我上课听不懂【精品推荐-doc】

我上课听不懂【精品推荐-doc】 4633869 我上课听不懂，什么 主语啊 什么语法啊 我都不会 还有什么从句， 答:同学，你好～如下是有关句子成分与从句的语法讲解，供你参看学习，如有疑难之处可以具体提问。 句子成分:英语中的句子成分有七种: ?主语:用于说明人或事物执行某一动作，表明“谁”或“什么”。常由名词、代词和数词来担任。如: I love the book(The book is my friend(我喜欢这本书。这本书是我的朋友。(名词作主语) ?谓语:说明主语的动作或状态，表明“做什么”或“是什么”。常由实义动词或系动词加上表语部分来充当。如: Mother is a teacher(妈妈是一名教师。(系表作谓语) She likes music(她喜欢音乐。(动词作谓语) ?宾语是动作、行为的对象，由名词、代词、不定式或相当于名词的词、短语来担任，它和及物动词一起说明主语做什么，在谓语之后。如: He learns English well(他英语学得好。(作动词宾语) I'm interested in handwriting(我对书法很感兴趣。(作介词宾语) ?补语:说明宾语、主语“做什么”或“处于某种状态”。常由名词、形容词等词类来担任。如: The teacher named me Lucy(老师叫我露茜。(名词作补语) Very loud noises can make people ill(非常大的噪音会让人得病。(形容词作补语) ?表语:放在连系动词之后表示主语的身份或特征的成分，表明“什么”，“怎么样”。多由名词、形容词、副词、代词、数词和介词短语来担任。如: She looks nice(她看上去很漂亮。(形容词作表语) Ann is in the classroom(安在教室里。(介词短语作表语) ?定语:用于修饰和限制名词或代词的成分，表明“谁的”、“怎么样”等。多由名词、数词、形容词、代词和介词短语等来充当。如: My friend is a middle school student(我的朋友是一名中学生。(名词作定语) The man with black glasses liked sweet food(戴墨镜的那个人喜欢吃甜食。(介词短语作定语) ?状语:用于修饰动词、形容词、副词或全句的成分。常由副词、介词短语等来充当。如: Bruce speaks English very well(布鲁斯英语说得很好。(副词作状语) Dick lived in the country a few years ago(迪克几年前住在乡下。(介词短语作状语) 从句按其在主句中的句法功能可分为三类: 即名词性从句、形容词性从句(即定语从句)和副词性从句(即状语从句)。 引导从句的词称作关联句。 一、名词性从句 名词性从句包括主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句和同位语从句。 引导这些名词性从句的关联词包括: 从属连词that, if, whether; 连接代词who, whoever, whom, whomever, which, whichever, what, whatever, whose; 连接副词where, when, why, how。 其中, 从属连词只起连接作用, 在从句中不充当任何句法成分, 而连接代词和连接副词既起连接作用, 在从句中又充当一定的成分. That Owen should have married his cousin is not at all surprising. The fact is that he didn't go to the dinner party. I don't know if he will attend the meeting. Have you heard the news that Mary is going to marry Tom? 你听说玛丽要和汤姆结婚的消息了吗?(that引导同位语从句) [提示] 1. 在含有主语从句的复合句中, 为保持句子平衡, 常用it作形式主语,而将真正的主语从句置于句末. It's well known that water is indispensable to life. 2. 为保持句子平衡, that引导的宾语从句也常用it代替, 而将真正的宾语从句置于主句句末。这常常出现在主句有形容词或分词作宾语补足语的情况下。 He made it quite clear that he preferred to live here. 3. 从属连词whether和if都作“是否…”解, 但if不可引导主语从句和表语 从句。whether可与or(not)连用, 而if不可以。 I don't know whether (if) she is at home. Whether she comes or not makes no difference. 4. that和what引导名词性从句的区别: that在从句中不充当成分, 而what在从句中充当一定的成分, 如主语、表语、宾语等。that可省略, what则不可省。 He always means what he says. She suggested (that) he do it at once. 5. 同位语从句大多由从属连词that引导, 常跟在下列名词后面,如fact, idea, opinion, news, hope, belief等, that不可省。 同位语从句一般用来解释说明这些名词的具体含义和内容。 We are familiar with the idea that all matter consists of atoms. The news that we are invited to the conference is very encouraging. 二、定语从句 引导定语从句的关联词包括: (1)关系代词:that, which, whose, who, whom, as; (2)关系副词:when, where, why。 关系代词和关系副词在定语从句中都充当一定的句法成分, 关系代词在句中充当动词的宾语时, 一般可省去。 关系代词的选用比较复杂, 它受下列条件的制约: (1)先行词是指人还是指物; (2)关系代词在从句中的句法功能; (3)定语从句是限定性的还是非限定性的。 关系代词的选用情况见下表: 先行词 用于限定性或非限定性定只用于限定性定语 在从句中的句法语从句 从句 功能 指人 指物 指人或指物 主语 who which that 宾语 whom which that 定语 whose whose(of which) I know that he is a man who (that) means what be says. The gentleman whom (that) she met addressed her with courtesy(礼貌)。 The watch which (that) was lost has been found. Here is the material which (that) you need. You're the only one whose advice he might listen to. 关系副词的选用相对来说较简单。如先行词为表示时间的名词, 如time, day等, 则用when; 如先行词为表示地点的名词, 如place, house, area等, 则用where; 如先行词为reason, 则用why。 I'll never forget the mountain village where (in which) I spent my childhood. I don't know the reason why (for which) he did that. [提示] 1. 当先行词是all, something, nothing等不定代词时; 或先行词前有first, only, few, much, some, any, no等修饰时;或先行词前有形容词最高级修时, 一般只用that而不用which来引导定语从句。 I've explained everything (that) I can to you. 2. 定语从句分为限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句,限定性定语从句与主句关系紧密, 为句中不可缺少的部分, 如去掉, 主句意思不完整。 非限定性定语从句与主句关系松散, 如去掉, 主句内容仍完整。 在书面语中, 非限定性定语从句一般被逗句隔开。 非限定性定语从句一般不用that引导。 引导非限定性定语从句的关系词不可省略。 His speech, which bored everyone, went on and on. The general's daughter, whose name is Ann, gave me a sweet smile. 3. 先行词也可以是整个句子。这时, 一般用which或as来引导定语从句。 which在从句中可充当主语、宾语等, as在从句中一般只充当主语。 which与as引导此类定语从句的区别在于: which只能置于句中或句末, 而as的位置比较灵活, 可置于句中、句末, 又可置于句首。 Water consists of hydrogen and oxygen, which (as) is known to all. He was awarded a gold medal, which the whole family considered a great honor. As had been expected, he finished first in decathlon(十项全能) at that Olympic Games. 4. 关系代词在定语从句中有时也做介词的宾语。 如果介词被置于关系代词前, 一般只用介词+which或介词+whom, 而不用介词+that来引导定语从句。 如果介词被置于从句句末, 则可用that代替which或whom, 且that这时可省去。 This is the ring on which she spent 1,000 dollars. One of my colleagues whom (that) you are familiar with will come today. 三、状语从句 在复合句中, 起状语作用的从句称作状语从句。 根据语义, 状语从句分为: 时间状语从句、地点状语从句、条件状语从句、原因状语从句、让步状语从句、比较状语从句、目的状语从句、结果状语从句、方式状语从句。 状语从句可放在句首或句末。如状语从句位于主语前,一般用逗号将其与主句隔开。 (一)时间状语从句 When you cross a main road, you must be very careful. Until we learn the facts, we can't do anything about it. [提示] 1. when, as, while引导时间状语从句时都可以表示主句的动作与从句的动作同时发生, 即同时性。它们的区别在于: when和as引导的状语从句中的动作既可以是延续性的, 也可以是非延续性的, 即瞬时性的; while引导的状语从句中的动作只能是延续的动作或状态。 当主句和从句中的动作均为延续动作时, 一般用while, 而不用when或as。 当表示两个同时发展、变化的情况时, 一般用as, 作“随着…”解。 When she comes, I shall tell her to wait for you. As she got older, she got wiser. While Peter was reading, his wife was cooking. 2. 有些副词和一些表示时间的名词词组也可用作从属连词, 引导时间状语从句。如instantly, immediately, directly, the day, every time, the minute, the second, the moment等。 Immediately he arrived, he started describing us what had happened. The day he returned home, his grandpa was already dead. (二)条件状语从句 引导条件状语从句的从属连词有: if, unless, as (so) long as, only if(只要)。 If you don't come on time, we'll start out without you. As (so) long as you keep on trying, you'll certainly succeed. [提示] 除了以上提到的从属连词外, 还有其它的一些词或词组也可引导条件状语从句。 如: providing that, provided, supposing that, suppose that, on condition that, in case等。 Provided (that) he wins the support of the minority groups, (三)原因状语从句 引导原因状语从句的从属连词有: because, since, as, now(that), in that, considering that等。 Since the speaker can't come, we'll have to cancel the meeting. [提示] in that和now(that)的用法: in that引导的从句对主句进行解释和说明,意思是: 在…方面, 在于…; 因为。now(that)表示既然。 Theory is valuable in that it can provide a direction for practice. 理论所以有价值,就在于它能给实践指出方向。 Now (that) the weather has improved, let's go out for a picnic. 既然天气已转好, 我们就出去野餐吧。 (四)让步状语从句 引导让步状语从句的从属连词有: though, although, even if (even though), as, no matter…despite the fact that, in spite of the fact that, while。 Tom always enjoys swimming, even though the weather is rough. Despite the fact that there exists national differences, certain funny situations have a universal appeal. [提示] 一些疑问词在词尾加上ever后, 也可引导让步状语从句, 相当于no matter+疑问词。这些词包括: whatever, wherever, whenever, whoever, however。 Whatever he says, don't believe him. Whoever you are, you must obey the traffic regulations. (五)目的状语从句 引导目的状语从句的从属连词有: so that, in order that, lest, in case, for fear that。 They climbed to the top of the building in order that they could get a bird's-eye view of the city. Ask her to hurry up with these letters so that I can sign them. Take an umbrella in case it rains. [提示] so that和in order that的区别: so that更常用, in order that更正式。 so that引导的从句一般置于句末, 而in order that引导的从句既可置于句首, 又可置于句末。 In order that the grass and flowers could bloom again, She got up early so that she could catch the first bus. (六)结果状语从句 结果状语从句一般由下列连词引导: so that, so…that, such…that。 He overslept, (so) that he was late for work. They got such a fright that they dropped the bag and ran away. [提示] 1. so…that和such…that的区别。so后接形容词或副词, such后接名词。 It was so cold that we had to cancel the game. It's such a good chance that we mustn't miss it. 2. so that既可引导目的状语从句, 也可引导结果状语从句。 so that引导目的状语从句时, 一般从句动词前会出现can(could), may(might),shall(should), 而so that引导的结果状语从句表示客观事实, 不会出现上述词语。 引导结果状语从句的so that前常有逗号, 表示强调。 so that引导的目的状语可置于句首, 而so that引导的结果状语从句只能置于句末。 He left early so that he could catch the train. 他早早动身, 以便能赶上车。(目的) He left early, so that he caught the train. 他早早动身, 赶上了火车。(结果) (七)方式状语从句 引导方式状语从句的从属连词有as, as if(though), the way, how。 He made some changes as you had suggested. She was behaving as if (though) she hadn't grown up.