分子生物学英语名词解释

分子生物学英语名词解释 Appendix C:Glossary 附录C:名词解释 α helix α螺旋 A helical secondary structure in proteins. 蛋白质中一种螺旋形的二级结构。Pl. α helices. 复数:α helices。 α-amanitin α鹅膏蕈碱 A toxin that inhibits the three eukaryotic RNA 一种能不同程度地抑制三种真核生polymerases to different extents. Name 物RNA聚合酶的毒素。名称来自于derives from mushroom of genus Amanita in 产生此毒素的Amanita属蘑菇。 which toxin is found. β-galactosidase β-半乳糖苷酶 Enzyme that cleaves lactose into galactose and 将乳糖分解为半乳糖和葡萄糖的glucose. Name origin: the bond cut by this 酶。名称来源:该酶切割的键称为β-enzyme is called a β-galactosidic bond. 半乳糖苷键。 β sheet β折叠 A secondary structure in proteins, relatively flat 蛋白质的一种二级结构，相对平坦，and formed hydrogen bonding between two 在两条平行的或反向平行的肽段之parallel or anti-parallel stretches of polypeptide. 间形成氢键。 σ subunit σ亚基 Component of prokaryotic RNA polymerase 原核生物RNA聚合酶全酶的组成holoenzyme. Required for recognition of 成分。在启动子识别中需要。 promoters. ρ-dependent termination ρ依赖型终止 A form of transcription termination in 原核生物中的一种转录终止方式，prokaryotes that depends on the protein ρ as 依赖于ρ蛋白和DNA/RNA序列引well as on sequences in the DNA/RNA. 起转录终止。 ?10 box ?10框 Common promoter element in E. coli. Named 大肠杆菌中常见的启动子元件。由for its location approximately 10 bases 于它位于转录起始位点上游约10个upstream of the transcription start site. 碱基处而得名。 3’,5’ exonuclease activity 3’,5’外切核酸酶活性 Function of DNA polymerases. Allows 3’,5’ DNA聚合酶的活性。允许在聚合反removal of incorrect nucleotides after 应后以3’,5’方向去除不正确的核polymerization. See also exonuclease. 苷酸。请参照‘exonuclease’。 30nm fiber 30nm纤维 An higher-level structure of chromatin. The 一种染色质的高级结构。其延长的 elongated structure has a width of 结构宽度大约是30nm。 approximately 30nm. 30S initiation complex 30S起始复合体 In prokaryotes, complex of mRNA, 30S 是原核生物中由mRNA、30S核糖ribosomal subunit, and initiator tRNA placed at 体亚基和起始tRNA在起始密码子the start codon.; 位置组成的复合体。 ?35 box ?35框 Common promoter element in E. coli. Named 大肠杆菌中常见的启动子元件。由for its location approximately 35 bases 于它位于转录起始为点上游约35个upstream of the transcription start site. 碱基处而得名。 5’,3’ exonuclease activity 5’,3’外切核酸酶活性 Function of DNA polymerase I in prokaryotes. 原核生物中DNA聚合酶I的一种功Allows for removal of nucleotides in the 能。允许以DNA合成方向去除核苷direction of synthesis. Often used for removal 酸。常在去除RNA引物中使用。 of RNA primers. 5-bromouracil (BU) 5-溴尿嘧啶(BU) Mutagenic base analogue. Resembles 具有诱变性的碱基类似物。与胸腺thymine, but easily interconverts to tautomeric 嘧啶相似，但很容易转换成与鸟嘌form that pairs with guanine. Structure 呤配对的互变异构形式。带有溴基resembles uracil with an attached bromine 团的结构与尿嘧啶相似。 group. A (aminoacyl) site A(氨酰基)位 First site on the ribosome to which tRNAs bind, 带有新氨基酸的tRNA与核糖体结bringing new amino acids. Named after the 合的第一个位置。根据氨基酸连接acyl bond that attaches amino acids to tRNA . 到tRNA上的酰基键命名。 A,I editing A,I编辑 A form of post-transcriptional modification to 真核生物中对mRNA进行转录后修mRNA in eukaryotes in which adenine is 饰的一种形式，修饰时将腺嘌呤脱deaminated to form inosine, an unusual base. 氨基形成次黄苷，次黄苷是一种非 普通碱基。 Acetylation 乙酰化作用 The addition of an acetyl group to a molecule. 将一个乙酰基加到某个分子上的过 程。 Aconitase 顺乌头酸酶 Protein that regulates iron metabolism. 调控铁代谢的蛋白质。分别控制运Controls mRNA stability and translatability for 铁蛋白和铁蛋白的稳定性和可转译transferrin and ferritin, respectively. 性。 Activators 激活蛋白 Proteins that increase transcription of a gene. 促进基因转录的蛋白质。 Active site 活性位点 Site on an enzyme that is directly responsible 酶分子中直接负责催化反应的位for catalyzing reactions. 点。 Affinity chromatography 亲和层析 A kind of column chromatography technique. 柱层析技术的一种。柱中用能与一The column is packed with molecules that bind 组特殊的蛋白质结合的分子填充。to a specific subset of proteins. Affinity = 亲和 = 吸引。 attraction. Alkyl group 烷基 A class of chemical groups composed of carbon 由碳和氢组成的一类化学基团。例and hydrogen. Examples: methyl group )和乙基如:甲基(?CH3(?CH) and ethyl group (?CHCH). (?CHCH)。 32323 Alleles 等位基因 Versions of the same gene that differ slightly in 相同基因的不同版本，它们之间在function and sequence. 功能和序列上稍有不同。 Allosteric regulation 别构调节 Form of regulation in which a small molecule 调节的一种形式，通过一个小分子binds to a regulatory site on a protein, causing a 结合到蛋白质的调节位点而引起其structural and functional change at the active 活性位点结构和功能的改变。site. ‘Steric’ is related to the word ‘structure’. ‘steric’(空间的)一词与‘structure’ (结构)有联系。 Alternative polyadenylation 可变聚腺苷酸化 The ability to make mRNAs of varying sizes 通过改变前体mRNA的切割位点和from one coding region, by altering the site of 聚腺苷酸化位点而从一个编码区产pre-mRNA cleavage and polyadenylation. 生不同大小mRNA的能力。能改变Can alter protein size and properties of the 蛋白质分子的大小和mRNA的性质mRNA, such as stability. (如稳定性)。 Alternative splicing 可变剪接 The ability to make various proteins from one 通过选择包含或不包含某些内含子coding region by choosing between the 和外显子而从一个编码区产生不同inclusion/exclusion of certain introns and 蛋白质的能力。 exons. Ames test 埃姆斯测验法 Technique to assess the mutagenic potential of 用来评价化学物质是否具有潜在诱a chemical. 变性的技术。 Amino acids 氨基酸 Small molecules that can be polymerized to 能聚合形成蛋白质的小分子。名称form proteins. Name derives from the 来自于它们所带的氨基以及酸性的presence of an amino group as well as an acidic 羧基。 carboxyl group. Amino group 氨基 A chemical group comprising nitrogen bound to 由氮原子与两个氢原子结合形成的 two hydrogen atoms. 化学基团。 Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase 氨酰-tRNA合成酶 A protein that matches tRNAs with the correct 一种将tRNA与正确的氨基酸匹配amino acid. Name origin: enzyme synthesizes 的蛋白质。名称来源:酶合成了将the acyl bond that joins amino acids to tRNAs. 氨基酸连接到tRNA上去的酰基。 Anticodon 反密码子 Three base sequence in a tRNA that binds to tRNA上能与一个或多个密码子结one or more codons. The prefix ‘anti-’ here 合的三碱基序列。前缀 ‘anti-’在这means ‘opposite’ or ‘complementary.’ 儿的意思是‘相反的’或‘互补的’。 Anti-parallel 反向平行的 Two strands that are parallel but oriented in the 两条平行但方向相反的链。常用来opposite direction. Often used to describe the 描述DNA分子中的链相对于各自orientation of strands in a DNA molecule 的方向。 relative to each other. Ara operon ara操纵子 Operon containing genes that metabolize the 含有阿拉伯糖代谢基因的操纵子。 sugar arabinose. Attenuation 衰减作用 A mechanism in the trp operon to ensure that trp操纵子中用于确保当色氨酸存genes are not transcribed in the presence of 在时基因不被转录的一种机理。 tryptophan. Attenuator 衰减子 Transcribed sequence just downstream of the 紧接在trp操纵子的启动子之后转trp operon promoter that is central to the 录出来的序列，对衰减作用机理很attenuation mechanism. Can form a 重要。能形成终止型发夹结构而使terminating hairpin structure that stops 在操纵子进行的转录停止。 transcription of the operon. AU-rich element (ARE) 富含AU元件(ARE) Sequence in the 3’UTR of certain eukaryotic 在调节mRNA稳定性中起作用的一mRNAs that is involved in regulation of mRNA 些真核生物mRNA 3’UTR序列。因stability. Named for prevalence of A and U 序列中含有许多A和U而得名。 bases in the sequence. Autonomously replicating sequence 自主复制序列(ARS) (ARS) An origin of replication in yeast. Name 酵母中的一种复制起点。名称来源:origin: pieces of DNA containing this sequence 含有此序列的DNA片段即使不是are able to replicate autonomously, meaning 染色体的一部分也能够自主地进行even if they are not part of a chromosome. 复制。 Basal transcription 基础转录 The low rate of transcription that occurs in 真核生物中如果只有前起始复合体eukaryotes if only the pre-initiation complex is 存在(没有激活蛋白)的情况下所 present (without activators). Basal ~ base = a 发生的低速率的转录。基础 ~ 基底 low part. = 少量。 Base analogues 碱基类似物 Molecules that resemble DNA bases in 结构上与DNA碱基类似的分子，能structure and can be incorporated into DNA. 被整合到DNA中。‘类似物’ = 两种‘Analogues’ = two things that resemble each 互相相像的事物。类似物 ~ 类似。 other. Analogue ~ analogy. Base excision repair (BER) 碱基切除修复(BER) DNA damage repair pathway usually used to DNA损伤修复途径，通常用来修复fix common damage to DNA bases. DNA碱基的普通损伤。 Base pair 碱基对 Two complementary nucleotides bound by 通过氢键结合在一起的互补的核苷hydrogen bonds. Often used to measure the 酸。常用来度量DNA的长度。 length for DNA. Base-stacking 碱基堆积 Term to describe the placement of base pairs in 用来描述DNA分子中碱基排布位a DNA molecule. Base pairs lie in parallel 置的术语。碱基对一个接一个地平planes one above the other, giving the 放在平行的平面上，产生一种它们impression that they are ‘stacked.’ 是‘堆放’在那里的印象。 Beads-on-a-string 线珠结构 Term to describe the lowest level of DNA 用于描述DNA组织最低一级水平organization. Nucleosomes are separated by 的术语。核小体由裸露的DNA片段stretches of naked DNA. 连接在一起。 Bi-directional replication 双向复制 Term to describe DNA replication that proceeds 用来描述DNA复制从复制起点开in two opposite directions from an origin of 始沿两个相反的方向进行的术语。replication. The prefix ‘bi-’ = ‘two’. 前缀‘bi-’ = ‘二’。 Branch migration 分支迁移 The movement of a Holliday junction that 指Holliday交叉的移动，它会引起causes different hybridizations between the 同源染色体不同区段之间发生杂homologous chromosomes. 交。 C,U editing C,U编辑 A form of post-transcriptional modification to 一种形式的真核生物转录后修饰作mRNA in eukaryotes in which cytosine is 用，修饰时将胞嘧啶脱氨基形成尿deaminated to form uracil. 嘧啶。 Capping 加帽 Post-transcriptional modification in which a 将鸟嘌呤核苷的衍生物加到前体derivative of guanosine is attached to the 5’ end mRNA 5’端上去的转录后修饰作of the pre-mRNA. In normal English, a ‘cap’ 用。在日常英语中，‘cap’(帽、盖)is anything that goes on the head of something. 指放到某些事物头上的任何东西。For example, a hat is often called a ‘cap.’ 例如，有沿帽常被叫做‘cap’。 Carboxyl group 羧基 Acidic chemical group in which a carbon atom 一个碳原子连接到两个氧原子上形is bound to two oxygen atoms. Name origin: 成的酸性化学基团。名称来源:该the group contains carbon and oxygen. 基团含有carbon(碳)和oxygen (氧)。 Catabolite activator protein (CAP) 代谢物激活蛋白(CAP) Protein in prokaryotes that responds to 原核生物中对葡萄糖/cAMP浓度进glucose/cAMP concentration to activate 行响应而激活转录的蛋白质。用于transcription. Used to enhance transcription 增强lac和ara操纵子基因的转录，of the lac and ara operon genes, which produce 产生的蛋白在分解代谢中起作用。 proteins involved in catabolism. Chaperones 伴侣蛋白 Proteins that help other proteins to fold into the 帮助其它蛋白质折叠成正确结构的correct structure. In normal English, a 蛋白质。在日常英语中，chaperonechaperone is a person who accompanies 指一个陪伴另一个人的人。 somebody else. Chromatin immunoprecipitation 染色质免疫沉淀法(ChIP) (ChIP) A co-immunoprecipitation technique that 一种免疫共沉淀技术，用于检查特checks for binding of specific DNA sequence to 异DNA序列与特异蛋白质之间的a specific protein. 结合。 Chromatin remodeling proteins 染色质重塑蛋白 Proteins that alter the association of histones 改变组蛋白与DNA之间结合方式with DNA as a way of regulating transcription. 的蛋白质，是一种调控转录的方式。In normal English, to ‘model’ = ‘to build’ or ‘to 在日常英语中，to ‘model’ = ‘建造’organize.’ The prefix ‘re-’ = ‘again’ or ‘new’. 或‘组织’。前缀‘re-’ = ‘再次’或‘新Chromatin remodeling causes a new 的’。染色质重塑使组蛋白与DNAorganization of histones with DNA. 产生新的组织方式。 Clamp loader 滑行夹加载器 A subset of eukaryotic DNA polymerase 由真核生物DNA聚合酶的一部分subunits that load the sliding clamp onto DNA. 亚基组成的将滑行夹套到DNA上 去的装置。 Co-immunoprecipitation (CoIP) 免疫共沉淀法(CoIP) A technique to check for binding of a protein to 一种检查某种蛋白质是否与其它蛋other proteins or molecules. Immunopre- 白质或其它分子结合的技术。蛋白cipitation of a protein is performed using 质的免疫沉淀采用抗体进行。任何antibodies. Any proteins that bind to that 与该蛋白结合的蛋白质也将被沉淀protein will also be precipitated and identified. 和鉴定出来。前缀‘co-’ = ‘与’。用在The prefix ‘co-’ = ‘with’. Used here because 此处的原因是，它鉴定出了那些与proteins that immunoprecipitate with the 该蛋白(结合在抗体上)一起免疫protein that binds to the antibody are identified. 沉淀出来的蛋白质。 Colonies 集落 Isolated populations of cells on a plate. 平板上分开的细胞群体。理论上说，Theoretically, all cells in a colony are identical 一个集落中的所有细胞是完全相同because they are descended from one cell. In 的，因为它们都是一个细胞的后代。normal English, a ‘colony’ is a group of people 在日常英语中，‘colony’指定居在外that settles in a foreign land. 国土地上的一群人。 Column chromatography 柱层析 A general set of techniques used to purify 使蛋白质穿过层析柱而对它们进行proteins by passing them through a column. 纯化的一套综合技术。蛋白质的性Proteins exit the column at different time 质和层析柱的性质决定了蛋白质流depending on their properties and the properties 出柱子的不同时间。 of the column. Complementary 互补的 Term used to describe bases that can pair with 用来描述能互相配对的碱基的术each other. In normal English, things that 语。在日常英语中，能互相‘complement’ each other are things that go well ‘complement’的事物是那些可以很together. ‘Complementary’ should not be 好地在一起的事物。请不要将confused with ‘complimentary’. ‘complementary’(互补的)与 ‘complimentary’(赞美的)混淆。 Conformation 构象 Used in relation to proteins as synonym for 作为‘结构’的同义词在与蛋白质有‘structure’. 关的表述中使用。 Consensus sequence 共有序列 The most probable sequence of a sequence 一个序列元件的最有可能出现的序element. In normal English, a ‘consensus’ is 列。在日常英语中，‘consensus’指每when everybody agrees about something. 个人都同意某件事。 Conservative replication 保留复制 A model of replication in which an entirely new 一种复制模型，认为复制产生一个DNA molecule is produced, and the parental 全新的DNA分子，而亲本DNA分DNA molecules is conserved. 子保持不变。 Conservative transposition 保守型转座 A type of transposition in which the transposon 一种转座类型，转座时转座子从它is removed from its original location to be 的原始位置离开并插入到一个新的inserted into a new location. 位置中。 Constitutive 组成型的 A commonly used word in biology meaning 是生物学常用词，表示‘总是’或‘不‘always’ or ‘nonstop’. Constitutive lac operon 停的’。组成型lac操纵子突变体在mutants are those that transcribe lac operon 任何条件下都一直转录lac操纵子genes always, under any condition. 基因。 Coordinate regulation 协同调控 Transcriptional regulation in which a set of 一组基因在一起进行调控的转录调genes are regulated together. 控方式。 Core histones 核心组蛋白 Histones that come together to form the core of 在一起形成核小体核心的组蛋白。 the nucleosome. Co-repressor 辅阻遏物 A small molecule that binds to a repressor 结合到阻遏蛋白上使其产生阻遏活protein to allow repressive activity. Prefix 性的小分子。前缀‘co-’ = ‘与’。在此‘co-’ = ‘with’. In this case the co-repressor 辅阻遏物与阻遏蛋白一起使发生阻works with the repressor to cause repression. 遏作用。 Coupled transcription-translation 偶联转录-转译作用 Translation that occurs while transcription is 当转录还在进行的时候发生的转译still in progress. 作用。 Covalent bond 共价键 A bond between two atoms in which electrons 两个原子共享电子形成的键。 are shared. Crossing-over 交换 A recombinational event in which regions of DNA区域在同源染色体之间发生DNA are exchanged between homologous 交换的重组事件。 chromosomes. Cross-linking 交联 The covalent linkage of bases opposite each 在DNA分子中位于相对链上的碱other in a DNA molecule. 基之间形成的共价连接。 C-terminus C末端 The end of a polypeptide containing a carboxyl 多肽上含有羧基的末端。名称来源:group. Name origin: C refers to carboxyl, and C指carboxyl(羧基)， terminus = terminus = end. Pl. = C-termini. 末尾。复数 = C-termini。 Deamination 脱氨基 The removal of an amino group from a base. 从一个碱基上去除一个氨基的过The prefix ‘de-’ = ‘undo’ or ‘remove’ in this 程。在这里，前缀‘de-’ = ‘消除’或‘去case. 除’。 Deletion 缺失 The removal of base pairs from a DNA 从DNA分子中去除碱基对的过程。 molecule. Denaturation 变性 The disruption of non-covalent interactions in a 大分子中非共价相互作用力的破坏macromolecule that alters its three-dimensional 导致三维结构改变的过程。对DNAstructure. With respect to DNA, denaturation 来说，变性涉及单链的分离。对蛋involves separations of single-strands. With 白质来说，变性涉及多肽链的解折respect to protein, denaturation involves 叠。 unfolding of the polypeptide. Density ultracentrifugation 密度超速离心 A technique that uses a centrifugation (fast 应用离心(快速旋转)根据密度对spinning) to separate molecules according to 分子进行分离的技术。前缀‘ultra-’ = density. Prefix ‘ultra-’ = very. In this 非常。在此技术中，离心速度是非technique, centrifugation is very very fast. 常非常快的。 Deoxyribonucleases (DNase) 脱氧核糖核酸酶(DNase) Enzymes that cut deoxyribonucleic acid, DNA. 切割脱氧核糖核酸(DNA)的酶。 Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) 脱氧核糖核酸(DNA) A nucleic acid made by polymerization of 由脱氧核糖核苷酸聚合而来的核deoxyribonucleotides. 酸。 Deoxyribonucleotides 脱氧核糖核苷酸 Nucleotides that are similar to ribonucleotides 与核糖核苷酸类似的核苷酸，但它but are missing an ?OH group. Name origin: 们缺少?OH基团。名称来源:在这The prefix ‘de-’ = ‘undo’ or ‘remove’ here. 里，前缀‘de-’ = ‘去掉’或‘去除’。 脱Deoxyribonucleotides are ribonucleotides with 氧核糖核苷酸就是oxygen(氧)被the oxygen removed. removed(去除)了的核糖核苷酸。 Depurination 脱嘌呤 The removal of a purine base from the DNA 从DNA骨架上去除嘌呤碱基的过backbone. Prefix ‘de-’ = ‘undo’ or ‘remove’ 程。在这里，前缀‘de-’ = ‘去掉’或‘去here. 除’。 Dideoxy method 双脱氧法 A technique for sequencing DNA that relies on 依赖于使用双脱氧核糖核苷酸进行the use of dideoxyribonucleotides. DNA序列测定的技术。 Dideoxyribonucleotides 双脱氧核糖核苷酸 Nucleotides that resemble ribonucleotides but 与核糖核苷酸类似的核苷酸，但它are missing two –OH groups. Name origin: 们缺少两个?OH基团。名称来源:Prefix ‘di-’ = ‘two.’ Prefix ‘de’ = ‘undo’ or 前缀‘di-’ = ‘二’。前缀‘de-’ = ‘去掉’‘remove.’ Dideoxyribonucleotides are 或‘去除’。双脱氧核糖核苷酸就是ribonucleotides that have had two oxygens two oxygen(两个氧)被removed(去removed. 除)了的核糖核苷酸。 Dimer 二聚体 A molecule composed of two smaller 由两个较小的分子组成的分子。乳molecules. Lactose is an example of a dimer, 糖就是一个二聚体的实例，它是由as it is made of glucose and galactose. A 葡萄糖和半乳糖组成的。由两个亚protein made of two subunits can also be called 基组成的蛋白质也可称为二聚体。a dimer. Prefix ‘di-’ = ‘two.’ 前缀‘di-’ = ‘二’。 Diploid 二倍体 Organisms with two copies of each gene. 每个基因有两个拷贝的生物。前缀Prefix ‘di-’ = two. ‘di-’ = ‘二’。 Direct repeats 同向重复序列 Sequences that are exactly the same, and 完全相同并以相同方向出现的序present in the same orientation. 列。 Dispersive replication 散乱型复制 A model for replication in which parental DNA 一种复制模型，认为亲本DNA成短is fragmented. The fragments are dispersed, 片段状。这些DNA片段被分散，子and daughter DNA molecules are made by 代DNA分子是由这些片段与新合connecting the fragments with newly 成的片段连接而成的。 synthesized DNA. Disulfide bond 二硫键 A covalent bond formed between the R groups 在两个半胱氨酸的R基团(?SH)(?SH) of two cysteine amino acids. Prefix 之间形成的共价键。前缀‘di-’ = ‘di-’ = ‘two’. Disulfide bonds are formed by ‘二’。二硫键就是由two(二个)含two chemical groups that contain sulfur. sulfur(硫)的化学基团所形成的键。 D-loop D-环 A structure formed during homologous 联会之后的同源重组过程中形成的recombination after synapsis. Two DNA 结构。一条染色体上的两条DNA链strands in one chromosome are separated, 被分开，形成一个环状开口。 forming an opening that resembles a loop. DNA gyrase DNA旋转酶 A common topoisomerase II in prokaryotes. 原核生物中一种常见的拓扑异构Undoes supercoiling by gyrating one part of the 酶。通过将染色体的一部分相对另chromosome relative to another. 一部分进行旋转(gyrating)而消除 超螺旋。 DNA microarray DNA芯片 A technique that is used to test the difference in 用来试验两种不同条件下几千个基transcription of thousands of genes between 因不同转录情况的一种技术。名称two different conditions. Name origin: prefix 来源:前缀‘micro-’ = ‘小’。DNA芯‘micro-’ = ‘small’. A DNA microarray is a 片就是一块被放上了一个很小的very small piece of glass in which an array of DNA阵列的很小的玻璃片。 very small spots of DNA are placed. DNA mismatch DNA错配 When two or more bases in a DNA molecule 指DNA分子中两个或多个碱基没are not matched correctly. Prefix ‘mis-’ = 有互相正确匹配。前缀‘mis-’ = ‘不‘incorrect’. 正确的’。 DNA polymerase DNA聚合酶 Enzyme that polymerizes deoxyribonucleotides 将脱氧核糖核苷酸聚合形成DNAto make DNA. 的酶。 DNA polymerase I DNA聚合酶I A prokaryotic DNA polymerase with a special 一种原核生物的DNA聚合酶，具有5’,3’ exonuclease activity, used to remove 特殊的5’,3’外切核酸酶活性，可primers. 用于去除引物。 DNA polymerase III DNA聚合酶III A prokaryotic DNA polymerase with high 一种原核生物的DNA聚合酶，具有 processivity that performs most DNA 很强的持续合成能力，执行大多数replication. DNA的复制任务。 DNA polymerase III core DNA聚合酶III核心 The smallest collection of subunits required for DNA聚合酶III的最少亚基组合，DNA polymerase III to make DNA. 能产生DNA。 DNA polymerase III holoenzyme DNA聚合酶III全酶 The full collection of DNA polymerase III DNA聚合酶III的完整亚基组合。subunits. Necessary for replication to occur 是持续进行复制所必需的。 with high processivity. DNA strand DNA链 A covalently linked chain of deoxribonu- 脱氧核糖核苷酸以共价键连接起来cleotides. The double helix is composed of 的链。双螺旋由两条DNA链组成。 two DNA strands. DnaA DnaA A protein involved in initiation of DNA 在大肠杆菌DNA复制起始中起作replication in E. coli. Binds to DNA 9-mers in 用的一种蛋白质。在OriC的位置与the OriC. DNA的9-mer部分结合。 Double helix 双螺旋 The structure of DNA, consisting of two DNA DNA的一种结构，由两条链组成，strands that join together and form a helical 两条链结合在一起产生螺旋形。 shape. Double-stranded break repair 双链断裂修复(DSBR) (DSBR) General term for the repair of double-stranded 修复DNA中双链断裂的常用术语。 breaks in the DNA. Downstream promoter element 下游启动子元件(DPE) (DPE) A promoter element that occurs downstream of 出现在转录起始位点下游的启动子the transcription start site. 元件。 E (exit) site E(退出)位 The site on a ribosome to which tRNAs bind 核糖体上的位点，是tRNA在退出before exiting the ribosome. 核糖体之前所在的位置。 Electron microscope 电子显微镜 A microscope that uses electron beams to 应用电子束对亚细胞成分进行成像visualize subcellular components. 的显微镜。 Elongation factors 延伸因子 Proteins involved in the elongation phase of 在转译延伸阶段发挥作用的蛋白translation. 质。 Endonuclease 内切核酸酶 An enzyme that cleaves DNA or RNA at site 在分子的内部切割DNA或RNA的inside the molecule (as opposed to cutting at 酶(与在分子的末端切割相反)。ends of the molecule). Prefix ‘endo-’ = 前缀‘endo-’ = ‘内部’。 ‘inside’. Enhancers 增强子 Regulatory DNA elements to which activators 具有调控作用的DNA元件，激活蛋bind to enhance the rate of transcription. 白结合上去后可以增强转录速率。 Enzymes 酶 Proteins that catalyse reactions. 催化反应的蛋白质。 Ethylmethane sulfonate (EMS) 乙基甲磺酸(EMS) An alkylating agent that adds an ethyl group (a 一种烷化剂，能将一个乙基(烷基kind of alkyl group) to target molecules. 的一种)加到目标分子上。 Euchromatin 常染色质 Chromatin regions that are less tightly 比异染色质包装松散并含有已转录packaged than heterochromatin and contain 基因的染色质区域。 transcribed genes. Excision repair 切除修复 A general term for mechanisms that repair 受损碱基修复机理的通用名称。damaged bases. Excise = remove a piece from Excise = 从某事物中去除。在切除something. In excision repair, the damaged 修复中，受损的碱基(以及一些邻base (and some surrounding bases) are removed 近碱基)被从DNA中去除并重新合from the DNA and resynthesized. 成。 Exons 外显子 Parts of a gene that are expressed as protein. 基因中被表达(expressed)成蛋白Exons are formed by the interruption of coding 质的部分。由内含子打断编码区域regions by introns. 而形成。 Exonucleases 外切核酸酶 Enzymes that degrade DNA or RNA from the 从分子的末端降解DNA或RNA的ends of the molecule; in other words, from the 酶;换句话说，是从外面(exterior)exterior. 进行切割。 Exosome 外来体 A protein complex containing exonucleases that 一种含有外切核酸酶、以3’,5’方degrades mRNA in the 3’,5’ direction. 向降解mRNA的蛋白质复合体。 Ferritin 铁蛋白 Protein that binds to iron in the cytoplasm. 在细胞质中与铁结合的蛋白质。‘Ferr’ comes from the Latin word for iron. ‘Ferr’来自‘铁’的拉丁文。 Five prime end 五一撇末端 The end of a DNA strand that terminates with DNA链的一个末端，以脱氧核糖核the five prime (5’) carbon (which has a 苷酸中核糖的五一撇(5’)碳(上phosphate attached) of the ribose in a 面连接着磷酸)结尾。‘一撇’在这儿 deoxyribnoucleotide. ‘Prime’ means nothing 没有含义;它只是简单地表示‘五’here; it simply denotes that the label ‘five’ 这一记号来自于对核糖上碳的人为comes from arbitrary numbering of the ribose 编号。 carbons. Forward genetics 正向遗传学 Genetic/molecular biology research in which a 一种遗传学/分子生物学研究，研究phenotype is first considered, and later the gene 中先考虑表型、之后再分离相关的responsible is isolated. 基因。 Frameshift 移码 A mutation that causes a shifting of the reading 一种引起mRNA读码框位置发生变frame of an mRNA. Caused by insertions and 化的突变。由插入和缺失引起。 deletions. Fusion protein 融合蛋白 A protein that is made by fusing together two or 通过融合两个或多个不同蛋白产生more different proteins. 的蛋白质。 Gel electrophoresis 凝胶电泳 A technique for separating DNA according to 根据长度将DNA分离的技术。由于length. The DNA is pulled through a piece of DNA上带有电荷(electric charge)，gel by a voltage because of its electric charge. 它们在电压作用下被牵引着在凝胶 中移动。 Gel-filtration chromatography 凝胶过滤层析 A form of column chromatography that 一种根据分子大小分离蛋白质的柱separates proteins according to size. Uses 层析。采用珠状凝胶，凝胶中带有beads made gel, with small tunnels that trap 小的通道，小分子比大分子更容易smaller proteins more easily than larger 被通道捕捉。过滤 = 从混合物中分proteins. Filtration = separation of 离组分。 components in a mixture. Gene conversion 基因转换 Consequence of homologous recombination, in 同源重组的后果，在不同等位基因which hybridization between different alleles 之间的杂交使其中的一个等位基因causes one allele to be converted into the other. 被转换成了另一个等位基因。这是This occurs by mismatch repair. 由错配修复引起的。 Gene expression 基因表达 The process of making a protein from a gene. 从基因产生蛋白质的过程。在日常In normal English, to ‘express’ yourself = to 英语中，to ‘express’ yourself = 说出say what you are thinking. In gene 你的想法。在基因表达中，细胞从expression, the cell makes something from the 基因持有的信息中产生某种物质。 information that the gene is holding. Genetic material 遗传物质 A general term to describe a material that can 用来描述可以将性状在世代间传递pass traits from generation to generation. The 的物质的常用术语。该术语主要在term was mainly used in the past, before DNA 过去使用，即在DNA被发现是遗传 was discovered to be the genetic material. 物质之前。 Global control 全局控制 Regulation of all translation in the cell at once. 细胞中一次就对所有转译过程进行In normal English, global = something that 的调控。在日常英语中，global = 在happens everywhere. 任何地方都发生。 Group I introns I类内含子 Self-splicing introns that use a free guanylate 自我剪接型内含子，在剪接过程中nucleotide in the splicing mechanism. 使用鸟苷酸。 Group II introns II类内含子 Self-splicing introns that follow nearly the same 自我剪接型内含子，剪接过程几乎basic splicing reaction as normally occurs with 与有剪接体参与的剪接反应相同。 the spliceosome. Guide RNAs (gRNAs) 指导RNA(gRNA) RNAs that guide mRNA editing in 在锥虫中指导mRNA编辑的RNA。trypanosomes. Direct addition and deletion of 指导向mRNA添加或从中删去尿嘧uracils from the mRNA. 啶。 Hairpin loop 发夹环 An RNA structure caused by hybridization 一种RNA结构，由RNA邻近区域between neighboring regions of RNA. 之间杂交产生。看起来有些像发夹。 Somewhat resembles a hairpin. Helicase 解旋酶 Enzyme that separates the two strands of the 通过打断两条链之间的氢键而将双double helix by breaking hydrogen bonds 螺旋(helix)的两条链分开的酶。 between the two strands. Helix-loop-helix (HLH) 螺旋-环-螺旋(HLH) A DNA-binding domain in proteins. Each 蛋白质的一种DNA结合域。该结合half of the domain consists of two α-helices 域的每一半由两个α-螺旋通过一个connected by a peptide loop. The two halves, 肽环连接在一起。该结合域的两半usually present on different proteins, come 通常来自于不同蛋白，它们会聚集together at the binding site on DNA. 到目标DNA位置并发生结合。 Helix-turn-helix (HTH) 螺旋-转角-螺旋(HTH) A common DNA-binding motif in prokaryotic 原核生物中常见的DNA结合基序。proteins. Consists of two α-helices connected 由两个α-螺旋通过一个肽转角连接by a short peptide turn. 在一起。 Heterochromatin 异染色质 Regions of DNA tightly packaged with 与蛋白质紧密包装在一起的DNAproteins, usually does not contain genes to be 区域，通常没有需要表达的基因。 expressed. Heterodimerization 异源二聚化作用 Formation of dimers between two different 两个不同亚基之间形成二聚体的过 subunits. The prefix ‘hetero-’ = different. 程。前缀‘hetero-’ = 不同的。 Heteroduplex joint 异源双链接头 Site on a chromosome, produced after 染色体上由同源重组产生的位点，homologous recombination, where a region of 其中来自一条染色体的DNA区域DNA from one chromosome meets a region 与来自另一条染色体的区域相遇。from a different chromosome. At the joint, 在接头处，来自不同染色体的单链single-stranded DNAs from the different DNA杂交在一起。前缀‘hetero-’ = chromosomes are hybridized. The prefix 不同的。 ‘hetero-’ = different. Histone code 组蛋白密码 Combinations of covalent modifications on 在组蛋白上发生的共价修饰组合，histones that have a functional significance and 具有功能意义，能被蛋白质识别。 are recognized by proteins. Histone tails 组蛋白尾 Long unstructured ends of histones that stick 从核小体中伸出的组蛋白非结构化out from the nucleosome. Can bind to other 长末端。能与其它DNA和其它组蛋DNA and to other histones, and can be 白结合，能被共价修饰。 covalently modified. Histones 组蛋白 Proteins around which DNA is wrapped to 用于缠绕DNA以组织DNA并调控organize it and regulate transcription. 转录的蛋白质。 Holliday junctions Holliday交叉 Structure formed during homologous 在同源重组中一条染色体的单链与recombination connection of single strands of 另一条染色体的单链连接形成的结one chromosome to the other chromosome. 构。根据科学家的名字Holliday命Named after a scientist called Holliday. 名。 Homeodomain 同源异形域 DNA-binding domain, found in many DNA结合域，在许多真核生物中发eukaryotic proteins involved in organismal 现，在生物发育中起作用。 development. Homologous chromosomes 同源染色体 Chromosomes that are not identical, but have 不是完全相同但具有同样一套基因the same set of genes. The prefix ‘homo-’ = 的染色体。前缀‘homo-’ = ‘相同的’。 ‘same’. Homologous recombination 同源重组 Recombination between DNA molecules with 在具有相似DNA序列的DNA分子similar DNA sequences. The prefix ‘homo-’ 之间发生的重组。前缀‘homo-’ = ‘相= ‘same.’ 同的’。 Housekeeping genes 持家基因 Genes that must be transcribed in all cells, 在所有细胞中必须被转录的基因，because they have a function that is basic to cell 因为它们具有的功能对细胞生存来 survival. In normal English, ‘housekeeping’ 说是最基本的。在日常英语中，refers to the daily activities required in a home, ‘housekeeping’指在家里需要做的日like cleaning and cooking. Housekeeping 常事务。持家基因是那些需要在细genes are genes perform the daily activities 胞中执行日常事务的基因。 required in a cell. Hybridization 杂交 The binding of two strands of nucleic acid. 核酸的两条链之间的结合。杂交可Hybridization can occur between two different 以发生在两条不同的DNA分子之DNA molecules, and between DNA and RNA. 间，以及DNA和RNA之间。 Hydrogen bonds 氢键 Relatively weak interatomic bonds involving 相对较弱的原子之间形成的键，由hydrogen atoms that are partially positively 于氢原子上带有部分正电荷而引charged. 起。 Hydrophobic interaction 疏水相互作用 Interaction that occurs between non-polar 当非极性分子被置于水中发生的相molecules in the presence of water. Prefix 互作用。前缀‘hydro-’ = ‘水’，后缀‘hydro-’ = ‘water’, and suffix ‘-phobic’ = ‘-phobic’ = ‘害怕’。 ‘afraid of’. Immunoprecipitation 免疫沉淀法 Technique in which proteins are isolated by 通过抗体对蛋白质进行分离的技antibodies. Name origin: antibodies are 术。名称来源:抗体有时称为免疫sometimes called immunoglobulins, because 球蛋白(immunoglobulins)，因为they are active in the immune system. The 它们在免疫系统中很活跃。该技术technique creates a clump of proteins called a 产生一种蛋白质聚集形成的沉淀。 precipitate. Induced mutations 诱导突变 Mutations caused by factors not normally 由通常不是细胞的正常成分引起的present in the cell. 突变。 Induced-fit 诱导契合 A change in the structure of an enzyme’s active 在催化过程中酶的活性位点结构所site during catalysis. 发生的改变。 Inducer 诱导物 A small molecule that binds to a transcription 与转录因子结合从而激活转录的小factor, leading to activation of transcription. 分子。可以通过防止阻遏蛋白对转May act by preventing a repressor protein from 录的阻遏而发挥作用。 repressing transcription. Initiator tRNA 起始tRNA A specialized tRNA that functions in translation 在转译起始中起作用的一种特殊initiation. tRNA。 Initiator (Inr) promoter element 起始子(Inr)启动子元件 An element of eukaryotic promoters, involved 在转录起始中起作用的真核启动子 in initiation of transcription. 元件。 Inosine 次黄苷 A nitrogenous base. Sometimes found in 一种含氮碱基。有时出现在tRNAtRNA anti-codons, where it has the ability to 的反密码子中，具有识别位于密码recognize three different bases at the third 子第三个位置的三个不同碱基的能position in the codon. 力。 Insertion sequences 插入序列 Simple prokaryotic transposons. They are 简单的原核生物转座子。它们是一sequences that insert themselves into random 些能使自身插入到一段DNA随机sites on a piece of DNA. 位置中的序列。 Insertion/deletion loop (IDL) 插入/缺失环(IDL) Loops caused by strand slippage during DNA 在DNA复制过程中由于链滑动而replication. Leading to deletions or insertions, 形成的环。能导致缺失或插入突变，depending on which strand the loop occurs. 依环出现在哪条链而定。 Insertions 插入 With reference to DNA, the addition of bases 指在DNA编码区增加了碱基。 into a coding region. Integrase 整合酶 Protein coded by LTR-retrotransposons, similar LTR反转录转座子编码的蛋白质，in function to transposase. Helps to integrate 与转座酶功能相似。帮助将转座子the transposon into a site on the DNA. 整合(integrate)到DNA的位点中。 Intercalating agents 嵌入剂 Molecules that resemble base pairs in structure 结构与碱基对相似并能插入到and insert between base pairs in DNA, causing DNA的碱基对之间的分子，能引起insertions and deletions. The prefix ‘inter-’ = 插入与缺失突变。前缀‘inter-’ = ‘between’. ‘在??????之间’。 Internal ribosome entry sequence 内部核糖体进入序列(IRES) (IRES) A sequence in eukaryotic mRNAs that allows 真核mRNA序列中位于正常起始密ribosomes to begin translation downstream of 码子下游、允许核糖体开始转译的the normal start codon. 区域。 Intrinsic termination 内在型终止 A transcription termination mechanism in 原核生物转录终止的一种机理，终prokaryotes in which the transcribed RNA 止时转录出来的RNA形成发夹环forms a hairpin loop followed by a string of 结构，紧接其后的是一连串A。称A’s. Called ‘intrinsic’ because the RNA alone 之为内在型的原因是因为RNA自is able to stop transcription, without help from 身即能终止转录，不需要蛋白质的proteins. 帮助。 Introns 内含子 Sequences that do not code for protein that 不编码蛋白质并干涉(intervene)或intervene (or interrupt) among coding regions. 打断(interrupt)编码区的序列。 Introns-early theory 内含子早期论 Theory that introns were present in early life 认为内含子在早期生命形式中即存forms and were retained by eukaryotes, but lost 在并被真核生物保留而被原核生物by prokaryotes. 丢失的理论。 Introns-late theory 内含子后期论 Theory that introns were introduced into 认为内含子是真核生物在与原核生eukaryotes after the lineage separated from 物进化谱系分开以后才开始有的理prokaryotes. 论。 Inversion 倒位 When a region of a chromosome becomes 一个染色体区域的方向发生旋转或rotate, or inverted, in orientation. 颠倒的现象。 Inverted repeats 反向重复序列 Sequences that are the same if you take the 互补序列从反方向读与它自身相同complement of one and read it backwards. 的序列。 Ion-exchange chromatography 离子交换层析 A type of column chromatography in which 根据蛋白质所带电荷的不同而进行proteins are separated according to charge. 分离的一种柱层析技术。层析柱用Column is loaded with ions. 离子装填。 Ionic bonds 离子键 An attraction between two ions of opposite 带相反电荷的两个离子之间的引charge. 力。 Kinases 激酶 Proteins that add phosphate groups to other 将磷酸基团加到其它蛋白质上去的proteins. 蛋白质。 Knockdown 基因敲低 The use of RNA interference to eliminate 应用RNA干涉从细胞中去除特殊specific mRNAs in the cell. In colloquial mRNA的技术。在口头英语中，English, ‘knock down’ means to throw ‘knock down’的意思是:把??????丢到something to the floor. 地上。 Knockout 基因敲除 A technique to eliminate the presence of 将某个特殊的基因从整个生物中去specific gene in an entire organism. In 除的技术。在口头英语中，colloquial English, a ‘knockout’ is when ‘knockout’的意思是:某人被打败。 someone is defeated in a fight. Lac operon lac操纵子 An operon containing genes involved in lactose 含有乳糖(lactose)代谢基因的操metabolism. 纵子。 Lac repressor lac阻遏蛋白 Repressor protein that regulates the lac operon. 调控lac操纵子的阻遏蛋白。 Lactose 乳糖 A sugar composed of glucose and galactose. 一种由葡萄糖和半乳糖组成的糖。Often found in milk. The root ‘lact’ is related 牛奶中常见。词根‘lact’与拉丁语中to the Latin word for milk. 的牛奶一词有关。 Lactose permease 乳糖渗透酶 A protein that brings lactose into the cell. In 一种将乳糖送进细胞的蛋白质。也other words, it makes the cell permeable to 就是说，它使细胞对乳糖变成可渗lactose. 透的(permeable)。 Lagging strand 后随链 The strand that is replicated discontinuously 在DNA复制中以不连续方式复制during DNA replication. In normal English, 的链。在日常英语中，‘lagging’ = ‘较‘lagging’ = ‘slower’. Lagging strand 慢的’。相对于先导链的复制而言，replication is a little bit slower, and less direct, 后随链的合成稍微有一点慢而且不than leading strand replication. 那么直接。 Lariat 套索 An intermediate, looped, structure in splicing. 在剪接中产生的环状中间结构。在In normal English, a ‘lariat’ is a loop made out 日常英语中，‘lariat’指一种用来捕捉of rope that is used for catching animals. 动物的环形绳圈。 Leading strand 先导链 The strand that is replicated continuously in 在DNA复制中连续复制的链。在日DNA replication. In normal English, 常英语中，something that is ‘leading’ something that is ‘leading’ is ahead of other 的意思是:它在其它事物之前。实things. Indeed, the leading strand is replicated 际上，先导链比后随链复制得稍微a little more quickly and more directly than the 快一点而且也更直接。 lagging strand. Leaky mutation 渗漏突变 A missense point mutation that has an affect on 对蛋白质功能有影响的一种错义点protein function. In normal English, 突变。在日常英语中，something something ‘leaky’ abnormally allows liquid to ‘leaky’的意思是允许液体以不正常pass through. For example, a cup with a hole 的方式通过。例如，底部有一个洞at the bottom is a ‘leaky’ cup. Leaky things 的杯子是一只漏的(leaky)杯子。are usually slightly broken or damaged. 漏的东西一般来说是有轻微碎裂或Likewise, proteins with leaky mutations are 损坏的东西。同样，具有渗漏突变slightly damaged. 的蛋白质也是被轻微损坏的。 Leucine zipper 亮氨酸拉链 A DNA-binding domain formed by two 一种由两个α螺旋组成的DNA结合α-helices, usually from two different proteins 域形式，通常由一起来到目标DNAthat come together at the DNA. The helices 的两种不同蛋白质组成。两个螺旋are held to each other by hydrophobic 通过疏水相互作用而保持在一起，interaction, as both are lined with leucine amino 因为两者都具有排布成一条线的亮acids. 氨酸。 Ligand 配体 A small molecule that binds to a protein and 一种与蛋白质结合并改变蛋白质功changes its function. 能的小分子。 Ligase 连接酶 An enzyme that repairs single-stranded cuts in 一种修补DNA单链缺口的酶。 DNA. Lock-and-key mechanism 锁-钥机理 A mechanism in which the active site of the 一种在催化反应中酶活性位点形状enzyme does not change shape during catalysis. 不发生改变的机理。名称来源:当Name origin: when a key fits into a lock, the 一把钥匙插进锁中时，每个部分的shape of each component is perfectly suited to 形状都与其它部分完全匹配，不需accommodate the other, and no change of shape 要改变任何形状。 is necessary. LTR-retrotransposons LTR反转录转座子 A class of retrotransposons that integrate into 一类使用整合酶将自身整合进DNA using integrase. Name origin: LTR DNA的反转录转座子。名称来源:stands for ‘long terminal repeats’. These LTR表示‘long terminal repeats’(长transposons have long repeated sequences at 末端重复序列)。这些转座子在两each end. The term prefix ‘retro-’ = ‘reverse’ 头都有长的重复序列。前缀‘retro-’ = or ‘backwards’. Retrotransposons use reverse ‘相反的’或‘向后’。反转录转座子使transcriptase to make DNA from RNA. This 用反转录酶从RNA产生DNA。这is backwards from the normal progression of 与中心法则的正常顺序相反。 the central dogma. Macromolecule 大分子 A large molecule made by covalently joining 将小分子以共价键连接起来产生大smaller molecules. Prefix ‘macro-’ = large. 的分子。前缀‘macro-’ = 大的。 Major grooves 大沟 Indentations on the side of the double helix. 双螺旋侧面的沟槽。这些沟槽有的Some of these grooves are large, some are 大、有的小。大的沟槽叫做大沟。 small. The large grooves are called major grooves. Mass spectrometry 质谱 A technique that determines the mass of 一种应用仪器测定分子质量的技molecules using a machine. 术。 Methyltransferase 甲基转移酶 An enzyme that transfers methyl groups from a 从一个损伤碱基上将甲基(methyl)damaged base onto itself, directly reversing 转移(transfers)到自己身上的一种damage to the base. 酶，能直接逆转损伤碱基的状态。 MicroRNA (miRNA) 微小RNA(miRNA) Small hairpin shaped RNAs that regulate 调控mRNA稳定性及其转译的发夹mRNA stability and translation. Prefix 形小RNA分子。前缀‘micro-’ = 很‘micro-’ = very small. 小。 Mismatch repair (MMR) 错配修复(MMR) A mechanism for the repair of mismatched 一种修复DNA分子中错配碱基的bases in a DNA molecule. 机理。 Mismatched base 错配碱基 A base pair in which the two bases are not 一种两个碱基互相不互补的碱基complementary to each other. Prefix ‘mis-’ = 对。前缀‘mis-’ = 不正确的。‘Match’ incorrect. ‘Match’ = put two things together. = 将两样事物放到一起。错配碱基Mismatched bases have been incorrectly put 是被不正确地放到一起的碱基，通together, often by DNA polymerase. 常由DNA聚合酶引起。 Missense mutation 错义突变 A point mutation that causes a change in one 引起蛋白质中一个氨基酸变化的点amino acid of a protein. Prefix ‘mis-’ = 突变。前缀‘mis-’ = 不正确的。incorrect. ‘Sense’ = meaning (in this case). ‘Sense’ = 在这儿的意思是“含义”。Missense mutations often give proteins an 错义突变常常赋予蛋白质一种错误incorrect meaning, or function. 的含义或功能。 Modules 模块 Protein domains that are found in many 在许多蛋白质中存在并且在进化中proteins and are well conserved in evolution. 相当保守的蛋白质域。 Molecular cloning 分子克隆 A technique to isolate a gene and have many 一种分离基因并获得许多它的拷贝copies of it available. ‘Cloning’ = making 的技术。‘cloning’ = 产生许多……identical copies of something. 的相同拷贝。 Monomer 单体 Single molecules that are joined with other 连接在一起产生更大的分子或聚合molecules to make a larger molecule or 体的小分子。前缀‘mono-’ = ‘一个’polymer. Prefix ‘mono-’ = ‘one’ or ‘single’. 或‘单个’。 Motif 基序 A small, basic protein structure that is found in 在许多不同蛋白质中存在的小的、many different proteins. 基本的蛋白质结构。 mRNA mRNA Short for ‘messenger’ RNA. Is the kind of 信使(messenger)RNA的缩写。是RNA used to copy genetic information in DNA 用来从DNA中拷贝遗传信息供核for use by the ribosome. In other words, it 糖体使用的一种RNA。换句话说，acts as a messenger of genetic information. 它作为遗传信息的信使。 mRNA-specific control mRNA特异性控制 A kind of translation control in which the 一种转译控制的种类，它调控的是translation of specific mRNAs is regulated, as 特殊的mRNA，而不是全部mRNA。 opposed to all mRNAs. Mutation 突变 DNA damage that causes a heritable change in 使DNA发生可遗传变化的DNA损the DNA. 伤。 Negative regulation 负调控 With respect to transcription, means that the 关于转录，意思是当一种蛋白质结binding of a protein causes repression of 合上去以后引起转录的阻遏。 transcription. Nitrogenous base 含氮碱基 One or two-ringed molecules that are an 一种一个环或两个环的分子，是核important component of nucleic acids. Each 酸的重要组成部分。每个环有几个ring has a number of nitrogen atoms. 氮(nitrogen)原子。 Nitrous acid 亚硝酸 A mutagenic chemical that causes deamination 能引起脱氨基和将几种碱基转变成and conversion of several bases into abnormal 异常碱基的诱变性化学物质。 bases. Non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) 非同源末端连接(NHEJ) A form of double-stranded break repair in 一种双链断裂的修复形式，修复时which broken ends are directly rejoined, 将断头直接连接起来，不需要进行without using homologous recombination. 同源重组。 Non-homologous recombination 非同源重组 Rearrangement of DNA regions that are not 互相不相似的(即不同源的)DNAsimilar (homologous) to each other. 区域之间的重排。 Non-LTR retrotransposons 非LTR反转录转座子 see LTR retrotransposons. Non-LTR 参照‘LTR反转录转座子’。非LTRretrotransposons do not have long terminal 反转录转座子没有长末端重复序repeats, and integrate into DNA using a 列，采用完全不同的机理整合到completely different mechanism. DNA中。 Nonsense mutation 无义突变 A point mutation that introduces a stop codon 在基因的正常终止密码子之前产生before the normal stop codon of the gene. In 一个终止密码子的点突变。在日常normal English, ‘nonsense’ = something that 英语中，‘nonsense’ = 没有意义的事has no meaning. The introduction of a stop 物。产生终止密码子是一种严重的codon is a serious mutation, and often leads to 突变，常常导致mRNA不能被转译mRNAs that cannot be transcribed or that make 或产生严重损坏的蛋白质。 seriously damaged proteins. Northern blotting Northern印迹法 A technique to identify individual RNA 在凝胶电泳后对单个RNA分子进molecules after gel electrophoresis. Name 行鉴定的技术。名称来源:origin: the word ‘Northern’ here is a play on ‘Northern’在这儿是个双关语。第一words. The first such technique to be 种这样的技术是用在DNA上的。它developed was for DNA. It was called a 被称为Southern印迹法，因为发展Southern blotting because the scientist who 出这一技术的科学家名叫Southern。developed the technique was named Southern. Southern(南方的)也是一个指方向Southern is also a word that indicates direction. 的词。当在RNA上发展出类似的技When a similar technique was developed for 术时，科学家想为它取一个类似的、 RNA, scientists wanted to give the technique a 但又不同的名称，所以他们把它叫similar but different name, so they called it a 做Northern印迹法。‘Northern’ 不Northern blotting. ‘Northern’ is not 是任何人的姓，它是‘southern’的对anybody’s last name, but it is the opposite 应词。 direction as ‘southern’. N-terminus N末端 The end of a protein containing a free amino 蛋白质的含有自由氨基的末端。‘N-’group. The ‘N-’ derives from the fact that 来自于氨基中含有氮(nitrogen)这amino groups contain nitrogen. 一事实。 Nuclear pores 核孔 Large protein complexes in the nuclear 核膜上的大的蛋白质复合体，允许membrane that allow molecules to pass 分子在细胞核与细胞质之间通行。between the nucleus and the cytoplasm. A ‘pore’ = 表面上的小孔。 ‘pore’ = a small hole in a surface. Nucleic acids 核酸 Macromolecules that are polymers of 一种大分子，是核苷酸的聚合物。nucleotides. They are acidic because of the 由于它们含有磷酸二酯键，所以它phosphodiester bond, and are found in high 们是酸性(acidic)的，并且在细胞concentrations in the nuclei of cells. 核(nuclei)中以很高的浓度存在。 Nucleosome 核小体 A structure with DNA wrapped around a core DNA包裹在组蛋白核心外面形成of histones. In normal English, ‘nuclear’ = 的结构。在日常英语中，‘nuclear’ = ‘core’. ‘核心’。 Nucleotide excision repair (NER) 核苷酸切除修复(NER) A kind of excision repair usually used to fix 一种切除修复方法，通常用来修复nucleotides that have undergone large or 经受了大的或不同寻常修饰的核苷unusual modifications. 酸。 Nucleotides 核苷酸 Small molecules that can be polymerized to 能够聚合形成核酸的小分子。 form nucleic acids. Nucleus 细胞核 The compartment of eukaryotic cells that 为大多数DNA提供停留场所的真houses most of the DNA. In normal English, 核细胞内的隔离空间。在日常英语‘nucleus’ = ‘core’ or ‘center’. The nucleus of 中，‘nucleus’ = ‘核心’或‘中心’。原an atom is the small core of protons and 子的核是由质子和中子组成的小核neutrons. 心。 Okazaki fragments 冈崎片段 Individual pieces of newly synthesized DNA 在不连续合成中产生的新合成的单created during discontinuous synthesis. 独DNA片段。冈崎是发现这些片段Okazaki is the name of the scientist who 的科学家的姓名。 discovered these fragments. Operator 操纵基因 DNA element in prokaryotes downstream of the 原核生物中位于启动子下游的promoter. Binding site for proteins that DNA元件。是转录调控蛋白的结合regulate transcription. In normal English, an 位点。在日常英语中，‘operator’ = ‘operator’ = somebody who controls a system. 控制某一系统的人。 Operons 操纵子 An organization of related genes in which all 一种相关基因的组织方式，其中所genes are under the control of one regulatory 有基因位于一个调控区域的控制之region and are expressed on one mRNA 下并且被表达成一个mRNA转录transcript. 本。 OriC OriC The origin of replication on an E. coli 大肠杆菌染色体(chromosome)上chromosome. 复制的起点(origin)。 Overexpression 过量表达 A technique in which a particular protein is 一种在细胞中大量表达(expressed)expressed in a cell in large concentrations, over 某种特殊蛋白的技术，其表达量超the normal concentration. 出了(over)正常的浓度。 P (petpidyl) site P(肽基)位 Site on a ribosome to which a tRNA moves 核糖体上的一个位置，是tRNA从Aafter being in the A site. In the P site, the 位移出后所处的位置。在P位上，bond that joins the tRNA to a polypeptide is tRNA与多肽链之间的连接被打断，broken, and the polypeptide is rejoined to the 之后此多肽链与A位上的tRNA(+tRNA (+ amino acid) in the A site by a peptide 氨基酸)之间形成肽键。 bond. Partial diploids 部分二倍体 Organisms to which an extra set of certain 指一些特殊的生物，其体内的一些genes has been added (see diploid). 基因有额外的一套拷贝(参照‘二 倍体’)。 Peptide 肽 A term often used to denote a small 时常用来说明小多肽的术语。 polypeptide. Peptide bond 肽键 The bond that connects amino acids in a 在多肽中连接氨基酸的键。 polypeptide. Peptidyl transferase 肽基转移酶 The enzyme functioning in ribosomes that 在核糖体中发挥作用的一种酶，它transfers the polypeptide from the P site tRNA 将P位tRNA上的多肽转移to the A site tRNA (+ amino acid), creating a (transfer)到A位的tRNA(+氨基new peptide bond. 酸)上，产生新的肽(peptide)键。 Phosphodiester bond 磷酸二酯键 A bond joining nucleotides in a nucleic acid. 在核酸中连接核苷酸的键。该键含 The bond contains one phosphorous atom, and 有一个磷原子和两个酯键。前缀two ester bonds. The prefix ‘di-’ = ‘two’. ‘di-’ = ‘二’。 Photolyase 光解酶 Enzyme that directly reverses pyrimidine 直接逆转嘧啶二聚体突变(通常由dimers, which usually are caused by UV light. UV光线引起)的酶。前缀‘photo’ = Prefix ‘photo’ = ‘light’. ‘光’。 Point mutations 点突变 Mutations to individual bases in DNA, usually DNA中单个碱基的突变，通常造成leading to substitution of a base with another 某个碱基被另一个碱基替换。在日base. In normal English, a ‘point’ = 常英语中，‘point’ = 很小、很精确something very small and precisely localized. 地定位的事物。同样，点突变只发Likewise, point mutations only occur to single 生在单个的碱基上，在整个DNA分bases, a very small part of the whole DNA 子很小的部分上。 molecule. Poly(A) polymerase Poly(A)聚合酶 Specialized RNA polymerase that adds many 在前体mRNA的末尾加上许多腺嘌adenine nucleotides to the end of pre-mRNAs 呤核苷酸以形成poly(A)尾的特殊to form the poly(A) tail. 酶。 Poly(A) tail Poly(A)尾 A post-transcriptional addition to mRNA in 真核生物在转录后加在mRNA 3’末eukaryotes that involves addition of many 端后面的许多腺嘌呤(A)核苷酸。adenine (A) nucleotides to the 3’ end of the 前缀‘poly-’ = ‘许多’。 transcript. Prefix ‘poly-’ = ‘many’. Polycistronic mRNA 多顺反子mRNA mRNA in prokaryotes that contains more than 含有不止一个需转译基因的原核生one gene to be translated. Cistron = gene. 物mRNA。cistron(顺反子) = 基Prefix ‘poly-’ = ‘many’ or ‘more than one’. 因。前缀‘poly-’ = ‘许多’或‘不止一 个’。 Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) 聚合酶链式反应(PCR) A technique used to replicate specific regions 一种用来对DNA模板上特殊区域of a DNA template many times. A chain 进行许多次复制的技术。链式反应 reaction = reaction that grows larger and larger = 随时间推移变得越来越多的反over time. With each cycle of PCR, the 应。经过每一循环的PCR，产生出amount of DNA copies produced grows almost 的DNA量几乎以指数形式增长。 exponentially. Polymer 聚合物 Macromolecule created by linking many 通过连接许多小分子而产生出的大smaller molecules. Prefix ‘poly-’ = ‘many’. 分子。前缀‘poly-’ = ‘许多’。 后缀Suffix ‘-mer’ = ‘subunits’ or ‘smaller ‘-mer’ = ‘亚基’或‘更小的组分’。 components’. Polypeptide 多肽 A polymer of amino acid connected by peptide 氨基酸由肽键连接在一起形成的聚bonds. 合物。 Polysome 多核糖体 A translation complex in which multiple 一种转译复合体，其中有多个核糖ribosomes are translating one mRNA at the 体同时在转译同一条mRNA。前缀same time. Prefix ‘poly-’ = ‘many’ or ‘more ‘poly-’ = ‘许多’或‘不止一个’。 than one’. Positive regulation 正调控 In reference to transcription, denotes the 关于转录，表示通过一种蛋白质的activation of transcription by binding of a 结合而激活转录。 protein. Pre-initiation complex 前起始复合体 The group of general transcription factors II 在转录起始前一组通用转录因子II(TFIIs) and RNA polymerase II that assemble (TFIIs)和RNA聚合酶II在每个at the promoter of each Class II gene before II类基因启动子位置组装产生的结initiation of transcription. Prefix ‘pre-’ = 构。前缀‘pre-’ = ‘在……之前’。 ‘before’. Pre-mRNA 前体mRNA The precursor to a eukaryotic mRNA, which 真核mRNA的前体，已经被转录出has been transcribed but has not yet undergone 来但还没有经过转录后修饰。前缀post-transcriptional modifications. Prefix ‘pre-’ = ‘在……之前’。 ‘pre-’ = ‘before’. Pre-replicative complex (Pre-RC) 前复制复合体(Pre-RC) Complex of proteins that mark origins of 真核生物中标明复制起点并启动转replication in eukaryotes and initiate 录的蛋白质复合体。常常在复制开replication. Often forms long before 始前好久就形成了。前缀‘pre-’ = replication begins. Prefix ‘pre-’ = ‘before’. ‘在……之前’。 Primary structure 初级结构 Amino acid sequence of a protein. Perhaps 蛋白质的氨基酸序列。称之为‘结termed a ‘structure’ because the sequence is 构’的原因也许是因为这样的序列often enough to determine the folded structure 常常足以决定该蛋白质折叠出的结of the protein. 构。 Primary transcript 初级转录物 see pre-mRNA. In normal English, a 参照‘pre-mRNA’。在日常英语中，transcript = a copy of something. Primary = a transcript = 某种事物的拷贝。first. The primary transcript is the first RNA primary = 第一、首先。初级转录物copy of the DNA, before any modifications 是DNA的第一个RNA拷贝，是在have been made. 任何修饰发生前的拷贝。 Primase 引发酶 The enzyme that adds primers to DNA. 将引物加到DNA上去的酶。 Primers 引物 Short pieces of RNA that are hybridized to 短的RNA片段，与DNA杂交以便DNA so that DNA polymerase can initiate DNA聚合酶启动转录。前缀‘prim-’ replication. Prefix ‘prim-’ = ‘first’. Primers = ‘第一、首先’。在开始DNA合成must be made first, before DNA synthesis can 前必须先有引物。 begin. Processivity 持续合成能力 The amount of DNA that DNA polymerase can DNA聚合酶在从模板上脱落前一replicate in one run, before falling off the 次能够合成的DNA量的大小。 template. Promoter 启动子 DNA element responsible for binding to RNA 负责与RNA聚合酶结合的DNA元polymerase (and general transcription factors, 件(在真核生物中还负责与通用转in eukaryotes). Often involved in regulation 录因子的结合)。常常涉及转录调of transcription. In normal English, ‘promote’ 控。在日常英语中，‘promote’ = 鼓= to encourage. 励。 Proofread 校正 The process of rechecking work and correcting 再次检查合成出的产物并更正其中errors. DNA polymerase and RNA 错误的过程。DNA聚合酶和RNApolymerase both have some ability to proofread 聚合酶都具有一定的校正能力，以the strands they are synthesizing. 防止所合成的链中存在错误。 Proteases 蛋白酶 Proteins that cut other proteins. 切割其它蛋白质的蛋白质。 Protein domain 蛋白质域 A region of protein structure that has a specific 具有特殊功能的蛋白质结构中的一and isolated function. 个区域。 Pull-down assay 下拉 A technique very similar to affinity 一种与亲和层析非常相似的技术。chromatography. A column is packed with a 层析柱用一种特殊蛋白充填，能与specific protein, and proteins that bind to that 这种蛋白质直接或间接结合的蛋白protein, directly or via other proteins, are 质被留在了层析柱里。称为‘下拉’retained in the column. Called a ‘pull-down’ 是因为所有与目标蛋白结合的蛋白because all proteins that bind to the target are 质都从细胞提取物中被拉了出来。 pulled out of the cell extract. Purines 嘌呤 Nitrogenous bases containing two rings. 具有两个环的含氮碱基。 Pyrimidine dimer 嘧啶二聚体 A form of DNA damage in which two adjacent 一种DNA损伤形式，其中DNA链pyrimidines in a DNA strand become 上两个相邻的嘧啶被共价连接到了covalently bound to each other. Often caused 一起。通常由UV光引起。 by UV light. Pyrimidines 嘧啶 Nitrogenous bases containing only one ring. 只含有一个环的含氮碱基。 Quaternary structure 四级结构 The structure of a protein with multiple 具有多个亚基的蛋白质的结构。subunits. Quaternary = fourth degree. This quaternary = 第四个等级。这一结构structure is one level or organization higher 的水平或组织比三级结构高一个等than tertiary (third degree) structure. 级。 R group R基团 The variable chemical group in an amino acid. 氨基酸中一种可变的化学基团。 Reading frame 读码框 The organization of bases in a coding region 编码区中碱基以三个为一组形成的into groups of three, marked at the beginning 结构，以起始密码子和终止密码子and end by start and stop codons. 为开始和结束的标志。 Recombination 重组 General term for a process that changes the 用于描述DNA片段顺序发生改变、order of pieces of DNA, creating new 产生DNA区域新组合过程的通用combinations of DNA regions. Prefix ‘re-’ = 术语。前缀‘re-’ = ‘又’或‘新的’。 ‘again’ or ‘new’. Redundant 冗余的 In normal English, redundant = repetitive. 在日常英语中，redundant = 重复The genetic code is called redundant because 的。遗传密码是冗余的，因为存在several codons may code for one amino acid. 几个密码子编码同一种氨基酸的现 象。 Release factor 释放因子 A protein that binds to stop codons, releasing 一种结合到终止密码子上的蛋白ribosomes, tRNA, and mRNA from each other. 质，能将核糖体、tRNA和mRNA 各自释放出来。 Replication bubble 复制泡 Separation of single-strands in DNA helix 在DNA螺旋中单链分离产生的有creates a somewhat circular opening where 点像环形的开口，在这儿可以发生DNA replication can take place. DNA复制。 Replication fork 复制叉 A separation of single strands that is the site for 单链分离产生的可以向一个方向复one direction of DNA replication. In normal 制DNA的位点。在日常英语中，English, a ‘fork’ = the site where a larger path ‘fork’ = 一条大路分成几条小路的splits into smaller paths. At the replication 地点。在复制叉处，粗的双链DNAfork, the thick double-stranded DNA molecule 分子被分成两条单链DNA分子。 splits into two single-stranded DNA molecules. Replicative transposition 复制型转座 A transposition mechanism in which the 一种转座机理，其中原始的转座子original transposon is replicated, and the copy 被复制，转座子的拷贝被插入到一is inserted into a new site in the DNA. 个DNA的新位点中。 Restriction endonucleases 限制性内切核酸酶 Enzymes that cut DNA at specific sequences 在分子内的特异序列位置切割inside the molecule (see endonuclease). The DNA的酶(参照‘内切核酸酶’)。term ‘restriction’ comes from the fact that these ‘限制’一词来源于这样的事实:enzymes were originally discovered because 这些酶最初在细菌中发现，它们的they restrict the entry of viruses into bacteria, 功能是通过切断病毒的DNA而限by cutting viral DNA. These proteins are 制(restrict)病毒进入。这些蛋白sometimes simply called ‘restriction enzymes.’ 质有时就被简单地称为‘限制酶’。 Reverse genetics 反向遗传学 Form of genetics/molecular biology research in 一种遗传学/分子生物学研究的形which a gene is first identified, and then the 式，它先鉴定出一个基因，之后探function/phenotype associated with the gene is 索与这一基因相关的功能/表型。 explored. Reverse transcription 反转录 The process of making DNA from RNA. This 从RNA生产DNA的过程。这是一is the reverse of transcription. 个与转录相反的过程。 Reverse transcriptase 反转录酶 Enzyme that performs reverse transcription. 行使反转录功能的酶。 Ribonucleases 核糖核酸酶 Enzymes that cleave ribonucleic acid (RNA). 切割核糖核酸(RNA)的酶。 Ribonucleic acid (RNA) 核糖核酸(RNA) A nucleic acid made by polymerization of 通过聚合核糖核苷酸产生的核酸。 ribonucleotides. Ribonucleotides 核糖核苷酸 Nucleotides containing the sugar ribose. 含有核糖的核苷酸。 Ribosome 核糖体 Large macromolecular complexes comprised of 由RNA(ribonucleic acid)和蛋白RNA (ribonucleic acid) and protein. 质组成的大型大分子复合体。 RNA interference (RNAi) RNA干涉(RNAi) A process that uses siRNA or miRNA to induce 一种应用siRNA或miRNA诱导目degradation of a target mRNA. The process 标mRNA降解的过程。该过程‘干‘intereferes’ with the normal stability of 涉’了mRNA的正常稳定性。 mRNA. RNA polymerase RNA聚合酶 Enzyme that polymerizes RNA strands. 聚合RNA链的酶。 RNA polymerase core RNA聚合酶核心 The smallest set of RNA polymerase subunits 对转录而言需要的RNA聚合酶亚required for transcription. Unable to initiate 基的最少组合。不能正确地启动转transcription correctly. 录。 RNA polymerase holoenzyme RNA聚合酶全酶 The whole set of RNA polymerase subunits, RNA聚合酶亚基的全套组合，能够able to initiate transcription at the promoter. 在启动子的位置启动转录。 rRNA rRNA RNA that is directly used to make ribosomes. 直接用来生产核糖体(ribosomes)Is not translated. 的RNA。它不被转译。 Rudder 方向舵 Part of the RNA polymerase structure that RNA聚合酶结构的一部分，用来确ensures separation of DNA strands in the 保DNA双链在转录泡中分开。在日transcription bubble. In normal English, a 常英语中，rudder是小船上用来掌rudder is that flat, thin part of a boat that is used 握方向的扁平、薄的部件(即船舵)。to steer. The RNA polymerase rudder RNA聚合酶方向舵的形状看起来有somewhat resembles a boat rudder in shape. 点像小船上的舵。 SDS SDS Sodium dodecyl sulfate. A detergent used to 十二烷基硫酸钠。一种在凝胶电泳denature proteins and cover them in uniform 前用来使蛋白质发生变性并用统一charge before gel electrophoresis. This allows 的电荷覆盖蛋白质的去污剂。 proteins to be separated solely by length. Secondary structure 二级结构 The simple, generalized folded structures that 组成蛋白质的简单、通用的折叠结make up a protein. 构。 Self-splicing 自我剪接 The process of some mRNAs to splice out 一些mRNA不需要外来因子如introns without help from outside factors like snRNPs的帮助而能将其中的内含snRNPs. 子剪接掉的过程。 Semi-conservative replication 半保留复制 A style of DNA replication in which produces a 一种DNA的复制方式，产生的DNADNA with one strand from the parent, and one 中一条链来自于母本、另一条链是newly synthesized strand. Prefix ‘semi-’ = 新合成的。前缀‘semi-’ = ‘一半’或‘half’ or ‘some.’ In normal English, ‘部分’。在日常英语中，conservative conservative = keep the old. Semi- = 保持旧的。半保留复制即保持了conservative replication keeps some of the old. 一部分旧的分子。 Semi-discontinuous replication 半不连续复制 A style of replication in which one strand is 一种复制类型，其中一条链连续地replicated continuously and the other is 进行复制，另一条链不连续地进行replicated discontinuously. Prefix ‘semi-’ = 复制。前缀‘semi-’ = ‘一半’或‘部‘half’ or ‘some’. Prefix ‘dis-’ = ‘not’. In 分’。前缀‘dis-’ = ‘不’。在半不连续semi-discontinuous replication, half of the 复制中，DNA的一半是不连续地复DNA is not replicated continuously. 制出来的。 Shine-Dalgarno sequence SD序列 A consensus sequence in E. coli that marks 大肠杆菌中标明哪个AUG应该被 which AUG sequences should be used as start 用作起始密码子的共有序列。根据codons. Named for the two scientists who 发现这一序列的两个科学家(Shine discovered the sequence, Shine and Dalgarno. 和Dalgarno)的名字命名。 Silencers 沉默子 Regulatory DNA elements that bind to 结合到阻遏蛋白上引起转录阻遏的repressors and cause repression of transcription. 具有调控作用的DNA元件。 Silent mutations 沉默突变 Point mutations that change a base in a codon, 在密码子中改变了一个碱基但没有but do not change the amino acid coded for by 改变密码子所编码的氨基酸的点突the codon. Therefore, there is no change in 变。因此，生产出的蛋白质没有发the protein produced, and the mutation is 生改变，该突变在功能上察觉不到，functionally unnoticeable, or silent. 或说是沉默的。 Single-strand DNA binding proteins 单链DNA结合蛋白(SSB) (SSBs) Proteins that bind to single-strands of DNA at a 在复制叉处与单链DNA结合的蛋replication fork, protecting the strands and 白质，它们保护单链防止它们互相preventing them from rebinding to each other. 重新结合。 Sliding clamp 滑行夹 A subunit of RNA polymerase III that allows it RNA聚合酶III的一个亚基，能使to synthesize RNA with high processivity. In RNA聚合酶III保持高的持续合成normal English, a ‘clamp’ = something that 能力。在日常英语中，a ‘clamp’ = holds something else. The sliding clamp holds 将„„抓住的东西。滑行夹套住the DNA, but also slides along the DNA as DNA，并在RNA聚合酶移动的时RNA polymerase moves. 候沿着DNA链滑行。 Small-interfering RNA (siRNA) 小干涉RNA(siRNA) Small double stranded RNAs that lead to RNA 能产生RNA干涉作用的双链RNAinterference. 小分子。 snRNPs snRNPs Small nuclear ribonucleoproteins. These are 核小核糖核蛋白。是由RNA(核糖macromolecules composed of RNA 核酸)和蛋白质在细胞核中组成的(ribonucleic acid) and protein that are found in 大分子，在大多数内含子的剪接中the nucleus. They are required for splicing of 都需要。 most introns. Southern blotting Southern印迹法 Technique to identify specific DNA molecules 在凝胶电泳后用于鉴定特异DNAafter gel electrophoresis. Scientist who 分子的技术。发展这一技术的科学developed the technique was named Southern. 家姓名是Southern。 Specific transcription factors 特异性转录因子 Transcription factors that only act to regulate 只在调控特殊基因的转录中起作用transcription of specific genes. 的转录因子。 Splice sites 剪接位点 Sequences that mark the beginning and ends of 表明内含子和外显子开始和结束位introns and exons. 置的序列。 Spliceosome 剪接体 The collection of factors, especially snRNPs, 各种因子的集合体，尤其是that help with the splicing of introns. snRNPs，帮助将内含子剪接掉。 Spontaneous mutations 自发突变 Mutations that occur as the result of natural 细胞中因自然过程而产生的突变，processes in the cell, such as deamination 例如碱基与水反应所引起的脱氨caused by reaction of bases with water. 基。 Start codon 起始密码子 The codon that marks the start of translation. 标明转译起始位置的密码子。 Sticky ends 粘性末端 The single stranded, over-hanging ends 由限制酶产生的单链突出末端。这produced by restriction enzymes. These ends 些末端与切割产生的相同末端互are complementary to the other ends produced 补。结果，这样的两个末端可以容by cleavage. As a result, the two ends can 易地结合在一起。 stick together easily. Stop codons 终止密码子 Codons that mark the end of translation. 标明转译结束位置的密码子。 Subunit 亚基 An individual polypeptide that forms part of a 一个单独的多肽，是形成更大蛋白larger protein. Prefix ‘sub-’ = ‘below’. A 质的一个部分。前缀‘sub-’ = subunit is a unit of a protein whose importance ‘在……之下’。一个亚基是蛋白质的is below that of the whole protein. 一个部分，其重要性在整个蛋白质 的重要性之下。 Sugar-phosphate backbone 糖-磷酸骨架 The repeating structure of ribose (a sugar) and DNA分子中核糖(一种糖)与磷酸phosphodiester bonds in DNA molecule. In 二酯键的重复结构。在日常英语中，normal English, a ‘backbone’ = a long, central ‘backbone’ = 支撑某一结构的长的component that gives support to a structure. 中心部件。糖-磷酸骨架构成了双螺The sugar-phosphate backbone lines the double 旋并支撑螺旋内部的碱基。 helix and supports the bases inside the helix. Supercoil 超螺旋 A coiling of the chromosome formed to relieve 为了释放双螺旋中的张力而形成的tension within the double helix. 染色体卷曲形式。正常情况下染色Chromosomes normally have some coiling, but 体会有一定的卷曲，但超螺旋是超this is beyond the normal level of coiling. The 出正常水平的卷曲。前缀‘super-’ = prefix ‘super-’ = ‘beyond’ or ‘above’. ‘超过’或‘高于’。 TATA box TATA框 A eukaryotic promoter element with the 共有序列为TATAAA的真核启动consensus sequence TATAAA. 子元件。 TATA-binding protein (TBP) TATA结合蛋白(TBP) A protein subunit of TFIID that often binds to 通常与TATA框结合的TFIID蛋白the TATA box. 亚基。 Tautomers 互变异构体 Molecules that can interconvert between two 可以在两种不同结构形式之间转换different structural forms. 的分子。 TBP-associated factors II (TAFII) TBP相关因子II(TAFII) Subunits of TFIID that associated with TBP 与TBP(TATA结合蛋白)结合在(TATA-binding protein), another subunit of 一起的TFIID亚基，TBP是TFIIDTFIID. 的另一个亚基。 Telomerase 端粒酶 An enzyme responsible for extending the parent 在复制过程中负责延伸端粒处strand of DNA at the telomere during DNA亲本链的酶，可使端粒复制完replication so that telomeres can be fully 整。 replicated. Telomeres 端粒 The ends of a eukaryotic chromosome, made of 真核生物染色体的末端，由异染色heterochromatin. 质组成。 Tertiary structure 三级结构 The structure of individual polypeptides. 单条多肽的结构。 TFIIB recognition element (BRE) TFIIB识别元件(BRE) Promoter element in eukaryotes that binds to 真核生物中与通用转录因子TFIIBthe TFIIB general transcription factor. 结合的启动子元件。 TFIID TFIID A general transcriptional factor for RNA 一种能与多个启动子元件和特异性polymerase II that binds to multiple promoter 转录因子结合的RNA聚合酶II通elements and specific transcription factors. 用转录因子。 Three prime end 三一撇末端 The end of a DNA strand that terminates with DNA链的一个末端，以脱氧核糖核the three prime (3’) carbon (which has an ?OH 苷酸中核糖的三一撇(3’)碳(上group attached) of the ribose in a 面连接着?OH)结尾。‘一撇’在这deoxyribnoucleotide. ‘Prime’ means nothing 儿没有含义;它只是简单地表示‘三’here; it simply denotes that the label ‘three’ 这一记号来自于对核糖上碳的人为comes from arbitrary numbering of the ribose 编号。 carbons. Transcription 转录 The process by which RNA is made from 从DNA生产RNA的过程。在日常DNA. In normal English, to ‘transcribe’ = to 英语中，‘transcribe’ = 抄写。 copy. Transcription bubble 转录泡 Separation of single-strands in DNA helix DNA螺旋的单链分离产生类似环creates a somewhat circular opening where 形的开口，是将要发生转录的地方。 transcription can take place. Transferrin 运铁蛋白 Protein that brings, or transfers, iron into the 将铁带进或转移(transfers)进细胞cell. ‘Ferr’ comes from the Latin word for 中的蛋白质。‘Ferr’来自于‘铁’的拉iron. 丁文。 Transformation 转化 A technique in which DNA is directly 一种将DNA直接转移到细胞中去transferred into a cell. 的技术。 Translocation 移位 The movement of a ribosome relative to the 核糖体相对于mRNA所做的移动，mRNA, to allow a new codon to be recognized 目的是识别新密码子并允许新and a new tRNA to bind. Prefix ‘trans-’ = tRNA与它结合。前缀‘trans-’ = ‘跨‘across’ or ‘change’. In a translocation, the 过’或‘改变’。在移位中，核糖体改ribosome changes location on the mRNA. 变它在mRNA上的位置。 Transposase 转座酶 A protein coded for by many transposons that 许多转座子编码的能使它们转座到allows transposition into a new DNA site. 新DNA位点的蛋白质。 Transposons 转座子 DNA elements that can change positions, or 基因组中能改变位置(positions)或locations, in the genome. Prefix ‘trans-’ = 位点的DNA元件。前缀‘trans-’ = ‘跨‘across’ or ‘change’. 过’或‘改变’。 tRNA tRNA Short for ‘transfer’ RNA. Is used to transfer ‘转移’RNA的缩写。用来将氨基酸amino acids to the ribosome so that they can be 转移到核糖体上，这样它们才能被incorporated into growing proteins. 整合到合成出的蛋白质中。 Trp operon Trp操纵子 Operon containing genes coding for the 含有编码色氨酸合成酶基因的操纵synthesis of tryptophan. 子。 Trp repressor Trp阻遏蛋白 Repressor protein that regulates transcription of 调控trp操纵子转录的阻遏蛋白。 the trp operon. Type I topoisomerases I类拓扑异构酶 Topoisomerases that undo supercoiling by 通过在DNA中产生单链切口而消introducing single-stranded cuts in the DNA. 除超螺旋的拓扑异构酶。 Type II topoisomerases II类拓扑异构酶 Topoisomerases that undo supercoiling by 通过在DNA中产生双链切口而消introducing double-stranded cuts in the DNA. 除超螺旋的拓扑异构酶。 Ultraviolet radiation (UV) 紫外辐射(UV) Electromagnetic radiation that has a slightly 频率比可见光稍微高一点的电磁辐higher frequency than visible light. The 射。最高频率的可见光是紫光。前highest frequency visible light is violet. The 缀‘ultra-’ = ‘很’或‘甚至更高’。紫外prefix ‘ultra-’ = ‘very’ or ‘even higher’. 光具有比紫光更高的频率。 Ultraviolet light has a frequency even higher than that of violet light. Untranslated regions (UTRs) 非转译区(UTR) Regions on each end of an mRNA that are 位于mRNA两头的、被转录出但不transcribed but are not translated. 被转译的区域。 Upstream region 上游区域 The region of a gene above the start site of 位于转录起始位点上游的基因区transcription. In normal English, ‘upstream’ = 域。在日常英语中，‘upstream’ = 液in the opposite direction of flow. The 体流动的相反方向。基因的上游区upstream region of a gene is above the start site 域位于转录起始位点之前，与RNAof transcription, in the opposite region that 转录合成的方向相反。 RNA transcription synthesizes. Van der Waals forces 范德华力 Weak attractions caused by shifts in the 由围绕原子的电子云发生变化产生electron clouds around atoms. Named for the 的弱引力。根据发现它们的科学家scientist who discovered them. 姓名命名。 Western blotting Western印迹法 A technique to identify specific proteins during 在凝胶电泳过程中用来鉴定特异蛋gel electrophoresis. (see Northern blotting). 白的技术。(请参照Northern印迹The word Western here is also a play on words. 法)。单词Western也是一个双关 语。 Wobble 摇摆 The ability of the first base in an anticodon to 指反密码子第一位碱基具备识别密recognize more than one kind of base in the 码子互补位置上不止一个碱基的能complementary position in the codon. In 力。在日常英语中，something that normal English, something that ‘wobbles’ = ‘wobbles’ = 以松弛的、不规则的方moves loosely, in irregular patterns. The first 式移动。反密码子第一位碱基与其base in the anticodon binds loosely and 它碱基以松弛的、不规则的方式结irregularly to other bases. 合。 Xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) 着色性干皮病(XP) A disease caused by a defect in nucleotide 由核苷酸切除修复功能缺陷造成的excision repair. The root ‘derma’ = skin. 疾病。词根‘derma’ = 皮肤。病人存These patients have some skin pigmentation 在皮肤色素(pigmentation)沉着方problems. 面的问题。 X-ray crystallography X射线晶体衍射 A technique that determines the 用X射线照射蛋白质晶体来测定蛋three-dimensional structures of proteins by 白质三维结构的技术。 shining X-rays on crystals of the protein. Yeast two-hybrid 酵母双杂交 A technique to test for binding between two 检查两种蛋白质之间是否能够发生proteins. The technique is used in yeast and 结合的技术。此技术在酵母中使用，involves two fusion (hybrid) proteins that bind 涉及两种融合(杂交)蛋白，两种to each other to activate transcription of a gene. 蛋白互相结合能激活基因的转录。 Zinc fingers 锌指结构 DNA binding domains that are elongated, with 伸展的、形状有些像手指的DNA结a shape that is somewhat like a finger. The 合域。这一形状由一个或多个锌原shape of the domain is coordinated by one or 子进行协调。 more zinc atoms.