英语语法学习

英语语法学习 1,拟拟拟虚气 二步推拟模式,英拟中be拟拟和do拟拟拟拟的一格推拟和二格推拟,be?were?had been, do?did?had done. 英拟中if虚气拟拟拟的三段拟,;2～2,;1～1,;13～1,左往右依次是拟去相反、拟在从与与 相反、相反。与将来 ;2～2,拟指拟去相反;构与had done,had been, would have done,would have been,(1, 1) 拟指拟在相反;构与were,did, would do,would be, (13,1) 拟指三拟句拟和一拟主句拟 ;构从构构were/did表事拟相反,与were to do表有可能性,没 should表可能性小很, would do,would be, If only和wish型拟拟三段拟,拟去相反用二拟拟虚气与构had done,would have done,与拟在相反用一拟构were,did,与将来构相反用拟would do. 2.半助拟拟 拟,拟拟构+小品拟to;to要求其后用拟拟原形, 作用,助全部或部分拟拟拟帮体 常用的助拟拟,fail to, claim to, happen to, turn out toExample 1 They had seen the puma. ?They claimed to have seen the puma. Claim to 帮助 had seen 体拟拟去拟拟 Example 2 He saw him. ?He failed to see him. Fail to 帮助 saw 全部拟拟去拟拟体 3.取消句子立性;拟取,独称独 取的目的,使句子不成句子～成拟短拟。独 取得,去掉独be拟拟和拟拟拟拟do加ing。 取得范拟,理拟上名、形、都可～但主要是形和独从从状从从状从(只有句才可取从独)。(1).形取从独 两个从从方面,限定性定和非限定性定 〈限定性定〉取得到六大拟果,从独ing～ed, to do, 介拟短拟～形容拟性短拟和同位拟。前五拟都是作后定～最后一拟作同位拟。 〈非限定性定〉取得到入拟从独插 Houses, which are often three levels high, are made of stones. ?Houses, often three levels high, are made of stones.(2).状从独取 状从独两状取可得到大拟果,?分拟短拟作拟;?独构立主格拟 〈分拟短拟作拟〉状 When the professor had finished his lecture, the professor went away. ?Having finished his lecture, the professor went away.〈立主格拟〉独构 When the professor had finished his lecture, the students went away. ?The professor having finished his lecture, the students went away. 4.1,2,3,4原拟;表拟和表推拟拟的重合,虚构 表示拟拟去推拟的拟有,构must have done, can have done, may have done, might have done,其可能性逐拟降低～must的可能性最高,might的可能性最低。 表示拟拟去拟的拟有虚构: should have done, could have done和might have done. should have done表示“拟拟不拟拟”～could have done表示“可能不可能”～might have done表示“可以不可 以”。 1)表示拟具有一拟可能性～例如～构should have done只表示拟拟去的拟～虚can have done和may have done只表示拟拟去的推拟。 2)表示拟具有拟可能性～例如～构两must have done 可表示拟拟去的推拟或拟拟去拟去的推拟。3)表示拟具有三拟可能性～例如～构could have done可表示拟拟去拟去的推拟;其中could表示 can的拟去式,～could have done可表示拟拟去的推拟;could是can的委婉拟法,;could have done也可表示拟拟去的拟。虚 4,表示拟具有四拟可能性～例如～构might have done可表示拟拟去的拟～虚might have done可 表示拟拟去的推拟;might可表might的可能性,～might have done也可表示拟拟去拟去的推拟;might可由may?might或由might?might,也即might分拟表示may或might的可能性, 5,直接引拟?拟接引拟的拟拟(把自己或他人的拟拟述拟他人) 要注意以下三方面的拟化,?人的拟化;第三人一般不拟生拟化个称称)?拟拟的拟化(注意,拟拟和拟不拟生拟化气)?拟拟拟的拟化状 eg.1“If I were you, I would go there.”, said he.(本句中拟拟拟拟不拟生拟化～只有人拟拟生了拟虚气构称 化) ?He said that if he were you, he would go there.eg.2“If I had been there, I would have given her the present.”, said he.(虚气构拟拟拟拟拟不拟生拟化～只有人拟生了拟化称) ?He said that if he had been there～he would have given her the present.eg.3“He has been working in this restaurant for five years up to now”, he said to me. ?He said to me that he had been working in that restaurant for five years up to then.(本句中人称～拟拟和拟都拟生了拟化状) eg.4“I was a worker five years ago”, he said to me at that time. ?He said to me at that time that he had been a worker five years before. 口拟,直接引拟拟拟接～先人～后拟～再拟～第三人不拟化～拟拟拟不拟化。状称气 6.be doing的用法 be doing,?表一次拟作拟行(延拟性拟拟) ?表拟拟;延拟性拟拟或瞬拟性拟拟, ?表;瞬拟性拟拟,将来 7.主拟含拟形容拟和被拟含拟形容拟的拟区 从区拟的后拟拟行分～拟有able,ible和worthy后拟的拟一般拟被拟含拟形容拟～其他后拟的形容拟都拟主拟含拟形容拟。 两区拟形容拟有以下拟, ?主拟含拟形容拟在句中的主拟是拟作的拟出者～被拟含拟的形容拟在句中的主拟是拟作的承受者。Eg.1 The students are respectful to the professor.Eg.2 The professor is respectable by the students.?主拟含拟形容拟作拟拟表拟作拟生的拟拟性～被拟含拟形容拟作拟拟表拟作拟生的可能性;等同于can be done,。 Eg1: The students are respectful to the professor.?相于当The students respect the professor.Eg2: The professor is respectable by the students.?相于当The professor can be respected by the students.;其中can表可能性, ? 8.to do作后定表主拟、被拟和同位拟系 ?to do作后定表主拟 I need someone to clean the room for me.?to do作后定表被拟 I have a lot of clothes to wash.(to be washed)?to do作后定表同位;拟拟上有解拟拟明的作用, The ability to learn a language is inherent in humans.9.with的用法: 拟法拟面包括三方面,?后定～?伴～?加抽象名拟等于副拟 个状 拟拟拟面包括四方面,?“着”?“和”?“用”?“拟于”个随 10.拟、形拟、介和名拟拟跟从 <拟拟拟拟跟从> He thought that the government was motivated by political intention. <形容拟拟拟跟从> He is sorry that her father passed away.<介拟拟拟跟从> He is very successful in that he has won several Nobel Prizes. <名拟拟拟跟从> He has no idea that his father is the murder11,六拟完成拟拟的相拟念;拟示法,略概 ?拟去完成拟?拟去完成拟行拟 ?拟在完成拟?拟在完成拟行拟 ?完成拟?完成拟行拟将来将来 12.“and”去掉拟拟 ?and不能去掉取;前后拟作有重合部分～拟拟拟生,独没 He took off his jacket and rolled up his sleeves.?and去掉取作伴拟独随状(前后拟作拟生部分重合～去掉and同拟拟次要拟作取使之成拟伴拟独随状)He opened the book and looked at the watch.??Opening the book, he looked at the watch.(open拟次要拟作) ??He opened the book, looking at the watch.(look拟次要拟作) ?and去掉全部重合;形容拟～名拟～介拟短拟, He was reading the letter and he was tearful.?He was reading the letter, tearful. 13.取的例外情 独况(be不去掉～而是be加ing) ?there be句型 Because there was no bus～they had to walk home(此拟be不能被去掉～因there be表“有”达 的含拟. ?There being no bus, they had to walk home. ?强拟拟的主系表拟有拟状构be要加ing When his mother was ill, he went to the hospital to see her.?His mother being ill, he went to the hospital to see her.?被拟拟拟的句型拟中一般构be要加ing The girl who was followed by a man felt nervous.?The girl being followed by a man felt nervous. 14.if 非拟拟件句拟述真条 If非拟件句包括三拟方面真条个:?虚条条条拟件句～?推拟件句～?拟拟拟拟拟件句 ?拟去和拟在事拟相反的件句是拟拟件句与条虚条,拟是;构2～2,～;1～1,～ Eg.1 If you had studied hard enough, you would have succeeded.Eg.2 If I were you, I would do it now. ?拟拟相反的件句是推拟件句～拟是;与将来条条构13～1,～ Eg.1 If I were to arrive in Beijing, I would have to start.?拟去到拟在～拟在到拟去的拟是;从从构2～1,～(1, 2)～ Eg.1 If I had gone there, I would know the knowledge by now.Eg.2 If I were you, I would have gone there. 15.半系、全系和1.5系拟拟 半系拟拟只能主系表拟～例如～跟构seem, appear...～ Eg.1 The work seems difficult to do. Eg.2 He appears good by the first impression. 全系拟拟be拟拟可主系表拟和被拟拟拟。跟构 Eg.1 He is a college student. Eg.2 The work was done yesterday. 1.5系拟拟可主系表和被拟拟拟跟 因拟半系拟拟不能被拟～所以要想使半系拟拟被拟要加跟跟to be 拟构,例如～seem to be或appear to be。 Eg.1 He appears to be crazy about physics.(to be在主系表拟中可省构) Eg.2 The work seems to be done by Mr Johnson.(to be在被拟拟中不可省构) 16.粘着拟拟和游拟拟离 游拟拟表示位置拟系可前后移拟;但不能移拟到句末,的拟拟。离 游拟拟主要包括,离not only...but also... neither...nor... either...or游拟拟用法的方面,?拟?位置拟系离两个构 Eg1.Not only did he lose his money but also he lost his job.本句拟重拟拟～拟拟相同双称构构(都是主拟拟拟构)～拟拟位置;拟拟都位于句首,相同～重拟拟两个双称 构。 Eg2.He not only lost his money but also (he lost) his job.本句拟拟～但位置拟系不拟拟;构称称not only放在拟拟lost前面～but also放在拟拟his job前面,。 Eg3.Not only did he read the letter but also he became crazy afterwards. 本句拟不拟构称(主拟拟～主系表)～位置拟系拟;拟拟都放在句首,。称两个 Eg4.He read not only the letter but also (he) became crazy afterwards.本句拟重不拟拟～拟拟不同～拟拟位置也不同;拟拟前～拟拟前,。双称构构 17,定的拟型拟从构 定的拟型拟包括,?拟拟型?列型?平行型从构并 拟拟型定是指不同的先行拟不地引拟定的定拟拟。从断从从构 Eg.1 He withdrew 500RMB from the local bank which was located in a small town which was in Shanxi province which was in China. 并从构从从构列型定是指英拟拟中主拟和拟拟或主拟和表拟分拟引拟定的定拟拟。 Eg.2 Officials who come from the health department are worried about a new form of disease which derives from genetic mutation. 平行型定是指一先行拟引拟多定的定拟拟。从个个从从构 Eg.3 The only person that I know who has a large collection of snails who regards snails as food is Mr Johnson. 18.主和拟的拟位取从从独(将插从句子的主干部分入句主拟和拟拟中央使主句拟拟成拟非拟拟) <主拟位取从独> It seems that dogs love to chew up money. ?Dogs, it seems, love to chew up money. <拟拟位取从独> He maintains that a job should be done in a responsible manner.?A job, he maintains, should be done in a responsible manner.19.状从插的拟位入 状从插状从插写拟位入是指拟句被到主句中央的一拟拟作方式。 If ever she was late, she asked him to come straight in and to put the bread on the table. ?She asked him to come straight in if ever she was late and to put the bread on the table. 20.状从独独状取得到立主格和分拟短拟作拟 ?取状从独(主拟一致)得到分拟短拟作拟状 When the professor had finished his lecture, the professor went away.? Having finished his lecture, the professor went away. ?取;主拟不一致,得到立主格拟状从独独构 When the professor had finished his lecture, all the students went away.?The professor having finished his lecture, all the students went away.21.It主拟句从 ?It be+adj,n,vted,pp+that/whether/why/what... It is surprising that he did this. It is a pity that you did not attend the meeting. It is reported that five people got killed in the fire. It is not in your interests that you did this. ?It seems/appears (to sb)that...(拟...仿佛、似乎、好像...) It seems to me that you have not finished your work. ?It be/be not that...(不是...而是...) He did not pass his test, it was (is) not that he was lazy, it was (is) that he did not have enough time to prepare for it. 22.否定拟的部分倒拟拟装构 ?全部否定拟no、not、nothing、nobody... Eg1.No trouble can he find in doing the job.?部分否定拟few、little、hardly、scarcely... Eg2.Few people did he know in the country.?范拟之外否定拟only Eg3.Only Chinese can he understand.