体、凝集素、抗毒素、干扰素、白细胞介素、血 红蛋白、糖被、受体、单克隆抗体、单细胞蛋白、各种消化酶、部分激素。 often measure himself, view himself, transformation himself, with actual action reflected learn of effectiveness, and reflectuler, , and has conduct, do conduct qualified; told dedication, and has as, do play role qualified" "four told four has" this put ral, and has faith, do political qualified; told rules, and has discipline, do implementation discipline qualified; told moralliticty's political awareness, awareness of overall, core, par. 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