全国翻译资格考试三级笔译综合能力讲义

全国翻译资格考试三级笔译综合能力讲义 目录 第一节 2009年3月21日下午15：00-17：30 主要内容：1．对于考试的了解和复习的基本策略 2．主要语法知识点（一）定语从句，练习及其译法 第二节 2009年3月21日晚上18：30-21：00 主要内容：1．主要语法知识点（二）定语从句，长难句及翻译 第三节 2009年3月28日下午15：00-17：30 主要内容：1．主要语法知识点（三）非谓语动词，练习及其译法 2．阅读理解讲解 第四节 2009年3月28日晚上18：30-21：00 主要内容：1．主要语法知识点（四）非谓语动词，长难句分析及翻译 2．阅读理解两篇 第五节 2009年3月29日下午15：00-17：30 主要内容：1．主要语法知识点（五）被动语态，练习及其译法 2．阅读理解讲解 第六节 2009年3月29日晚上18：30-21：00 主要内容：1．主要语法知识点（六）被动语态，长难句分析及翻译 2．阅读理解两篇 第七节 2009年4月4日下午15：00-17：30 主要内容：1．主要语法知识点（七）代词及虚拟语气，练习及其译法 2．阅读理解讲解 3．完型填空基本思路讲解 第八节 2009年4月4日晚上18：30-21：00 主要内容：1．主要语法知识点（八）代词及虚拟语气，长难句分析及翻译 2．词汇一般练习 3．阅读理解两篇 第九节 2009年4月11日下午15：00-17：30 主要内容：1．词汇一般练习，形容词和副词的一般译法，长难句分析及翻译 2．阅读理解讲解 第十节 2009年4月11日晚上18：30-21：00 主要内容：1．词汇一般练习 2．阅读理解两篇、完型填空基本思路讲解 3．最后复习指导性建议 推荐教材： 1．《英语笔译综合能力3级》，外文出版社，黄源深总主编，2006年版。（黄皮书） 2．《英语三级笔译考试真题精选》，外文出版社，卢敏编，2006年版。（蓝皮书） 课外阅读材料： 1． 张培基、喻云根等，《英汉翻译教程》。上海：上海外语教育出版社，1980年版。 2． 陈宏薇，《新实用汉译英教程》。武汉：湖北教育出版社，1996年版。 3． 柯平，《英汉与汉英翻译教程》。北京：北京大学出版社，1993年版。 4． 吕瑞昌、喻云根，《汉英翻译教程》。西安：陕西人民出版社，1983年版。 5． 陆殿扬，《英汉翻译理论与技巧》（上、下册）。北京：时代出版社，1958年版。 6． 杨莉藜，《英汉互译教程》。开封：河南大学出版社，1993年版。 7． 范仲英，《实用翻译教程》。北京：外语教学与研究出版社，1994年版。 8． 冯庆华，《实用翻译教程》。上海：上海外语教育出版社，1997年版。 9． 郭著章，《英汉互译实用教程》。武昌：武汉大学出版社，1996年版。 10．申雨平，《实用英汉翻译教程》。北京：外语教学与研究出版社，2002年版。 11．古今明，《英汉翻译基础》。上海：上海外语教育出版社，2002年版。 12．王恩冕、李正中，《大学英汉翻译教程》。北京：对外经济贸易大学出版社，1998年版。 13．李长拴，《非文学翻译理论与实践》。北京：中国对外翻译出版公司。 14．姜桂华，《中式英语之鉴》。北京：清华大学出版社。 15．庄绎传，《英汉翻译简明教程》。北京：外研社。 16．许渊冲：《翻译的艺术》，五洲传播出版社出版。 17．包惠南著：《文化语境与语言翻译》，中国对外翻译出版公司。 18．何善芬等著：《英汉语言对比研究》，上海外语教育出版社。 19．曾蕙兰：《进出口实用英语》，外文出版社。《汉英中华文化词典》，上海外语教育出版社。 20．《翻译研究集》(1894-1948、1949-1983)(《翻译通讯》编辑部) 21．《翻译理论与翻译技巧文集》，中国对外翻译出版公司。 22．Language, Culture, and Translation，by Eugene A. Nida, Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press 词法、句法流派代表作 陆殿扬：《英汉翻译理论与技巧》，商务印书馆。 张培基等：《英汉翻译教程》，上海外语教育出版社。 冯树鉴：《实用英汉翻译技巧》，同济大学出版社。 功能流派的代表作 郭颐顿、张颖，《商务英汉翻译教程》，中山大学出版社，1995年版。 张鸾铃，《实用英汉翻译技巧》，广东教育出版社，1996年版。 谭宝全，《现代英语翻译技巧》，上海交通大学出版社，1997年版。 当代译论流派代表作 柯平，《英汉与汉英翻译教程》，北京大学出版社。 杨莉藜，《英汉互译教程》，河南大学出版社。 范仲英，《实用翻译教程》，外语教学与研究出版社。 陈宏薇，《新实用汉译英教程》，湖北教育出版社。 中文语法书目 吕叔湘，朱德熙：《语法修辞讲话》，辽宁教育出版社。 王力：《中国现代语法》，商务印书馆。王力：《中国古代语法》，商务印书馆。 高名凯：《汉语语法理论》，商务印书馆。吕叔湘：《语法学习》，复旦大学出版社。 翻译史    马祖毅：《中国翻译史》，中国对外翻译出版公司。方文华：《中国翻译史》，西北大学出版社。 谭载喜：《西方翻译简史》，商务印书馆。 第一节 考试内容介绍、定语从句讲解、练习及译法 第一部分 考试介绍 一、#考试题#型 词汇和语法部分    50题    25分    25分钟 阅读理解          50题    55分    75分钟 完型填空          20题    20分    20分钟 二、考试要求 掌握本大纲要的英语词汇；掌握并能够正确运用双语语法；具备对常用问题英语文章的阅读理解能力。 三、笔译综合能力试题的基本类型 第一部分词汇和语法部分可分为三大部分：词汇选择（Vocabulary and Grammar）1-20难度大约在四级左右；词语替代（Vocabulary Selection）21-40主要找出和划横线部分相同意思的词汇，难度在4级到6级之间；改错（Error Correction）主要有词汇和语法的两种错误。 第一部分考察的内容主要为近义词的辨析、短语介词和动词词组的搭配；语法点主要包括定语从句、状语从句、名词性从句、虚拟语气、非谓语动词等等。在其后会分专题来讲解。 第二部分阅读理解共5篇，字数在每篇150-450字之间，绝大多数在250字左右，每篇有5到10题，不定量。题材广泛，选题多样。类似于四级以上难度和题型，但是和专业四级题型更加相似。 第三部分为开放性完型填空，20空，共20分。题材广泛，选题多样。难度和专业四级等同。 四、基本复习策略 综合能力课程作为三级笔译必修的课程，主要是考察学生对于英语基本知识的了解，特别是对双语习惯的掌握，为了能够更好地为实务课程打下坚实的基础，所以希望每一位同学都不要对这门课程产生掉以轻心的念头。根据个人经验，我个人推荐以下几个复习的策略： 第一、要对大纲的词汇做到十分熟悉，这种熟悉不是简单地认识，而是要学会使用，特别是在没有字典的帮助之下可以迅速而准确地判断搭配。 第二、对于语法结构的重视，但凡是学翻译就必须要对语法结构有着深入的了解，这种了解不是简单地会划分句子成分，而是将每个句子如何组合，这将决定你实务中的句型翻译的关键。 第三，阅读能力要强。任何考试都是得阅读者得天下，咱们的综合能力考试也不除外。包括实务考试，如果文章内容没有弄明白，那么对文章的翻译肯定是不行的。 以上三点经验之谈，仅供参考。 第二部分 定语从句的讲解、练习及译法 1．that和which用法比较： 1) which用于非限定性定语从句中。 e.g.: He said he was busy, which was not true.  他说他很忙，那是假的。 We don’t want to enter the house, which is very cold.  我们不想进房间，因为太冷了。 2) which用于介词后做宾语。 e.g.: The room of which windows are opposite to the room is large.  窗户正对着海的房间很大。 The chair in which you are sitting is made of iron.  你坐的椅子是用钢做的。 3) that一定用于“不（不定代词作先行词时）止（“只是”only修饰先行词时）最（形容词最高级修饰先行词时）两（先行词同时出现人和物）序（序数词修饰先行词时）”五种情况。 e.g.: All that you need is help.    你所需要的是帮助。 A lot of things and children that are full of the car were lost in the district.  装满了车的东西和孩子们在这个地区失踪了。 That is only thing that I want to know.  那是我唯一想知道的事情。 The last book that you bought is that I wanted to buy.  你买的最后一本书是我想买的。 What is the size of the largest map that you have seen before?  你以前见过的最大的尺寸的地图有多大？ 2．定语从句的种类 定语从句可分为非限定性定语从句（描绘性定语从句）和限定性定语从句。 e.g.: They don’t like that person who is noisy.  他们不喜欢那个吵闹的人。 *非限定性定语从句（描绘性定语从句）和先行词关系紧密，不可省略。 e.g.: They don’t like that person, who is noisy.  他们不喜欢那个人，因为他太吵闹了。 *限定性定语从句和先行词关系疏松，用逗号和主句隔开，可以省略。它翻译时，相当于一个状语从句。 语法及词汇练习 1. The bridge was named __ the hero who gave his life for the cause of the people. A after  B with  C by  D from 2. There were no tickets __ for Friday’s performance. A preferable  B considerable  C possible  D available 3. __ the Revolutionary War, the United States was an English colony. A Inferior to  B Superior to  C Prior to  D Preferable to 4. Cancer is second only __ heart disease as a cause of death. A of  B to  C with  D from 5. It wasn't such a good dinner __ she had promised us. A that  B which  C as  D what 6. American women were __ the right to vote until 1920 after many years of hard  struggle. A ignored  B neglected  C refused  D denied 7. They decided to chase the cow away __ it did more damage. A unless  B until  C before  D although 8. __ student with a little common sense should be able to answer the question. A Each  B Any  C Either  D One 9. The medicine is on sale everywhere. You can get it at __ chemist’s. A each  B some  C any  D certain 10. All __ is a continuous supply of the basic necessities of life. A what is needed  B for our needs  C the thing needed  D that is needed 11. __ with the size of the whole earth, the highest mountain does not seem high at all. A When compared  B Compare  C While comparing  D Comparing 12. After __ for the job, you will be required to take a language test. A being interviewed  B interviewed  C interviewing  D having interviewed 13. __ she first heard of the man referred to as a specialist. A That was from Stephen  B It was Stephen whom C It was from Stephen that  D It was Stephen that 14. If these shoes are too big, ask the clerk to bring you a smaller __. A suit  B set  C one  D pair 15. Many new __ will be opened up in the future for those with a university education. A opportunities  B necessities  C realities  D probabilities 16. He must have had an accident, or he __ then. A would have been here  B had to be here  C should be here  D would be here 17. You __ all those calculations! We have a computer to do that sort of thing. A needn’t have done    B must not have done C shouldn’t have done  D can not have done 18. It was very kind of you to do the washing-up, but you __ it. A mustn’t have done  B wouldn’t have done C mightn’t have done  D didn’t have to do 19. It was essential that the applications forms __ back before the deadline. A must be sent  B would be sent  C be sent  D were sent 20. We __ our breakfast when an old man came to the door. A just have had  B have just had  C just had  D had just had 21. I had just started back for the house to change my clothes __ I heard voices. A as  B while  C after  D when 22. I felt somewhat disappointed and was about to leave, __ something occurred which attracted my attention. A unless  B until  C when  D while 23. It was essential that these application forms __ back as early as possible. A must be sent  B will be sent  C are sent  D be sent 24. The children went there to watch the iron tower __. A to erect  B be erected  C erecting  D being erected 25. The engine __ smoke and steam. A gives up  B gives in  C gives away  D gives off 26. The manager promised to keep me __ of how our business was going on. A to be informed  B on informing  C informed  D informing 27. The goals __ he had fought all his life no longer seemed important to him. A after which  B for which  C with which  D at which 28. I should like to rent a house, modern, comfortable and __ in a quiet neighborhood. A all in all  B above all  C after all  D over all 29. __ we have finished the course, we shall start doing more revision work. A For now  B Now that  C Ever since  D By now 30. What you have done is __ the doctor’s orders. A attached to  B responsible to  C resistant to  D contrary to 译法： 1．定语从句的前置合译法： On the whole, such a conclusion can be drawn with a certain degree of confidence, but only if the child can be assumed to have had the same attitude towards the test as the others with whom he is being compared, and only if he was not punished by lack of relevant information which they possessed. 译文：总的来说，得出这种结论是有一定程度把握的，但是必须具备两个条件：能够假定这个孩子对测试的态度和与他比较的另一些孩子的态度相同；他也没有因为缺乏别的孩子已掌握的有关知识而被扣分。 2．定语从句的前置合译法与后置分译法： Behaviorists suggest that the child who is raised in an environment where there are many stimuli which develop his or her capacity for appropriate response will experience greater intellectual development. 译文：行为主义者认为, 如果儿童的成长环境里有许多刺激因素, 这些因素又有利于其适当反应能力的发展, 那么, 儿童的智力就会发展到较高的水平。 The Greeks assumed that the structure of language had some connection with the process of thought, which took roots in Europe long before people realized how diverse languages could be. 译文：希腊人认为，语言结构与思维能力过程之间存在着某种联系。这一观点在人们尚未认识到语言的千差万别以前就早已在欧洲扎下了根。 3．定语从句的溶合变译法； This assumption rests on the fallacy of the inherent laziness in human nature; actually, aside from abnormally lazy people, there would be very few who would not want to earn more than the minimum, and who would prefer to do nothing rather than work.(48 words) 译文：这种假设是依据这样的一种谬论：人的本性中存在天生的惰性。而实际上，除了特别懒惰的人以外，几乎没有人愿意挣只相当于最低生活维持费的钱，也没有人愿意饱食终日、无所事事。 定语从句翻译练习： 1. Prior to the twentieth century, women in novels were stereotypes of lacking any features that made them unique individuals and were also subject to numerous restrictions imposed by the male-dominated culture. 在20世纪以前, 小说中的妇女像都是一个模式。她们没有任何特点, 因而无法成为具有个性的人; 他们还要屈从于由男性主宰的文化传统强加给他们的种种束缚。 2. Aluminum remained unknown until the nineteenth century, because nowhere in nature is it found free, owing to its always being combined with other elements, most commonly with oxygen, for which it has a strong affinity. 铝总是跟其他元素结合在一起, 最普遍的是跟氧结合; 因为铝跟氧有很强的亲和力, 由于这个原因, 在自然界找不到游离状态的铝。所以, 铝直到19世纪才被人发现。 3. They (the poor) are the first to experience technological progress as a curse which destroys the old muscle-power jobs that previous generations used as a means to fight their way out of poverty. 对于以往几代人来说, 旧式的体力劳动是一种用以摆脱贫困的手段, 而技术的进步则摧毁了穷人赖以为生的体力劳动, 因此首先体验到技术进步之害的是穷人。 4. The number of the young people in the United States who can’t read is incredible about one in four. 大约有1/4的美国青年人没有阅读能力, 这简直令人难以置信。（前置译法） 第二节 语法及词汇练习、定语从句长难句分析及翻译、阅读理解讲解 回顾也是一种前瞻  Reviewing is preparing us for the future 第一部分 语法及词汇练习 1. John regretted __ to the meeting last week. A not going  B not to go  C not having been going  D not to be going 2. We regret to inform you that the materials you ordered are __. A out of work  B out of stock  C out of reach  D out of practice 3. They __ in spite of the extremely difficult conditions. A carried out  B carried off  C carried on  D carried forward 4. Mrs. Brown is supposed __ for Italy last week. A to have left  B to be leaving  C to leave  D to have been left 5. He’s watching TV? He’s __ to be cleaning his room. A known  B considered  C regarded  D supposed 6. My camera can be __ to take pictures in cloudy or sunny conditions. A treated  B adjusted  C adopted  D remedied 7. A new technique __, the yields as a whole increased by 20 percent. A working out  B having worked out C having been worked out  D to have been worded out 8. Between 1974 and 1997, the number of overseas visitors expanded __ 27%. A by  B for  C to  D in 9. Children who are over-protected by their parents may become __. A hurt  B damaged  C spoiled  D harmed 10. When Mr. Jones gets old, he will __ over his business to his son. A take  B hand  C think  D get 11. We had a party last month, and it was a lot of fun, so let’s have __ one this month. A another  B more  C the other  D other 12. No agreement was reached in the discussion as neither side would give way to __. A the other  B any other  C another  D other 13. It was difficult to guess what her __ to the news would be. A impression  B reaction  C comment  D opinion 14. I decided to go to the library as soon as I __. A finish what I did  B finished what I did C would finish what I was doing  D finished what I was doing 15. We are interested in the weather because it __ us so directly what we wear, what we do, and even how we feel. A benefits  B affects  C guides  D effects 16. Will all those __ the proposal raise their hands? A in relation to  B in contrast to  C in excess of  D in favor of 17. Children are very curious __. A at heart  B in person  C on purpose  D by nature 18. The match was cancelled because most of the members __ a match without a standard court. A objected to having  B were objected to have C objected to have  D were objected to having 19. The man in the corner confessed to __ a lie to the manager of the company. A have told  B having told  C being told  D be told 20. The teacher doesn’t permit __ in class. A smoke  B to smoke  C smoking  D to have a smoke 21. As we can no longer wait for the delivery of our order, we have to __ it. A postpone  B refuse  C delay  D cancel 22. These books, which you can get at any bookshop, will give you __ you need. A all the information  B all the informations C all of information  D all of the informations 23. Not until the game had begun __ at the sports ground. A had he arrived  B would he have arrived  C did he arrive  D should he have arrived 24. Young people are not __ to stand and look at works of art; they want art they can participate in. A conservative  B content  C confident  D generous 25. Most broadcasters maintain that TV has been unfairly criticized and argue that the power of the medium is __. A granted  B implied  C exaggerated  D remedied 26. These surveys indicate that many crimes go __ by the police, mainly because not all victims report them. A unrecorded  B to be unrecorded  C unrecording  D to have been unrecorded 27. I have no objection __ your story again. A to hear  B to hearing  C to having heard  D to have heard 28. The clothes a person wears may express his __ or social position. A curiosity  B status  C determination  D significance 29. By law, when one makes a large purchase, he should have __ opportunity to change his mind. A accurate  B urgent  C excessive  D adequate 30. You will see this product __ wherever you go. A to be advertised  B advertised  C advertise  D advertising 第二部分 定语从句长难句成分分析及翻译练习 5. Television, it is often said, keeps one informed about current events, allow one to follow the latest developments in science and politics, and offers an endless series of programs which are both instructive and entertaining. 人们常说, 通过电视可以了解时事, 掌握科学和政治的最新动态。从电视里还可以看到既有教育意义又有娱乐性的层出不穷的新节目。（后置译法） 6. Taking his cue from Ibsen`s A Doll`s House, in which the heroine, Nora, leaves home because she resents her husband’s treating her like a child, the writer Lu Xun warned that Nora would need money to support herself; she must have economic rights to survive. 易卜生的剧作《玩偶之家》中的女主人公娜拉离家出走, 因为她憎恶她的丈夫像对待孩子一样来对待她。作家鲁迅从中得到启示, 从而告诫人们娜拉得需要钱来养活自己, 她要生存就必须有经济上的权利。（句首译法） 7. That sex ratio will be favored which maximizes the number of descendants an individual will have and hence the number of gene copies transmitted. 那种性别比例能在最大程度上增加一个个体所能拥有的后代数量，并因此能在最大程度上增加所传递到后代身上去的基因复制品的数量。（倒装、定从使用） 8. With the conclusion of a burst activity , the lactic acid level is high in the body fluids , leaving the large animal vulnerable to attack until the acid is reconverted , via oxidative metabolism , by the liver into glucose , which is then sent (in part )back to the muscles for glycogen resynthesis. 随着爆发出来的运动的结束，再体液中乳酸含量会变得很高，使得大型动物处于容易受到攻击的状态，直到乳酸通过有氧新陈代谢，被肝脏转化成（convert into）葡萄糖，而葡萄糖接下来又会（部分）传送回肌肉中重新合成糖原 。 9. Although Gutman admits that forced separation by sale was frequent，he shows that the slaves’ preference，revealed most clearly on plantations where sale was infrequent，was very much for stable monogamy. 虽然古特曼承认，由于奴隶买卖而造成的被迫离散甚为频繁，但他还是证明，奴隶的偏爱——在那些奴隶买卖并不频繁的种植园上被最为显著地揭示出来——在很大程度上侧重于稳定的一夫一妻制。 10. This preference for exogamy，Gutman suggests，may have derived from West African rules governing marriage，which，though they differed from one tribal group to another，all involved some kind of prohibition against unions with close kin. 古特曼表示，这种对于外部通婚的偏爱很有可能缘起于西部非洲制约着婚姻的规定，尽管这些规定在一个和另一个部落群体之间不尽相同，但都涉及到某种对近亲联姻（union with close kin）的禁止。 第三部分 阅读理解的基本理念（见PPT） 第三节 非谓语动词，练习及其译法，阅读理解讲解及练习 第一部分 阅读理解题目 练习： When my first child was born, my mother-in-law said to me: ‘Motherhood is a wonderful just as long as you remember that A Mother’s Place is in the Wrong. No matter what you do, your children will blame you.’ Sine that time, almost nine years ago, I have carefully monitored mothers and their growing offspring to verify this maxim, and found that indeed it contains much truth. If, on the other hand, a mother sends her little lamb to the local neighborhood school, the little lamb will grumble tears later that his parents did not give a fig for education and that is why he was illiterate and on the dole. If a woman has a job, her children will speak mournfully of the experience of being latch-key kids who never knew what it was to come home to the joy and security of mum baking bread in the kitchen. If she considers it to e best to end the marriage, they will accuse her of causing them ‘parental deprivation syndrome’ and obligation them to grow up in ‘a one-parent situation’. Truly, a mother’s place is in the wrong place---and, yea, it goes on even unto the third generation. When your children encounter trouble or difficulties as adults, in their own marriages or in their personalities, whom do you blame? You’ve got it in one: Mother. 1. Having thought about her mother-in-law advice, the author _________________. A was inclined to doubt the advice    B interviewed women whose children had grown up C decided to put the advice to the test  D asked adults about their children 2. The passage suggests that the local schools ___________________. A make children feel insecurity      B have a poor educational record C allow children too much freedom    D are for the children of ‘suburban cabbages’ 3. According to the passage, a woman who divorces her husband will ____________________. A be backed by her children          B be blamed by her children C usually blame her husband        D soon lose the children’s affection 4. It can be concluded from the passage that mothers _________________. A are willing to take the blame        B are blamed unfairly C can not be blameless              D cannot avoid blame The worldwide consumption of bakery food products is increasing. Many populations that formerly relied solely on rice or coarser grains as their main source of carbohydrates show a preference for compounded bakery products as new industry and increased incomes make them more widely accessible. Japan is an outstanding example of countries following this trend. The United States has shown a steady downward trend in per capita consumption of cereal-based foods for many years, and the consumption of sweet bakery foods, such as cakes or pastry, has been increasingly displacing bread consumption. Probably 95% of the white bread sold in the United States is enriched with thiamine, niacin, and iron, and about 30 of the states have laws requiring white bread enrichment. Formerly, calcium and vitamin D were frequently added to enriched bread, but lack of consumer demand and questionable nutritional benefit led to gradual phasing out of these enrichments. India has attempted to encourage consumption of protein-enriched bread, with some success. Except for research projects, little has been done in other countries, however. In areas where bakery products comprise a large proportion of the diet, they could provide an ideal vehicle for nutritional supplementation. The need for better quality in the daily diet occurs mostly in the developing counties, where carbohydrates foods --- usually cereals --- are the basic components of the diet and therefore the logical protein carriers. 1. Japan is used in this passage t illustrate a fashion in many countries ___________. A to enrich bread          B to invest more in food industry C to increase consumption of bakery foods D to increase a reliance on rice and grains 2. Because of little demand and questionable value ____________. A calcium and vitamin D are no longer added to bread B cereal-based foods are being replaced by bakery products C rice and coarser grains being replaced by bakery products D little has been done to encourage consumption of enriched bread 3. According to the passage, popular cereals could be the best way in developing countries to ___. A supplement the diet          B displace rice consumption C increase reliance on carbohydrates    D phase out necessary bread enrichments 4. From the passage, we learn that there is a worldwide trend towards _____________. A enriching the nutritional value of bread B increasing the consumption of protein C using bakery products as a source of carbohydrates 　 D using grains, such as rice, as a source of carbohydrates 第二部分 非谓语动词难点讲解 独立主格与非谓语动词： 独立主格 独立主格的结构一：  名词（代词）+ 分词 [现在分词、过去分词] Silver is the best conductor of electricity, copper __ it closely. A followed  B following  C to follow  D being followed All things __, the planned trip will have to be called off. A considered  B be considered  C considering  D having considered 独立主格的结构2：with + 名词（代词）+ 分词 [句子当中作状语] After the Arab states won independence, great emphasis was laid on expanding education, with girls as well as boys __ to go to school. A to be encouraged  B been encouraged  C being encouraged  D be encouraged 非谓语动词 非谓语动词的结构：分词（分词短语） 句子的主语决定非谓语动词中的分词是用主动还是被动形式。如果是句子的主语发出动作，则使用现在分词；如果动作不是由句子的主语发出，则使用过去分词。 43.No matter how frequently __, the works of Beethoven always attract large audiences. A performed  B performing  C to be performed  D being performed perform vt. 表演，演出，演奏； to be performed 将要被演奏； being performed 正在被演奏； 一些特殊的动词： 第一个：remember 记住； 62. I remember __ to help us if we ever got into trouble. A once offering  B him once offering  C him to offer  D to offer him 第二个：want 想要； 48. Your hair wants __. You'd better have it done tomorrow. A cut  B cutting  C to cut  D being cut 18. This room is so dirty that it wants __. A cleaning  B to clean  C being cleaned  D cleaned 第三个：mean 意味； 25. There's a man at the reception desk who seems very angry and I think he means __ trouble.  A making  B to make  C to have made  D having made 练习： 41.    It is not difficult to ________ the idea that machines may communicate information to us. A) admit  B) receive  C) accept  D) convince（C） 42.    I have not the least ________ of hurting your feelings. A) concept  B) intention  C) mind  D) purpose（B） 43.    As the shortage of certain metals approaches, others must be found to take their ________. A) share  B) place  C) role  D) shape（B） 44.    The new power station is reported ________ within three years. A) to have completed  B) to have been completed   C) having Been completed  D) to complete（B） 45.    Mary is in bed with a fever and she can’t hope to ________ the cold in a few day. A) get over  B) get away   C) get off  D) get out（A） 46.    Although the weather was very had, the buses still ran on ________. A) list  B) plan  C) schedule  D) arrangement（C） 47.    The situation today is obviously quite different from ________ it was only 50 years ago. A) what  B) which  C) when  D) such（A） 48.    Soon, Americans hope, the rains will return and ease the hardship ________ U.S. farmers. A) faced  B) faces  C) facing  D) to face（C） 49.    Ever since the family moved to the suburbs last year, they ________ better health. A) could have enjoyed  B) have been enjoying  C) had enjoyed  D) are enjoying（B） 50.    It is much easier to talk about social change than to ________. A) bring it on   B) bring it about  C) burning it up  D) bring it out（B） 51.    Jane was hit on the head by the robber and was knocked ________. A) mindless  B) unaware  C) brainless  D) unconscious（D） 52.    He likes doing some reading at home to the cinema. A) than to go  B) than going  C) more than going   D) rather than to go（C） 53.    ________ neglecting our education, my father sent my brother and me to a summer school. A) Accused of  B) Accusing of  C) That he was accused of  D) To be accused of（A） 54.    I bought a new house last year, but I ________ my old house yet, so at the moment I have two houses. A) did not sell  B) do not sell  C) had not sold  D) have not sold（D） 55.    She didn’t regret paying 200 dollars for the bookcase. As a matter or a fact, she would gladly have paid ________ for it. A) as much twice  B) much as twice  C) as twice much  D) twice as much（D） 56.    By the time you get to Beijing tomorrow, I ________ for Shanghai. A) am leaving  B) should have left  C) will leave  D) have already left（B） 57.    It was essential that all the necessary documents ________ to the president’s office being the end of this month. A) be handed in  B) must be handed in  C) should  D) had been handed in（A） 58.    The car is quite ________ of petrol. A) economic  B) economical  C) saving  D) sparing（B） 59.    The traffic was very heavy; otherwise I ________ here 50 minutes sooner. A) would be  B) should be  C) had been  D) would have been（D） 60.    ________ his great wealth, he always remained a man of simple tastes. A) Except for  B) With regard to  C) Despite   D) Although（C） 61.    The socks were too small and it was only by ________ them that he managed to get them on. A) spreading  B) extending  C) lengthening  D) stretching（D） 62.    Language can be defined as a tool by which human beings ________ with one another. A) associate  B) connect  C) communicate  D) correspond（C） 63.    As a small boy, he was slow ________ learning to read and write. A) on  B) with  C) in   D) about（C） 64.    Tony was ________ a mile of the hotel when he ran out of petrol. A) within  B) inside  C) about  D) off（D） 65.    It has been rather costly to install the machinery, but it will prove to be worth the money ________. A) in the long run  B) in conclusion  C) at long last  D) at the end（A） 66.    I don’t know why he ________ in the middle of a sentence. A) broke off   B) broke out   C) broke through   D) broke away（A） 67.    I’m sorry Andy didn’t want to go to the conference. ________ willing to go we would have paid all his expenses. A) Being  B) Was he  C) He had been  D) Had he been（D） 68.    The minister was the person ________. A) whom the state dinner was given in honour  B) for whom the state dinner was given honour C) whose honour the state dinner was given   D) in whose honour the state dinner was given（D） 69.    The young driver looked over the engine carefully lest it ________ on the way. A) goes wrong  B) would go wrong  C) went wrong   D) should go wrong（D） 70.    John had been working hard and ________. A) so his brother had  B) so had his brother  C) so was his brother  D) so his brother did（B） 第三节 非谓语动词的译法 1．Even when we turn off the beside lamp and are fast asleep, electricity is working for us, driving our refrigerators, heating our water, or keeping our rooms air-conditioned. （现在分词正常使用） 即使在我们关掉了床头灯深深地进入梦乡时, 电仍在为我们工作: 帮我们开动电冰箱, 把水加热, 或使室内空调机继续运转。 2．Taking the train, the two friends arrived in Berlin in late October 1922, and went directly to the address of Chou-En Lai. 他们两个人坐火车于1922年3月到柏林，立即去周恩来的住处。 The farmer of 1800, using a hand sickle, could hope to cut a fifth of a hectare of wheat a day. 在1800年，一个农民，使用镰刀，在一天内可望收割五分之一公顷小麦。 3．When Chou En Lai’s door opened they saw a slender man of more than average height with gleaming eyes and a face so striking that it bordered on the beautiful. 周恩来的房门打开时，他们看到的是一个身材瘦小、比普通人略高一点的人，两眼闪着光辉，面貌很引人注意，称得上清秀。 4．With the prices and house rents increasing rapidly, many young university graduates cannot earn their living, let alone support parents. 随着物价和房租迅速上涨，许多年轻大学毕业生无法挣钱养活自己，更不用说赡养父母。 5．Situated at the base of the Mt. Lofty Ranges, Adelaide enjoys a Mediterranean climate. 阿德莱德位于罗夫迪岭山麓，属地中海型气候。 This area, noted for its beautiful scenery, was counted as one of the eight outstanding views of Beijing. 附近风光秀丽，过去是燕京八景之一。 6．Ignoring the chair offered him, Chu Teh stood squarely before this youth more than ten years his junior and in a level voice told him who he was. 朱德顾不得来过来的椅子，端端正正地站在这个比他年轻十几岁的青年面前，用平稳的语调说明自己的身份。 第四节 非谓语动词，长难句分析及翻译、阅读理解 第一部分 语法及词汇练习 北冥有鱼，其名为鲲。鲲之大，不知其几千里也；化而为鸟，其名为鹏。鹏之背，不知其几千里也；怒而飞，其翼若垂天之云。鹏之徙于南冥也，水击三千里，抟扶摇而上者九万里…… 　 　                                                  ——《庄子•内篇•逍遥游》 41.    I can’t understand how you ________ these unpleasant surroundings. A) put out  B) put down  C) put up with  D) put forward（C） 42.    ________ you decide to take up you should try to make it a success. A) Whatever  B) Unless  C) Whenever  D) If only（A） 43.    If Harry did not attend the conference last night, he ________ too much work to do. A) must have had  B) must have  C) had had  D) had to have had（A） 44.    John often attends public lectures at the University of Oxford, chiefly ________ his English. A) to improve   B) improving  C) to have improved  D) improved（A） 45.    It was suggested at the meeting that effective measures ________ to solve the problem. A) were taken  B) be taken  C) must be taken  D) take（B） 46.    I am ________ of your stupid conversation. A) annoyed  B) worried  C) angry  D) tired（D） 47.    They are building the dam in ________ with another firm. A) comparison  B) association   C) touch  D) tune（B） 48.    Most parents encourage their children to take an active part in social events, ________ those events do not interfere with their studies. A) lest  B) though  C) unless  D) provided（D） 49.    Orlando, a city in Florida, ________ for its main attraction, Magic Kingdom. A) which is well known  B) is well known   C) well known  D) being well known（B） 50.    He is ________ a writer as a reporter. A) more  B) rather  C) not so much  D) not much（C） 51.    Jim is sorry ________ so impolite to your guest last Saturday. A) to be  B) having been  C) being  D) to have been（D） 52.    I suppose that when I come back in ten years’ time all these old houses ________ down. A) will have been pulled  B) will have pulled  C) will be pulling  D) will be pulled（A） 53.    To be sure, some insects can build complex societies ________ different types of individuals performing different tasks. A) taken from  B) made of  C) composed of  D) developed from（C） 54.    The students will put off the outing until next week, ________ they won’t be so busy. A) when   B) as  C) since  D) while（A） 55.    I have not found my book yet; in fact, I am not sure ________ I could have done with it. A) whether  B) why  C) what  D) when（C） 56.    If you do not fasten your safety belt, your chances of being ________ will be greater. A) beaten  B) hurt   C) damaged  D) stricken（B） 57.    “ ________” for many years, the writer suddenly became famous. A) Having ignored him  B) To be ignored  C) To have been ignored D) Having been ignored（D） 58.    This bird’s large wings ________ it to fly very fast. A) able  B) enable  C) unsure  D) cause（B） 59.    The picture exhibition bored me to death. I wish I ________ to it. A) have not gone  B) did not go  C) had not gone  D) should not have gone（C） 60.    I don’t swim not, but I ________ when I was a kid. A) used to it  B) used to doing it  C) used to  D) used to do（C） 61.    I found my daughter sitting in the kitchen, crying ________. A) strongly  B) bitterly  C) heavily  D) deeply（B） 62.    You are getting too old for football. You’d better ________ tennis instead. A) take in  B) take up  C) take for  D) take over（B） 63.    When the two young people were married, the ceremony was anything ________ up to data. A) but   B) beside  C) except  D) apart from（A） 64.    He didn’t mention anything about the party, ________ the date. A) either even  B) even nor  C) even neither  D) not even（D） 65.    After being rescued from the air crash, the people agreed that they had much to ________. A) thank  B) be thanked  C) be thankful  D) be thankful for（D） 66.    This new method not only saves time but also saves energy ________ operating on two batteries instead to four. A) in  B) on  C) by  D) for（C） 67.    What ________ to him is whether the job allows him to pursue his studies. A) matters  B) refers  C) happens  D) applies（A） 68.    He said that very clearly so that nobody was in any ________ about what was meant. A) doubt   B) wonder  C) question  D) consideration（A） 69.    It is predicted that heavy rains are ________ to flood the area in a few days. A) frightening  B) threatening  C) scattering  D) warning（B） 70.    In most of the United States, the morning newspaper is ________ by school age children. A) directed  B) discharged  C) derived  D) delivered（D） 第二部分 非谓语动词长难句分析及翻译 1．Studies by Hargrave and Geen estimated natural community grazing rates by measuring feeding rates of　individual zooplankton species in the　laboratory and then computing community grazing rates for field conditions using the known population density of grazers. 译文：由哈格雷夫（Hargrave）和吉恩（Geen）所进行的研究，对自然条件下的群落捕食速率进行了估计，其手段是通过测量出实验室内单独的浮游动物种类的捕食速率，然后利用已知的食草动物种群密度，计算出实地状况下的群落捕食速率。 2．But achieving necessary matches in physical properties across interfaces between living and  nonliving matter requires knowledge of which molecules control the bonding of cells to each other—an area that we have not yet explored thoroughly. 译文：但是，要想沿着原生和非原生物质之间的界面获取生理特性的必要匹配，需要某种知识，即什么样的分子控制着细胞彼此间的结合——而对这一领域，我们尚未进行充分的探索。 3．More probable is bird transport，either externally，by accidental attachment of the seeds to feathers，or internally，by the swallowing of fruit and subsequent excretion of the seeds. 译文：更有可能的是鸟类运输：或者是通过外部途径，即由于种籽偶然粘附在羽毛上；或者是通过内部方式，即由于鸟类吞食果子并随后将种籽排泄出来。 第三部分 阅读理解 Just seven years ago, the Jarvik-7 artificial heart was being cheered as the model of human creativeness. The sight of Barney Clark-alive and conscious after trading his diseased heart for a metal-and-plastic pump-convinced the press, the public and many doctors that the future had arrived. It hadn’t. After monitoring production of the Jarvik-7, and reviewing its effects on the 150 or so patients (most of whom got the device as a temporary measure) the U.S. Food and Drug Administration concluded that the machine was doing more to endanger lives than to save them. Last week the agency cancelled its earlier approval, effectively banning (禁止) the device. The recall may hurt Symbion Inc., maker of the Jarvik-7, but it won’t end the request for an artificial heart. One problem with the banned model is that the tubes connecting it to an external power source created a passage for infection. Inventors are now working on new devices that would be fully placed, along with a tiny power pack, in the patient’s chest. The first sample products aren’t expected for another 10 or 20 years: But some people are already worrying that they’ 11 work-and that America’s overextended health-care programs will lose a precious $2.5 billion to $5 billion a year providing them for a relatively few dying patients. If such expenditures (开支) cut into funding for more basic care, the net effect could actually be a decline in the nation’s health. 31.    According to the passage the Jarvik-7 artificial heart proved to be ________. A) a technical failure  B) a technical wonder C) a good life-saver  D) an effective means to treat heart disease（A） 32.    From the passage we know that Symbion Inc ________. A) has been banned by the government from producing artificial hearts B) will review the effects of artificial hearts before designing new models C) may continue to work on new models of reliable artificial hearts D) can make new models of artificial hearts available on the market in 10 to 20 years（C） 33.    The new models of artificial hearts are expected ________. A) to have a working life of 10 or 20 years B) to be set fully in the patient’s chest C) to be equipped with an external power source D) to create a new passage for infection（B） 34.    The word “them” in Line 7, Para. 2 refers to ________. A) doctors who treat heart diseases B) makers of artificial hearts C) America’s health-care programs D) new models of artificial hearts（D） 35.    Some people feel that ________. A) artificial hearts are seldom effective B) the country should not spend so much money on artificial hearts C) the country is not spending enough money on artificial hearts D) America’s health-care programs are not doing enough for the nation’s health 第五节 被动语态，练习及其译法、阅读理解讲解 第一部分 被动语态的使用 1．主动语态变被动语态的方法   主动语态变被动语态要遵循以下的规律：“主（语）变宾（语），宾（语）变主（语），动词变‘be + done’，其余部分带下来。” *done代表各种动词的过去分词。 e.g.: The student      broke      the window      yesterday.         主语            动词          宾语          其余部分 The window    was broken    by the student  yesterday. 主语      动词（be done形式）  宾语      其余部分 I am carrying a box into the room.  我正在把一个箱子搬进房间。 The box is being carried by I (me) into the room.  一个箱子正在被我搬进房间。 （主语I变成by形式，宾语a box变成主语放在句首，动词am carrying 变成is being carried形式，而其他部分into the room带到下句,一般将by结构省略。） 2．几种特殊句型的被动语态 ①含有双宾语句子的被动语态。   e.g.:  I        gave        him        a pen. 主语      动词      间接宾语  直接宾语   本句有两种变法，既可以将间接宾语变成主语(a)，有可以把直接宾语变成主语(b)。 a. You were given a pen.  b. A pen was given to you.   注意将直接宾语变成主语，要用to来连接动词和间接宾语（宾格形式），切不可省略。 ②含有复合宾语句子的被动语态。   e.g.:  We        elected        him      our president. 主语          动词        宾语        宾语补足语   按照变化规律本句应变化为： He was elected our president by we (us).   但是有些情况（如下），要用to来连接宾语补足语和动词。   I made the door open.   The door was made to open. *注意：在本句中make是使役动词(包括感观动词)，它后接不加to的不定式做宾语补足语，但是变成被动语态时要将to还原，不可省略。 She saw me walking along the street. I was seen to being walked along the street ③含有情态动词句子的被动语态。   e.g.: He need look after his mother in the hospital.   按照变化规律本句应变化为： His mother need be looked after in the hospital.   含有情态动词句子变被动语态的规律是：情态动词+be+动词原形。 ④含有动词词组句子的被动语态。   e.g.: He looked at the picture.  按照变化规律本句应变化为：     The picture was looked at by he (him). 注意：在过去分词looked后，切记不要忘记at这个介词，因为look at是完整的动词词组。 ⑤含有宾语从句的被动语态。   e.g.: I think that she is a nurse. 如果按照变化规律变化本句的话，宾语是一个句子，而不是词。这时可以有以下两种变化方法： a. 将宾语从句中的主语看作宾语而进行变化，即：She is thought to be a nurse by I (me). b. 将宾语从句用it这个形式主语来代替而进行变化，即：It is thought that she is a nurse by I (me). We said that he has been rich. 变化为： 第二部分 词汇及语法练习 41.    If you smoke in a non-smoking section people ________. A) have objected    B) objected    C) must object  D) will object（D） 42.    There was a ________ drop in support for the Union in the 1974 election. A) delicate    B) distinct   C) distant    D) downward（B） 43.    The computer works very fast, ________ data at the speed of light. A) having handled    B) handing    C) handled    D) hands（B） 44.    Through out his life, Henry Moore ________ an interest in encouraging art in the city of Leeds. A) contained    B) secured    C) reserved  D) maintained（D） 45.    They claim that ________ 1,000 factories closed down during the economic crisis. A) sufficiently    B) approximately   C) considerably    D) properly（B） 46.    If you happen to ________ my lost papers while you’re looking for your book, please let me know at once by telephone. A) come across    B) come up    C) come to    D) properly（A） 47.    Her fluency in English gives her an advantage ________ other girls for the job. A) above  B) over  C) than    D) with（B） 48.    It is ________ impossible to find a good educational computer program in this part of the country. A) barely    B) hardly    C) merely    D) nearly（D） 49.    What he told us about the affair simply doesn’t make any ________. A) sense   B) idea    C) meaning    D) significance（A） 50.    As a mother, she is too ________ towards her daughter, she should let her see more of the world. A) hopeful    B) protective   C) modest    D) confident（B） 51.    “Doesn’t he know that it is not ________?” “Yes, he does.” A) truth  B) some truth  C) the truth   D) any truth（C） 52.    That tree looked as if it ________ for a long time. A) hasn’t watered  B ) didn’t water  C) hadn’t been watered    D ) wasn’t watered（C） 53.    Hitler set out to conquer all of Europe in the belief that the Germans were the master ________. A) race   B) human    C) blood    D) brains（A） 54.    Ever since Picasso’s painting went on exhibit, there ________ large crowds at the museum every day. A) is    B) has been  C) have been  D) are being（C） 55.    Don’t forget to walk the dog while I am away, ________. A) can you    B) shall you  C) do you  D) will you（D） 56.    It is a pity that we should stay at home when we have ________ weather. A) so fine    B) such a fine    C) such fine  D) so fine a（C） 57.    There were beautiful clothes ________ in the shop windows. A) spread  B) displayed  C) exposed  D) located（B） 58.    Mr. Smith advised us to withdraw ________. A) so that to get not involved  B) so as to get not involved C) so as not to get involved  D) so that not to get involved（C） 59.    ________ in a seemingly endless war, the general was forced to evaluate the situation again. A) Since the loss of 50,000 soldiers  B) Because of 50,000 soldiers having lost C) Having lost over 50,000 soldiers  D) 50,000 soldiers were lost（C） 60.    Knowing something as a whole is far from knowing all its ________. A) instance  B) character  C) items  D) details（D） 61.    ________ for your laziness, you could have finished the assignment by now. A) Had it not been  B ) It were not  C) Weren’t it  D) Had not it been（A） 62.    The minister had his secretaries ________ a press conference. A) arrange  B) to arrange  C) arranging  D) arranged（A） 63.    She left the reception early because she ________ get up early the next morning. A) needed    B) might  C) used to  D) had to（D） 64.    Let’s not wait any longer, he might not ________ at all. A) turn over  B) turn up  C) used to    D) turn down（B） 65.    Anne couldn’t concentrate ________ what she was doing while her family were watching TV. A) to  B) on  C) for    D) in（B） 66.    My wife said in her letter that she would appreciate ________ from you sometime. A) to have heard    B) to hear  C) having heard   D) hearing（D） 67.    ________ men have learned much from the behavior of animals in badly new. A) That  B) Those  C) What    D) Whether（A） 68.    It’s necessary ________ the dictionary immediately. A) that he will return    B) that he returned    C) that he return   D) that he has to return（C） 69.    Franklin’s ability to learn from observations and experience ________ greatly to his success in public life. A) contributed  B) owed  C) attached  D) related（A） 70.    The manager assured the customer that his complaint would be seen ________ immediately. A) to    B) at  C) on  D) with（A） 第三部分 被动语态的翻译方法 1. Today this treasury if silt is trapped behind the dam, and there is no effective system. 现在宝贵的泥沙被水坝拦住了，却没有除盐的有效办法。 2. Yet the Nile has been changed by modern man in ways not yet fully understood. 然而现代的人却让尼罗河发生了变化，不过就连他们自己也不完全了解尼罗河究竟发生了什么变化。 3. Because it is very slippery, it is used for lubrication. 因为它非常润滑，所以可以用作润滑剂。 4. Vegetable oil has been known from antiquity. 植物油自古以来就为人们所熟悉。 5. When the crude oil is obtained from the field, it is taken to the refinery to be treated. The commonest from of treatment is heating. When the oil is heating, the first vapors to rise are cooled and become the finest petrol. Petrol has a low boiling point; if a little is poured into the hand, it soon vaporized. Gas that comes off the oil later is condensed into paraffin. Last of all the lubricating oils of various grades are produced. What remains is heavy oil that is used as fuel. 油田打出原油以后，便送到炼油厂去处理。最普通的处理就是加热。石油经过加热，最先冒出来的蒸汽冷却后就是质量最高的汽油。汽油的沸点低，倒一点在手上，很快就挥发了。随后从石油分离出来的气体可以浓缩为煤油。最后产生的是各种等级的润滑油。剩下的便是重油了，可以用作燃料。 第四部分 阅读理解讲解及练习（见PPT） Like fine food, good writing is something we approach with pleasure and enjoy from the first taste to the last. And good writers, good cooks, do not suddenly appear full-blown. Quite the contrary, just as the cook has to undergo an intensive training, mastering the skills of his trade, the writer must sit at his desk and devote long hours to achieving a style in his writing, whatever its purpose-schoolwork, matters of business, or purely social communication. You may be sure that the more painstaking the effort, the more effective the writing, and the more rewarding. There are still some remote places in the world where you might find a public scribe to do your business or social writing for you, for a fee. There are a few managers who are lucky enough to have the service of that rate kind of secretary who can take care of all sorts of letter writing with no more than a quick note to work from. But for most of us, if there is any writing to be done, we have to do it ourselves. We have to write school papers, business papers or home papers. We are constantly called on to put words to paper. It would be difficult to count the number of such words, messages, letters, and reports put into the mails or delivered by hand, but the daily figure must be enormous. What is more, everyone who writes expects, or at least hopes. We want whatever we write to be read, from first word to last, not just thrown into some “letters-to-be-read” file (档案) or into a wastepaper basket. This is the reason we bend our efforts toward learning and practicing the skill of interesting, effective writing. 36.    In this passage, good writing is compared to fine food because ________. A) both writers and cooks have to work long hours every day    B) both are essential to life C) both writers and cooks can earn a good living  D) both are enjoyable（D） 37.    A public “scribe” (Para. 2, Line 1) is ________. A) a secretary who does your business or social writing  B) a machine that does writing for you C) a public school where writing is taught  D) a person who ears a living by writing for others（D） 38.    According to the passage, some managers don’t have to do any letter writing because ________. A) they rely on quick notes            B) they have excellent secretaries C) they have a computer to do it          D) they prefer making phone calls（B） 39.    According to the author, if your letter is thrown into some “letter-to-be-read” file, ________. A) it will receive immediate attention        B) it will be dealt with by the secretary C) it is likely to be neglected                D) it is meant to be delivered soon（C） 40.    The purpose of the author in writing this passage is ________. A) to explain and persuade        B) to comment and criticize C) to interest and entertain        D) to argue and demonstrate（A） 第六节 被动语态，长难句分析及翻译、阅读理解 第一部分 词汇及语法练习 41.    Jean did not have time to go to the concert last night because she was busy ________ for her examination. A) to prepare  B) to be prepared  C) preparing  D) being prepared（C） 42.    Five minutes earlier, ________ we could have caught the last train. A) and    B) but    C) or    D) an order（A） 43.    I cannot give you ________ for the type of car you sell because there is no demand for it in the market. A) an expense  B) a charge  C) a purchase    D) an order（D） 44.    After ________ for the job, you will be required to take a language test. A) being interviewed    B) interviewed  C) interviewing  D) having interviewed（A） 45.    By the end of this month, we surely ________ a satisfactory solution to the problem. A) have found  B) will be finding    C) will have found    D) are finding（C） 46.    Mr. Wilson said that he did not want to ________ any further responsibilities. A) take on   B) get on    C) put up    D) look up（A） 47.    Having no money but ________ to know, he simply said he would go without dinner. A) not to want anyone    B) not wanting anyone   C) wanted no one  D) to want no one（B） 48.    We desire that the tour leader ________ us immediately of any change in plans. A) inform   B) informs  C) informed  D) has informed（A） 49.    Not ________, the process of choosing names varies widely from culture to culture. A) obviously  B) surprisingly  C) particularly  D) normally（B） 50.    A man escaped from the prison last night. It was a long time ________ the guards discovered what had happened. A) before   B) until  C) since  D) when（A） 51.    In the experiment we kept a watchful eye ________ the developments and recorded every detail. A) in  B) at  C) for   D) on（D） 52.    There’s little chance that mankind would ________ a nuclear war. A) retain  B) endure  C) maintain  D) survive（D） 53.    Nuclear science be developed to benefit the people ________ harm them. A) more than  B) other than  C) rather than   D) better than（C） 54.    They usually have less money at the end of the month than ________ at the beginning. A) which is  B) which was  C) they have   D) it is（C） 55.    In the course of a day students do far more than just ________ classes. A) attend   B) attended  C) to attend  D) attending（A） 56.    The French pianist who had been praised very highly ________ to be a great disappointment. A) turned up    B) turned in  C) turned out  D) turned down（C） 57.    Many difficulties have ________ as a result of the change over to a new type of fuel. A) risen    B) arisen  C) raised  D) arrived（B） 58.    He made such a ________ contribution to the university that they are naming one of the new buildings after him. A) genuine  B) minimum  C) modest  D) generous（D） 59.    Helen was much kinder to her youngest child than she was to the others, of course, made the others jealous. A) who  B) that    C ) what  D) which（D） 60.    In the advanced course students must take performance tests at monthly ________. A) gaps   B) intervals  C) length  D) distance（B） 61.    Mr. Johnson preferred ________ heavier work to do. A) to be given  B) to be given  C) to have given  D) having given（A） 62.    I remember ________ to help us if we ever got into trouble. A) once offering    B) him once offering   C) him to offer  D) to offer him（B） 63.    We regret to inform you that the materials you ordered are ________. A) out of work    B ) out of stock   C) out of reach  D) out of practice（B） 64.    Our company decided to ________ the contract because a number of the conditions in it had not been met. A) destroy    B) resist    C) assume    D) cancel（D） 65.    She is ________ a musician than her brother. A) much of    B) much as    C) more of  D) more as（A） 66.    Having been found guilty, the man was given a severe ________ by the judge. A) service    B) sentence    C) crime      D) crisis（B） 67.    ________ is known to the world, Mark Twain is great American writer. A) That    B) Which      C) As      D) It（C） 68.    The residents, ________ had been damaged by the flood, were given help by the Red Cross. A) all their homes  B) all whose homes  C) all of whose homes   D) all of their homes（C） 69.    You can’t afford to let the situation get worse. You must take ________ to put it right. A) decisions      B) directions    C) sides      D) steps（D） 70.    Look at the terrible situation I am in! If only I ________ your advice. A) follow  B) had followed      C) would follow      D) have followed（B） 第二部分 被动语态长难句分析及翻译 1. It is not known how rare this resemblance is，or whether it is most often seen in inclusions of silicates such as garnet，whose crystallography is generally somewhat similar to that of diamond； but when present，the resemblance is regarded as compelling evidence that the diamonds and inclusions are truly cogenetic. 现在尚不知这种类似稀少到何种地步，也不知道是否它最常见于象石榴石一类的硅酸盐内含物中，而这类物质的晶体结构普遍地在某种程度上类似于金刚石的晶体结构。但一旦存在，这种类似就被视作极有说服力的证据，证明金刚石与内含物确是同源的。 2. A long-held view of the history of English colonies that became the United States has been that England’s policy toward these colonies before 1763 was dictated by commercial interests and that a change to a more imperial policy, dominated by expansionist militarist objectives, generated the tensions that ultimately led to the American Revolution. 译文：一个对于后来成了美国的英国殖民地的历史的长久以来的观点，认为英国在1763年以前对于这些殖民地的政策被经济利益所支配，而且认为一种向着更大程度帝国的政策上的转变——为扩张主义的军事目标所左右——产生了最终导致美国革命的紧张气氛。 第三部分 阅读理解练习 When a consumer finds that an item she or he bought is faulty or in some way does not live up to the manufacturer’s claim for it, the first step is to present the warranty (保单), or any other records which might help, at the store of purchase. In most cases, this action will produce results. However, if it does not, there are various means the consumer may use to gain satisfaction. A simple and common method used by many consumers is to complain directly to the store manager. In general, the “higher up” the consumer takes his or her complaint, the faster he or she can expect it to be settled. In such a case, it is usually settled in the consumer’s favor, assuming he or she has a just claim. Consumers should complain in person whenever possible, but if they cannot get to the place of purchase, it is acceptable to phone or write the complaint in a letter. Complaining is usually most effective when it is done politely but firmly, and especially when the consumer can demonstrate what is wrong with the item in questions. If this cannot be done, the consumer will succeed best by presenting specific information as to what is wrong, rather than by making general statements. For example, “The left speaker does not work at all and the sound coming out of the right one is unclear” is better than “This stereo (立体声音响) does not work.” The store manager may advise the consumer to write to the manufacturer. If so, the consumer should do this, stating the complaint as politely and as firmly as possible. But if a polite complaint does not achieve the desired result, the consumer can go a step further. She or he can threaten to take the seller to court or report the seller to a private or public organization responsible for protecting consumers’ rights. 31.    When a consumer finds that his purchase has a fault in it, the first thing he should do is to ________. A) complain personally to the manager B) threaten to take the matter to court C) write a firm letter of complaint to the store or purchase D) show some written proof of the purchase to the store（D） 32.    If a consumer wants a quick settlement of his problem, it’s better to complain to ________. A) a shop assistant  B) the store manager  C) the manufacturer  D) a public organization（B） 33.    The most effective complaint can be made by ________. A) showing the faulty item to the manufacturer B) explaining exactly what is wrong with the item C) saying firmly that the item of poor quality D) asking politely to change the item（B） 34.    The phrase “live up” (Para. 1, Line 2) in the context means ________. A) meet the standard of B) realize the purpose of  C) fulfill the demands of  D) keep the promise of（A） 35.    The passage tells us ________. A) how to settle a consumer’s complaint about a faulty item B) how to make an effective complaint about a faulty item C) how to avoid buying a faulty item D) how to deal with complaints from customers（B） 第七节 代词及虚拟语气，练习及其译法，阅读理解讲解和完形填空 第一部分 虚拟语气讲解 1．虚拟语气和条件句 条件句实际上是属于状语从句的一种，其功能可以说是说话人猜想、假设的一种条件。按其真实的程度来分，可以分为真实条件句和非真实条件句两种。 e.g.: If it rains tomorrow, we will put off the sports meeting.       如果明天下雨，我们就推迟运动会。（表示可能实现，真实条件句）       If I were Tom, I would not refuse the money.       如果我是汤姆，我就不会拒绝这些钱的。（表示不可能实现，非真实条件句） 按照时间上的情况，虚拟条件句（非真实条件句）又可以分为现在、过去、将来三种情况 e.g.: If I were you, I should not marry her.       如果我是你，我就不会和她结婚。（和现在情况相反）       If the fridge were broken, please call us to repair it.       如果冰箱坏了，通知我们来修。（和将来情况相反）       If I had been you, I should not have married her.       如果我以前是你，我就不会和她结婚。（和过去情况相反） if 条件句 结果主句 和现在情况相反 If I（其他人称）+动词的过去式（be动词用were） I（其他人称） should/would+动词原形 和将来情况相反 If I（其他人称）+动词的过去式（be动词用were）+ to + do I（其他人称） should/would+动词原形 和过去情况相反 If I（其他人称）+had+动词过去分词 I（其他人称） should/would +have+动词过去分词   注：单独条件句的使用可以表示某种感情色彩。   e.g.: If your father had not been dead.         要是你爸爸没死该有多好啊！（表示某种遗憾和怜悯） 2. 虚拟语气和从句 1) 虚拟语气在主语从句的中的使用。 当主语从句中出现important, essential, appropriate, vital, unfair, strange, natural等时，主语从句的动词形式要用should+动词原形，should一般省略。 e.g.: It is vital that we (should) finish the task.       我们完成任务很重要。       It is unfair that they (should) many more jobs.          他们得到更多的工作是不公平的。 2) 虚拟语气在表语从句的中的使用。 当表语从句中出现decision, suggestion, requirement, idea等时，表语从句的动词形式要用should+动词原形，should一般省略。 e.g.: Our decision is that you (should) go to hospital.       我们的决定是你要去医院。       His suggestion is that you and I (should) kill these people.       他的建议是你和我要杀这些人。 1) 虚拟语气在同位语从句的中的使用。 当同位语从句中出现decision, suggestion, requirement, idea，demand, resolution等时，同位语从句的动词形式要用should+动词原形，should一般省略。 e.g.: He gave me a resolution that man (should) be punished.       他给出的解决是男人必须受到惩罚。       They had demands that president (should) resign.       他们要求总统要辞职。 2) 虚拟语气在宾语从句的中的使用。 ①当主句动词出现suggest，demand, advise, urge等时，宾语从句的动词形式要用should+动词原形，should一般省略。 e.g.: They suggested that woman (should) be paid more money.       他们建议说女人应得更多的报酬。       She advised that our oral English (should) be improved.       她建议我们的口语应该提高。 ②wish后宾语从句的情况。 a. 与现在和将来情况相反，宾语从句动词形式用一般过去时。         e.g.: I wish she had a baby.  我祝愿她能有个孩子。               I wish they went to home.  我希望他们能到家。       b. 与过去情况相反，宾语从句动词形式用过去完成时。         e.g.: I wish that she had not been dead.  我真希望她没死啊！               He wished that he had not come.  他真希望他没来过啊！ 3. 虚拟语气的特殊用法 1) 表示某种祝愿。   e.g.: God bless you!  上帝保佑你！         Long live Chairman Mao!  毛主席万岁！ 2) It is (high) time… 后接句子应用一般过去时。   e.g.: It is (high) time we went.  我们该回家了。         It is (high) time we caught the robbers.  是该我们抓强盗了。 3) 由to think引导的句子，表示“没想到”。   e.g.: To think that he was a girl.  真没想到他是个女孩。         To think that she was such a woman.  真没想到她是这样一个人。4) as it were做插入语，表示“姑且这么说”。 e.g.: I, as it were, eat like a horse.  我吃起来简直想匹马啊！       He looks like a lion as it were.  他看上去简直就像是头狮子。5) if need be做插入语，表示“如果有必要的话”。   e.g.: I can go anywhere if need be.  如果有必要的话我可以去任何地方。         If need be, you will have 5 meals a day.         如果有必要的话你一天要吃5顿饭。 3) would have thought 表示“会想到，会以为”。   e.g.: Who would have thought to meet a white elephant.         谁会想到会遇到一头白象啊！         They would have thought they might get more money.         他们会以为拿到更多的钱。 4) 虚拟条件句的某些倒装。       在某些虚拟条件句中，有时候if可以省略，这时句子要发生部分倒装。 e.g.: Were I you I would not marry her.       如果我是你，我就不会和她结婚的。       Should he be interested in learning English, he will keep touch with me.  如果他对学习英语感兴趣，他会和我保持联系的。 第二部分 语法及词汇练习 41.    Before he left for his vacation he went to the bank to ________ some money. A) pull  B) pick  C) gain  D) draw（D） 42.    By the end of the year all but two people ________. A) have left  B) will leave  C) will be leaving  D) will have left（D） 43.    Frankfurt, Germany, is in one of the most ________ populated regions of Western Europe. A) densely  B) vastly  C) enormously  D) largely（A） 44.    Everyone had an application from in his hand, but no one knew which office room ________. A) to send it to  B) to send it  C) to be sent to  D) to have it sent（A） 45.    The police set a ________ to catch the thieves. A) plan  B) device  C) trap  D) trick（C） 46.    We ________ to start our own business, but we never had enough money. A) have hoped  B) hope  C) had hoped   D) should hope（C） 47.    We have to try every means to ________ the costs of the construction project. A) bring off  B) bring forth  C) bring down  D) bring back（C） 48.    The students were participating ________ an international energy-saving competition between towns in New England and Canada. A) for  B) in  C) to  D) at（B） 49.    When she was criticized, she claimed that it was outside her ________ of responsibility. A) field  B) limit  C) extent  D) range（D） 50.    While ________ the sun, the satellite has sent more than four billion bits of information back to earth. A) having orbited  B) being orbited  C) having been orbited  D) orbiting（D） 51.    Language is a city, to the building of ________ every human being brought a stone. A) which   B) that  C) it  D) this（A） 52.    ________ of the two books holds the opinion that the danger of nuclear war is increasing. A) None  B) Either  C) Both  D) Neither（D） 53.    Government cannot operate effectively ________ it is free from such interference. A) so long as  B) so that  C) unless  D) because（C） 54.    We welcome rain, but a(an) ________ large amount of rainfall will cause floods. A) extensively  B ) extremely   C) specially  D) constantly（B） 55.    Beethoven is my favorite musician. I regard him as ________ other musicians. A) superior to  B) more superior than  C) more superior to  D) superior than（A） 56.    I hope that you’ll be more careful in typing the letter. Don’t ________ anything. A) withdraw  B) omit  C) reduce  D) lead（B） 57.    We don’t need air conditioning, ________. A) nor can we afford it   B) and nor we can afford it  C) neither can afford it  D) and we can neither afford it（A） 58.    She is a very ________ secretary: she never forgets anything or makes a mistake. A) anxious  B) effective  C) adequate  D) efficient（D） 59.    The Browns ________ here, but not any more. A) were used to living  B) had lived  C) used to live  D) had been living（C） 60.    I’ll accept any job ________ I don’t have to get up early. A) lest  B) as long as   C) in case  D) though（B） 61.    Once out of the earth’s gravity, the astronauts is ________ by the problem of weightlessness. A) affected   B) effected  C) inclined  D) related（A） 62.    Medical research has shown that the widespread of use of cigarettes contributes ________ the increase of cancers. A) towards  B) for  C) with  D) to（D） 63.    Could you find someone ________. A) for me to play tennis with  B) for me to play tennis  C) play tennis with  D) playing tennis with（A） 64.    The computer has brought about surprising technological changes ________ we organize and produce information. A) in a way  B) in the way  C) in that way  D) in no way（B） 65.    The manager of the hotel requests that their guests ________ after 11:00 p.m. A) not to play loud music  B) shouldn’t play loud music  C) don’t play loud music  D) couldn’t play loud music（B） 66.    He is late again today. I’ll ________ that he will not be late tomorrow. A) be sure  B) hope for  C) felt  D) to be felt（B） 67.    In Australia the Asians make their influence ________ in businesses large and small. A) feeling  B) feel  C) felt  D) to be felt（C） 68.    This popular sports car is now being ________ at the rate of a thousand a week. A) turned down  B) turned out   C) turned up  D) turned on（B） 69.    In Britain people drive ________ the left. A) at  B) on  C) to  D) in（B） 70.    This programme will examine the writer’s books in detail, ________ an introduction to her life. A) following  B) having followed  C) being followed  D) to be followed（A） 第三部分 代词的译法 1. It may seem strange to put into the same packet an industrial revolution and two political revolutions. Bur the fact is that they were all social revolutions. 把一场工业革命和两场政治革命归作为一类似乎有点奇怪，但是事实上这三次革命都是社会革命。 2. Two things are outstanding in the creation of the English system of canals, and they characterize all the Industrial Revolution. 在修建英国的运河网的过程中，有两点是非常突出的，而这两点也正是整个工业革命的特点。 3. The canals were arteries of communications: they were not made to carry pleasure boats, but barges. 运河是交通的动脉，开运河不是为了走游船，而为了通行驳船。 4. James Brindley was a pioneer in the art of building canals or, as it was then called, ‘navigation’. 布雷德林是开凿运河的先驱者，当时人们把开凿运河叫做navigation。 5. 第一次世界大战以后，帝国主义对中国加紧了侵略，北洋军阀政府对外妥协投降，对内残酷镇压人民。北洋军阀政府出动军警镇压，捕去学生三十多人。 After World War I, the imperialists stepped up their aggression against China while the Northern Warlord Government resorted to compromise and capitulation externally and to ruthlessly oppression of the people internally. The government called out troops and policemen to suppress the movement and over thirty students were arrested. 第四部分 阅读理解练习 Although April did not bring us the rains we all hoped for, and although the Central Valley doesn’t generally experience the atmospheric sound and lightning that can accompany those rains, it’s still important for parents to be able to answer the youthful questions about thunder and lightning. The reason these two wonders of nature are so difficult for many adults to explain to children is that they are not very well understood by adults themselves. For example, did you know that the lightning we see flashing down to the earth from a cloud is actually flashing up to a cloud from the earth? Our eyes trick us into thinking we see a downward motion when it’s actually the other way around. But then, if we believed only what we think we see, we’d still insist that the sun rises in the morning and sets at night. Most lightning flashes take place inside a cloud, and only a relative few can be seen jumping between two cloud or between earth and a cloud. But, with about 2,000 thunderstorms taking place above the earth every minute of the day and night, there’s enough activity to produce about 100 lightning strikes on earth every second. Parents can use thunder and lightning to help their children learn more about the world around them. When children understand that the light of the lightning flashing reaches their eyes almost at the same moment, but the sound of the thunder takes about 5 seconds to travel just one mile, they can begin to time the interval between the flash and the crash to learn how close they were to the actual spark. 36.    According to the author, in the area of the Central Valley, ________. A) rains usually come without thunder and lightning B) it is usually dry in April  C) children pay no attention to natural phenomena D) parents are not interested in thunder and lightning（A） 37.    We believe that lightning is a downward notion because ________. A) we were taught so by our parents from our childhood B) we are deceived by our sense of vision C) it is a common natural phenomenon    D) it is a truth proved by science（B） 38.    What is TRUE about lightning according to the passage? A) Only a small number of lightning flashes occur on earth. B) Lightning travels 5 minutes faster than thunder. C) Lightning flashes usually jump from one cloud to another. D) There are far more lightning strikes occurring on earth than we imagine.（D） 39.    The word “activity” (Para. 3, Line 3) is most closely related to the word(s) ________. A) “cloud”  B) “lightning strikes”  C) “lightning flashes”  D) “thunderstorms”（D） 40.    It can be concluded from the passage that ________. A) we should not believe what we see or hear B) things moving downward are more noticeable C) people often have wrong concepts about ordinary phenomena D) adults are not as good as children in observing certain natural phenomena（C） 第五部分 开放型完形填空 As the place circled over the airport, everyone sensed that something was wrong. The plane was moving unsteadily through the air, and __71__ the passengers had fastened their seat belts, they were suddenly __72__ forward. At that moment, the air-hostess __73__. She looked very pale, but was quite __74__. Speaking quickly but almost in a whisper, she __75__ everyone that the pilot had __76__ and asked if any of the passengers knew anything about machines—or at __77__ how to drive a car. After a moment’s __78__, a man got up and followed the hostess into the pilot’s cabin. Moving the pilot __79__, the man took his seat and listened carefully to the __80__ instructions that were being sent by radio from the airport __81__. The plane was now dangerously close __82__ the ground, but to everyone’s __83__, it soon began to climb. The man had to __84__ the airport several times in order to become __85__ with the controls of the plane. __86__ the danger had not yet passed. The terrible __87__ came when he had to land. Following __88__, the man guided the plane to ward the airfield. It shook violently __89__ it touched the ground and then moved rapidly __90__ the runway and after a long run it stopped safely. A) although  B) thrown B) presented  C) calm  C) informed D) fainted  B) least  A) hesitation  B) aside  C) urgent D) below  A) to  D) relief  B) circle  B) familiar  C) But      A) moment  D) instructions  A) as  C) along 第八节 代词及虚拟语气，长难句分析及翻译，阅读理解讲解和完形填空 第一部分 对常用考试词汇的把握 1）The poor guy was charged with being an accessory to the murder of his brother.     A 同谋，从犯      B 配件        C 装饰品            D  附件 2) Does the American defense accords with Turkey and Greece still work?     A 一致          B 符合          C ，协定          D 授予，给予 3) The reform act of 1832 was very important in British history?     A 行为          B 举动          C 法案，法令，条例     D 装作 4)I'll adhere to you in the campaign for election.     A胶着            B黏附          C 坚持                D追随，支持 5)The economic crisis administer a severe blow to the company.     A掌管            B实施，执行      C 给予                D投药，涂药 6）He wanted an advance of $50 before he started work.     A前进，进展      B推进，促进     C提前，预先        D预付,贷款 7）We are to advise you that the matter is under consideration.     A劝告，忠告    B建议        C通知，告知 8) Far arises slow solo against soft saxophone and flute.   A倚在，靠近          B逆              C反对，违反      D与.....成对照，和着 9) An aggressive young man can go for in the firm.   A侵略的，好斗的      B有进取心的，上进的      C强烈的    D迅速传播的 10)This effect is utterly alien from the one we have intended.   I felt very alien during my first hours in that country.   A外国的            B外星人        C陌生的              D相异的，格格不入的 11)he changed into the anonymous costume of grey cotton workpants.   A匿名的            B无名的        C无特色的，无个性特征的 12)The government has not appreciated the full implications of it.   A感谢，感激        B欣赏，赏识     C增值，涨价            D领会，充分地意识到 13)Her warning tone arrested my attention.   A抓获            B逮捕          C停止，阻止            D吸引 14)She was strongly attached to her home.   A使成为一部分      B使附属        C系，连接              D使依恋 15)John was rather backward as a child; he was nearly three before he could walk.   A落后的            B向后的        C倒行的              D迟钝的 16)The news was beamed to East Africa by satellite.   A发光              B喜色          C微笑，灿烂的微笑      D向......广播 17)It all this mass of facts I am afraid I've rather lost my bearings.   A 轴承            B关系          C举止                  D方向感 18)The paper has moments of inspiration, but these are far between.   A 在...之间,两者                B中间,当中(adv.) 19)She has blossomed into a beautiful young woman.     A花              B开花          C发展                  D长成 20)The assassination of Dr.Martin Luther King.Jr is a bloody crime calculated to curb Civil Rights Movement.   It' necessary to calculated the advantages and disadvantages before making a decision.   A计算              B核算          C计划，打算        D推测，估计 21)No form of cancer presents a greater medical challenge than cancer of the lung.   This difficulty challenges you to find an answer.   A难题，艰巨任务            B向.....提出挑战  C 引起，激励,要求            D挑战          22)He's long been the champion of free speech.   A拥护者，斗士，捍卫者        B冠军          C得胜者          23)The food was absolutely chronic   A慢性的                    B坏的，严重的    C积习难改的                D长久的 24)The team chieved new deeds of merit.   A（已完成的）行为              B行动            C功绩                      D契约 25)Imperialism drains it colonies of their resources.   A排水，放水        B耗竭，消耗    C阴沟                  D排水沟 26)The game ended in a draw.   A画          B拖          C取出                D平局，和局 27)How did you manage to extract the information from her?   A抽出         B提取        C提出物         D设法得到 28)The boy ran and dodged with such facility that no one could catch him.   A设备          B便利条件      C灵巧，熟练 29)Young girl always like fancy goods.   A想象力，幻想力     B爱好，迷恋     C别致的，花色/哨的     D特别的，高档的(食品等） 30)He belongs to an organized fellowship that circulates devotional literary criticism.   A伙伴            B伙伴关系        C联宜会,团体  31)Science has become a source of power, not merely a subject fit for fictions.   A小说          B谎话            C幻想                  D编造,虚构 32)This letter was forwarded from a previous address.   A转交，转运          B进步的        C向前的，前部的          D向前，前进（adv. also forwards) 33)The old scientist worked hard in the frontiers of science.     A边疆          B边境          C边界,国界              D尖端,新领域 34)We should harbour no illusions about imperialism and reaction.   A海港          B心怀      C庇护                D藏匿 35)One cannot identify happiness with wealth.   A打成一片,把...和...看成一样     B识别      C鉴别 36)The war had many ill consequences.   A有病的        B不正常的，不舒服的  C副作用的         D恶意的，恶劣的，坏的 37)You once wrote something that has always intrigued me.   A诡计            B耍阴谋,使诡计  C引/激起...好奇心 ,兴趣 38)He is busy setting a dispute between labour and management.   A管理部门         B资方        C管理              D经营 39)The mean temperature of this year is 20 .   A意指          B卑鄙的，        C平均的            D吝啬的，刻薄的 40)Their is plenty of scope for experimentation, provided we remain within the parameters of the budget.   A变量          B参数,参量      C范围，界限          D特色，特征 第二部分 代词及虚拟语气长难句分析及翻译 1. If parents were prepared for this adolescent reaction, and realized that it was a sign that the child was growing up and developing valuable powers of observation and independent judgment , they would not be so hurt, and therefore would not drive the child into opposition by resenting and resisting it. 如果做父母的对这种青少年的反应有所准备, 而且认为这是一个显示出孩子正在成长, 正在发展珍贵的观察力和独立的判断力的标志, 他们就不会感到如此伤心, 所以也就不会因对此有愤恨和反对的情绪而把孩子推到对立面去。J 2. Insects would make it impossible for us to live in the world; they would devour all our crops and kill our flocks and herds, if it were not for the protection we get from insect-eating animals.◎ 假如没有那些以昆虫为食的动物保护我们, 昆虫将吞噬我们所有的庄稼, 害死我们的牛羊家畜, 使我们不能生存于世。 常用固定词组的翻译： all but：几乎，差不多  as anything：非常地  anything but：根本不 apart from：除了  but for：要不是  by far：远不，……得多  by no means：根本不 by any means：无论如何  due to：由于  except for：除了  far from：远非 in contact with：与……联系  instead of：而不是  on account of：因为 on the basis of：根据  only to：结果是  might/may as well：还是……的好 not so much…as：与其说……不如说  not really：远不  not to mention：更不用说 let alone：更不用说  no more…than…：和……一样都不  no less than：简直是 nothing less than：完全是  cannot…too…：再……也不过分  rather than：而不是 owing to：由于  It is assumed that：人们认为 第三部分 阅读理解练习 Reading is thought to be a kind of conversation between the reader and the text. The reader puts questions, as it were, to the text and gets answers. In the light of these he puts further questions, and so on. For most of the time this “conversation” goes on below the level of consciousness. At times, however, we become aware of it. This is usually when we are running into difficulties, when mismatch is occurring between expectations and meaning. When successful matching is being experienced, our questioning of the text continues at the unconscious level. Different people converse with the text differently. Some stay very close to the words on the page; others take off imaginatively from the words, interpreting, criticizing, analyzing and examining. The former represents a kind of comprehension which is written in the text. The latter represents higher levels of comprehension. The balance between these is important, especially for advanced readers. There is another conversation which from our point of view is equally important, and that is to do not with what is read but with how it is read. We call this a “process” conversation as opposed to a “content” conversation. It is concerned not with meaning but with the strategies (策略) we employ in reading. If we are an advanced reader our ability to hold a process conversation with a text is usually pretty well developed. Not so our ability to hold a content conversation. It is precisely this kind of conversation that is of importance when we are seeking to develop our reading to meet the new demands being placed upon us by studying at a higher level. 31.    Reading as a kind of conversation between the reader and the text becomes conscious only when ________. A) the reader’s expectations agree with what is said in the text B) the reader has trouble understanding what the author says C) the reader asks questions and gets answers D) the reader understands a text very well（B） 32.    At a lower level of comprehension, readers tend to ________. A) read a text slowly  B) read without thinking hard C) interpret a text in their own way  D) concentrate on the meaning of words only（D） 33.    A “process” conversation has to do with ________. A) the application of reading strategies  B) matching our expectations with the meaning of a text C) the development of our ability to check the details  D) determining the main idea of a text（A） 34.    According to the passage, it is of great importance for readers at a higher level to maintain a balance between ________. A) conscious and unconscious levels of comprehension B) the reader’s expectations and the meaning of a text C) lower and higher levels of comprehension D) interpreting and criticizing a text（C） 35.    If we want to develop our reading ability at an advanced level, we should ________. A) learn to use different approaches in reading different texts B) make our reading process more conscious C) pay more attention to the content of a text D) take a critical attitude towards the author’s idea（A） 第四部分 开放性完形填空 Many teachers believe that the responsibilities for learning lie with the student. __71__ a long reading assignment is given, instructors expect students to be familiar with the __72__ in the reading even if they do not discuss it in class or take an examination. The __73__ student is considered to be __74__ who is motivated (激励) to learn for the sake of __75__, not the one interested only in getting high grades. Sometimes homework is returned __76__ brief written comments but without a grade. Even if a grade is not given, the student is __77__ for learning the material assigned. When research is __78__, the professor expects the student to take it actively and to complete it with __79__ guidance. It is the __80__ responsibility to find books, magazines, and articles in the library. Professors do not have the time to explain __81__ a university library works; they expect students, __82__ graduate students, to be able to exhaust the reference __83__ in the library. Professors will help students who need it, but __84__ that their students should not be __85__ dependent on them. In the United States professors have many other duties __86__ teaching, such as administrative or research work. __87__, the time that a professor can spend with student outside of class is __88__. If a student has problems with classroom work, the student should either __89__ a professor during office hour __90__ make an appointment. A) If  D) information  B) ideal  B) one  C) learning D) with  C) responsible  C) assigned  B) minimum  A) student’s D) how    A) particularly    C) sources  D) prefer      A) too D) besides  B) Therefore  B) limited  C) approach  A) or 第九节 词汇及语法练习，形容词和副词的译法，阅读理解讲解 第一部分 词汇及语法练习 41.    The grey building is where the workers live, and the white one is where the spare parts ________. A) are producing  B) are produced   C) produced  D) being produced（B） 42.    I could not persuade him to accept it, ________ make him see the important of it. A) if only I could not  B) no more than I could  C) or I could not  D) nor could I（D） 43.    Because of the ________ emphasis placed on classroom work, the instructor will report your absences to the adviser. A) large  B) strong   C) hard  D) high（B） 44.    Homework ________ on time will lead to better grades. A) done    B) be done  C) having done  D) to have been done（A） 45.    The speech ________ a lively discussion started. A) being delivered  B) was delivered  C) be delivered  D) having been delivered（D） 46.    I have had great deal of trouble ________ the rest of the class. A) coming up against  B) making up for  C) keeping up with  D) living up to（C） 47.    ________ for my illness I would have lent him a helping hand. A) Not being  B) Had it not been   C) Without being  D) Not having been（B） 48.    ________ a teacher in a university, it is necessary to have at least a master’s degree. A) To become  B) Become  C) One become  D) On becoming（A） 49.    The little man was ________ more than one metre fifty tall. A) nearly  B) quite  C) hardly  D) almost（A） 50.    Certain programs work better for some ________ for others. A) and  B) than   C) as  D) but（B） 51.    Some plants are so sensitive ________ pollution that they can only survive in a perfectly clean environment. A) from  B) against  C ) to  D) with（C） 52.    It does not alter the fact that he was the man ________ for the death of the little girl. A) accounting  B) guilty  C) responsible  D) obliged（C） 53.    Medical care reform has become this country’s most important public health ________. A) question  B) stuff  C) matter   D) issue（C） 54.    Not that John doesn’t want to help you, ________ it’s beyond his power. A) but that  B) for that  C) and that  D) in that（A） 55.    It is not unusual for workers in that region ________. A) to be paid more than a month late   B) to be paid later than more a month C) to pay later than a month more  D) to pay late more than a month（A） 56.    I used to smoke ________ but I gave it up three years ago. A) seriously  B) heavily  C) badly  D) severely（B） 57.    The doctor told Penny that too much ________ to the sun is bad for the skin. A) exposure  B) extension  C) exhibition  D) expansion（A） 58.    Michael used to look hurt and surprised when ________. A) scolding  B) to scold  C) having scolded  D) scolded（D） 59.    He decided to make further improvements on the computer’s design ________ the light of the requirements of customers. A) on  B) for  C) in D) with（C） 60.    If you don’t like to swim, you ________ stay at home. A) should as well B) may as well   C ) can as well  D) would as well（B） 61.    To be frank, I’d rather you ________ in the case. A) will not be involved  B) not involved  C) not to be involved  D) were not involved（D） 62.    If you suspect that the illness might be serious you should not ________ going to the doctor. A) put off   B) hold back    C) put aside  D) hold up（A） 63.    If you want to know the train schedule, please ________ at the booking office. A) acquire  B) inquire  C) request  D) require（B） 64.    He thought that ________. A) the effort doing the job was not worth  B) the effort was not worth in doing the job C) it was not worth the effort doing the job  D) it was not worth the effort by doing the job（C） 65.    The coming of the railways in the 1830s ________ our society and economic life. A) transformed B) transported  C) transferred  D) transmitted（A） 66.    I have no objection ________ the evening with them. A) to spend  B) to spending  C) of spending  D) spending（B） 67.    Realizing that he hadn’t enough money and ________ to borrow from his father, he decided to sell his watch. A) not wanted  B) not to want  C) not wanting  D) wanting not（C） 68.    In preparing scientific reports of laboratory experiments, a student should ________ his findings in logical order and clear language. A) furnish  B) propose  C) raise  D) present（D） 69.    ________ they reached the centre of the city, they stopped the car at a bar. A) Before a mile or so when  B) For a mile or so after  C) Further than a mile or so  D) A mile or so before（D） 70.    They are teachers and don’t realize ________ to start and run a company. A) what it takes  B) what takes it  C) what they take  D) what takes them（A） 第二部分 形容词和副词的翻译方法 1. When the reply came a few months later they were enrolled as full member, but Chu’s membership was kept a secret from outsiders. 过了几个月，回信来了，两人都被吸收为正式党员，但是朱德的党籍对外界一直保持秘密。 2. I was like that ship before my education began, only I was without compass or sounding-line, and had no way of thinking how near the harbor was. 我在开始接受教育之前，就像这样一条船，只是没有罗盘，没有测深绳，也不知道离海港有多远。 3. Chou was a quite and thoughtful man. 周恩来举止优雅，待人体贴。 4. When I finally succeeded in making the letters correctly I was flushed with childish pleasure and pride. 我终于把这几个字母写对了，这时我天真地感到无限愉快和骄傲。 5. In the days that followed I learned to spell in this uncomprehending way a great many words, among them… 往后我就这样学者拼写，虽然并不理解，却也拼写出许多词，其中一些是。。。 。。。 第三部分 阅读理解练习 Most people would agree that, although our age exceeds all previous ages in knowledge, there has been no corresponding increase in wisdom. But Agreement ceases as soon as we attempt to define “wisdom” and consider means of promoting it. There are several factors that contribute to wisdom. Of these I should put first a sense of proportion: the capacity to take account of all the important factors in a problem and to attach to each its due weight. This has become more difficult than it used to be owing to the extent and complexity of the special knowledge required of various kinds of technicians. Suppose, for example, that you are engaged in research in scientific medicine. The work is difficult and is likely to absorb the whole of your mind. You have no time to consider the effect which your discoveries or inventions may have outside the field of medicine. You succeed (let us say) as modern medicine has succeeded, in enormously lowering the infant death-rate, not only in Europe and America, but also in Asia and Africa. This has the entirely unintended result of making the food supply inadequate and lowing the standard of life in the parts of the world that have the greatest populations. To take an even more dramatic example, which is in everybody’s mind at the present time; you study the makeup of the atom from a disinterested (无利害关系的) desire for knowledge, and by chance place in the hands of a powerful mad man the means of destroying the human race. Therefore, with every increase of knowledge and skill, wisdom becomes more necessary, for every such increase augments (增强) our capacity for realizing our purposes, and therefore augments our capacity for evil, if our purpose are unwise. 31.    Disagreement arises when people try to decide ________. A) how much more wisdom we have now than before B) what wisdom is and how to develop it C) if there is a great increase of wisdom in our age D) whether wisdom can be developed or not（B） 32.    According to the author, “wisdom” is the ability to ________. A) carefully consider the bad effects of any kind of research work B) give each important problem some careful consideration C) acquire a great deal of complex and special knowledge D) give suitable consideration to all the possible elements in a problem（D） 33.    Lowering the infant death-rate may ________. A) prove to be helpful everywhere in the world B) give rise to an increase in population in Europe C) cause food shortages in Asia and Africa  D) raise the living standard of the people in Africa（C） 34.    The author uses the examples in the passage to illustrate his point that ________. A) it’s extremely difficult to consider all the important elements in problem B) success in medical research has its negative effects C) scientists may unknowingly cause destruction to the human race D) it’s unwise to be totally absorbed in research in scientific medicine（A） 35.    What is the main idea of the passage? A) It is unwise to place the results of scientific research in the hands of a powerful mad man. B) The more knowledge one has, the wiser one becomes. C) Any increase of knowledge could lead to disastrous results without the guidance of wisdom. D) Wisdom increases in proportion to one’s age.（C） 第十节 词汇及语法练习、阅读理解、完型填空和最后复习指导性建议 第一部分 词汇及语法练习 41.    I would appreciate ________ it a secret. A) your keeping  B) you to keep  C) that you keep  D) that you will keep（A） 42.    Mark often attempts to escape ________ whenever he breaks traffic regulations. A) having been fined  B) to be fined  C) to have been fined  D) being fined（D） 43.    No matter how frequently ________, the works of Beethoven always attract large audiences. A) performing  B) performed  C) to be performed  D) being performed（B） 44.    It is recommended that the project ________ until all the preparations have been made. A) is not started  B) will not be started C) not be started  D) is not to be started（C） 45.    I wish I ________ longer this morning, but I had to get up and come to class. A) could have slept B) slept  C) might have slept  D) have slept（A） 46.    We didn’t know his telephone number, otherwise we ________ him. A) would have telephoned  B) must have telephoned  C) would telephone  D) had telephoned（A） 47.    Turn on the television or open a magazine and you ________ advertisements showing happy, balanced families. A) are often seeing  B) often see  C) will often see  D) have often seen（C） 48.    While people may refer to television for up-to-minute news, it is unlikely that television ________ the newspaper completely. A) replaced  B) have replaced  C) replace  D) will replace（D） 49.    An Olympic Marathon is 26 miles and 385 yards, ________ approximately from Marathon to Athens. A) distance  B ) is the distance  C) the distance  D) the distance is（C） 50.    You will want two trees about ten feet apart, from ________ to suspend your tent. A) there  B ) them  C) which  D) where（C） 51.    As I was just getting familiar with this job, I had ________ to ask my boss. A) many  B) most  C) more  D) much（D） 52.    ________ quite recently, most mothers in Britain did not take paid work outside the home. A) Before  B) Until  C) From  D) Since（B） 53.    The survival of civilization as we know it is ________ threat. A) within  B) under  C) towards  D) upon（B） 54.    Scientists say it may be five or ten years ________ it is possible to test this medicine on human patients. A) since  B) before   C) after  D) when（B） 55.    In some countries, ________ is called “equality” does not really mean equal rights for all people. A) which  B) what  C) that  D) one（B） 56.    I walked too much yesterday and ________ are still aching now. A) my leg’s muscles  B ) my muscles of leg  C) my leg muscles   D) my muscles of the leg（C） 57.    Radio, television and press ________ of conveying news and information. A) are the most three common means    B) are the most common three means C) are the three most common means   D) are three the most common means（C） 58.    Liquids are like solids ________ they have a definite volume. A) in that  B) for that  C) with that  D) at that（A） 59.    When a fire ________ at the National Exhibition in London, at least ten priceless paintings were completely destroyed. A) broke off  B) broke out   C) broke down  D) broke up（B） 60.    The destruction of these treasures was a loss for mankind that no amount of money could ________. A) stand up to  B) make up for  C) come up with  D) put up with（B） 61.    Then the speaker ________ the various factors leading to the present economic crisis. A) went after  B ) went for  C) went into  D) went on（C） 62.    The students was just about to ________ the questions, when suddenly he found the answer. A) arrive at  B) submit to  C) work out  D) give up（D） 63.    When there are small children around, it is necessary to put bottles of pills out of ________. A) reach   B) hand  C) hold  D) place（A） 64.    The ________ of blood always makes him feel sick. A) sight  B) view  C) look  D) form（A） 65.    In Britain, the best season of the year is probably ________ spring. A) later  B) last  C) latter  D) late（D） 66.    Free medical treatment in this country covers sickness of mind as well as ________ sickness. A) normal  B) regular  C) average  D) ordinary（D） 67.    This hotel ________ $ 60 for a single room with bath. A) claims  B) demands  C) prices  D) charges（D） 68.    Although he had looked through all the reference material on the subject, he still found it hard to understand this point and her explanation only ________ to his confusion. A) extended  B) amounted  C) added  D) turned（C） 69.    A completely new situation will ________ when the examination system comes into existence. A) arise  B) rise  C) raise  D) arouse（A） 70.    It took him several months to ________ the wild horse. A) tend  B) cultivate  C) breed  D) tame（C） 第二部分 阅读理解练习 Britain almost more than any other country in the world must seriously face the problem of building upwards, that is to say, of accommodating a considerable proportion of its population in high blocks of flats. It is said that the English man objects to this type of existence, but if the case is such, he does in fact differ from the inhabitants of most countries of the world today. In the past our own blocks of flats have been associated with the lower-income groups and they have lacked the obvious provisions, such as central heating, constant hot water supply, electrically operated lifts from top to bottom, and so on, as well as such details, important notwithstanding (然而), as easy facilities for disposal of dust and rubbish and storage places for baby carriages in the ground floor, playgrounds for children on the top of the buildings, and drying grounds for washing. It is likely that the dispute regarding flats versus (对，对抗) individual houses will continue to rage on for a long time as far as Britain is concerned. And it is unfortunate that there should be hot feelings on both sides whenever this subject is raised. Those who oppose the building of flats base their case primarily on the assumption (设想) that everyone prefers an individual home and on the high cost per unit of accommodation. The latter ignores the higher cost of providing full services to a scattered community and the cost in both money and time of the journeys to work for the suburban resident. 31.    We can infer from the passage that ________. A) English people, like most people in other countries, dislike living in flats B) people in most countries of the world today are not opposed to living in flats C) people in Britain are forced to move into high blocks of flats D) modern flats still fail to provide the necessary facilities for living（B） 32.    What is said about blocks of flats built in the past in Britain? A) They were mostly inhabited by people who did not earn much. B) They were usually not large enough to accommodate big families. C) They were sold to people before necessary facilities were installed. D) They provided playgrounds for children on the top of the buildings.（A） 33.    The word “rage” (Line 9) means ________. A) be ignored  B) develop with great force C) encourage people greatly  D) be in fashion（B） 34.    Some people oppose the building of flats because ________. A) the living expenses for each individual family are higher B) it involves higher cost compared with the building of houses C) they believe people like to live in houses with gardens D) the disposal of rubbish remains a problem for those living in flats（C） 35.    The author mentions that people who live in suburban houses ________. A) do not have access to easy facilities because they live away from the city B) have to pay a lot of money to employ people to do service work C) take longer time to know each other because they are a scattered community D) have to spend more money and time travelling to work every day（D） 第三部分 完形填空 A land free from destruction, plus wealth, natural resources, and labor supply—all these were important __71__ in helping England to become the center for the Industrial Revolution. __72__ they were not enough. Something __73__ was needed to start the industrial process. That “something special” was men-__74__ individuals who could invent machines, find new __75__ of power, and establish business organizations to reshape society. The men who __76__ the machines of the Industrial Revolution __77__ from many backgrounds and many occupations. Many of them were __78__ inventors than scientists. A man who is a __79__ scientist is primarily interested in doing his research __80__. He is not necessarily working __81__ that his findings can be used. An inventor or one interested in applied science is __82__ trying to make something that has a concrete __83__. He may try to solve a problem by using the theories __84__ science or by experimenting through trial and error. Regardless of his method, he is working to obtain a __85__ result: the construction of a harvesting machine, the burning of a light bulb, or one of __86__ other objectives. Most of the people who __87__ the machines of the Industrial Revolution were inventors, not trained scientists. A few were both scientists and inventors. Even those who had __88__ or no training in science might not have made their inventions __89__ a groundwork had not been laid by scientists years __90__. C) factors  A) But  A) else  D) creative  B) sources B) created      A) came  C ) more  C) pure  D) accurately D) so  C) usually B) use     A) of  D) specific C) many  B) developed      A) little  B) if  D) before 第四部分 最后复习指导建议 一、如何欣赏“雅”？ 中国作为一个发展中的海洋大国，中国高度重视海洋的开发和保护，把发展海洋事业作为国家发展战略，加强海洋综合管理，不断完善海洋法制度，积极发展海洋科学技术和教育。 As a major developing country with a long coastline, China attaches great importance to marine development and protection, and takes it as the state’s development strategy. It is constantly strengthening comprehensive marine management, steadily improving its marine-related laws, and actively developing science, technology and education pertaining to the oceans.  (程镇球译 中国海洋法) 二、最后复习策略 1．把握词汇和语法是关键 2．把握阅读是考高分的法宝 3．把握完形是个人英语能力的体现 三、课后任务 1．将我所讲的语法点和语法点的翻译熟悉，并可以运用到笔译中去。 2．将我所讲的阅读理解PPT认真阅读，希望对大家有所帮助。 3．如果有任何关于考英语专业研究生的问题，请毫不犹豫的联系我，考北外的更需要和我联系。 4．如果想做翻译的同学，可以给我邮件，你可能会有获得成功的机会。 Master Wu says that translation is itself; translation is easy; translation is art; translation does matter.