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辐射对人体的危害及防护

2018-01-11 22页 doc 68KB 11阅读

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辐射对人体的危害及防护辐射对人体的危害及防护 facilitate decision implementation process step by step. Government offices at all levels in accordance with the notice on further strengthening the supervision work of the municipal government requires, and actively carry out supervision from the follo...
辐射对人体的危害及防护
辐射对人体的危害及防护 facilitate decision implementation process step by step. Government offices at all levels in accordance with the notice on further strengthening the supervision work of the municipal government requires, and actively carry out supervision from the following aspects. One is to focus supervision on the implementation of the major decisions and arrangements of the municipal government, in leadership on the major issues of concern to implement, on the people reflect strongly on the hot and difficult problems to solve. Current, to tightly around implement implementation municipal, and Municipal Government proposed of "three a insisted two promote, five big storming six breakthrough" of guideline and General requirements, focus in foster four industry, and construction four base, and created four brand and farmers increase, and project construction, and enterprise reform, and city construction, and private economic, and building harmony social, aspects grasp supervision, makes we of supervision work and city of General thought tune, and and reform development of pulse synchronization. Second, supervision of the breakthrough in innovation, improved methods. Supervision of method, to by passive type to active type change, by everything to focus breakthrough change, by assault supervising to track supervising change, in full using sent letter supervision, and phone urged reported, and heard reported, basic method of while, more to used field check, and random checks, and 辐射对人体的危害及防护 (孟先应) 摘要:日本地震引发的核泄漏引起了全球的关注,人们又一次笼罩在核阴云之下。本文结合日本地震的影响以及我国的核防护建设,介绍了辐射对人体的影响、核辐射的主要危害、如何做好核辐射的防范以及我们生活中的辐射及如何注意。 前景:北京时间2011年3月11日,日本本州岛附近发生里氏,.0级强烈地震,引发全球关注。与以往地震所不同的是,此次日本强震还引发了当地核电厂多个核反应堆相继爆炸,放射性物质已经泄漏,日本政府正在组织当地居民紧急撤离。虽日本核电站泄漏尚未对我国造成影响,但不排除未来可能的危害。事件发生后,全球舆论高度关注,并引发部分民众恐慌。核阴云笼罩下,普通民众应该如何应对,核危机突然临近,谣言四起,各种传言究竟是否可信,除了核武器、核电站,生活中还有哪些放射性污染值得警惕,核辐射会漂洋过海吗, 一、辐射对人体的影响 辐射对人体的影响,可归纳为如下四个方面: (1)对中枢神经系统的影响 )对心血管系统的影响 (2 (3)对生殖系统的影响 (4) 对眼晶体和视网膜的影响我国辐射环境监测历程 二、核辐射的危害 人类要想完全隔绝辐射,这几乎是不可能的。呼吸空气、进食饮水、吸烟、带夜光手表、乘飞机等的同时,您已经被辐射了,但量很微小,不会造成太大伤害。只有核爆炸或核电站事故泄漏的放射性物质才能大范围地对人造成伤亡。核辐射的危害特点: 1.核辐射,杀人于无形 核辐射是放射性物质以波或微粒形式发射出的一种能量,有α、β和γ三种辐射形式穿透物质的能力各不相同。α辐射只要用一张纸就能挡住,但吸入体内危害大;β辐射是高速电子,皮肤沾上后烧伤明显;γ辐射和X射线相似,能穿透人体和建筑物,危害距离远。换句话说,γ射线能透过皮肤“隔山打牛”。 核辐射之所以让人谈之色变,不仅在于它危害极大,还因为它像隐形杀手,无色无味,无声无嗅,看不见,摸不着,不过,辐射却可用仪器来探测和量度。国际核安全和辐射事件等级(INES)按照核泄漏事件的严重性逐级分为7个等级,其中1,3级称为“事件”,4,7级则称为“事故”。迄今为止,被列为7级的只有1例,即1986年前苏联的切尔诺贝利核电厂事故,而此次的日本福岛核爆炸,起初日本将其列为4级事故,而最近,法国核安全局已将其列入仅次于切尔诺贝利的6级,足见此次日本面临的危害有多么巨大。 作为我们,对核辐射保持警惕是必要的,但也不要过分恐慌,日本泄漏的核物质能否进入我国还受气象等多方面因素影响,一切都还是未知数。 2.核辐射之害,持续甚久 digging out things, refine, eliminate, and strive to achieve dynamic information highlighting the timeliness, policy focus on targeted, experience information grasp typical problem emphasizes the tendency of information, freedom of information caught ... "Excellence", and accurate, short, does not speak empty words, cliches. "Fast", is the emphasis on timeliness. Who want government leaders to grasp the important information must be collected quickly reported. Especially urgent important information such as events, in strict accordance with the State Council concerning strengthening the emergency notice of significant reporting requirements, not only in the first period of submission to government events, also tracking developments closely, to submit measures, consequences, treatment and rehabilitation, and so on. Establish a strict responsibility system, of late, fail to hide critical situations, to be held accountable. City and County Government offices and Government departments, we should further perfect duty system, raise the level of response and the ability to respond to emergencies and. Third, to open channels of information. Role of key government information network main channel, building extends to all departments and units, vertical extension to the Township and community information networks, information staff, strengthening the work of information. Finished the basic tasks to be criticized. Did not submit information for a long time the County (district) and sectoral, this year we will take effective measuresfacilitate decision implementation process step by step. Government offices at all levels in accordance with the notice on further strengthening the supervision work of the municipal government requires, and actively carry out supervision from the following aspects. One is to focus supervision on the implementation of the major decisions and arrangements of the municipal government, in leadership on the major issues of concern to implement, on the people reflect strongly on the hot and difficult problems to solve. Current, to tightly around implement implementation municipal, and Municipal Government proposed of "three a insisted two promote, five big storming six breakthrough" of guideline and General requirements, focus in foster four industry, and construction four base, and created four brand and farmers increase, and project construction, and enterprise reform, and city construction, and private economic, and building harmony social, aspects grasp supervision, makes we of supervision work and city of General thought tune, and and reform development of pulse synchronization. Second, supervision of the breakthrough in innovation, improved methods. Supervision of method, to by passive type to active type change, by everything to focus breakthrough change, by assault supervising to track supervising change, in full using sent letter supervision, and phone urged reported, and heard reported, basic method of while, more to used field check, and random checks, and facilitate decision implementation process step by step. Government offices at all levels in accordance with the notice on further strengthening the supervision work of the municipal government requires, and actively carry out supervision from the following aspects. One is to focus supervision on the implementation of the major decisions and arrangements of the municipal government, in leadership on the major issues of concern to implement, on the people reflect strongly on the hot and difficult problems to solve. Current, to tightly around implement implementation municipal, and Municipal Government proposed of "three a insisted two promote, five big storming six breakthrough" of guideline and General requirements, focus in foster four industry, and construction four base, and created four brand and farmers increase, and project construction, and enterprise reform, and city construction, and private economic, and building harmony social, aspects grasp supervision, makes we of supervision work and city of General thought tune, and and reform development of pulse synchronization. Second, supervision of the breakthrough in innovation, improved methods. Supervision of method, to by passive type to active type change, by everything to focus breakthrough change, by assault supervising to track supervising change, in full using sent letter supervision, and phone urged reported, and heard reported, basic method of while, more to used field check, and random checks, and 核辐射堪称隐形杀手,但也是有明显症状的。 1.恶心和呕吐这是典型的辐射病的最早症状。辐射量越多,症状出现越早。 2.自发性出血辐射耗尽血小板,可引起鼻、口、牙龈和肛门等出血,甚至出现吐血。 3.出血性腹泻辐射刺激肠壁,严重时引起带血腹泻。 4.皮肤脱落暴露于辐射外的皮肤区域可能会变红,形成水疱。 5.脱发大剂量辐射后,人体毛囊受损,往往会在两三周内持续脱发。有时,这种脱发是不可恢复的。 6.严重疲劳辐射会使人感到虚弱和不舒服,就像患严重流感一样。 7.口腔溃疡辐射可引起口腔溃疡。此外,溃疡还可能发生在食道、胃和肠。 8.感染除了红细胞,具有抗感染功能的白细胞也会因为辐射而减少,细菌、病毒和真菌感染的风险升高。 最大危害:白血病、甲状腺癌 核辐射对人最大的威胁,就是增加白血病和甲状腺癌的发病率。专家指出,遭遇核辐射,最先的变化是血象,一般情况下白细胞会明显减少,严重时,会患上白血病;另外的危害是发生甲状腺癌。诺贝利核电站发生核泄漏后,数以千计的青少年因遭受核辐射患甲状腺癌。 辐射对人体的损伤取决于在辐射环境下的暴露时间以及所受到的辐射强度。它对人体健康的长期影响最严重的方面是它会引发癌症。一般而言,一个正常的细胞一旦到了其寿命,它会“自杀”,从而死亡,给新生的细胞让路。而 自杀”功能时,癌症便发生了。辐射影响将彻底打破这种当细胞丧失了这种“ 人体自身的控制体系,使癌症(如肺癌、甲状腺癌、乳腺癌和骨癌)的发生几率大大上升。此外,核辐射还可能引发不育、怪胎等疾病。 各种人群受核辐射影响排序: 1、胎儿:细胞分裂是最快的,辐射的影响就会越明显; 2、儿童:受辐射较大的儿童若干年后得甲状腺癌的概率要比普通儿童高出3,5倍; 3、青少年:甲状腺功能正常,代谢活跃; 4、老人:甲状腺功能相对青壮年不活跃,代谢较迟缓。 三、核辐射的防范 一旦出现核辐射突发事件,公众必须做的第一件事是尽可能获取可信的关于突发事件的信息,了解政府部门的决定、通知。公众必须获取尽可能多的、可信的关于突发事件的信息,切记不可轻信谣言或小道信息。应通过电视、广播、电话等保持与当地政府的沟通。按照当地政府的通知,迅速采取必要的自我防护。防范核辐射应做到以下四个字: 躲 核辐射事故发生时,处在辐射区的居民,首先是撤离或隐蔽,距离防护是第一位的。如果在室外,可以用面罩或湿毛巾护面,少吸入放射性沾染空气,远离爆炸中心方向,往上风口躲避。穿戴帽子、头巾、眼镜、雨衣、手套和靴子等,皮肤尽量不要外露,有助于减少体表放射性污染。最好随时携带一个收digging out things, refine, eliminate, and strive to achieve dynamic information highlighting the timeliness, policy focus on targeted, experience information grasp typical problem emphasizes the tendency of information, freedom of information caught ... "Excellence", and accurate, short, does not speak empty words, cliches. "Fast", is the emphasis on timeliness. Who want government leaders to grasp the important information must be collected quickly reported. Especially urgent important information such as events, in strict accordance with the State Council concerning strengthening the emergency notice of significant reporting requirements, not only in the first period of submission to government events, also tracking developments closely, to submit measures, consequences, treatment and rehabilitation, and so on. Establish a strict responsibility system, of late, fail to hide critical situations, to be held accountable. City and County Government offices and Government departments, we should further perfect duty system, raise the level of response and the ability to respond to emergencies and. Third, to open channels of information. Role of key government information network main channel, building extends to all departments and units, vertical extension to the Township and community information networks, information staff, strengthening the work of information. Finished the basic tasks to be criticized. Did not submit information for a long time the County (district) and sectoral, this year we will take effective measuresunannounced visits to survey and news exposure, more powerful of measures, reflected supervision work of seriousness, and just sex and authenticity. In supervision process in the, both understand the work of progress situation, and note summary units, and the sector in work practice in the created of success experience; both found work in the exists of problem, and find associate produced problem of reasons; both for grass-roots of specific problem, proposed solution of measures and approach, and station in global of height, for Government perfect decision, and guide work proposed macro views, constantly improve supervision work of level. Third, to put the focal point in the system of supervision on the construction. To implement the responsibility system, establish and improve the implementation of the target responsibility system for everyone to task, pressure and power, all your knowledge and wisdom, to find, to form a Government as the main body, inspection Chambers led sector, caught in all aspects of supervision work. To establish supervision authority. Government offices carry out inspection, was authorized by the Government, on behalf of the Government and responsible to the Government, is an important part of government supervision and Extension, has the right to check and coordinate the right, the right to inform the right to criticism, and advice. Departments at all levels should give support to ensure supervision work smoothly. To implementation report system, on main work progress situation to by quarter submitted; on assigned by facilitate decision implementation process step by step. Government offices at all levels in accordance with the notice on further strengthening the supervision work of the municipal government requires, and actively carry out supervision from the following aspects. One is to focus supervision on the implementation of the major decisions and arrangements of the municipal government, in leadership on the major issues of concern to implement, on the people reflect strongly on the hot and difficult problems to solve. Current, to tightly around implement implementation municipal, and Municipal Government proposed of "three a insisted two promote, five big storming six breakthrough" of guideline and General requirements, focus in foster four industry, and construction four base, and created four brand and farmers increase, and project construction, and enterprise reform, and city construction, and private economic, and building harmony social, aspects grasp supervision, makes we of supervision work and city of General thought tune, and and reform development of pulse synchronization. Second, supervision of the breakthrough in innovation, improved methods. Supervision of method, to by passive type to active type change, by everything to focus breakthrough change, by assault supervising to track supervising change, in full using sent letter supervision, and phone urged reported, and heard reported, basic method of while, more to used field check, and random checks, and 音机,按照有关部门广播的具体指令避险。 核爆炸时,应马上卧倒,用一切可以遮蔽头部的东西盖住头部。不要看爆炸当时的情况,以防被强光和辐射搞瞎眼睛。人与辐射源之间加一层足够厚的屏蔽物,可以降低外照射剂量,住的楼房对辐射来说是很好的屏蔽体。发生核事故时,人们可以选择专门的民防工程、应急避难所进行躲避;在家应当紧闭窗门,关闭空调、换气扇等通风系统,防止污染物进入。如果可能,事先在地下室储备粮食和水,有危险时进入躲藏。 洗 撤出的人员应及时洗消去污,并积极配合卫生部门进行体检;为防止放射性灰尘被吸入体内和沾上皮肤,沾染区内人员尽可能及时戴好防毒面具或口罩,扎好裤口、袖口、领口,用雨衣塑料布、床单等把暴露皮肤遮盖住;不在露天吃东西,不在地上坐卧,不接触受染物体;尽量避免扬起灰尘,服装沾染放射性物质后可以利用扫帚或树枝,站在上风或侧风方向,按从上到下、先外后里的顺序进行拍打扫除,也可以用水冲洗,洗涤时加入少量洗涤剂可提高消除效果。 到达安全地域后,如果估计自己已经暴露于核辐射中,应当废弃身上所有衣物,淋浴30分钟左右,彻底清除核污染,尤其是口鼻腔和毛发。同时,将暴露过的衣物放在塑料袋中,密封后掩埋到偏远深处。不要喝污染区的水,吃污染区的食品。 吃 多吃一些海带、卷心菜、胡萝卜、豆芽、西红柿、瘦肉、动物肝等富含维生素A、C和蛋白质的食物。经常喝些绿茶,茶叶能改善造血功能,升高血小板和白细胞。还可以多吃含碘食物,可以促进正常碘代谢,避免核辐射带来的放射性碘元素在体内代谢。 治 人们暴露在强度很高的辐射中,会患上辐射病或急性放射性综合征。对疑有放射性核素经呼吸道吸入的人员,应尽快去除上呼吸道内沉积的核素,如用棉签拭去鼻腔内的污染物,剪去鼻毛;向鼻咽部喷血管收缩剂,然后用生理盐水反复冲洗鼻腔和咽喉部等;对疑有放射性核素经消化道污染的人员,应尽可能在暴露后1小时内根据不同的情况采取催吐等措施防止放射性核素吸收入血。 如果感觉眩晕和恶心想呕吐,就是已经辐射伤害,马上去有医疗条件的地方寻求救治,早期辐射非深度伤害是可以治疗的。若放射性物质已进入体内,可服用促进其排泄出体外的药物。 有条件的话,应马上做核辐射状况的检查。特别要提醒的是,核辐射会增加甲状腺癌的发病风险。其影响可能是长期的,几年后甲状腺癌的发病率会明显上升。为了缓解这一风险,如果核事故释放出放射性碘,人们可以在医生指导下服用碘片,避免它吸收放射性碘。但碘过敏或有甲状腺疾病史者要慎用。 四、生活中的辐射 源于核弹、核电厂的核污染让大家严阵以待,可以是对于生活中可能受到digging out things, refine, eliminate, and strive to achieve dynamic information highlighting the timeliness, policy focus on targeted, experience information grasp typical problem emphasizes the tendency of information, freedom of information caught ... "Excellence", and accurate, short, does not speak empty words, cliches. "Fast", is the emphasis on timeliness. Who want government leaders to grasp the important information must be collected quickly reported. Especially urgent important information such as events, in strict accordance with the State Council concerning strengthening the emergency notice of significant reporting requirements, not only in the first period of submission to government events, also tracking developments closely, to submit measures, consequences, treatment and rehabilitation, and so on. Establish a strict responsibility system, of late, fail to hide critical situations, to be held accountable. City and County Government offices and Government departments, we should further perfect duty system, raise the level of response and the ability to respond to emergencies and. Third, to open channels of information. Role of key government information network main channel, building extends to all departments and units, vertical extension to the Township and community information networks, information staff, strengthening the work of information. Finished the basic tasks to be criticized. Did not submit information for a long time the County (district) and sectoral, this year we will take effective measuresfacilitate decision implementation process step by step. Government offices at all levels in accordance with the notice on further strengthening the supervision work of the municipal government requires, and actively carry out supervision from the following aspects. One is to focus supervision on the implementation of the major decisions and arrangements of the municipal government, in leadership on the major issues of concern to implement, on the people reflect strongly on the hot and difficult problems to solve. Current, to tightly around implement implementation municipal, and Municipal Government proposed of "three a insisted two promote, five big storming six breakthrough" of guideline and General requirements, focus in foster four industry, and construction four base, and created four brand and farmers increase, and project construction, and enterprise reform, and city construction, and private economic, and building harmony social, aspects grasp supervision, makes we of supervision work and city of General thought tune, and and reform development of pulse synchronization. Second, supervision of the breakthrough in innovation, improved methods. Supervision of method, to by passive type to active type change, by everything to focus breakthrough change, by assault supervising to track supervising change, in full using sent letter supervision, and phone urged reported, and heard reported, basic method of while, more to used field check, and random checks, and facilitate decision implementation process step by step. Government offices at all levels in accordance with the notice on further strengthening the supervision work of the municipal government requires, and actively carry out supervision from the following aspects. One is to focus supervision on the implementation of the major decisions and arrangements of the municipal government, in leadership on the major issues of concern to implement, on the people reflect strongly on the hot and difficult problems to solve. Current, to tightly around implement implementation municipal, and Municipal Government proposed of "three a insisted two promote, five big storming six breakthrough" of guideline and General requirements, focus in foster four industry, and construction four base, and created four brand and farmers increase, and project construction, and enterprise reform, and city construction, and private economic, and building harmony social, aspects grasp supervision, makes we of supervision work and city of General thought tune, and and reform development of pulse synchronization. Second, supervision of the breakthrough in innovation, improved methods. Supervision of method, to by passive type to active type change, by everything to focus breakthrough change, by assault supervising to track supervising change, in full using sent letter supervision, and phone urged reported, and heard reported, basic method of while, more to used field check, and random checks, and 的放射性侵袭却往往被人们所忽视。实际上,辐射无处不在。我们吃的食物、住的房屋、天空大地、山川草木,乃至人的身体都存在着放射性。当然,绝大部分辐射对人体的影响都可以忽略不计,可以说微乎其微。 不过,有两种辐射源值得我们重视,那就是医疗辐射和装修辐射。 1.医疗辐射 过去人们遭受的辐射基本源于自然环境,然而今天,有将近90%的辐射危害是来自医学行为的。 CT、X光,不是“想做就做”,无论是入学、入职体检,还是单位每年的职工体检,“X光胸透”都被作为一项常规检查而保留下来,更有甚者一些患感冒的婴幼儿竟也被要求照射胸片。很多人认为, CT、X光片照射等是无创检查对身体没有损害,可以随便做,这种想法是非常危险的。因为随意的、频繁的接受X线的照射会对人体造成永久的伤害。 其实,X线检查也是另一种形式的“核辐射”。在医院里,人们经常能看到拍X光片、CT的“大铁门”紧闭,写着“小心辐射”的字样,这就是在提醒人们小心规避。当然,临床研究指出,只要不是过分频繁地检查,X射线对人体的这种损害几乎为零。 比起X线,CT的辐射量更应引起重视。有统计数据指出,做一次心脏冠状动脉CT检查,放射线量相当于拍了700多次X线胸片,这对一些并不需要做CT检查的年轻人(尤其是年轻女性),不但起不到作用,更重要的是可能会带来致癌的风险。CT检查实际上也是一种X线检查,这种射线对人体组织是有损伤的,射线照得越多,致癌的危险性越大。 谁最易受医疗辐射的危害, 科学研究表明,在人体的各脏器中,肺是最容易受到损害的;在人群中,对电离辐射最敏感的是儿童和年轻女性,其中年轻女性的乳腺对辐射最为敏感。另外,辐射对于孕妇的危害更大,它不仅仅体现在母亲身上,腹中胎儿更会受到射线的影响。 X光辐射线较易造成胎儿畸形、脑部发育不良,以及儿童期的癌症几率增加。孕妇在怀孕初期,暴露于X光之中,比较容易造成重大的伤害,愈接近预产期,影响越小。据医院放射科的工作人员介绍,一般孕妇如果接受了5雷姆(辐射剂量单位)的X光照射量,就相当于照20张腹部X光片。一般在怀孕 姆的照射量,对胎儿影响并期,如果只是照一张腹部X光,大约是只有0.5雷 不足以要求孕妇做人工流产;而只是胸部X光或牙科X光等微量的辐射,对胎儿的影响就更微不足道了。因此,只要不是对准腹部或其附近部位的高剂量X光辐射,准妈妈大可不必过于担心。 核辐射也可于医疗 131医学上可以通过核元素的放射功能治疗疾病。如可以使用I这种元素,它进入体内后,可以有效治疗甲状腺疾病。现在很多医院可进行ECT检查,就是采用放射性核素标记到示踪剂上,引入人体内部从而达到诊断的目的,对甲状腺疾病、心脏疾病、脑血管疾病、骨骼疾病、肾脏疾病等疾病的检查起到重要作用。 digging out things, refine, eliminate, and strive to achieve dynamic information highlighting the timeliness, policy focus on targeted, experience information grasp typical problem emphasizes the tendency of information, freedom of information caught ... "Excellence", and accurate, short, does not speak empty words, cliches. "Fast", is the emphasis on timeliness. Who want government leaders to grasp the important information must be collected quickly reported. Especially urgent important information such as events, in strict accordance with the State Council concerning strengthening the emergency notice of significant reporting requirements, not only in the first period of submission to government events, also tracking developments closely, to submit measures, consequences, treatment and rehabilitation, and so on. Establish a strict responsibility system, of late, fail to hide critical situations, to be held accountable. City and County Government offices and Government departments, we should further perfect duty system, raise the level of response and the ability to respond to emergencies and. Third, to open channels of information. Role of key government information network main channel, building extends to all departments and units, vertical extension to the Township and community information networks, information staff, strengthening the work of information. Finished the basic tasks to be criticized. Did not submit information for a long time the County (district) and sectoral, this year we will take effective measuresunannounced visits to survey and news exposure, more powerful of measures, reflected supervision work of seriousness, and just sex and authenticity. In supervision process in the, both understand the work of progress situation, and note summary units, and the sector in work practice in the created of success experience; both found work in the exists of problem, and find associate produced problem of reasons; both for grass-roots of specific problem, proposed solution of measures and approach, and station in global of height, for Government perfect decision, and guide work proposed macro views, constantly improve supervision work of level. Third, to put the focal point in the system of supervision on the construction. To implement the responsibility system, establish and improve the implementation of the target responsibility system for everyone to task, pressure and power, all your knowledge and wisdom, to find, to form a Government as the main body, inspection Chambers led sector, caught in all aspects of supervision work. To establish supervision authority. Government offices carry out inspection, was authorized by the Government, on behalf of the Government and responsible to the Government, is an important part of government supervision and Extension, has the right to check and coordinate the right, the right to inform the right to criticism, and advice. Departments at all levels should give support to ensure supervision work smoothly. To implementation report system, on main work progress situation to by quarter submitted; on assigned by facilitate decision implementation process step by step. Government offices at all levels in accordance with the notice on further strengthening the supervision work of the municipal government requires, and actively carry out supervision from the following aspects. One is to focus supervision on the implementation of the major decisions and arrangements of the municipal government, in leadership on the major issues of concern to implement, on the people reflect strongly on the hot and difficult problems to solve. Current, to tightly around implement implementation municipal, and Municipal Government proposed of "three a insisted two promote, five big storming six breakthrough" of guideline and General requirements, focus in foster four industry, and construction four base, and created four brand and farmers increase, and project construction, and enterprise reform, and city construction, and private economic, and building harmony social, aspects grasp supervision, makes we of supervision work and city of General thought tune, and and reform development of pulse synchronization. Second, supervision of the breakthrough in innovation, improved methods. Supervision of method, to by passive type to active type change, by everything to focus breakthrough change, by assault supervising to track supervising change, in full using sent letter supervision, and phone urged reported, and heard reported, basic method of while, more to used field check, and random checks, and 2.装修辐射 随着生活水平的提高,人们对房屋装修方面的投资也越来越大。现在装修的人们,对室内有害气体等物质也有了一定的认识,并且具有了一些防范性。但是,人们对装修材料的放射性污染与危害还是认识不足。 1、艳丽的石材,暗藏风险 近年来,一些家装材料的放射性超标对人体产生辐射危害的报道层出不穷。天然石材(如花岗石、大理石等)的放射性污染引起的一系列健康问题,轻则会让人感到身体不适,重则会有疾病,甚至致癌的危险。 在现代装修材料中,花岗岩、大理石因为它的华丽高雅、坚固实用、耐腐蚀等优点而被广泛采用。但是,人们往往忽视了这些天然的石类材料大都具有放射性物质,这些材料中含有的放射性元素“镭”可以衰变出氡气并进入室内。而“氡”是一种具有放射性的惰性气体,无色无味。氡气被释放到空气中后容易被呼吸系统截留,并在局部区域不断积累而诱发肺癌。 氡气对人体的辐射伤害占人体一生中所受到的全部辐射伤害的55%以上,其诱发肺癌的潜伏期大多都在15年以上,世界上有1/5的肺癌患者与氡有关。所以说,氡是导致人类肺癌的第二大“杀手”,仅次于吸烟,世界卫生组织把它列为使人致癌的19种物质之一。 据检测,色彩不同的石材其放射性也是不一样的,白色、红色、绿色和花斑系列等花岗岩类放射性活度偏高;大理石类、绝大多数的板石类,暗色系列(包括黑色、蓝色和暗色中的棕色)和灰色系列的花岗岩类,放射性活度较低。 、警惕“美丽”的抛光砖 2 其实不仅仅是花岗石、大理石等天然石材具有放射性的危害,地砖、瓷砖、混凝土等居室装修中的必选建筑材料,它们的放射性水平也同样不容忽视。这些建筑材料之所以可能含有比较高的放射性水平,主要原因是它们的制作原料可能是由矿业废渣、煤渣、钢渣或工业副产品组成,而这些副产品里面常常含有浓缩的放射性核素,从而导致制成的建筑材料放射性水平很高。又如,还有一部分瓷质抛光砖为了追求天然大理石花白玉的效果,喜欢在配方中加入氧化锆原料,以增加产品的白度;但有部分氧化锆原料的放射性较高。据我国放射性卫生机构对各类建筑材料的检测发现,其放射性水平具有以下规律:无釉地砖,彩釉地砖,花岗岩,马赛克,红砖,混凝土,渣水泥,普通水泥和石灰石等。 3、小心含磷的“夜明珠” 除了石材、瓷砖等建筑材料可能产生较强的放射性污染外,家中的一些石材类家具和工艺摆设均可能产生“核辐射”。市场上有一种经过处理能在夜里发光的装饰品,具有很强的放射性,不适合在居室内摆放。此外,有的含磷矿物被加工成“夜明珠”,其放射性也偏高。 其实,供人类居住的地球本身就是一个放射源。此外,我们还要遭受来自宇宙空间的射线(宇宙射线)“袭击”。可见,放射性对于我们来说是不可避免的现象,它们像“幽灵”一样无处不在,只是有剂量的差别。因此,人们不必“谈放射性而色变”。 digging out things, refine, eliminate, and strive to achieve dynamic information highlighting the timeliness, policy focus on targeted, experience information grasp typical problem emphasizes the tendency of information, freedom of information caught ... "Excellence", and accurate, short, does not speak empty words, cliches. "Fast", is the emphasis on timeliness. Who want government leaders to grasp the important information must be collected quickly reported. Especially urgent important information such as events, in strict accordance with the State Council concerning strengthening the emergency notice of significant reporting requirements, not only in the first period of submission to government events, also tracking developments closely, to submit measures, consequences, treatment and rehabilitation, and so on. Establish a strict responsibility system, of late, fail to hide critical situations, to be held accountable. City and County Government offices and Government departments, we should further perfect duty system, raise the level of response and the ability to respond to emergencies and. Third, to open channels of information. Role of key government information network main channel, building extends to all departments and units, vertical extension to the Township and community information networks, information staff, strengthening the work of information. Finished the basic tasks to be criticized. Did not submit information for a long time the County (district) and sectoral, this year we will take effective measuresfacilitate decision implementation process step by step. Government offices at all levels in accordance with the notice on further strengthening the supervision work of the municipal government requires, and actively carry out supervision from the following aspects. One is to focus supervision on the implementation of the major decisions and arrangements of the municipal government, in leadership on the major issues of concern to implement, on the people reflect strongly on the hot and difficult problems to solve. Current, to tightly around implement implementation municipal, and Municipal Government proposed of "three a insisted two promote, five big storming six breakthrough" of guideline and General requirements, focus in foster four industry, and construction four base, and created four brand and farmers increase, and project construction, and enterprise reform, and city construction, and private economic, and building harmony social, aspects grasp supervision, makes we of supervision work and city of General thought tune, and and reform development of pulse synchronization. Second, supervision of the breakthrough in innovation, improved methods. Supervision of method, to by passive type to active type change, by everything to focus breakthrough change, by assault supervising to track supervising change, in full using sent letter supervision, and phone urged reported, and heard reported, basic method of while, more to used field check, and random checks, and
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