冠词的用法

冠词的用法 一:冠词的定义 冠词是置于名词之前，对名词起限制作用的一种虚词。 冠词可以说是名词的一种标志，它不能离开名词而独立存在。 二:冠词的种类 1. 定冠词: the 2. 不定冠词: a / an 当紧跟不定冠词之后的单词是辅音发音开头时,不定冠词应该用a, 当紧跟不定冠词之后的单词是元音发音开头时,不定冠词应该用 an.。 a + [辅音„„] a wallet, a European country an + [元音 „„ ] an hour, an 8-year-old boy 三:冠词的位置 冠词一般要放到名词或名词短语 (形容词+名词、副词+形容词+名 词、或其它修饰语+名词)的前面。 如:the last few days.最近几天 a very lovely girl 但是以下情况例外: 1)all/both/half/+the+(形容 词)+名词 如:all the new cars all the friends half the books 2)what/such/many+a/an+(形容词 +)单数可数名词 如:what a nice day many a time such a bad boy 3)rather/quite/half +a/an+单 数可数名词 注意:这种情况下，a/an也可以放 在rather/quite等前面 如:quite a long time/a quite long time rather a busy day/a rather busy day 4)exactly/just+a/an+(形容词)+ 名词 如:Just a moment,please. 5)as/how/so/too/however+形容 词+a/an+单数可数名词 如:It was as pleasant a day as I have ever spent. 这是我度过的最愉快的一天。 She is so beautiful a girl. It is too difficult a book. 注意:在以下六种词中,只能使用 其中的一种词修饰名词: 1)冠词、2)指示代词(如:this, that, these, those)、3)形容词 性物主代词(如:my, your, his, her等)、4)名词所有格(如:Tom’s, the Smiths)、5)不定代词 (如:every, each, any)以及6) 疑问代词(如:which, what). 如: 1. 我的一位朋友 (不能说: my a friend) a friend of mine 或 one of my friends 2.你的这两位老师 (不能 说:your the two teachers) the two teachers of yours 3.哪一把伞是你的? (不能 说:Which an umbrella is yours?) Which umbrella is yours? 4. 一辆这种自行车 (不能说:a this kind of bike) a bike of this kind 5.每隔几天一次 (不能说:once every a few days) once every few days 四:冠词的用法 学冠词的用法必须明确两个概念: 1)泛指:一类中的任何一个个体， 不明确，未指明哪一个。 特指:说话者和听话者都知道2) 所指的内容。 冠词用法的总原则: 名词前用不用冠词，用哪一类冠词，通常取决于三方面因素: ,是可数名词，还是不可数名词 ,是单数名词，还是复数名词 ,是特指的，还是泛指的意义 冠词和这三个因素之间的关系，如下表: 名词种类 特指 泛指 可数名词 单数 the a/an 复数 the 零冠词 不可数名the 零冠词 词 , 不定冠词a/an的用法 * a/an只能用在单数可数名词之前，复数名词或不可数名词表示泛指时不加冠词，或者用any/some 等表示泛指意义的不定代词。 * 单数可数名词如果没有其它限定词(如:指示代词，物主代词，数词，量词等)修饰，必须要加冠词(定冠词或不定冠词)。 A)单数可数名词用作表语，宾语补语，表示职业、阶级、宗教、社会地位等时，前面常常要加不定冠词a/an. 如:She is a teacher. He is an Englishman. He is a politician(政治家). B) a/an具有“不确定”、“不限定”的含义，泛指一类人，事物中的任何一个或随便哪一个。这种含义常常用来泛指一类，或给事物下定义，或者表示类别，种类。 如:A book is on the desk.(泛指) Please buy my a book.(任何一本 书) A horse runs faster than an elephant(下定义). 注意:也可以在单数可数名词前加 the或在复数可数名词前不加任何 冠词表示类别。不可数名词表示类 别时不加任何冠词. 故上例也可 写成如下: The horse runs faster than the elephant. Horses run faster than elephants. Water is a kind of liquid(液 体) C)对于说话者特指但听话者还不 知的单数可数名词(人或物),第一 次提到时,前面经常加a / an;再次 提到才加the. 如:I bought a computer 3 years ago, but I have sold the computer (=it) already. D)在一些固定词组中要用a / an. 如:have a rest, have a break, take a walk, have a look, in a moment, in a minute, once upon a time, twice a month, four times an hour E)如果不可数名词或动名词表示 “一种、一类”的概念时，也可以 和a/an连用。 如:She got a big surprise when she saw a man lying on the floor. He has a good knowledge of English. This is a warning(一次警告) to you. F)不定冠词a/an常常用来表示数 量。意思为“一个”，相当于数词 “one”。 It will take a day or two(one or two days) to get there. I don't know even a single person here. He didn't tell me a thing about his wife. G) 不定冠词用在 hundred,thousand, million, dozen, score, couple甚至分数 之前，意为one。 如:a hundred dollars一百美元 a score of people 20个人 A fifth五分之一 H) 不定冠词表示单位，价格，速 度，比率等，意为“每一”，相当 于per或every。 He drives at 50 miles an hour. He washes his clothes twice a week. He takes medicine three times a day. These shoes cost 5 yuan a pair. I)不定冠词用在两件通常成为一 套的东西前面。 如:a cup and saucer一套杯碟 A knife and fork一副刀叉 A hat and coat衣帽 A bow and arrow弓箭 J) 1)定冠词the的用法 A) 在形容词、现在分词或过去分 词前加the可以表示一类人或物, 且表示复数. 如:the poor, the rich, the sick, the old, the young, the following, the wounded, the English, the French B) 在副词的最高级形式前可以加 the,也可以不加the;在形容词最 高级前一般要加the; 但是, 如果 不表示 “最”, 而是表示“非常”, 则应在最高级形容词前加 a / an。 如:She is the most beautiful girl in our school.(the不可省 略) She sings (the) most beautifully in our school. Xi'an is a most (=very) beautiful city. C) 在序数词(如first, second, next, last )前一般要加the表示 顺序;但如果表示数量的增加。但 是，表示“又一，另一„”,相当 于 “another”的意思,则要在序 数词前加 a / an. 如:This is the second time that I have seen the film. I’ve had two cakes, but I'd like a third (=another) one. D) 在世界上独一无二的名词和含 有普通名词的专有名词前要加 the. 如:the moon, the sun, the earth. the United States of America, the Great Wall (比较:America, China, New York) E) “介词by+the+连用的表示时 间、长度、重量的名词”, 表示 “按„„计算” 如:by the hour, by the piece(按 件计), by the dozen(按打计算， 一打=12个), by the pound Workers are paid by the month.工人的工资按月结算。 注意:和介词by连用的weight, length前面不加the. 如: These cigarettes are sold by weight. Cloth is often sold by length. F) 在姓氏的复数前加the,表示全 家人或该夫妇两人. 如:the Whites(怀特夫妇), the Greens(格林一家), the Wangs The Greens have a car. G) 在比较级形容词前加the,可以 表示两者中“比较„„些的那 个„„”或 “ 越„„, 就 越„„”. the taller of the two boys the more expensive of the bags两个包中比较贵的那个 The more , the better 越多越好 H) 在表示江河、湖泊、山脉、海洋、群岛、海峡、沙漠等地理名词前加the. the River Nile, the West Lake, the Ural Mountains(乌拉尔山脉) the Pacific Ocean(太平洋), the English Channel(英吉利海峡) I) 在一些固定搭配中要用the. in the morning, in the afternoon, in the hope of, with the help of, out of the question (不可能) J) 在单数可数名词前或不可数名 词前也常常可以用the限定，表示 种类，类别。这一用法和不定冠词 的用法基本相同。 如:The pig is a kind of domestic animal(家畜). The dog is human's friends. K) “the+逢十的复数数词”表示 一个世纪中的一个年代，也可以表 示一个人的年龄段。 如:He died in the sixties.他 死于60年代。 The woman is in her thirties.这个女人三十多岁。 L)the+表示国籍、民族、地域的形 容词时，指整个群体，或指一个国 家的全体人民。看作复数名词。 如:the English英国人 the French法国人 the Chinese中国人 He is (a) Chinese. The Japanese are fond of tennis. There are 2000 Chinese in the city. M) 伤及某人某部位或拍、打、拉 某人某部位要用句式wound,bite ,beat,pat,take +sb+介词 +the+部位 如:He hit the thief on the head.他打中了小偷的头。 She cut herself on the hand.她切到自己的手了。 N) 当一个名词带有限制性定语 (形容词、介词短语、副词短语、 定语从句等)时，从而成为特指时， 前面加the。 如:The magazine here is mine. He went to the park which was beautiful.=He went to the beautiful park. 五:不用冠词(即零冠词)的情况 1)指球类运动前, 以及在和介词 by连用的交通工具与通讯方式前 不用冠词. 如:play basketball/football/table tennis I go to school by bus/air/train every day. They went to Shanghai by ship (water, plane, air, train). 注意:如果交通工具名词或通讯方 式名词用了复数形式或前面有了 修饰语,就不能使用介词by,而要 用in, on. 如: We can go there on bikes/on the bike//in cars/in the car. She likes talking to her mother on the telephone. 2) 在 go to之后加地点名词,表 示去从事某项活动,不用冠词;和 介词in连用,表示在从事某项活动, 也不用冠词. go to school / in school go to hospital / in hospital go to class / in class go to bed / in bed I go to school by bike every morning. His mother is in hospital. 注意:在以上词组中如果使用冠词, 则表示到某个地点去或在某个地 点. 如: I’m going to the hospital. I am going to the school. ---Where is your father? ---He is in the school. 3) 在三餐饭前或在四个季节前不 加冠词. Sometimes, she has lunch at school. When autumn comes, leaves turn yellow. 注意:如果在三餐饭、四个季节的 前面或后面有形容词或其它修饰 语,则应加冠词. 如: In the autumn of 1949, our hometown was liberated. In a cold winter, he left his hometown for Shanghai. We had a good supper at her home. 4)作表语,同位语,宾语补足语或 主语补足语的正式官职或职务头 衔名词前不加冠词. They elected(选举) him manager. She was made monitor of class 3.(班长) 5)用复数名词作表语，或宾语补语 时，前面不加冠词。 如:They have been friends/classmates for many years. People call them cowards(懦 夫). 6)如果谓语动词为turn或go等 表示变化的半系动词时，即使表语 是单数可数名词，也不用冠词。 如:He has gone teacher. She turned doctor. 7) 在节假日前不加冠词. 如: Christmas Day, Women’s Day ,Teachers' Day National Day(国庆节) 注意:在“春节”和“中秋节”之 前要加the. 例如: the Spring Festival, the Mid-autumn Day 8)在一些固定词组或固定句型中 不用冠词.例如: out of question (没问题) in time (按时) in turn (轮流) at night / at daybreak /at dawn/at sunrise Child as he is, he is very brave. (虽然他是个孩子, 但是他 很勇敢.) 9)各种语言前一般不加冠词。 如:English is spoken in many countries. Are you studying Chinese? 特别要注意: (1)用定冠词与不定冠词的区别， 如:the second student(第二个 学生)--a second student(又一个 学生);the most interesting book(最有趣的书)--a most interesting book (一本非常有趣的书);the world(世界)--a better world(一 个更好的世界);play the piano(弹钢琴)一buy a piano(买一台钢琴)。 (2)用零冠词与不定冠词的区别，如:Mr Li(李先生)--a Mr Li(一个自称姓李的先生);have lunch(吃中餐)--have a rich lunch(吃一顿丰盛的中餐);wind(风)一a strong wind(一阵大风);play basketball(打篮球)--buy a basketball(买一个篮球);have words with sb(与某人争吵)--have a word with sb(与某人谈话);help(帮助),success(成功),experience(经验)--a help(帮手),a success(成功的人或事),an experience(一次经历)。 (3)用零冠词与定冠词的区 别，如:Shanghai(上海)--the Shanghai you see today(你今天 所见的上海);history(历 史)--the history of Qing Dynasty(清朝历史);in bed(躺在 床上)--on the bed(在床上);in hospital(住院)--in the hospital(在医院);in front of(在„„前面)--in the front of(在„„前部);at most=at the most(至多);at least=at the least(至少)。