武侠小说全集集合

SPLINESANDSERRATIONSAsplinedshaftisonehavingaseriesofparallelkeysformedintegrallywiththeshaftandmatingwithcorrespondinggroovescutinahuborfitting;thisarrangementisincontrasttoashafthavingaseriesofkeysorfeathersfittedintoslotscutintotheshaft.Thelatterconstructionweakenstheshafttoaconsiderabledegreebecauseoftheslotscutintoitandconsequently,reducesitstorque-transmittingcapacity.Splinedshaftsaremostgenerallyusedinthreetypesofapplications:1)forcouplingshaftswhenrelativelyheavytorquesaretobetransmittedwithoutslippage;2)fortrans-mittingpowertoslidably-mountedorpermanently-fixedgears,pulleys,andotherrotatingmembers;and3)forattachingpartsthatmayrequireremovalforindexingorchangeinangularposition.Splineshavingstraight-sidedteethhavebeenusedinmanyapplications(seeSAEParal-lelSideSplinesforSoftBroachedHolesinFittings);however,theuseofsplineswithteethofinvoluteprofilehassteadilyincreasedsince1)involutesplinecouplingshavegreatertorque-transmittingcapacitythananyothertype;2)theycanbeproducedbythesametechniquesandequipmentasisusedtocutgears;and3)theyhaveaself-centeringactionunderloadevenwhenthereisbacklashbetweenmatingmembers.InvoluteSplinesAmericanNationalStandardInvoluteSplines*.—Thesesplinesormultiplekeysaresimilarinformtointernalandexternalinvolutegears.Thegeneralpracticeistoformtheexternalsplineseitherbyhobbing,rolling,oronagearshaper,andinternalsplineseitherbybroachingoronagearshaper.Theinternalsplineisheldtobasicdimensionsandtheexternalsplineisvariedtocontrolthefit.Involutesplineshavemaximumstrengthatthebase,canbeaccuratelyspacedandareself-centering,thusequalizingthebearingandstresses,andtheycanbemeasuredandfittedaccurately.InAmericanNationalStandardANSIB92.1-1970(R1993),manyfeaturesofthe1960standardareretained;plustheadditionofthreetoleranceclasses,foratotaloffour.Theterm“involuteserration,”formerlyappliedtoinvolutesplineswith45-degreepressureangle,hasbeendeletedandthestandardnowincludesinvolutesplineswith30-,37.5-,and45-degreepressureangles.Tablesforthesesplineshavebeenrearrangedaccordingly.Theterm“serration”willnolongerapplytosplinescoveredbythisStandard.TheStandardhasonlyonefitclassforallsidefitsplines;theformerClass2fit.Class1fithasbeendeletedbecauseofitsinfrequentuse.Themajordiameteroftheflatrootsidefitsplinehasbeenchangedandatoleranceappliedtoincludetherangeofthe1950andthe1960standards.Theinterchangeabilitylimitationswithsplinesmadetopreviousstandardsaregivenlaterinthesectionentitled“Interchangeability.”Therehavebeennotolerancenorfitchangestothemajordiameterfitsection.TheStandardrecognizesthefactthatproperassemblybetweenmatingsplinesisdependentonlyonthesplinebeingwithineffectivespecificationsfromthetipofthetoothtotheformdiameter.Therefore,onsidefitsplines,theinternalsplinemajordiameternowisshownasamaximumdimensionandtheexternalsplineminordiameterisshownasaminimumdimension.Theminimuminternalmajordiameterandthemaximumexternalminordiametermustclearthespecifiedformdiameterandthusdonotneedanyadditionalcontrol.Thesplinespecificationtablesnowincludeagreaternumberoftolerancelevelselections.Thesetoleranceclasseswereaddedforgreaterselectiontosuitendproductneeds.Theselectionsdifferonlyinthetoleranceasappliedtospacewidthandtooththickness.*SeeAmericanNationalStandardANSIB92.2M-1980(R1989),MetricModuleInvoluteSplines;alsoseepage2177.ThetoleranceclassusedinASAB5.15-1960isthebasisandisnowdesignatedastoleranceClass5.Thenewtoleranceclassesarebasedonthefollowingformulas:ToleranceClass4=ToleranceClass5×0.71ToleranceClass6=ToleranceClass5×1.40ToleranceClass7=ToleranceClass5×2.00Alldimensionslistedinthisstandardareforthefinishedpart.Therefore,anycompensationthatmustbemadeforoperationsthattakeplaceduringprocessing,suchasheattreatment,mustbetakenintoaccountwhenselectingthetolerancelevelformanufacturing.Thestandardhasthesameinternalminimumeffectivespacewidthandexternalmaxi-mumeffectivetooththicknessforalltoleranceclassesandhastwotypesoffit.Fortoothsidefits,theminimumeffectivespacewidthandthemaximumeffectivetooththicknessareofequalvalue.Thisbasicconceptmakesitpossibletohaveinterchangeableassemblybetweenmatingsplineswheretheyaremadetothisstandardregardlessofthetoleranceclassoftheindividualmembers.Atoleranceclass“mix”ofmatingmembersisthusallowed,whichoftenisanadvantagewhereonememberisconsiderablylessdifficulttoproducethanitsmate,andthe“average”toleranceappliedtothetwounitsissuchthatitsatisfiesthedesignneed.Forinstance,assigningaClass5tolerancetoonememberandClass7toitsmatewillprovideanassemblytoleranceintheClass6range.Themaximumeffectivetooththicknessislessthantheminimumeffectivespacewidthformajordiameterfitstoallowforeccentricityvariations.Intheeventthefitasprovidedinthisstandarddoesnotsatisfyaparticulardesignneedandaspecificamountofeffectiveclearanceorpressfitisdesired,thechangeshouldbemadeonlytotheexternalsplinebyareductionoranincreaseineffectivetooththicknessandalikechangeinactualtooththickness.Theminimumeffectivespacewidth,inthisstandard,isalwaysbasic.Thebasicminimumeffectivespacewidthshouldalwaysberetainedwhenspecialdesignsarederivedfromtheconceptofthisstandard.TermsAppliedtoInvoluteSplines.—Thefollowingdefinitionsofinvolutesplineterms,herelistedinalphabeticalorder,aregivenintheAmericanNationalStandard.SomeofthesetermsareillustratedinthediagraminTable6.ActiveSplineLength(La)isthelengthofsplinethatcontactsthematingspline.Onslidingsplines,itexceedsthelengthofengagement.ActualSpaceWidth(s)isthecircularwidthonthepitchcircleofanysinglespaceconsideringaninfinitelythinincrementofaxialsplinelength.ActualToothThickness(t)isthecircularthicknessonthepitchcircleofanysingletoothconsideringaninfinitelythinincrementofaxialsplinelength.AlignmentVariationisthevariationoftheeffectivesplineaxiswithrespecttotherefer-enceaxis(seeFig.1c).BaseCircleisthecirclefromwhichinvolutesplinetoothprofilesareconstructed.BaseDiameter(Db)isthediameterofthebasecircle.BasicSpaceWidthisthebasicspacewidthfor30-degreepressureanglesplines;halfthecircularpitch.Thebasicspacewidthfor37.5-and45-degreepressureanglesplines,how-ever,isgreaterthanhalfthecircularpitch.Theteethareproportionedsothattheexternaltooth,atitsbase,hasaboutthesamethicknessastheinternaltoothattheformdiameter.Thisproportioningresultsingreaterminordiametersthanthoseofcomparableinvolutesplinesof30-degreepressureangle.CircularPitch(p)isthedistancealongthepitchcirclebetweencorrespondingpointsofadjacentsplineteeth.DepthofEngagementistheradialdistancefromtheminorcircleoftheinternalsplinetothemajorcircleoftheexternalspline,minuscornerclearanceand/orchamferdepth.DiametralPitch(P)isthenumberofsplineteethperinchofpitchdiameter.Thediametralpitchdeterminesthecircularpitchandthebasicspacewidthortooththickness.Incon-junctionwiththenumberofteeth,italsodeterminesthepitchdiameter.(SeealsoPitch.)EffectiveClearance(cv)istheeffectivespacewidthoftheinternalsplineminustheeffectivetooththicknessofthematingexternalspline.EffectiveSpaceWidth(Sv)ofaninternalsplineisequaltothecirculartooththicknessonthepitchcircleofanimaginaryperfectexternalsplinethatwouldfittheinternalsplinewithoutloosenessorinterferenceconsideringengagementoftheentireaxiallengthofthespline.Theminimumeffectivespacewidthoftheinternalsplineisalwaysbasic,asshowninTable3.Fitvariationsmaybeobtainedbyadjustingthetooththicknessoftheexternalspline.ThreeTypesofInvoluteSplineVariationsCenterLinesofTeethReferenceAxisFig.1a.LeadVariationCenterLinesofTeethReferenceAxisFig.1b.ParallelismVariationEffectiveSplineAxisReferenceAxisFig.1c.AlignmentVariationEffectiveToothThickness(tv)ofanexternalsplineisequaltothecircularspacewidthonthepitchcircleofanimaginaryperfectinternalsplinethatwouldfittheexternalsplinewithoutloosenessorinterference,consideringengagementoftheentireaxiallengthofthespline.EffectiveVariationistheaccumulatedeffectofthesplinevariationsonthefitwiththematingpart.ExternalSplineisasplineformedontheoutersurfaceofacylinder.Filletistheconcaveportionofthetoothprofilethatjoinsthesidestothebottomofthespace.FilletRootSplinesarethoseinwhichasinglefilletinthegeneralformofanarcjoinsthesidesofadjacentteeth.FlatRootSplinesarethoseinwhichfilletsjointhearcsofmajororminorcirclestothetoothsides.FormCircleisthecirclewhichdefinesthedeepestpointsofinvoluteformcontrolofthetoothprofile.Thiscirclealongwiththetoothtipcircle(orstartofchamfercircle)determinesthelimitsoftoothprofilerequiringcontrol.Itislocatednearthemajorcircleontheinternalsplineandneartheminorcircleontheexternalspline.FormClearance(cF)istheradialdepthofinvoluteprofilebeyondthedepthofengagementwiththematingpart.Itallowsforloosenessbetweenmatingsplinesandforeccentricitiesbetweentheminorcircle(internal),themajorcircle(external),andtheirrespectivepitchcircles.FormDiameter(DFe,DFi)thediameteroftheformcircle.InternalSplineisasplineformedontheinnersurfaceofacylinder.InvoluteSplineisonehavingteethwithinvoluteprofiles.LeadVariationisthevariationofthedirectionofthesplinetoothfromitsintendeddirectionparalleltothereferenceaxis,alsoincludingparallelismandalignmentvariations(seeFig.1a).Note:Straight(nonhelical)splineshaveaninfinitelead.LengthofEngagement(Lq)istheaxiallengthofcontactbetweenmatingsplines.MachiningTolerance(m)isthepermissiblevariationinactualspacewidthoractualtooththickness.MajorCircleisthecircleformedbytheoutermostsurfaceofthespline.Itistheoutsidecircle(toothtipcircle)oftheexternalsplineortherootcircleoftheinternalspline.MajorDiameter(Do,Dri)isthediameterofthemajorcircle.MinorCircleisthecircleformedbytheinnermostsurfaceofthespline.Itistherootcir-cleoftheexternalsplineortheinsidecircle(toothtipcircle)oftheinternalspline.MinorDiameter(Dre,Di)isthediameteroftheminorcircle.NominalClearanceistheactualspacewidthofaninternalsplineminustheactualtooththicknessofthematingexternalspline.Itdoesnotdefinethefitbetweenmatingmembers,becauseoftheeffectofvariations.OutofRoundnessisthevariationofthesplinefromatruecircularconfiguration.ParallelismVariationisthevariationofparallelismofasinglesplinetoothwithrespecttoanyothersinglesplinetooth(seeFig.1b).Pitch(P/Ps)isacombinationnumberofaone-to-tworatioindicatingthesplineproportions;theupperorfirstnumberisthediametralpitch,thelowerorsecondnumberisthestubpitchanddenotes,asthatfractionalpartofaninch,thebasicradiallengthofengagement,bothaboveandbelowthepitchcircle.PitchCircleisthereferencecirclefromwhichalltransversesplinetoothdimensionsareconstructed.PitchDiameter(D)isthediameterofthepitchcircle.PitchPointistheintersectionofthesplinetoothprofilewiththepitchcircle.PressureAngle(Φ)istheanglebetweenalinetangenttoaninvoluteandaradiallinethroughthepointoftangency.Unlessotherwisespecified,itisthestandardpressureangle.ProfileVariationisanyvariationfromthespecifiedtoothprofilenormaltotheflank.Splineisamachineelementconsistingofintegralkeys(splineteeth)orkeyways(spaces)equallyspacedaroundacircleorportionthereof.Standard(Main)PressureAngle(ΦD)isthepressureangleatthespecifiedpitchdiameter.StubPitch(Ps)isanumberusedtodenotetheradialdistancefromthepitchcircletothemajorcircleoftheexternalsplineandfromthepitchcircletotheminorcircleoftheinternalspline.Thestubpitchforsplinesinthisstandardistwicethediametralpitch.TotalIndexVariationisthegreatestdifferenceinanytwoteeth(adjacentorotherwise)betweentheactualandtheperfectspacingofthetoothprofiles.TotalTolerance(m+λ)isthemachiningtoleranceplusthevariationallowance.VariationAllowance(λ)isthepermissibleeffectivevariation.ToothProportions.—Thereare17pitches:2.5/5,3/6,4/8,5/10,6/12,8/16,10/20,12/24,16/32,20/40,24/48,32/64,40/80,48/96,64/128,80/160,and128/256.Thenumeratorinthisfractionaldesignationisknownasthediametralpitchandcontrolsthepitchdiameter;thedenominator,whichisalwaysdoublethenumerator,isknownasthestubpitchandcontrolsthetoothdepth.Forconvenienceincalculation,onlythenumeratorisusedintheformulasgivenandisdesignatedasP.Diametralpitch,asingears,meansthenumberofteethperinchofpitchdiameter.Table1showsthesymbolsandTable2theformulasforbasictoothdimensionsofinvolutesplineteethofvariouspitches.BasicdimensionsaregiveninTable3.Table1.AmericanNationalStandardInvoluteSplineSymbolsANSIB92.1-1970,R1993cveffectiveclearanceMimeasurementbetweenpins,internalsplinecFformclearanceDpitchdiameterNnumberofteethDbbasediameterPdiametralpitchDcipincontactdiameter,internalsplinePsstubpitchpcircularpitchDcepincontactdiameter,externalsplinerffilletradiussactualspacewidth,circularDFeformdiameter,externalsplinesveffectivespacewidth,circularDFiformdiameter,internalsplinescallowablecompressivestress,psiDiminordiameter,internalsplinessallowableshearstress,psiDomajordiameter,externalsplinetactualtooththickness,circularDreminordiameter,externalspline(root)tveffectivetooththickness,circularλvariationallowanceDrimajordiameter,internalspline(root)∈involuterollangleΦpressureangledediameterofmeasuringpinforsplineΦDstandardpressureangleΦcipressureangleatpincontactdiameter,internalsplinedidiameterofmeasuringpinforsplineΦcepressureangleatpincontactdiameter,externalsplineKechangefactorforexternalsplineKichangefactorforinternalsplineΦipressureangleatpincenter,internalsplineLsplinelengthLaactivesplinelengthΦepressureangleatpincenter,externalsplineLglengthofengagementmmachiningtoleranceΦFpressureangleatformdiameterMemeasurementoverpins,externalTable2.FormulasforInvoluteSplineBasicDimensionsANSIB92.1-1970,R199TermSymbol30degΦD37.5degΦD45degΦDFlatRootSideFitFlatRootMajorDiaFitFilletRootSideFitFilletRootSideFitFilletRootSideFit2.5/5-32/64Pitch3/6-16/32Pitch2.5/5-48/96Pitch2.5/5-48-/96Pitch10/20–128/256PitchStubPitchPs2P2P2P2P2PPitchDiameterDN/PN/PN/PN/PN/PBaseDiameterDbDcosΦDDcosΦDDcosΦDDcosΦDDcosΦDCircularPitchpπ/Pπ/Pπ/Pπ/Pπ/PMinimumEffectiveSpaceWidthsvπ/(2P)π/(2P)π/(2P)(0.5π+0.1)/P(0.5π+0.2)/PMajorDiameter,InternalDri(N+1.35)/P(N+1)/P(N+1.8)/P(N+1.6)/P(N+1.4)/PMajorDiameter,ExternalDo(N+1)/P(N+1)/P(N+1)/P(N+1)/P(N+1)/PMinorDiameter,InternalDi(N-1)/P(N-1)/P(N-1)/P(N-0.8)/P(N-0.6)/PMinorDia.Ext.2.5/5thru12/24pitchDre(N-1.35)/P(N-1.35)/P(N-1.8)/P(N-1.3)/P…16/32pitchandfiner(N-1.35)/P(N-1.35)/P(N–2)/P(N-1.3)/P…10/20pitchandfiner(N-1.35)/P(N-1.35)/P…(N-1.3)/P(N-1)/PFormDiameter,InternalDFi(N+1)/P+2cF(N+0.8)/P–0.004+2cF(N+1)/P+2cF(N+1)/P+2cF(N+1)/P+2cFFormDiameter,ExternalDFe(N-1)/P–2cF(N-1)/P–2cF(N-1)/P-2cF(N-0.8)/P–2cF(N-0.6)/P–2cFFormClearance(Radial)cF0.001D,withmaxof0.010,minof0.002π=3.1415927Note:Allsplinespecificationtabledimensionsinthestandardarederivedfromthesebasicformulasbyapplicationoftolerances.Table3.BasicDimensionsforInvoluteSplinesANSIB92.1-1970,R1993Pitch,P/PsCircularPitch,pMinEffectiveSpaceWidth(BASIC),SvminPitch,P/PsCircularPitch,pMinEffectiveSpaceWidth(BASIC),Svmin30degΦ37.5degΦ45degΦ30degΦ37.5degΦ45degΦ2.5⁄53⁄64⁄85⁄106⁄128⁄1610⁄2012⁄2416⁄321.25661.04720.78540.62830.52360.39270.31420.26180.19630.62830.52360.39270.31420.26180.19630.15710.13090.09820.66830.55690.41770.33420.27850.20880.16710.13920.1044………………0.17710.14760.110720⁄4024⁄4832⁄6440⁄8048⁄9664⁄12880⁄160128⁄256…0.15710.13090.09820.07850.06540.04910.03930.0246…0.07850.06540.04910.03930.0327…………0.08350.06960.05220.04180.0348…………0.08850.07380.05530.04430.03690.02770.02210.0138…ToothNumbers.—TheAmericanNationalStandardcoversinvolutesplineshavingtoothnumbersrangingfrom6to60witha30-or37.5-degreepressureangleandfrom6to100witha45-degreepressureangle.Inselectingthenumberofteethforagivensplineapplication,itiswelltokeepinmindthattherearenoadvantagestobegainedbyusingoddnumbersofteethandthatthediametersofsplineswithoddtoothnumbers,particularlyinternalsplines,aretroublesometomeasurewithpinssincenotwotoothspacesarediametricallyoppositeeachother.TypesandClassesofInvoluteSplineFits.—TwotypesoffitsarecoveredbytheAmericanNationalStandardforinvolutesplines,thesidefit,andthemajordiameterfit.Dimensionaldataforflatrootsidefit,flatrootmajordiameterfit,andfilletrootsidefitsplinesaretabulatedinthisstandardfor30-degreepressureanglesplines;butforonlythefilletrootsidefitfor37.5-and45-degreepressureanglesplines.SideFit:Inthesidefit,thematingmemberscontactonlyonthesidesoftheteeth;majorandminordiametersareclearancedimensions.Thetoothsidesactasdriversandcentralizethematingsplines.MajorDiameterFit:Matingpartsforthisfitcontactatthemajordiameterforcentralizing.Thesidesoftheteethactasdrivers.Theminordiametersareclearancedimensions.Themajordiameterfitprovidesaminimumeffectiveclearancethatwillallowforcon-tactandlocationatthemajordiameterwithaminimumamountoflocationorcentralizingeffectbythesidesoftheteeth.ThemajordiameterfithasonlyonespacewidthandtooththicknesstolerancewhichisthesameassidefitClass5.Afilletrootmaybespecifiedforanexternalspline,eventhoughitisotherwisedesignedtotheflatrootsidefitormajordiameterfitstandard.Aninternalsplinewithafilletrootcanbeusedonlyforthesidefit.ClassesofTolerances.—Thisstandardincludesfourclassesoftolerancesonspacewidthandtooththickness.Thishasbeendonetoprovidearangeoftolerancesforselectiontosuitadesignneed.TheclassesarevariationsoftheformersingletolerancewhichisnowClass5andarebasedontheformulasshowninthefootnoteofTable4.Alltoleranceclasseshavethesameminimumeffectivespacewidthandmaximumeffectivetooththicknesslimitssothatamixofclassesbetweenmatingpartsispossible.Table4.MaximumTolerancesforSpaceWidthandToothThicknessofToleranceClass5SplinesANSIB92.1-1970,R1993(Valuesshownintenthousandths;20=0.0020)　Pitch,P/PsNo.ofTeeth2.5⁄5and3⁄64⁄8and5⁄106⁄12and8⁄1610⁄20and12⁄2416⁄32and20⁄4024⁄48and48⁄9664⁄128and80⁄160128⁄256NMachiningTolerance,m1015.814.512.51211.711.79.69.52017.616141312.412.410.2103018.417.515.51413.113.110.810.54021.819171513.813.811.4—502320.518.51614.514.5——6024.822201715.215.2——70———1815.915.9——80———1916.616.6——90———2017.317.3——100———211818——NVariationAllowance,λ1023.520.31715.714.212.2119.8202722.61917.415.413.41210.63030.524.92119.116.614.61311.4403427.22321.617.815.814—5037.529.52522.51917——604131.82724.220.218.2——70———25.921.419.4——80———27.622.620.6——90———29.323.821.8——100———312523——NTotalIndexVariation1020171515141211102024201817151312113028222019161514134032252220181615—50362725221917——60403027242018——70———262120——80———282221——90———292423——100———312524——NProfileVariationAll+7+6+5+4+3+2+2+2−10−8−7−6−5−4−4−4LeadVariation　　Lg,in.0.30.512345678910Variation2345678910111213Forothertoleranceclasses:Class4=0.71×TabulatedvalueClass5=AstabulatedintableClass6=1.40×TabulatedvalueClass7=2.00×TabulatedvalueFilletsandChamfers.—Splineteethmayhaveeitheraflatrootoraroundedfilletroot.FlatRootSplines:aresuitableformostapplications.Thefilletthatjoinsthesidestothebottomofthetoothspace,ifgenerated,hasavaryingradiusofcurvature.Specificationofthisfilletisusuallynotrequired.Itiscontrolledbytheformdiameter,whichisthediameteratthedeepestpointofthedesiredtrueinvoluteform(sometimesdesignatedasTIF).Whenflatrootsplinesareusedforheavilyloadedcouplingsthatarenotsuitableforfilletrootsplineapplication,itmaybedesirabletominimizethestressconcentrationintheflatroottypebyspecifyinganapproximateradiusforthefillet.Becauseinternalsplinesarestrongerthanexternalsplinesduetotheirbroadbasesandhighpressureanglesatthemajordiameter,broachesforflatrootinternalsplinesarenormallymadewiththeinvoluteprofileextendingtothemajordiameter.FilletRootSplines:arerecommendedforheavyloadsbecausethelargerfilletsprovidedreducethestressconcentrations.Thecurvaturealonganygeneratedfilletvariesandcan-notbespecifiedbyaradiusofanygivenvalue.Externalsplinesmaybeproducedbygeneratingwithapinion-typeshapercutterorwithahob,orbycuttingwithnogeneratingmotionusingatoolformedtothecontourofatoothspace.Externalsplinesarealsomadebycoldformingandareusuallyofthefilletrootdesign.