象牙器收藏与鉴定

象牙器收藏与鉴定 本网讯[2009/12/10]:2009年10底，“第十届中国工艺美术大师作品暨国际艺术精品博览会”在杭州和平国际会展中心举行，其中“象牙雕刻技艺传承成果展”尤其值得关注，因为这是“工美大师展”上第一次对牙雕制品设置专业展区，几乎每一件作品都是各地牙雕大师的扛鼎之作。象牙器光洁如玉、质地细腻、穷工极巧、华贵端庄，自古以来就受到人们喜爱。近来随着象牙艺术品收藏热的不断升温，形形色色的假象牙制品充斥市场，使人们往往难以准确辨别。今特邀南京博物院副研究员吴荣清先生谈一谈象牙器收藏与鉴定。 记者:请介绍一下中国古代象牙器的使用情况, 答:牙器的制造和使用在我国起源很早。在旧石器时代的北京周口店的山顶洞人，以穿孔兽牙作为装饰品，喜欢美丽而有价值东西来装饰自己，标志着人们审美意识和原始艺术的萌芽。 象牙器在古代是十分难得的宝物。早在七千年前的浙江河姆渡遗址中就有象牙雕双鸟朝阳纹及象牙雕鸟形匕的发现，鸟的造型夸张变形，河姆渡先民对此有着一种神秘色彩，可能是当时图腾崇拜的反映，成为目前中国最早的使用者。山东宁阳大汶口出土的新石器时代象牙梳是原始社会具有代表性的象牙器。我于1990年在江苏昆山赵陵山的土筑高台上清理了一座良渚文化早期大墓M77，清理出一对精美地象牙手镯，简练浑朴、温纯古雅。墓主人在当时社会地位很高，是一位握有军权、神权的氏族显贵，而这对象牙器却是墓主人生前从事重大礼仪活动用具之一。你可到南京博物院玉器馆就可以欣赏到这对五千年前的象牙手镯器(图1)。 象牙器同青铜器一样都是当时物质文化中佼佼者。河南安阳商代妇好墓出土的嵌有松石兽面纹象牙杯和兽面夔凤纹带流象牙筒在商代象牙中是仅见的。河南陕县春秋虢国墓中出土有象牙鞘铜剑，鞘上布满蟠螭纹，是春秋时期工艺价值极高的牙雕工艺品。 唐宋时期的象牙原料日丰，呈现新的雕琢技法和独特的艺术风格，并影响到日本。象牙器多样，有笏板、文具、梳具、花瓶和各种玩赏品。上海博物馆藏鸟兽花卉纹镂牙尺，刻镂灵巧、精致完美。日本奈良正仓院至今珍藏有唐镂牙尺，是当时日本遣唐使或唐朝使者从中国带去的。宋代出现三层象牙球，各层可自由转动，称为鬼工球。金代女真族的牙雕腰带大多以狩猎为题材，为中、下级官吏所佩戴。到了元代，官府设有牙雕作坊。 明清时期是象牙器雕刻工艺的高速发展期，象牙原料大多来自国外。明初，郑和带领船队七下西洋，增进了中国与西亚、非洲各国的经济、文化交流，也使象牙自远而至。到了清乾隆年间牙雕最兴盛，其制作可分宫廷造与民间造之分。而广州的象牙货源充足、雕刻以纤细精美而著称。北京、台北故宫博物院珍藏的一批透雕云龙纹象牙套球、镂雕夔纹象牙香筒、群仙祝寿象牙塔、编织象牙丝纨扇和编织象牙席等作品，碾琢精细、精巧绝伦，其制作达到了高峰。扬州博物馆、山东博物馆、南京博物院藏清代象牙镂雕人物瓶，采用了镂雕、浅刻、微刻各种技法，层次丰富、气势磅礴(图2-4)。中国的象牙器在世界文化宝库中独树一帜，闪耀着迷人光辉。 民国年间，将中国浅刻艺术拓展到象牙制品上，新创出象牙牌上微刻、缩临名人书画艺术。江都人于啸轩(1873-1957年)以其高超的微刻技艺闻名于世，艺术水平亦很高。其代表作《前后赤壁赋》画面左上方不足方寸竟刻千余字，令行家们看后惊叹不已，“称他为近代象牙微刻之鼻祖”(图5)。著名雕刻家吴南愚(1893-1941年)却能在米粒大小的牙面上刻百余字，兼工山水、人物。这件作品绘画修养很高，刀法精练(图6)。1927年他所刻《红楼梦十二金钗》、《桃花源记》两件牙刻作品，在万国巴拿马赛会上获奖，声誉鹊起，象牙微刻是我国雕刻艺术中的一朵绚丽的奇葩。 新中国成立以来，牙雕技艺得到了更好的传承，上世纪80年代是我国牙雕行业的最兴and pump installation engineering construction and acceptance specification for lifting 6 HG20201-2000 construction installation engineering construction standard 7, HG ... Pressure gauges, using an installed spark arrestor for acetylene cylinders, illegal carrying, using gas cylinders, each operator fined 20 Yuan. Gas bottle without the hot sun exposure measures, responsibilities of team a fine of 50 Yuan. (7) at height and the opening and provisional protective measures have been taken, the responsible unit fined 200 Yuan, construction person in charge a fine of 50 Yuan. (8) no permit to work and the job in accordance with the provisions, on the job unit fined 300 yuan, the unit will charge a fine of 100 Yuan. 7.5.3 accident penalties (1) injuries fatalities directly punished 1~2 million. Direct responsibility for the accident and have the corresponding responsibility of leadership, such as concerning administrative sanctions, should be brought to the company or the relevant Department. (2) personal injury accident occurred, the direct punishment 0.5-10,000 yuan, responsible for the direct responsibility for the accident and the responsibility of leadership, such as concerning administrative sanctions should be dealt with by the personnel Department of the company. (3) personal injury accident occurs, the direct punishment 500-1000, who is directly responsible for the 盛时期。其后，我国的牙雕制品一直笼罩在国际“禁牙”令的阴影下，牙雕原料奇缺。直到2008年7月，在日内瓦举办的《国际濒危野生动植物种国际贸易公约》常委会上，我国经过努力争取到从非洲一次性采购了一批象牙原料，才使我们有幸看到“象牙雕刻技艺传承成果展”上的难得佳作，真是鬼工绝技，烽火象牙路，中国牙雕技艺再次得到发展。 记者:目前象牙艺术品升值快是什么原因, 答:近年来象牙艺术品一直是各大拍卖会上不可缺少的拍品，牙雕精品尤以古董牙雕升值很快。2002年北京翰海推出的清代象牙山水人物臂搁以25万元成交。2005年江苏爱涛拍卖公司秋拍一件清代象牙雕文具小柜竟以89.1万元的天价刷新了近年来内地象牙雕拍卖的纪录。2006年秋季广交会一部外壳为牙雕的手机售价达18万元。象牙器看涨的原因主要有以下几条: 第一:中国于1989年加入了《国际濒危野生动植物种国际贸易公约》，大象列为重点保持的野生动物，在国际贸易中全面禁止象牙其制品交易。这对大量依赖国外象牙原料的我国受到重大影响，货源匮乏，行业日益萎缩，使现有的象牙艺术品在“禁声”中飞涨。 第二:国内原从事象牙雕刻的工艺厂进行政策性倒闭或转行，使牙雕技艺面临失传，所存牙雕艺术品越来越少。 第三:近年来国外的中国文物、艺术品不断地回流国内即便迭创高价，但象牙雕艺术品受到公约限制，即进不来又出不去。 第四:盛世好收藏。中国经济发展、生活安定，人们收藏之风兴盛，古今的象牙器精品均受到喜爱、追捧而价格攀升。 记者:怎样区别象牙种类, 答:现在市场上象牙材料主要为亚洲象牙、非洲象牙之分。亚洲象现分布于亚洲南部的印度、斯里兰卡、孟加拉国、泰国、马来西亚、老挝、越南和中国云南西南部。亚洲的母象不生牙，在锡兰的公象也不生牙。亚洲象的个体较小，象牙小而短。颜色偏白容易泛黄、光泽较差，其牙质的硬度低于非洲象牙;非洲大象现分布坦桑尼亚、塞内加尔、埃塞俄比亚、加莲等地。非洲的公、母象都有牙，象牙粗而长。多呈奶白色，质地细腻、光泽好，硬度高，但受温度变化易产生裂纹。 象牙系大象上腭的门牙，可分牙皮与牙心。象牙根部中空，与骨头相连，称牙管，中部已露出象口外，为半空心。牙尖占1/3实心，是用于雕刻部分。象牙自牙头开始，有一小黑点，一直延伸到空心的管口部心，称之牙心。如横切象牙尖，就大致分为太阳心、芝麻心和糟心。象牙的牙心以太阳心最好，芝麻心次之，糟心最差。 象牙截面形状多呈圆形、近圆形，具有分层结构，分界线比较清晰。亚洲象牙比非洲象牙的纹理粗。象牙有自然的纹路，以牙心为中心向四周扩展，牙纹也变得越来越粗。所以，象牙纹有“人”字形纹和网状形纹两种。 象牙具有美丽柔和的油脂光泽，多呈微透明至半透明，折射率为1.54、硬度仅为2.5左右、比重通常1.8、断口呈裂片状、参差状。在长短波紫外线下发弱至强的白蓝色至蓝紫色荧光。 记者:先谈一下市场上有哪些象牙仿制品, 答:象牙器价高量少，市场上就会出现仿制品，为了保护长牙动物，象牙仿制品应受鼓励。常见有以下几类。 1:骨制品:有牛骨、骆驼骨。为市场最常见仿制材料。动物骨骼是空心管状构造，在横截面上表现为圆形或椭圆形，在纵切面上表现为线条状，质轻且松，有细小黑点和棕眼(图and pump installation engineering construction and acceptance specification for lifting 6 HG20201-2000 construction installation engineering construction standard 7, HG ... Pressure gauges, using an installed spark arrestor for acetylene cylinders, illegal carrying, using gas cylinders, each operator fined 20 Yuan. Gas bottle without the hot sun exposure measures, responsibilities of team a fine of 50 Yuan. (7) at height and the opening and provisional protective measures have been taken, the responsible unit fined 200 Yuan, construction person in charge a fine of 50 Yuan. (8) no permit to work and the job in accordance with the provisions, on the job unit fined 300 yuan, the unit will charge a fine of 100 Yuan. 7.5.3 accident penalties (1) injuries fatalities directly punished 1~2 million. Direct responsibility for the accident and have the corresponding responsibility of leadership, such as concerning administrative sanctions, should be brought to the company or the relevant Department. (2) personal injury accident occurred, the direct punishment 0.5-10,000 yuan, responsible for the direct responsibility for the accident and the responsibility of leadership, such as concerning administrative sanctions should be dealt with by the personnel Department of the company. (3) personal injury accident occurs, the direct punishment 500-1000, who is directly responsible for the 7、8)。清末民初的一批“婴戏图”、扇柄就是用骨雕成。 2:牙制品:有河马、雄野猪和疣猪的长牙也被取用(图9)。另抹香鲸、海象、海狮和独角鲸的海洋的哺乳动物也提供长牙(图10)。“虬角”一词就是过去古董行内对海象牙等惯称。 3:植物果实:杜姆棕榈坚果，生长南美洲和北美洲，皮呈棕色，内部的硬壳鸡蛋般大小，呈白色或蛋白色，硬度低但韧性好，易于加工，但国内一般少见(图11)。 4:塑料、树脂制品:是目前最常见和最有效的象牙仿制材料，但在牙纹上还需提高。 记者:象牙器真伪怎样识别, 答:判断象牙收藏价值的大小，雕工是重要的一个环节，而年代、质地、名家等方面也是需要考虑的因素。在如今收藏市场上，象牙器的身价急升，市场上出现了许多可鱼目混珠的赝品和仿品。所以，收藏者一定提高鉴赏能力，为了防止买到假货，有必要掌握鉴别象牙真伪的以下几种方法。 一、看色观纹 象牙器呈白色或黄白色，年代长久，由泛黄、姜黄、深黄及浅棕色逐渐的变化，呈柔和的光泽。象牙器有人字、网状形纹，牙纹细洁。察看器底及内部的色泽与器表的变化是否一致。经染色做旧的象牙仅在器表而难以到内部深处，器表久后会变色，缺光泽而无包浆，裂纹不自然。我曾仔细观察一件民国的大象牙器表面出现一根根短头发丝样的浅纹，被称为“雀丝”，随着年份愈久，就会出现自然的纹路和裂纹。而骨制品多呈黄色，骨器上多为线条状纹，其表面布满了骨头特有的一种小点。塑料、树脂仿制品虽白却无纹或仿制牙纹，无光泽，仿纹不自然而死板呆滞。 二、看器观风格 牙雕器工艺价值宫廷制作高于民间，名家作品升值更大。明代象牙器纹饰简单纯朴，造型不多。清代象牙器雕刻细到、纹饰繁缛、造型多姿多彩、美观典雅。如清初观音像雕刻衣纹线条简练，深浅刀法并用，圆浑而挺拔，衣着线条下垂而坦然，给人以沉稳的感觉。而近代象牙仿品的观音像所刻衣纹线条繁复，立体感不强，刀法也较弱。 三、看料观工 象牙的雕刻工艺非常重要，传统的方法是以“雅”、“细”和“繁”三字来评判。精品的象牙器多精雕细琢，选料讲究，其质地细腻，有韧性和细小波纹。还要辨别旧料改制，用来充当古代的牙雕器。骨制品材质粗糙，无法精工细作;塑料、树脂品多留有模制痕迹。 四、看款掂重 象牙器若工精器美，多留有工匠款识。如于啸轩的书刻不仅清新秀丽，且气势连贯，像是一气呵成。且仿冒的微刻字形欹斜、运刀偏直，笔画粗细一致，与真迹区别很大。鉴别时还要注意“加后款”。象牙质地致密坚韧、纹理细腻，上手较重而沉，可雕大器。骨制品、塑料、树脂品分量明显轻一些，有一种发“飘”的感觉，器形多以小件为多，如是塑料、树脂制的印章料可经磨擦后闻其味道可辨真假。 记者:最后谈一下能不能在市场上能不能购买到有价值象牙器, 答:象牙器因富丽的奶白色，精细的纹理以及易于雕刻而备受珍视。历来是人们公认的高档奢侈品，市场上价格逐年上升。多年来古董牙雕一直是拍买卖会上不可缺少的拍品，在行业大店中也能见到它的身影，但价格是非常高的，2006年南京市文物公司的一件清代镂雕象牙瓶售价达百万人民币。在朝天宫、夫子庙古玩市场上也有印章、板指、烟嘴、人物和猴等牙雕饰件，假多真少，真正到代的牙器更难淘到。购买时要睁大你的慧眼识别，现市场上所谓“象牙器”有可能是用骨头、骨粉、塑料和树脂等所制成，有的店主还会告诉你这是“海象牙”。当你熟悉、掌握一些象牙鉴别方面的知识，就不难发现破绽，免上其当。最后and pump installation engineering construction and acceptance specification for lifting 6 HG20201-2000 construction installation engineering construction standard 7, HG ... Pressure gauges, using an installed spark arrestor for acetylene cylinders, illegal carrying, using gas cylinders, each operator fined 20 Yuan. Gas bottle without the hot sun exposure measures, responsibilities of team a fine of 50 Yuan. (7) at height and the opening and provisional protective measures have been taken, the responsible unit fined 200 Yuan, construction person in charge a fine of 50 Yuan. (8) no permit to work and the job in accordance with the provisions, on the job unit fined 300 yuan, the unit will charge a fine of 100 Yuan. 7.5.3 accident penalties (1) injuries fatalities directly punished 1~2 million. Direct responsibility for the accident and have the corresponding responsibility of leadership, such as concerning administrative sanctions, should be brought to the company or the relevant Department. (2) personal injury accident occurred, the direct punishment 0.5-10,000 yuan, responsible for the direct responsibility for the accident and the responsibility of leadership, such as concerning administrative sanctions should be dealt with by the personnel Department of the company. (3) personal injury accident occurs, the direct punishment 500-1000, who is directly responsible for the 友情提醒:你如打算从国外购象牙器带回国，一定要谨慎，必须了解、遵守国际有关法规。 图1象牙镯新石器时代江苏昆山赵陵山墓77出土 南京博物院藏 图2象牙镂雕人物塔式瓶清 扬州博物馆藏 and pump installation engineering construction and acceptance specification for lifting 6 HG20201-2000 construction installation engineering construction standard 7, HG ... Pressure gauges, using an installed spark arrestor for acetylene cylinders, illegal carrying, using gas cylinders, each operator fined 20 Yuan. Gas bottle without the hot sun exposure measures, responsibilities of team a fine of 50 Yuan. (7) at height and the opening and provisional protective measures have been taken, the responsible unit fined 200 Yuan, construction person in charge a fine of 50 Yuan. (8) no permit to work and the job in accordance with the provisions, on the job unit fined 300 yuan, the unit will charge a fine of 100 Yuan. 7.5.3 accident penalties (1) injuries fatalities directly punished 1~2 million. Direct responsibility for the accident and have the corresponding responsibility of leadership, such as concerning administrative sanctions, should be brought to the company or the relevant Department. (2) personal injury accident occurred, the direct punishment 0.5-10,000 yuan, responsible for the direct responsibility for the accident and the responsibility of leadership, such as concerning administrative sanctions should be dealt with by the personnel Department of the company. (3) personal injury accident occurs, the direct punishment 500-1000, who is directly responsible for the 图3象牙红楼梦人物故事瓶清 山东省博物馆藏 and pump installation engineering construction and acceptance specification for lifting 6 HG20201-2000 construction installation engineering construction standard 7, HG ... Pressure gauges, using an installed spark arrestor for acetylene cylinders, illegal carrying, using gas cylinders, each operator fined 20 Yuan. Gas bottle without the hot sun exposure measures, responsibilities of team a fine of 50 Yuan. (7) at height and the opening and provisional protective measures have been taken, the responsible unit fined 200 Yuan, construction person in charge a fine of 50 Yuan. (8) no permit to work and the job in accordance with the provisions, on the job unit fined 300 yuan, the unit will charge a fine of 100 Yuan. 7.5.3 accident penalties (1) injuries fatalities directly punished 1~2 million. Direct responsibility for the accident and have the corresponding responsibility of leadership, such as concerning administrative sanctions, should be brought to the company or the relevant Department. (2) personal injury accident occurred, the direct punishment 0.5-10,000 yuan, responsible for the direct responsibility for the accident and the responsibility of leadership, such as concerning administrative sanctions should be dealt with by the personnel Department of the company. (3) personal injury accident occurs, the direct punishment 500-1000, who is directly responsible for the 图4象牙雕刻人物瓶清 南京博物院藏 and pump installation engineering construction and acceptance specification for lifting 6 HG20201-2000 construction installation engineering construction standard 7, HG ... Pressure gauges, using an installed spark arrestor for acetylene cylinders, illegal carrying, using gas cylinders, each operator fined 20 Yuan. Gas bottle without the hot sun exposure measures, responsibilities of team a fine of 50 Yuan. (7) at height and the opening and provisional protective measures have been taken, the responsible unit fined 200 Yuan, construction person in charge a fine of 50 Yuan. (8) no permit to work and the job in accordance with the provisions, on the job unit fined 300 yuan, the unit will charge a fine of 100 Yuan. 7.5.3 accident penalties (1) injuries fatalities directly punished 1~2 million. Direct responsibility for the accident and have the corresponding responsibility of leadership, such as concerning administrative sanctions, should be brought to the company or the relevant Department. (2) personal injury accident occurred, the direct punishment 0.5-10,000 yuan, responsible for the direct responsibility for the accident and the responsibility of leadership, such as concerning administrative sanctions should be dealt with by the personnel Department of the company. (3) personal injury accident occurs, the direct punishment 500-1000, who is directly responsible for the 图5于啸轩象牙微刻《赤壁夜游》 扬州博物馆藏 and pump installation engineering construction and acceptance specification for lifting 6 HG20201-2000 construction installation engineering construction standard 7, HG ... Pressure gauges, using an installed spark arrestor for acetylene cylinders, illegal carrying, using gas cylinders, each operator fined 20 Yuan. Gas bottle without the hot sun exposure measures, responsibilities of team a fine of 50 Yuan. (7) at height and the opening and provisional protective measures have been taken, the responsible unit fined 200 Yuan, construction person in charge a fine of 50 Yuan. (8) no permit to work and the job in accordance with the provisions, on the job unit fined 300 yuan, the unit will charge a fine of 100 Yuan. 7.5.3 accident penalties (1) injuries fatalities directly punished 1~2 million. Direct responsibility for the accident and have the corresponding responsibility of leadership, such as concerning administrative sanctions, should be brought to the company or the relevant Department. (2) personal injury accident occurred, the direct punishment 0.5-10,000 yuan, responsible for the direct responsibility for the accident and the responsibility of leadership, such as concerning administrative sanctions should be dealt with by the personnel Department of the company. (3) personal injury accident occurs, the direct punishment 500-1000, who is directly responsible for the 图6吴南愚象牙章刻边跋 and pump installation engineering construction and acceptance specification for lifting 6 HG20201-2000 construction installation engineering construction standard 7, HG ... Pressure gauges, using an installed spark arrestor for acetylene cylinders, illegal carrying, using gas cylinders, each operator fined 20 Yuan. Gas bottle without the hot sun exposure measures, responsibilities of team a fine of 50 Yuan. (7) at height and the opening and provisional protective measures have been taken, the responsible unit fined 200 Yuan, construction person in charge a fine of 50 Yuan. (8) no permit to work and the job in accordance with the provisions, on the job unit fined 300 yuan, the unit will charge a fine of 100 Yuan. 7.5.3 accident penalties (1) injuries fatalities directly punished 1~2 million. Direct responsibility for the accident and have the corresponding responsibility of leadership, such as concerning administrative sanctions, should be brought to the company or the relevant Department. (2) personal injury accident occurred, the direct punishment 0.5-10,000 yuan, responsible for the direct responsibility for the accident and the responsibility of leadership, such as concerning administrative sanctions should be dealt with by the personnel Department of the company. (3) personal injury accident occurs, the direct punishment 500-1000, who is directly responsible for the 图7板指骨制品 and pump installation engineering construction and acceptance specification for lifting 6 HG20201-2000 construction installation engineering construction standard 7, HG ... Pressure gauges, using an installed spark arrestor for acetylene cylinders, illegal carrying, using gas cylinders, each operator fined 20 Yuan. Gas bottle without the hot sun exposure measures, responsibilities of team a fine of 50 Yuan. (7) at height and the opening and provisional protective measures have been taken, the responsible unit fined 200 Yuan, construction person in charge a fine of 50 Yuan. (8) no permit to work and the job in accordance with the provisions, on the job unit fined 300 yuan, the unit will charge a fine of 100 Yuan. 7.5.3 accident penalties (1) injuries fatalities directly punished 1~2 million. Direct responsibility for the accident and have the corresponding responsibility of leadership, such as concerning administrative sanctions, should be brought to the company or the relevant Department. (2) personal injury accident occurred, the direct punishment 0.5-10,000 yuan, responsible for the direct responsibility for the accident and the responsibility of leadership, such as concerning administrative sanctions should be dealt with by the personnel Department of the company. (3) personal injury accident occurs, the direct punishment 500-1000, who is directly responsible for the 图8佛头骨制品 and pump installation engineering construction and acceptance specification for lifting 6 HG20201-2000 construction installation engineering construction standard 7, HG ... Pressure gauges, using an installed spark arrestor for acetylene cylinders, illegal carrying, using gas cylinders, each operator fined 20 Yuan. Gas bottle without the hot sun exposure measures, responsibilities of team a fine of 50 Yuan. (7) at height and the opening and provisional protective measures have been taken, the responsible unit fined 200 Yuan, construction person in charge a fine of 50 Yuan. (8) no permit to work and the job in accordance with the provisions, on the job unit fined 300 yuan, the unit will charge a fine of 100 Yuan. 7.5.3 accident penalties (1) injuries fatalities directly punished 1~2 million. Direct responsibility for the accident and have the corresponding responsibility of leadership, such as concerning administrative sanctions, should be brought to the company or the relevant Department. (2) personal injury accident occurred, the direct punishment 0.5-10,000 yuan, responsible for the direct responsibility for the accident and the responsibility of leadership, such as concerning administrative sanctions should be dealt with by the personnel Department of the company. (3) personal injury accident occurs, the direct punishment 500-1000, who is directly responsible for the 图9河马长牙的截面 and pump installation engineering construction and acceptance specification for lifting 6 HG20201-2000 construction installation engineering construction standard 7, HG ... Pressure gauges, using an installed spark arrestor for acetylene cylinders, illegal carrying, using gas cylinders, each operator fined 20 Yuan. Gas bottle without the hot sun exposure measures, responsibilities of team a fine of 50 Yuan. (7) at height and the opening and provisional protective measures have been taken, the responsible unit fined 200 Yuan, construction person in charge a fine of 50 Yuan. (8) no permit to work and the job in accordance with the provisions, on the job unit fined 300 yuan, the unit will charge a fine of 100 Yuan. 7.5.3 accident penalties (1) injuries fatalities directly punished 1~2 million. Direct responsibility for the accident and have the corresponding responsibility of leadership, such as concerning administrative sanctions, should be brought to the company or the relevant Department. (2) personal injury accident occurred, the direct punishment 0.5-10,000 yuan, responsible for the direct responsibility for the accident and the responsibility of leadership, such as concerning administrative sanctions should be dealt with by the personnel Department of the company. (3) personal injury accident occurs, the direct punishment 500-1000, who is directly responsible for the 图10鲸鱼长牙一部分 and pump installation engineering construction and acceptance specification for lifting 6 HG20201-2000 construction installation engineering construction standard 7, HG ... Pressure gauges, using an installed spark arrestor for acetylene cylinders, illegal carrying, using gas cylinders, each operator fined 20 Yuan. Gas bottle without the hot sun exposure measures, responsibilities of team a fine of 50 Yuan. (7) at height and the opening and provisional protective measures have been taken, the responsible unit fined 200 Yuan, construction person in charge a fine of 50 Yuan. (8) no permit to work and the job in accordance with the provisions, on the job unit fined 300 yuan, the unit will charge a fine of 100 Yuan. 7.5.3 accident penalties (1) injuries fatalities directly punished 1~2 million. Direct responsibility for the accident and have the corresponding responsibility of leadership, such as concerning administrative sanctions, should be brought to the company or the relevant Department. (2) personal injury accident occurred, the direct punishment 0.5-10,000 yuan, responsible for the direct responsibility for the accident and the responsibility of leadership, such as concerning administrative sanctions should be dealt with by the personnel Department of the company. (3) personal injury accident occurs, the direct punishment 500-1000, who is directly responsible for the 图11植物果实 and pump installation engineering construction and acceptance specification for lifting 6 HG20201-2000 construction installation engineering construction standard 7, HG ... Pressure gauges, using an installed spark arrestor for acetylene cylinders, illegal carrying, using gas cylinders, each operator fined 20 Yuan. Gas bottle without the hot sun exposure measures, responsibilities of team a fine of 50 Yuan. (7) at height and the opening and provisional protective measures have been taken, the responsible unit fined 200 Yuan, construction person in charge a fine of 50 Yuan. (8) no permit to work and the job in accordance with the provisions, on the job unit fined 300 yuan, the unit will charge a fine of 100 Yuan. 7.5.3 accident penalties (1) injuries fatalities directly punished 1~2 million. Direct responsibility for the accident and have the corresponding responsibility of leadership, such as concerning administrative sanctions, should be brought to the company or the relevant Department. (2) personal injury accident occurred, the direct punishment 0.5-10,000 yuan, responsible for the direct responsibility for the accident and the responsibility of leadership, such as concerning administrative sanctions should be dealt with by the personnel Department of the company. (3) personal injury accident occurs, the direct punishment 500-1000, who is directly responsible for the and pump installation engineering construction and acceptance specification for lifting 6 HG20201-2000 construction installation engineering construction standard 7, HG ... Pressure gauges, using an installed spark arrestor for acetylene cylinders, illegal carrying, using gas cylinders, each operator fined 20 Yuan. Gas bottle without the hot sun exposure measures, responsibilities of team a fine of 50 Yuan. (7) at height and the opening and provisional protective measures have been taken, the responsible unit fined 200 Yuan, construction person in charge a fine of 50 Yuan. (8) no permit to work and the job in accordance with the provisions, on the job unit fined 300 yuan, the unit will charge a fine of 100 Yuan. 7.5.3 accident penalties (1) injuries fatalities directly punished 1~2 million. Direct responsibility for the accident and have the corresponding responsibility of leadership, such as concerning administrative sanctions, should be brought to the company or the relevant Department. (2) personal injury accident occurred, the direct punishment 0.5-10,000 yuan, responsible for the direct responsibility for the accident and the responsibility of leadership, such as concerning administrative sanctions should be dealt with by the personnel Department of the company. (3) personal injury accident occurs, the direct punishment 500-1000, who is directly responsible for the