英语考级阅读技巧

英语考级阅读技巧 will rely mainly on reduction in working hours in order to gain a full share in the fruits of 考级阅读技巧 automation. 注:union 工会，和雇员有关 2. 词汇——找词所在句子关系 六级与四级的区别: 转折关系。例如:六级很难，但是……，找转折连词But, Yet, However。一、词——词汇量5500。 并列关系。例如:A and B，问A就把B内容填进去。 二、句——出题考长句子。 解释关系。用because和从句in which等联系。 三、段——所有句子都认识，但不知道整段的意思。But, Yet, However 转折连词后面是例如: 重点，常考点。 30. “An identifying figure” (Line 2, Para. 5) refers to a person ______. 四、选项——有迷惑选项，不像四级那么清晰。 A) who serves as a model for others B) who is always successful 原文重现:原文告诉你选什么，你就应该选什么，不能凭感觉和想象。 C) who can be depended upon 尽量少读:六级更多的对点出题，而不是对面出题。 D) who has been rewarded for his success (文章前四段省略) 六级题型: Admiration of one quality often leads us to admire a person as a whole, and he 1. 主旨题(Sum Up/Title)--看文章每段第一句 becomes an identifying figure. We use some people as models over a wide range of 24. Which of the following can best sum up the passage? situations, imitating much that they do. We learn that they are dependable and A) Advantages and disadvantages of automation. rewarding models because imitating them leads to success. B) Labour and the effects of automation. 注:把握and前后是并列关系。 C) Unemployment benefit plans and automation. D) Social benefits of automation. 3. 细节题--直接细节、因果推理、暗示 注:文章三段第一句都出现automation，两段出现labour，因此这两个词是重点，必然例如: 在选项中出现。 31. It is implied that fifty years ago ____________ . A) eighty percent of American working people were employed in factories Automation refers to the introduction of electronic control and automatic operation of B) twenty percent of American intellectuals were employees productive machinery. It reduces the human factors, mental and physical, in production, C) the percentage of intellectuals in the total work force was almost the same as and is designed to make possible the manufacture of more goods with fewer workers. that of industrial workers The development of automation in American industry has been called the "Second D) the percentage of intellectuals working as employees was not so large as that Industrial Revolution". of industrial workers 注:refers to 下定义 34. According to the writer, professional knowledge or skill is _______ . Labour's concern over automation arises from uncertainty about the effects on A) less important than awareness of being a good employee employment, and fears of major changes in jobs. In the main, labour has taken the B) as important as the ability to deal with public relations view that resistance to technical change is unfruitful. Eventually, the result of C) more important than employer- employee relations automation may well be an increase in employment, since it is expected that vast D) as important as the ability to co- operate with others in the organization industries will grow up around manufacturing, maintaining, and repairing automation equipment. The interest of labour lies in bringing about the transition with a minimum of Ours has become a society of employees. A hundred years or so ago only one inconvenience and distress to the workers involved. Also, union spokesmen out of every five Americans at work was employed, i. e., worked for somebody else. emphasize that the benefit of the increased production and lower costs made possible Today only one out of five is not employed but working for himself. And when fifty by automation should be shared by workers in the form of higher wages, more leisure, years ago "being employed" meant working as a factory labourer or as a farmhand, and improved living standards. the employee of today is increasingly a middle-class person with a substantial formal 注:labour 雇员 education, holding a professional or management job requiring intellectual and technical skills. Indeed, two things have characterized American society during these To protect the interests of their members in the era of automation, unions have last fifty years: middle-class and upper - class employees have been the adopted a number of new policies. One of these is the promotion of supplementary fastest-growing groups in our working population-growing so fast that the industrial unemployment benefit plans. It is emphasized that since the employer involved in such worker, that oldest child of the Industrial Revolution, has been losing in numerical a plan has a direct financial interest in preventing unemployment, he will have a strong importance despite the expansion of industrial production. drive for planning new installations so as to cause the least possible problems in jobs and job assignments. Some unions are working for dismissal pay agreements, Yet you will fine little if anything written on what it is to be an employee. You can requiring that permanently dismissed workers be paid a sum of money based on length find a great deal of very dubious advice on how to get a job or how to get a promotion. of service. Another approach is the idea of the "improvement factor", which calls for You can also find a good deal of work in a chosen field, whether it be the mechanist' s wage increases based on increases in productivity. It is possible, however, that labour trade or bookkeeping (簿记). Every one of these trades requires different skills, sets Many of the changes to Earth that concern scientists have the potential to rob the different standards, and requires a different preparation. Yet they all have planet of its biological richness. The destruction of Earth's ozone layer (臭氧层), for employeeship in common. And increasingly, especially in the large business or in government, employeeship is more important to success than the special example, could contribute to the general process of impoverishment by allowing professional knowledge or skill. Certainly more people fail because they do not ultra-violet rays to harm plants and animals. And global warming could wipe out know the requirements of being an employee than because they do not adequately species unable to quickly adapt to changing climates. Clearly, protecting will come possess the skills of their trade; the higher you climb the ladder, the more you get into only through coordinated international efforts to control human population, administrative or executive work, the greater the emphasis on ability to work within the stabilize the composition of the atmosphere, and preserve intact Earth's organization rather than on technical abilities or professional knowledge.complex web life. 36.Why does the author say that the protection of endangered species is a highly 4. 作者态度题(attitude)——正负态度 controversial 凡是文章探讨新事物——正态度 issue? 凡是文章探讨老事物——负态度 A) Because people can't agree as to what species to protect. 例外:中立题 B) Because it is difficult to find an effective way to protect such species. C) Because it affects the interests of certain groups of people. 25. The writer’s attitude towards the use of the telephone is ______. D) Because it is a major problem involving a series of legal procedures. A) affectionate 注:细节题。第一段economic interests B) disapproving ?示绝对的词--出现在文章中，是非常重要的出题点;如果出现在选项中，很可能是C) approving 不对的。 D) neutral 全无:?例子:例子必出题。文章有论点-论据-论证，例子是论证，用来支持论点，所以简而non-nothing-never-seldom-absolutely-hardly-little-few-prevent-exclude言之，例子本身不重要，但前后论点极其重要。 -neither...nor 例子开始的标志:for example，后面跟着大写、时间、年代，依然是举例内全有:all-every-full-either… 容。 唯一:only-exactly- best-most 例子含义的标志:show, tell, prove, demonstrate, find, clearly 37.According to the passage, the preservation of rain forests ________. [Page72] A) may hamper a developing country in its fight against poverty. In the United States, the need to protect plant and animal species has become a highly B) benefits developed countries rather than developing countries. controversial and sharply political issue since the passage of the Endangered C) should take priority over the control of human population. Species Act in 1973. The act, designed to protect species' living areas, and D) will help improve the living conditions in developing countries. policies that preserve land and forests compete with economic interests. In the 注:细节题，对应文章第二段。举例前那句话更重要，只要表达出“和经济利益冲突”就1990's, for example, the woodcutters in the Western United States were challenged 对了。 legally in their attempt to cut trees for timber in the Cascade Mountains. The challenge was mounted to protect the endangered spotted owl(猫头鹰), whose remaining 38.According to the passage, cutting tress to grow more food _______. population occupies these forests and requires the intact, ancient forest for survival. A) will widen the gap between the developed and the developing countries. The problematic situation set the interests of environmentalists against those of B) is but a short-term relief to the food problem. corporations and of individuals who stood to lose jobs. After months of debate and C) can hardly alleviate the shortage of food. legal battles, the fate of the woodcutters-and the owls-was still undecided in mid-1992. D) proves to be an effective way out for impoverished nations. 注:1. controversial的意思是受争议的，同“sharply political issue”，contro表示“反” 注:对应文章第二段。Short-term对应temporarily，relief对应avoid。 2. for example前句子是重点 3. problematic悬而未决的 39.Among“humanity's current problems” (Line 6, Para. 3), the chief concern of the scientists Similar tensions exist between the developed and the developing nations. Many is _______. people in industrialized nations, for example, believe that developing nations in A) the impoverishment of developing countries. tropical regions should do more to protect their rain forests and other natural areas. B) the explosion of the human population. But the developing countries may be impoverished (使穷困), with populations C) the reduction of biological diversity. growing so rapidly that using the land is a means to temporarily avoid D) the effect of global warming. worsening poverty and starvation. 注:第三段。C选项中reduction对应rob，diversity对应richness。 注:1. tension张力，冲突 2. 看到similar就说明第二段说的和第一段一样。 40.The author's purpose in writing this passage is ________. 3. But转折是重点 A) to describe the difficulties in solving humanity's current problems. B) to present the different views on humanity's current problems. 22. The first paragraph is mainly about _____. C) to analyze the contradiction between countries in dealing with humanity's current (A) the teenagers' criticism of their parents problems. (B) misunderstandings between teenagers and their parents D) to point out that humanity's current problems can only be solved through the cooperation of nations. (C) the dominance of the parents over their children (D) the teenagers' ability to deal with crises 注:看最后一句话，cooperation of nations 对应coordinated international efforts。 注:段落主旨，B和C只说了一部分。 [Page80] It is natural for young people to be critical of their parents at times and to blame We sometimes think humans are uniquely vulnerable to anxiety, but stress seems to them for most of the misunderstandings between them. They have always complained, affect the immune defenses of lower animals too. In one experiment, for example, more or less justly, that their parents are out of touch with modern ways; that they are behavioral immunologist (免疫学家)Mark Laudenslger, at the University of Denver, possessive and dominant that they do not trust their children to deal with crises; that gave mild electric shocks to 24 rats. Half the animals could switch off the current by they talk too much about certain problems and that they have no sense of humour, at turning a wheel in their enclosure, while the other half could mot. The rats in the two least in parent-child relationships. I think it is true that parents often underestimate their groups were paired so that each time one rat turned the wheel it protected both itself teenage children and also forget how they themselves felt when young. Young people and its helpless partner from the shock. Laudenslager found that the immune often irritate their parents with their choices in clothes and hairstyles, in entertainers response was depressed below normal in the helpless rats but not in those that could and music. This is not their motive. They feel cut off from the adult world into which turn off the electricity. What he has demonstrated, he believes, is that lack of control they have not yet been accepted. So they create a culture and society of their own. over an event, not the experience itself, is what weakens the immune system. Then, if it turns out that their music or entertainers or vocabulary or clothes or 注:1. vulnerable易受伤害的 hairstyles irritate their parents, this gives them additional enjoyment. They feel they are 2. immune defense 免疫系统 superior, at least in a small way, and that they are leaders in style and taste. 3. found之后是试验告诉我们的观点 注:1. critical吹毛求疵的，很重要的 4. depress压抑，de往下 40. The main idea of this passage is that _____. Other researchers agree. Jay Weiss, a psychologist at Duke University School of (A) attention must be directed to the improvement of recreative possibilities Medicine, has shown that animals who are allowed to control unpleasant stimuli don't (B) better use of greenspace facilities should be made so as to improve the quality of develop sleep disturbances or changes in brain chemistry typical of stressed rats. But our life if the animals are confronted with situations they have no control over, they later (C) the urban environment is providing more recreation activities than it did many behave passively when faced with experiences they can control. Such findings years ago reinforce psychologists' suspicions that the experience or perception of helplessness is (D) priority must be given to the development of obligatory activities one of the most harmful factors in depression. 注:1. 看第一句三个单词就知道本段内容和上一段相同。 Greenspace facilities are contributing to an important extent to the quality of the 2. passive被动的 urban environment. Fortunately it is no longer necessary that every lecture or every book about this subject has to start with the proof of this idea. At present, it is generally 21. Laudenslager's experiment showed that the immune system of those rats who accepted, although more as a self-evident statement than on the base of a could turn off the electricity ______. closely-reasoned scientific proof. The recognition of the importance of greenspaces in A) was strengthened the urban environment is a first step on the right way, this does not mean, however, B) was not affected that sufficient details are known about the functions of greenspace in towns and about C) was altered the way in which the inhabitants are using these spaces. As to this rather complex D) was weakened subject I shall, within the scope of this lecture, enter into one aspect only, namely the 注:定位文章第一段found之后 recreative function of greenspace facilities. 注:GF对城乡环境有重要的贡献。 22. According to the passage, the experience of helplessness causes rats to ______. A) try to control unpleasant stimuli The theoretical separation of living, working, traffic and recreation which for many B) turn off the electricity years has been used in town-and-country planning, has in my opinion resulted in C) become abnormally suspicious disproportionate attention for forms of recreation far from home, whereas there was D) behave passively in controllable situations relatively little attention for improvement of recreative possibilities in the direct 注:定位第二段But之后那句话 neighbourhood of the home. We have come to the conclusion that this is not right, because an important part of the time which we do not pass in sleeping or working, is 23. The reason why the mice in Ader's experiment avoided saccharin was that ______ . used for activities at and around home. So it is obvious that recreation in the open air A) they disliked its taste has to begin at the street-door of the house. The urban environment has to offer as B) it affected their immune systems many recreation activities as possible, and the design of these has to be such that C) it led to stomach pains more obligatory activities can also have a recreative aspect. D) they associated it with stomachaches The very best standard of living is nothing if it is not possible to take a pleasant walk in the district, if the children cannot be allowed to play in the streets, because the husband and children--What's all this about wanting a career?" But women need to risks of traffic are too great, if during shopping you can nowhere find a spot for enjoying understand and develop both aspects of well-being, if they are to feel good about for a moment the nice weather, in short, if you only feel yourself at home after the themselves. street-door of your house is closed after you. Our study shows that, for women, well-being has two dimensions. One is 23. The passage mainly deals with ______. mastery, which includes self-esteem (自尊), a sense of control over your life, and low (A) the life span of the Mojave shrimps levels of anxiety and depression. Mastery is closely related to the "doing" side of life, to (B) the survival of desert shrimps work and activity. Pleasure is the other dimensions, and it is composed of happiness, (C) the importance of water to life satisfaction and optimism (乐观). It is tied more closely to the "feeling" side of life. The (D) life in the Mojave Desert two are independent of each other. A woman could be high in mastery and low in 注:三段出现shrimp，说明本文主要讲shrimp，排除C和D，A选项life span没出现过。pleasure, and vice versa. For example, a woman who has a good job, but whose mother has just died, might be feeling very good about herself and in control of her There are desert plants which survive the dry season in the form of inactive work life, but the pleasure side could be damaged for a time. seeds. There are also desert insects which survive as inactive larvae (幼虫). In The concepts of mastery and pleasure can help us identify the sources of well-being for women, and remedy past mistakes. In the past, women were encouraged to look addition, difficult as it is to believe, there are desert fish which can survive through only at the feeling side of life as the source of all well-being. But we know that both years of drought (干旱) in the form of inactive eggs. These are the shrimps (小虾) that mastery and pleasure are critical. And mastery seems to be achieved largely through live in the Mojave Desert, an intensely dry region in the south-west of the United States work. In our study, all the groups of employed women rated significantly higher in where shade temperatures of over 50C are often recorded. mastery than did women who were not employed. The eggs of the Mojave shrimps are the size and have the appearance of grains A woman's well-being is enhanced (增进) when she takes on multiple roles. At of sand. When sufficient spring rain falls to form a lake, once every two to five years, least by middle adulthood, the women who were involved in a combination of these eggs hatch (孵化). Then the water is soon filled with millions of tiny shrimps roles-marriages, motherhood, and employment were the highest in well-being, despite about a millimetre long which feed on tiny plant and animal organisms which also grow warnings about stress and strain. in the temporary desert lake. Within a week, the shrimps grow from their original 1 30. The best tittle for the passage would be_________. millimetre to a length of about 1.5 centimetres. A) Apple's Efforts so Stay Ahead of IBM Throughout the time that the shrimps are rapidly maturing, the water in the lake B) Apple's New Computer Technology equally rapidly evaporates. Therefore, for the shrimps it is a race against time. By the C) Apple's New personal Computers twelfth day, however, when they are about 3 centimetre long, hundreds of tiny eggs D) Apple's Research Activities form on the underbodies of the females. Usually by this time, all that remains of the The competition among producers of personal computers is essentially a race to lake is a large, muddy patch of wet soil. On the thirteenth day and the next, during the get the best, most innovative products to the marketplace. Marketers in this final hours of their brief lives, the shrimps lay their eggs in the mud. Then, having environment frequently have to make a judgement as to their competitors' role when ensured that their species will survive, the shrimps die as the last of the water making marketing strategy decisions. If major competitors are changing their products, evaporates. then a marketer may want to follow suit to remain competitive. Apple Computer, Inc. If sufficient rain falls the next year to form another lake, the eggs hatch, and once has introduced two new, faster person computers, the Macintosh II and Macintosh SE, again the shrimps pass rapidly through their cycle of growth, adulthood, egg-laying, in anticipation of the introduction of a new PC by IBM, one of Apple' s major and death. Some years there is insufficient rain to form a lake: in this case, the eggs competitors. will remain dormant for another years, or even longer if necessary. Very, very Apple' s new computers are much faster and more powerful than its earlier occasionally, perhaps twice in a hundred years, sufficient rain falls to form a deep lake models. The improved Macintosh is able to run programs that previously were that lasts a month or more. In this case, the species passes through two cycles of impossible to run on an Apple PC, including IBM-compatible programs. This growth, egg-laying, and death. Thus, on such occasions, the species multiplies compatibility feature illustrates computer manufacturers' new attitude of giving considerably, which further ensures its survival. customers the features they want. Malting Apple computers capable of running IBM software is Apple' s effort at making the Mackintosh compatible with IBM computers 40. The most appropriate title for the passage would be _____. and thus more popular in the office, where Apple hopes to increase sales, Users of the (A) The well-being of Career Women new Apple can also add accessories to make their machines specialize in specific (B) Sources of Mastery and Pleasure uses, such as engineering and writing. (C) Two Aspects of Women's Well-Being The new computers represent a big improvement over past models, but they (D) Freedom Roles Women in Society also cost much more. Company officials do not think the higher price will slow down 注:A选项career缩小了范围，B选项没出现woman，扩大了选项 buyers who want to step up to a more powerful computer. Apple wants to stay in the high price end of the personal computer marker to finance research for even faster, In our culture, the sources of what we call a sense of "mastery" ---feeling more sophisticated computers. important and worth-while-and the sources of what we call a sense "pleasure"-finding Even though Apple and IBM are major competitors, both companies realize that life enjoyable-are not always identical. Women often are told "You can't have it all." their competitor's computers have certain features that their own models do not. The Sometimes what the speaker really is saying is :" You chose a career, so you can't Apple line has always been popular for its sophisticated color graphics, where-as the expect to have closer relationships or a happy family life." or "You have a wonderful IBM machines have always been favored in offices. In the future, there will probably be more compatibility between the two companies' products, which no doubt will require results in the development of most of the instruments on the symphony orchestra. that both Apple and IBM change marketing strategies. Sheet music or printed music, too, is material culture. Scholars once defined 25. Which of the following would be the best title for the passage? folk music-cultures as those in with people learn and sing music by ear rather than A) Computers and the Knowledge Society. from print, but research show mutual influence among oral and written sources during B) Service industries in Modern Society. the past few centuries in Europe, Britain, and America, printed versions limit variety C) Features and Implications of the New Era. because they tend to standardize any song, yet they stimulate people to create new D) Rapid Advancement of information Technology and different songs. Besides, the ability to read music notation has a far-reaching effect on musicians and, when it becomes widespread, on the music-culture as a 注:一个选项能概括每一段的内容或者大多数段的内容，即看每段首句。 whole. One more important part of music's material culture should be singled out the 主旨题的迷惑选项:末段内容、细节内容、加词缩小范围，减词扩大范围。 influence of the electronic media-radio, record player, tape recorder, television, and videocassette, with the future promising talking and singing computers and other A new era is upon us. Call it what you will: the service economy, the information developments. This all part of the "information revolution," a twentieth century age, the knowledge society. It all translates to a fundamental change in the way we phenomenon as important as the industrial revolution was in the nineteenth. These work. Already we' re partly there. The percentage of people who earn their living by electronic media are not just limited to modem nations; they have affected making things has fallen dramatically in the Western World. Today the majority of jobs music-cultures all over the globe. in America, Europe and Japan (two thirds or more in many of these countries) are in the service industry, and the number is on the rise. More women are in the work force 25. What is the passage mainly about? than ever before. There are more part-time jobs. More people are self-employed. But A) different ways of treating socio-cultural elements in the three new English the breadth of the economic transformation can' t be measured by numbers alone, dictionaries. because it also is giving rise to a radical new way of thinking about the nature of work B) A comparison of people's opinions on the cultural content in the three new English itself. Long-held notions about jobs and careers, the skills needed to succeed, even dictionaries. the relation between individuals and employers-all these are being challenged. C) The advantages of the BBC dictionary over Oxford and Longman. We have only to look behind to get some sense of what may lie ahead. No one D) The user-friendliness of the three new English dictionaries. looking ahead 20 years possibly could have foreseen the ways in which a single Three English dictionaries published recently all lay claim to possessing a invention, the chip, would transform our world thanks to its applications in personal "new" feature. The BBC English Dictionary contains background information on l, 000 computers, digital communications and factory robots. Tomorrow' s achievements in people and places prominent in the news since 1988; the Oxford Advanced Learner's biotechnology, artificial intelligence or even some still unimagined technology could Dictionary: Encyclopedic Edition is the OALD plus encyclopedic entries; the Longman produce a similar wave of dramatic changes. But one thing is certain: information and Dictionary of English Language and Culture is the LME plus cultural information. knowledge will become even more vital, and the people who possess it, whether they The key fact is that all three dictionaries can be seen to have a distinctly work in manufacturing or services, will have the advantage and produce the wealth. "cultural" as well as language learning content. That being said, the way in which they Computer knowledge will become as basic a requirement as the ability to read and approach the cultural element is not identical, making direct comparisons between the write. The ability to solve problems by applying information instead of performing three difficult. routine tasks will be valued above all else. If you cast your mind ahead 10 years, While there is some common ground between the encyclopedic and cultural information services will be predominant. It will be the way you do your job. entries for the Oxford and Longman dictionaries, there is a clear difference. Oxford lays claim to being encyclopedic on content whereas Longman distinctly concentrates 25. Which of the following best summarized the main idea of the passage? on the language and culture of the English-speaking world. The Oxford dictionary can A) Musical instruments developed through the years will sooner later be replaced by therefore stand more vigorous scrutiny for cultural bias than the Longman publication computers. because the latter does not hesitate about viewing the rest of the world from the B) cannot be passed on to future generation unless it is recorded. cultural perspectives of the English-speaking world. The cultural objectives of the BBC C) Folk songs cannot spread far unless they are printed on music sheets dictionary are in turn more distinct still. Based on an analysis of over 70 million words D) The development of music culture is highly dependent or its material aspect recorded from the BBC World Service and National Public Radio of Washington over a Material culture refers to the touchable, material "things"-physical objects that period of four years, their 1,000 brief encyclopedic entries are based on people and can be seen, held, felt, used-that a culture produces. Examining a culture's tools and places that have featured in the news recently. The intended user they have in mind is technology can tell us about the group's history and way of life. Similarly, research into a regular listener to the World Service who will have a reasonable standard of English the material culture of music can help us to understand the music-culture. The most and a developed skill in listening comprehension. vivid body of "things" in it, of course, are musical instruments. We cannot hear for In reality, though, the BBC dictionary will be purchased by a far wider range of ourselves the actual sound of any musical performance before the 1870s when the language learners, as will the other two dictionaries. We will be faced with a situation phonograph was invented, so we rely on instruments for important information about where many of the users of these dictionaries will at the very least have distinct music-cultures it the remote past and their development. Here we have two kinds of socio-cultural perspectives and may have world views which are totally opposed and evidence: instruments well preserved and instruments pictures in art. Through the even hostile to those of the West. Advanced learners from this kind of background will study of instruments, as well preserved Paintings, written documents, and so on, we not only evaluate a dictionary on how user-friendly it is but will also have definite views can explore the movement of music from the Neat East to China over a thousand about the scope and appropriateness of the various sociocultural entries. years ago, or we can outline the spread of Near eastern influence to Europe that the more they seem to want to talk about things formerly judged to be best left unsaid. 35. What is the passage mainly about? The newcomers also tend to see office matters with a fresh eye, in the process A) Dressing for effect. sometimes coming up with critical analyses of the forces that shape everyone’s B) How to dress appropriately. experience in the organization. C) Managerial positions and clothing. Consider the novel views of Harvey Coleman of Atlanta on the subject of getting D) Dressing for the occasion. ahead. Coleman is black. He spent 11 years with IBM, half of them working in management development, and now serves as a consultant to the likes of AT&T, Clothes play a critical part in the conclusions we reach by providing clues to who CocaCola, Prudential, and Merch. Coleman says that based on what he's seen at big people are, who they are not, and who they would like to be. They tell us a good deal companies, he weighs the different elements that make for long-term career success about the wearer's background, personality, status, mood, and social outlook.as follows: performance counts a mere 10%, image, 30%; and exposure, a full 60%. Coleman concludes that excellent job performance is so common these days that 注:critical重要的 while doing your work well may win you pay increases, it won't secure you the big promotion. He finds that advancement more often depends on how many people Since clothes are such an important source of social information, we can use know you and your work, and how high up they are. them to manipulate people's impression of us. Our appearance assumes particular Ridiculous beliefs? Not to many people, especially many women and members significance in the initial phases of interaction that is likely to occur. An elderly of minority races who, like Coleman, feel that the scales(障眼物) have dropped from middle-class man or woman may be alienated(疏远……) by a young adult who is their eyes. "Women and blacks in organizations work under false beliefs," says Kaleel dressed in an unconventional manner, regardless of the person's education, Jamison, a New York based management consultant who helps corporation s deal with background, or interests. these issues. "They think that if you work hard, you'll get ahead-t hat someone in 注:manipulate控制，操纵 authority will reach down and give you a promotion." She adds, "Most women and blacks are so frightened that people will think they've gotten ahead because of their People tend to agree on what certain types of clothes mean. Adolescent girls can sex or color that they play down(使不突出) their visibility." Her advice to those folks: easily agree on the lifestyles of girls who wear certain outfits(套装), including the learn the ways that white males have traditionally used to find their way into the number of boyfriends they likely have had and whether they smoke or d rink. spotlight. Newscasters, or the announcers who read the news on TV, are considered to be more convincing, honest, and competent when they are dressed conservatively. And collage 25. The author is critical mainly of _________. students who view themselves as taking an active role in their inter personal A) inferior packaging relationships say they are concerned about the costumes they must wear to play these B) dishonest packaging roles successfully. Moreover, many of us can relate instances in which the clothing we C) the changes in package size wore changed the way we felt about ourselves and how we act ed. Perhaps you have D) exaggerated illustrations on packages used clothing to gain confidence when you anticipated a stressful situation, such as a job interview, or a court appearance. It is said that the public and Congressional concern about deceptive (欺骗性的) packaging rumpus (喧嚣) started because Senator Hart discovered that the boxes of In the workplace, men have long had well defined precedents and role models for cereals consumed by him, Mrs. Hart, and their children were becoming higher and achieving success. It has been otherwise for women. A good many women in the narrower, with a decline of net weight from 12 to 10. 5 ounces, without any reduction in business world are uncertain about the appropriate mixture of "masculine" an d price. There were still twelve biscuits, but they had been reduced in size. Later, the "feminine" attributes they should convey by their professional clothing. The variety of clothing alternatives to women has also been greater than that avail able for men. Male Senator rightly complained of a store-bought pie in a handsomely illustrated box that pictured, in a single slice, almost as many cherries as there were in the whole pie.administrators tend to judge women more favorably for managerial positions when the women display less "feminine" grooming(打扮)-shorter hair, moderate use of 文章中出现的语言现象:对比关系(极端对比、一般对比)、转折、例子、绝对 make up, and plain tailored clothing. As one male administrator confessed, "An In the world of entertainment, TV talk shows have undoubtedly flooded every inch attractive woman is definitely going to get a longer interview, but she won't get a job."of space on daytime television. And anyone who watches them regularly knows that each one varies in style and format. But no two shows are more profoundly opposite [方法例外] in content, while at the same time standing out above the rest, than the Jerry Springer 40. The best title for this passage would be __________. and the Oprah Winfrey shows. A) Role of Women and Minorities in Management 注:点名文章讲的脱口秀，而且是JS和OW脱口秀 B) The Importance of Being Visible C) Job Performance and Advancement Jerry Springer could easily be considered the king of "trash talk(废话)". The topics D) Sex and Career Success on his show are as shocking as shocking can be. For example, the show takes the 注:关键句在concludes that那句。本题也可通过文中汉语解释蒙出来。 ever - common talk show themes of love, sex, cheating, guilt, hate, conflict and morality to a different level. Clearly, the Jerry Springer show is a display and 怎么蒙,看给出的解释--重要词汇才给出解释 exploitation of society's moral catastrophes (灾难),yet people are willing to eat up the 看前面细节题--把提干关键词加起来 intriguing predicaments(困境) of other people's lives. Like Jerry Springer, Oprah Winfrey takes TV talk show to its extreme, but Oprah The more women and minorities make their way into the ranks of management, goes in the opposite direction. The show focuses on the improvement of society and B) exploit the weaknesses in human nature an individual's quality of life. Topics range from teaching your children responsibility, C) appear at different times of the day D) are targeted at different audiences managing your work weekly, to getting to know your neighbors. Compared to Oprah, the Jerry Springer show looks like poisonous waste being 注:monopolise垄断，D对应倒数第二段。 dumped on society. Jerry ends every show with a “final word”. He makes a small speech that sums up the entire moral of the show. Hopefully, this is the part where To understand the marketing concept, it is only necessary to understand the difference most people will learn something very valuable. between marketing and selling. Not too many years ago, most industries concentrated 注:dump倾销，反倾销anti-dump primarily on the efficient production of goods, and then relied on "persuasive salesmanship" to move as much of these goods as possible. Such production and Clean as it is, the Oprah show is not for everyone. The show's main target selling focuses on the needs of the seller to produce goods and then convert them audience are middle - class Americans. Most of these people have the time. money, and stability to deal with life's tougher problems. Jerry Springer, on the other hand, has into money. Marketing, on the other hand, focuses on the wants of consumers. It begins with more of an association with the young adults of society. These are 18 - to 21 - year - first analyzing the preferences and demands of consumers and then producing goods olds whose main troubles in life involve love, relationship, sex, money and peers. They that will satisfy them. This eye-on-the-consumer approach is known as the marketing are the ones who see some value and lessons to be learned underneath the show's concept, which simply means that instead of trying to sell whatever is easiest to exploitation. While the two shows are as different as night and day. both have ruled the talk produce or buy for resale, the makers and dealers first endeavor to find out what the consumer wants to buy and then go about making it available for purchase. show circuit for many years now. Each one caters to a different audience while both have a strong following from large groups of fans. Ironically, both could also be 注:第一段说selling，第二段说marketing considered pioneers in the talk show world. This concept does not imply that business is benevolent(慈善的)or that consumer 注:1. circuit圈子 2. ironically具有讽刺意味的 satisfaction is given priority over profit in a company. There are always two sides to 21.Compared with other TV talk shows, both the Jerry Springer and the Oprah Winfrey every business transaction - the firm and the customer -and each must be satisfied are______. before trade occurs. Successful merchants and producers, however, recognize that A) more family - oriented the surest route to profit is through understanding and catering to customers. A striking B) unusually popular example of the importance of catering to the consumer presented itself in mid-1985, C) more profound when Coca Cola changed the flavor of its drink. The non-acceptance of the new flavor D) relatively formal by a significant portion of the public brought about a prompt restoration of the Classic 注:第一段 Coke, which was then marketed alongside the new. King Customer ruled! 22.Though the social problems Jerry Springer talks about appear distasteful, the 26.The marketing concept discussed in the passage is, in essence,_______. audience______. A) the practice of turning goods into money A) remain fascinated by them B) making goods available for purchase B) are ready to face up to them C) the customer - centred approach C) remain indifferent to them D) a form of persuasive salesmanship D) are willing to get involved in them 注:原文第三段，cater to customer基于客户的，A和B是两者共同特征，D对应第一段注:第二段eat up，B和D是一回事。 selling。 23.Which of the following is likely to be a topic of the Oprah Winfrey show? 27.What was the main concern of industrialists before the marketing concept was A) A new type of robot. widely accepted? B) Racist hatred. A) The needs of the market. C) Family budget planning. B) The efficiency of production. D) Street violence. C) The satisfaction of the user. 注:第三段最后举了三个例子。 D) The preferences of the dealer. 注:第一段第二句。 24.Despite their different approaches, the two talk shows are both________. A) ironical 28.According to the passage, “to move as much of these goods as possible” (Lines 3 B) sensitive -4 ), Para. I) means “_______”. C) instructive A) to sell the largest possible amount of goods D) cynical B) to transport goods as efficiently as possible 注:instructive-in引导+struct结构?有启发的，cynical愤世嫉俗的 C) to dispose of these goods in large quantities D) to redesign these goods for large - scale production 25.We can learn from the passage that the two talk shows_______. 29.What does the restoration of the Classic Coke best illustrate?A) have monopolized the talk show circuit A) Traditional goods have a stronger appeal to the majority of people. B) It takes time for a new product to be accepted by the public. To determine the consequences of sleep deficit, researchers have put subjects through a set of psychological and performance tests requiring them, for C) Consumers with conservative tastes are often difficult to please. instance, to add columns of numbers or recall a passage read to them only minutes D) Products must be designed to suit the taste of the consumer. earlier. "We've found that if you're in sleep deficit, performance suffers, " says Dr. David. "Short-term memory is weakened, as are abilities to make decisions and to 30.In discussing the marketing concept, the author focuses on_______. concentrate." A) its main characteristic 37. To "live a completely sedentary life-style" (Line 7, Para. 1) in the passage means B) its social impact _____. C) its possible consequence (A) to "live a decent life" D) its theoretical basis (B) to "live an inactive life" 注:写作方法题。答题要问What? 能回答，选项是对的。本文讲市场营销的特点。 (C) to "live a life of vice" (D) to "live a life with complete freedom" 33. The word "dubious" ( L. 2, Para. 2) most probably means A) valuable The concept of personal choice in relation to health behaviors is an important B) useful one. An estimated 90 percent of all illness may be preventable if individuals would C) doubtful make sound personal health choices based upon current medical knowledge. We all D) helpful enjoy our freedom of choice and do not like to see it restricted when it is within the 注:烂的，没意义的 legal and moral boundaries of society. The structure of American society allows us to Yet you will fine little if anything written on what it is to be an employee. You make almost all our own personal decisions that may concern our health. If we so can find a great deal of very dubious advice on how to get a job or how to get a desire, we can smoke, drink excessively, refuse to wear seat belts, eat whatever food promotion. You can also find a good deal of work in a chosen field, whether it be the we want, and live a completely sedentary life-style without any exercise. The mechanist' s trade or bookkeeping (簿记). Every one of these trades requires different freedom to make such personal decisions is a fundamental aspect of our society, skills, sets different standards, and requires a different preparation. Yet they all have although the wisdom of these decisions can be questioned. Personal choices relative employeeship in common. And increasingly, especially in the large business or in to health often cause a difficulty. As one example, a teenager may know the facts government, employeeship is more important to success than the special professional relative to smoking cigarettes and health but may be pressured by friends into knowledge or skill. Certainly more people fail because they do not know the believing it is the socially accepted thing to do. requirements of being an employee than because they do not adequately possess the 24. The word "dormant" (Para. 4, Line 3) most probably means _____. skills of their trade; the higher you climb the ladder, the more you get into (A) inactive administrative or executive work, the greater the emphasis on ability to work within the (B) strong organization rather than on technical abilities or professional knowledge.(C) alert 24. The word "hassles" in the passage (Line 3, Para. 3) probably means _____. (D) soft (A) quarrels (B) worries If sufficient rain falls the next year to form another lake, the eggs hatch, and (C) disadvantages once again the shrimps pass rapidly through their cycle of growth, adulthood, (D) agreements egg-laying, and death. Some years there is insufficient rain to form a lake: in this case, 注:不平衡的行为 the eggs will remain dormant for another years, or even longer if necessary. Very, very occasionally, perhaps twice in a hundred years, sufficient rain falls to form a deep lake Living at home, says Knighton, a school teacher, continues to give her that lasts a month or more. In this case, the species passes through two cycles of security and moral support. Her mother agreed, "It's ridiculous for the kids to pay all growth, egg-laying, and death. Thus, on such occasions, the species multiplies that money for rent. It makes sense for kids to stay at home." But sharing the family considerably, which further ensures its survival. home requires adjustments for all. There are the hassles over bathrooms, telephones 33. From the context, the word "disconcerting" (Para. 3, Line 2) most probably means and privacy (不受干扰的生活). Some families, however, manage the delicate balancing _____. (A) misleading act. But for others, it proves too difficult. Michelle Del Turco, 24, has been home three (B) embarrassing times-and left three times. "What I considered a social drink, my dad considered an (C) stimulating a goal wit alcohol problem, " she explains. "He never liked anyone I dated (约会), so I either had (D) upsetting to hide away or meet them at friends' house." 注:焦虑anxiety 34. The word "subjects" (Line 1, Para. 4) refers to _____. (A) the performance tests used in the study of sleep deficit To some, the thought of having to write an assigned number of pages, often (B) special branches of knowledge that are being studied more than ever produced before, is disconcerting. To others, the very idea of having (C) people whose behavior or reactions are being studied to work independently is threatening. But there is no need to approach the research (D) the psychological consequences of sleep deficit paper assignment with anxiety, and nobody should view the research paper as an 注:做算术题和背文章指人 obstacle to overcome. Instead, consider it a goal to accomplish, a goal within reach if social entities independently striving for some thing which is in inadequate supply. you use the help this book can give you. Competitors may not be aware of one another, while the parties to a conflict are. Conflict and vice of one another. Opposition is thus contrasted with cooperation, the 21. The word "pinpoint" (para. 1,) basically means _______. process by which social entities function in the service of one another. These A) appreciate definitions are necessary because it is important to emphasize that competition B) obtain between individuals or groups is inevitable in a world of limited resources, but conflict C) interpret D) identify is not. Conflict, nevertheless, is very likely to occur, and is probably an essential and desirable element of human societies. The process of perceiving other people is rarely translated (to ourselves or 33. The word "precedent" (Line 1, Para.4) probably refers to __________.other's) into cold, objective terms. "She was 5 feet 8 inches tall, had had fair hair, and wore a colored skirt." More often, we try to get inside the other person to pinpoint his A) early acts for men to follow as examples or her attitudes, emotions, motivations, abilities, ideas and characters. Furthermore, B) particular places for men to occupy especially because of their importance we sometimes behave as if we can accomplish this difficult job very quickly -perhaps C) things that men should agree upon D) men's beliefs that everything in the world has already been decidedwith a two-second glance. 31. The word "paradox" (Para. 1,) means "_________" . A) implication In the workplace, men have long had well defined precedents and role models B) contradiction for achieving success. It has been otherwise for women. A good many women in the C) interpretation business world are uncertain about the appropriate mixture of "masculine" an d D) confusion "feminine" attributes they should convey by their professional clothing. The variety of clothing alternatives to women has also been greater than that avail able for men. Male It is a curious paradox that we think of the physical sciences as "hard", the social sciences as "soft", and the biological sciences as somewhere in between, This administrators tend to judge women more favorably for managerial positions when the is interpreted to mean that our knowledge of physical systems is more certain than our women display less "feminine" grooming(打扮)-shorter hair, moderate use of make up, knowledge of biological systems, and these in turn are more certain than our and plain tailored clothing. As one male administrator confessed, "An attractive woman knowledge of social system. In terms of our capacity to sample the relevant universes, is definitely going to get a longer interview, but she won't get a job." however, and the probability that our images of these universes are at least approximately correct, one suspects that a reverse order is more reasonable. We are 29. The word "carcass"(Line 2, Para.3) most probably means"__________ ". able to sample earth' s social systems with some degree of confidence that we have a A) vegetables preserved for future use reasonable sample of the total universe being investigated. Our knowledge of mal B) the dead body of an animal ready to be cut into meat systems, therefore, while it is in many ways extremely inaccurate, is not likely to be C) expensive food that consumers can hardly afford seriously overturned by new discoveries. Even the folk knowledge in social systems on D) meat canned for future consumption which ordinary life is based in earning, spending, organizing, marrying, taking part in political activities, fighting and so on, is not very dissimilar from the more sophisticated This means one has to feed approximately 9--10 times as much food value to images of the social system derived from the social sciences, even though it is built the animal than one can consume from the carcass. As a system for feeding the upon the very imperfect samples of personal experience. hungry, the effects can prove disastrous. At times of crisis, grain is the food of life. 26. The word "liability" (Para. 1) most probably means "______". A) misfortune 31. The phrase "emanate from"in Paragraph 1 most probably means "______". B) instability A) thrive on C) disadvantage B) account for D) burden C) originate from Beauty has always been regarded as something praiseworthy. Almost D) descend from everyone thinks attractive people are happier and healthier, have better marriages and have more respectable occupations. Personal consultants give them better advice for We all have offensive breath at one time or another. In most cases, offensive finding jobs. Even judges are softer on attractive defendants. But in the executive circle, breath emanates from bacteria in the mouth, although there are other more causes. beauty can become a liability. Until a few years ago, the most doctors could do was to counsel patients with bad 28. The phrase "function in the disservice of one another" (Para. 1) most probably breath about oral cleanliness. Now they are finding new ways to treat the usually means "_______". curable condition. A) betray each other B) harm one another 文章中的并列关系?怎样对付阅读的长句 C) help to collaborate with each other 小的并列:成分并列，不容易出题。如果出题，选项应该概括所有并列成分，否则是错D) benefit on another 误选项。 The question of whether war is inevitable is one which has concerned many 大的并列:只出一题，应该提纲挈领。 of the world's great writers. Before considering this question, it will useful to introduce some related concepts. Conflict, defined as opposition among social entities directed What has the telephone done to us, or for us, in the hundred years of its against one another is distinguished from competition, defined as opposition among roles successfully. Moreover, many of us can relate instances in which the clothing we existence? A few effects suggest themselves at once. ?It has saved lives by getting wore changed the way we felt about ourselves and how we act ed. Perhaps you have rapid word of illness, injury, or fire from remote places. ?By joining with the elevator to used clothing to gain confidence when you anticipated a stressful situation, such as a make possible the multistory residence or office building, it has made possible - for job interview, or a court appearance.better or worse - the modern city. ?By bringing about a great leap in the speed and ease with which information moves from place to place, it has greatly accelerated the [Page 71] rate of scientific and technological changes and growth in industry. Beyond doubt ?it Every year television stations receive hundreds of complaints about the loudness has seriously weakened if not killed the ancient art of letter writing. ?It has made of advertisements. However, federal rules forbid the practice of making ads louder living alone possible for persons with normal social impulses; by so doing, it has than the programming. In addition, television stations always operate at the highest played a role in one of the greatest social changes of this century, the breakup of the sound level allowed for reasons of efficiency. According to one NBC executive, no multi-generational household. ?It has made the war chillingly more efficient than difference exists in the peak sound level of ads and programming. Given this formerly. Perhaps, though not provably (可证实), it has prevented wars that might have information why do commercials sound so loud? arisen out of international misunderstanding caused by written communication. Or The sensation of sound involves a variety of factors in addition to its speak level. perhaps - again not provable - by magnifying and extending irrational personal conflicts Advertisers are skilful at creating the impression of loudness through their expert use based on voice contact, it has caused wars. Certainly it has extended the scope of of such factors. ?One major contributor to the perceived loudness of commercials is human conflicts, since it impartially disseminates (传播) the useful knowledge of that mush less variation in sound level occurs during a commercial. In regular scientists and the nonsense of the ignorant, the affection of the affectionate and the programming the intensity of sound varies over a large range. However, sound levels in commercials tend to stay at or near peak levels. malice (恶意) of the malicious. ?Other “tricks of the trade” are also used. Because low-frequency sounds can 22. According to the passage, it is the telephone that ______. mask higher frequency sounds, advertisers filter out any noises that may drown out the A) has made letter writing an art primary message. In addition, the human voice has more auditory (听觉的) impact in B) has prevented wars by avoiding written communication the middle frequency ranges. Advertisers electronically vary voice sounds so that they C) has made the world different from what it was stay within such a frequency band. ?Another approach is to write the script so that D) has caused wars by magnifying and extending human conflicts lots of consonants (辅音) are used, because people are more aware of consonants 注:A应该是削弱 than vowel (元音) sounds. ?Finally, advertisers try to begin commercials with sounds that are highly different from those of the programming within which the commercial is To protect the interests of their members in the era of automation, unions have buried. Because people become adapted to the type of sounds coming from adopted a number of new policies. One of these is the ?promotion of supplementary programming, a dramatic change in sound quality draws viewer an attention. For unemployment benefit plans. It is emphasized that since the employer involved in such example, notice how many commercials begin with a cheerful song of some type. a plan has a direct financial interest in preventing unemployment, he will have a strong The attention-getting property of commercials can be seen by observing one-to drive for planning new installations so as to cause the least possible problems in jobs two-year-old children who happen to be playing around a television set. They may and job assignments. Some unions are working for dismissal pay agreements, totally ignore the programming. However, when a commercial comes on, their attention requiring that permanently dismissed workers be paid a sum of money based on length is immediately drawn to it because of its dramatic sound quality. of service. Another approach is the idea of the "improvement factor", which calls for 31.According to the passage, the maximum intensity of sound coming from wage increases based on increases in productivity. It is possible, however, that labour commercials _______. will rely mainly on reduction in working hours in order to gain a full share in the fruits of A) does not exceed that of programs. automation. B) is greater than that of programs. C) varies over a large range than that of programs. 32. From the third paragraph of the passage, we can conclude that young adults t end D) is less than that of programs. to believe that certain types of clothing can __________. 注:文章第一段no difference A) change people's conservative attitudes toward their lifestyle B) help young people make friends with the opposite sex 32.Commercials create the sensation of loudness because _______ . C) make them competitive in the job market A) TV stations always operate at the highest sound levels. D) help them achieve success in their interpersonal relationships B) their sound levels are kept around peak levels. C) their sound levels are kept in the middle frequency ranges. People tend to agree on what certain types of clothes mean. Adolescent girls D) unlike regular programs their intensity of sound varies over a wide range. can easily agree on the lifestyles of girls who wear certain outfits(套装), including the 注:第二点 number of boyfriends they likely have had and whether they smoke or d rink. Newscasters, or the announcers who read the news on TV, are considered to be more 33.Many commercials begin with a cheerful song of some kind because ________ . convincing, honest, and competent when they are dressed conservatively. And A) pop songs attract viewer attention. collage students who view themselves as taking an active role in their inter personal B) it can increase their loudness. relationships say they are concerned about the costumes they must wear to play these C) advertisers want to make them sound different from regular programs. D) advertisers want to merge music with commercials. famine relief protein food. Famine饥荒 注:第四点 34.One of the reasons why commercials are able to attract viewer attention is that Bottom retail prices-anywhere from 30% to 70% lower than those in Europe and ________ . Asia-have attracted some 47 million visitors, who are expected to leave behind $79 A) the human voices in commercials have more auditory impact. billion in 1994. B) people like cheerful songs that change dramatically in sound quality. C) high-frequency sounds are used to mask sounds that drown out the primary The electronic economy made possible by information technology allows the message. haves to increase their control on global markets-with destructive impact on the D) they possess sound qualities that make the viewer feel that something unusual is have-nots. happening. Out of our emotional experiences with objects and events comes a social feeling 注:第三段Because，B选项like太主观。 of agreement that certain things and actions are “good” and others are “bad”, and we 35.In the passage, the author is trying to tell us ________ . apply these categories to every aspect of our social life-from what foods we eat and A) how TV ads vary vocal sounds to attract attention. what clothes we wear to how we keep promises and which people our group will B) how the loudness of TV ads is overcome. accept. C) how advertisers control the sound properties of TV ads. 倒装句，正常的顺序是a social feeling of agreement comes out of our emotional D) how the attention-getting properties of sounds are made use of in TV ads. experiences. 注:文章最后一段 The destruction of our natural resources and contamination of our food supply Unlike other lawbreakers, who must leave the country, commit suicide, or go to continue occur, largely because of the extreme difficulty in affixing(把…固定) legal jail, computer criminals sometimes escape punishment, demanding not only that they not be charged but that they be given good recommendations and perhaps other responsibility on those who continue to treat our environment with reckless benefits. abandon(放任). They hesitate at the thought of a criminal boasting in open court of how he juggled Attempts to prevent pollution by legislation, economic in-centives and friendly (耍弄) the most confidential records right under the noses of the company's executives, persuasion have been net by lawsuits, personal and industrial denial and long accountants , and security staff. delays-not only in accepting responsibility, but more importantly, in doing something about it. An elderly middle-class man or woman may be alienated(疏远……) by a young adult who is dressed in an unconventional manner, regardless of the person's Where is industry's and our recognition that protecting mankind's great treasure education, background, or interests. is the single most important responsibility? Male administrators tend to judge women more favorably for managerial 36. Which of the following is within the capacity of the artificial nose being developed? positions when the women display less "feminine" grooming(打扮)-shorter hair, A) Performing physical examinations. moderate use of makeup, and plain tailored clothing. B) Locating places which attract terrorists. Feminine女权主义者;Masculine男子气概的 C) Detecting drugs and water contamination. D) Monitoring food processing. The more women and minorities make their way into the ranks of management, 注:从本题定下文章基调，人工鼻子是个新东西。 the more they seem to want to talk about things formerly judged to be best left unsaid. 越多的妇女和少数民族越往上爬，她们越想说以前最好不说的事情。 37.A potential problem which might be caused by the use of an artificial nose is _______. It is said that the public and Congressional concern about deceptive packaging A) negligence of public safety rumpus started because Senator Hart discovered that the boxes of cereals consumed B) an abuse of personal freedom by him, Mrs. Hart, and their children were becoming higher and narrower, with a C) a hazard to physical health decline of net weight from 12 to 10. 5 ounces, without any reduction in price. D) a threat to individual privacy 注:推出原文可能有转折 The manufacturer who increases the unit price of his product by changing his package size to lower the quantity delivered can, without undue hardship, put his 38.The word “logged” (Line 5, Para. 7) most probably means“______ ”. product into boxes, bags, and tins that will contain even 4-ounce, 8-ounce, one-pound, A) preset two-pound quantities of breakfast foods, cake mixes, etc. B) entered C) processed Such chicken raising demands capital for building and machinery, extensive use D) simulated of energy resources for automation, and involves feeding chickens with potential For now, the subject of their research is little more than a stack of gleaming 注:词汇题，找上下文并列、转折、解释的线索 chips tucked away in a laboratory drawer. But soon, such a tool could be hanging from the belts of police, arson(纵火)investigators and food - safety inspectors. 39. To produce artificial noses for practical use, it is essential ______ . A) to develop microchips with thousands of odor receptors The technology that they are working in would suggest quite reasonably that, B) to invent chips sensitive to various chemicals within three to five years, we'll have some workable sensors ready to use. Such C) to design a computer program to sort out smells devices might find wide use in places that attract terrorists. Police could detect drugs, D) to find chemicals that can alter the electrical current passing throughbodies and bombs hidden in cars, while food inspectors could easily test food and water for contamination. The implications for revolutionary advances in public safety and the food 40. The author's attitude towards Larry Myers' works is ______. industry are astonishing. But so, too ,are the possibilities for abuse; Such machines A) approving B) overenthusiastic could determine whether a woman is ovulating(排卵),without a physical exam - or even C) cautious her knowledge. D) suspicious One of the traditional protectors of American liberty is that is has been 注:作者态度题，应该选正态度 impossible to search everyone. That's getting not to be the case. Artificial biosensors created at Auburn work totally differently from anything ever seen before. Aroma Scan, for example, is a desktop machine based on a bank of 怎样先看题再看文章, chips sensitive to specific chemicals that evaporate into the air. As air is sucked into 1. 什么题型,回原文应该怎么做, the machine, chemicals pass over the sensor surfaces and produce changes in the 2. 能不能看出作者评价, electrical current flowing through them. Those current changes are logged into a 3. 可能对应文章的语言现象 computer that sorts out odors based on their electrical signatures. ?同义转换的正确选项: Myers says they expect to load a single fingernail - size chip with thousands of 一、同义词 二、句式 三、双重否定 odor receptors(感受器), enough to create a sensor that's nearly as sensitive as a dog's ?错误选项特征: nose. 一、绝对的 二、长得像的——断章取义 31.In the eyes of the author, conventional opinion on conflict is________. 三、跨段 四、难词——杯弓蛇影 A) wrong 36. Which of the following is within the capacity of the artificial nose being developed? B) oversimplified A) Monitoring food processing. C) misleading B) Performing physical examinations. 跨段 D) unclear C) Locating places which attract terrorists. 难词 注:文章第一句 D) Detecting drugs and water contamination. 37.A potential problem which might be caused by the use of an artificial nose is 32.Professor Charles R. Schwenk's research shows________. _______. A) the advantages and disadvantages of conflict A) negligence of public safety B) the real value of conflict B) a hazard to physical health C) the difficulty in determining the optimal level of conflict C) a threat to individual privacy D) the complexity of defining the roles of conflict D) an abuse of personal freedom 注:文章第二段 38.The word “logged” (Line 5, Para. 7)most probably means “______ “. A) preset 33.We can learn from Schwenk's research that________. B) simulated A) a person’s view of conflict is influenced by the purpose of his organization C) entered B) conflict is necessary for managers of for-profit organizations D) processed C) different people resolve conflicts in different ways D) it is impossible for people to avoid conflict 39. To produce artificial noses for practical use, it is essential ______. 注:文章第三段 A) to invent chips sensitive to various chemicals B) to develop microchips with thousands of odor receptors 34.The passage suggests that in for - profit organizations_______. C) to design a computer program to sort out smells A) there is no end of conflict D) to find chemicals that can alter the electrical current passing through B) expression of different opinions is encouraged There's simple premise behind what Larry Myers does for a living: If you can C) decisions must be justifiable smell it, you can find it. D) success lies in general agreement Myers is the founder of Aubum University's Institute for Biological Detection 注:文章第四段，justifiable合法化 Systems, the main task of which is to chase the ultimate in detection devices - an artificial nose. 35.People working in a not - for - profit organization________. 40.Why are nutritionists concerned about adding vitamins to olesira? A) seem to be difficult to satisfy A) It may lead to the over-consumption of vitamins. B) are free to express diverse opinions B) People may be induced to eat more than is necessary. C) are less effective in making decisions C) The function of the intestines may be weakened. 跨段 D) find it easier to reach agreement D) It may trigger a new wave of fake food production. 注:C和D出现比较级，不选 Imagine eating everything delicious you want - with none of the fat. That would be Conventional wisdom about conflict seems pretty much cut and dried. Too little great, wouldn't it? New “fake fat” products appeared on store shelves in the United States recently, conflict breeds apathy (冷漠) and stagnation (呆滞). Too much conflict leads to but not everyone is happy about it. Makers of the products, which contain a compound divisiveness (分裂) and hostility. Moderate levels of conflict, however, can spark called olestra, say food manufacturers can now eliminate fat from certain foods. Critics, creativity and motivate people in a healthy and competitive way. however, say the new compound can rob the body of essential vitamins and nutrients Recent research by Professor Charles R. Schwenk, however, suggests that the (营养物) and can also cause unpleasant side effects in some people. So it's up to optimal level of conflict may be more complex to determine than these simple decide whether the new fat-free products taste good enough to keep eating. generalizations. He studied perceptions of conflict among a sample of executives. Some of the executives worked for profit-seeking organizations and others for 注:eliminate消除 not-for-profit organizations. Somewhat surprisingly, Schwenk found that opinions about conflict varied Chemists discovered olestra in the late 1960s, when they were searching for a fat systematically as a function of the type of organization. Specifically, managers in that could be digested by infants more easily. Instead of finding the desired fat, the not-for-profit organizations strongly believed that conflict was beneficial to their researchers created a fat that can't be digested at all. organizations and that it promoted higher quality decision making than might be Normally, special chemicals in the intestines (肠)“grab” molecules of regular fat and achieved in the absence of conflict. break them down so they can be used by the body. A molecule of regular fat is made Managers of for-profit organizations saw a different picture. They believed that up of three molecule of substances called fatty acids. conflict generally was damaging and usually led to poor-quality decision making in The fatty acids are absorbed by the intestines and bring with them the essential their organizations. Schwenk interpreted these results in terms of the criteria for vitamins A, D, E, and K. When fat molecules are present in the intestines with any of effective decision making suggested by the executives. In the profit-seeking those vitamins, the vitamins attach to the molecules and are carried into the organizations, decision-making effectiveness was most often assessed in financial bloodstream. terms. The executives believed that consensus rather than conflict enhanced financial Olestra, which is made from six to eight molecules of fatty acids, is too large for the indicators. intestines to absorb. It just slides through the intestines without being broken down. In the not-for-profit organizations, decision-making effectiveness was defined Manufacturers say it's that ability to slide unchanged through the intestines that makes from the perspective of satisfying constituents. Given the complexities and ambiguities olestra so valuable as a fat substitute. It provides consumers with the taste of regular associated with satisfying many diverse constituents executives perceived that conflict fat without any bad effects on the body. But critics say olestra can prevent vitamins A, led to more considered and acceptable decisions. D, E, and K from being absorbed. It can also prevent the absorption of carotenoids (类 胡萝卜素), compounds that may reduce the risk of cancer, heart disease, etc. 36. We learn from the passage that olestra is a substance that_______. Manufacturers are adding vitamins A, D, E, and K as well as carotenoids to their A) contains plenty of nutrients products now. Even so, some nutritionists are still concerned that people might eat B) renders foods calorie-free while retaining their vitamins unlimited amounts of food made with the fat substitute without worrying about how C) makes foods easily digestible many calories they are consuming. D) makes foods fat-free while keeping them delicious 37.The result of the search for an easily digestible fat turned out to be_______. 简短回答题原则及 A) commercially useless 1. 评分原则 B) just as anticipated 简答题考生在读懂文章的基础上，用正确简洁的语言回答问题。在评分时 C) somewhat controversial D) quite unexpected 应同时考虑内容和语言。每题满分为2分，最低为0分。 38.Olestra is different from ordinary fats in that_______. 2. 给分标准 A) it passes through the intestines without being absorbed 2分--答出全部内容，语言正确; B) it facilitates the absorption of vitamins by the body 1分--答出部分内容，语言正确; C) it helps reduce the incidence of heart disease 0分--没有答对问题。 D) it prevents excessive intake of vitamins 扣分标准 39.What is a possible negative effect of olesira according to some critics? (1)语言有错误扣0.5分(不包括引起歧义的，可以辨识的拼写错误)，每题由于语言错 A) It may impair the digestive system. 误扣分不能超过0.5分; B) It may affect the overall fat intake. C) It may increase the risk of cancer. (2)涉及无关内容者扣0.5分;其答案中有相互矛盾的内容，则内容矛盾的部分均不得 D) It may spoil the consumers' appetite. A) to increase farm production 分; B) to establish agricultural laws (3)整句原封不动照搬应扣分;照搬一句扣0.5分;照搬两句及两句以上者扣2分; C) to prevent farmers from going bankrupt (4)考生所给答案超过10个单词扣0.5分。 D) to promote the mechanization of agriculture Part IV Short Answer Questions (15 minutes) Joe Templer should have known better: after all, he works for a large auto-insurance 23.The Agricultural Adjustment Act encouraged American farmers to ______. company. It won't hurt to leave the key in the truck this once, he thought, as he filled his gas A) reduce their scale of production tank at a self-service gas station. But moments latter as he was paying the money he saw the B) make full use of their land truck being driven away. C) adjust the prices of their farm products In 1987, 1.6 million motor vehicles were stolen in the United States-one every 20 D) be self-sufficient in agricultural production seconds. If current trends continue, experts predict annual vehicle thefts could exceed two million by the end of the decade. 24.The Supreme Court rejected the Agricultural Adjustment Act because it believed Vehicle theft is a common phenomenon, which has a direct impact on over four million that the Act ______. victims a year. The cost is astonishing. A) might cause greater scarcity of farm products Many police officials blame professional thieves for the high volume of thefts. It is a B) didn't give the Secretary of Agriculture enough power major money-maker for organized crime. Typically, stolen cars are taken to pieces and the C) would benefit neither the government nor the farmers parts sold to individuals. But as many as 200.000 cars are smuggled out of the country every D) benefited one group of citizens at the expense of others year. Most go to Latin America, the Middle East and Europe. Only about 15 percent car thefts result in an arrest, because few police departments 25.It was claimed that the new laws passed during the Roosevelt Administration were routinely conduct in-depth auto-investigations. When thieves are arrested, judges will often aimed at ______. sentence them to probation (缓刑), not immediately put them in prison because the prisons are A) reducing the cost of farming overcrowded with violent criminals. B) conserving soil in the long-term interest of the nation One exception is a Michigan program that assigns 92 police officers to work full-time on C) lowering the burden of farmers the state's 65,000 car theft cases a year. Since 1986, when the effort began, the state's D) helping farmers without shifling the burden onto other taxpayers auto-theft rate has fallen from second in the nation to ninth. How can you protect your car? If you live in a high-theft area or drive an expensive In the 1920s demand for American farm products fell, as European countries model, consider a security system. It may cost anywhere from $25 to $1,000. Some systems began to recover from World War I and instituted austerity (紧缩) programs to reduce engage automatically - simply removing the key disables the fuel pump the fuel pump and the their imports. The result was a sharp drop in farm prices. This period was more starter. When cars are equipped with such systems, thefts may drop by one-third. In some disastrous for farmers than earlier times had been, because farmers were no longer states, you may be able to sue a device that transmits radio signals, allowing stolen cars to be self-sufficient. They were paying for machinery, seed, and fertilizer, and they were also tracked by police. buying consumer goods. The prices of the items farmers bought remained constant, while prices they received for their products fell. These developments were made Questions: worse by the Great Depression, which began in 1929 and extended throughout the 71. What is the passage mainly about? 1939s. ________________________________________________________ In 1929, under President Herbert Hoover, the Federal Farm Board was organized. 72. What does the author think Joe Templer should be blamed for? It established the principle of direct interference with supply and demand, and it Leaving the key in the truck represented the first national commitment to provide greater economic stability for 73. How serious did the author predict the annual vehicle theft could in the United States farmers. in 1989? President Hoover's successor attached even more importance to this problem. ________________________________________________________One of the first measures proposed by President Franklin D. Roosevelt when he took 74. What are the two ways thieves sell the stolen cars? office in 1933 was the Agricultural Adjustment Act, which was subsequently passed by ________________________________________________________ Congress. This law gave the Secretary of Agriculture the power to reduce production 75. What type of security system can help the police track down a stolen car?through voluntary agreements with farmers who were paid to take their land out of use. ________________________________________________________A deliberate scarcity of farm products was planned in an effort to raise prices. This law was declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court on the grounds that general taxes were being collected to pay one special group of people. However, new laws were 21.What brought about the decline in the demand for American farm products? passed immediately that achieved the same result of resting soil and providing A) The impact of the Great Depression. flood-control measures, but which were based on the principle of soil conservation. B) The shrinking of overseas markets. The Roosevelt Administration believed that rebuilding the nation's soil was in the C) The destruction caused by the First World War. national interest and was not simply a plan to help farmers at the expense of other D) The increased exports of European countries. citizens. Later the government guaranteed loans to farmers so that they could buy farm machinery, hybrid (杂交) grain, and fertilizers. 22.The chief concern of the American government in the area of agriculture in the 1920s was ______. 26.The author says that the powerful computers of today ______. of switches. There are lots of important things going on inside the brain cells A) are capable of reliably recognizing the shape of an object themselves." Specifically, Conrad believes that many of the brain's capabilities stem B) are close to exhibiting humanlike behavior from the pattern recognition proficiency of the individual molecules that make up each C) are not very different in their performance from those of the 50's brain cell. The best way to build and artificially intelligent device, he claims, would be to D) still cannot communicate with people in a human language build it around the same sort of molecular skills. Right now, the notion that conventional computers and software are fundamentally 27.The new trend in artificial intelligence research stems from ______. A) the shift of the focus of study on to the recognition of the shapes of objects incapable of matching the processes that take place in the brain remains controversial. But if it proves true, then the efforts of Conrad and his fellow AI rebels could turn out to B) the belief that human intelligence cannot be duplicated with logical, step-by-step be the only game in town. programs C) the aspirations of scientists to duplicate the intelligence of a ten-month-old child 11. A new study on birds' sleep has revealed that ____________. D) the efforts made by scientists in the study of the similarities between transistors and brain cells A) half-brain sleep is found in a wide variety of birds B) half-brain sleep is characterized by slow brain waves 28.Conrad and his group of AI researchers have been making enormous efforts to C) birds can control their half-brain sleep consciously ______. D) birds seldom sleep with the whole of their brain at rest A) find a roundabout way to design powerful computers B) build a computer using a clever network of switches 12. According to the passage, birds often half sleep because ______________. C) find out how intelligence developed in nature D) separate the highest and most abstract levels of thought A) they have to watch out for possible attacks 29.What's the author's opinion about the new AI movement? B) their brain hemisphere take turns to rest 跨段 A) It has created a sensation among artificial intelligence researchers but will soon C) the two halves of their brain are differently structured 没 die out. D) they have to constantly keep an eye on their companions 反 B) It's a breakthrough in duplicating human thought processes. C) It's more like a peculiar game rather than a real scientific effort. 13. The example of a bird sleeping in front of a mirror indicates that _____________. D) It may prove to be in the right direction though nobody is sure of its future A) the phenomenon of birds dozing in pairs is widespread prospects. B) birds prefer to sleep in pairs for the sake of security 30.Which of the following is closest in meaning to the phrase "the only game in town" C) even an imagined companion gives the bird a sense of security (Line 3, Para. 4)? D) a single pet bird enjoys seeing its own reflection in the mirror A) The only approach to building an artificially intelligent computer. B) The only way for them to win a prize in artificial intelligence research. 14. While sleeping, some water mammals tend to keep half awake in order to C) The only area worth studying in computer science. __________. D) The only game they would like to play in town. A) alert themselves to the approaching enemy B) emerge from water now and then to breathe In the 1950s, the pioneers of artificial intelligence (AI) predicted that, by the end of this C) be sensitive to the ever-changing environment century, computers would be conversing with us at work and robots would be D) avoid being swept away by rapid currents performing our housework. But as useful as computers are, they're nowhere close to achieving anything remotely resembling these early aspirations for humanlike behavior. 15. By "just the tip of the iceberg" (Line 2, Para.8), Siegel suggests that ____________. Never mind something as complex as conversation: the most powerful computers A) half-brain sleep has something to do with icy weather struggle to reliably recognize the shape of an object, the most elementary of tasks for a B) the mystery of half-brain sleep is close to being solved ten-month-old kid. C) most birds living in cold regions tend to be half sleepers A growing group of AI researchers think they know where the field went wrong. D) half-brain sleep is a phenomenon that could exist among other species The problem, the scientists say, is that AI has been trying to separate the highest, most abstract levels of thought, like language and mathematics, and to duplicate them Birds that are literally half-asleep-with one brain hemisphere alert and the other with logical, step-by-step programs. A new movement in AI, on the other hand, takes sleeping-control which side of the brain remains awake, according to a new study of a closer look at the more roundabout way in which nature came up with intelligence. sleeping ducks. Many of these researchers study evolution and natural adaptation instead of formal Earlier studies have documented half-brain sleep in a wide range of birds. The logic and conventional computer programs. Rather than digital computers and brain hemispheres take turns sinking into the sleep stage characterized by slow brain transistors, some want to work with brain cells and proteins. The results of these early waves. The eye controlled by the sleeping hemisphere keeps shut, while the wakeful efforts are as promising as they are peculiar, and the new nature-based AI movement hemisphere's eye stays open and alert. Birds also can sleep with both hemispheres is slowly but surely moving to the forefront of the field. resting at once. Imitating the brain's neural (神经的) network is a huge step in the right direction, Earlier studies have documented half-brain sleep in a wide range of birds. The says computer scientist and biophysicist Michael Conrad, but it still misses an brain hemispheres take turns sinking into the sleep stage characterized by slow brain important aspect of natural intelligence. "People tend to treat the brain as if it were waves. The eye controlled by the sleeping hemisphere keeps shut, while the wakeful made up of color-coded transistors", he explains, "but it's not simply a clever network D) They sensed no harm in a little girl's experiment. hemisphere's eye stays open and alert. Birds also can sleep with both hemispheres resting at once.注:对应文章第三段末句，no harm对应innocent，little girl对应fourth-grade Decades of studies of bird flocks led researchers to predict extra alertness in the more vulnerable, end-of-the-row sleepers, Sure enough, the end birds tended to watch 20. What can we learn from the passage? carefully on the side away from their companions. Ducks in the inner spots showed no A) Some widely accepted beliefs can be deceiving. preference for gaze direction. B) Solid evidence weighs more than pure theories. Also, birds dozing(打盹)at the end of the line resorted to single-hemisphere C) Little children can be as clever as trained TT practitioners. sleep, rather than total relaxation, more often than inner ducks did. Rotaing 16 birds D) The principle of TT is too profound to understand. through the positions in a four-duck row, the researchers found outer birds half-asleep during some 32 percent of dozing time versus about 12 percent for birds in internal A nine-year-old schoolgirl single-handedly cooks up a science-fair experiment spots. that ends up debunking(揭穿(((的真相)a widely practiced medical treatment. Emily "We believe this is the first evidence for an animal behaviorally controlling sleep Rosa's target was a practice known as therapeutic(治疗)touch (TT for short), whose and wakefulness simultaneously in different regions of the brain," the researchers say. advocates manipulate patients' "energy field" to make them feel better and even, say The results provide the best evidence for a long-standing supposition that some, to cure them of various ills. Yet Emily's test shows that these energy fields can't single-hemisphere sleep evolved as creatures scanned for enemies. The preference be detected, even by trained TT practitioners(行医者). Obviously mindful of the for opening an eye on the lookout side could be widespread, he predicts. He's seen it publicity value of the situation, Journal editor George Lundberg appeared on TV to in a pair of birds dozing side-by-side in the zoo and in a single pet bird sleeping by declare, "Age doesn't matter. It's good science that matters, and this is good science." mirror. The mirror-side eye closed as if the reflection were a companion and the other Emily's mother Linda Rosa, a registered nurse, has been campaigning against TT eye stayed open. for nearly a decade. Linda first thought about TT in the late '80s, when she learned it Useful as half-sleeping might be, it's only been found in birds and such water was on the approved list for continuing nursing education in Colorado. Its 100,000 mammals(哺乳动物)as dolphins, whales, and seals. Perhaps keeping one side of the trained practitioners (48,000 in the U.S.) don't even touch their patients. Instead, they brain awake allows a sleeping animal to surface occasionally to avoid drowning. waved their hands a few inches from the patient's body, pushing energy fields around Studies of birds may offer unique insights into sleep. Jerome M. Siegel of the UGLA until they're in "balance." TT advocates say these manipulations can help heal wounds, says he wonders if birds' half-brain sleep "is just the tip of the iceberg(冰山)". He relieve pain and reduce fever. The claims are taken seriously enough that TT speculates that more examples may turn up when we take a closer look at other therapists are frequently hired by leading hospitals, at up to $70 an hour, the smooth species. patients' energy, sometimes during surgery. Yet Rosa could not find any evidence that it works. To provide such proof, TT 16. Which of the following is evidence that TT is widely practiced?therapists would have to sit down for independent testing-something they haven't been A) TT has been in existence for decades. eager to do, even though James Randi has offered more than $1 million to anyone B) Many patients were cured by therapeutic touch. who can demonstrate the existence of a human energy field. (He's had one taker so far. C) TT therapists are often employed by leading hospitals. She failed.) A skeptic might conclude that TT practitioners are afraid to lay their beliefs D) More than 100,000 people are undergoing TT treatment. on the line. But who could turn down an innocent fourth-grader? Says Emily: "I think 注:D为迷惑选项数字必转化，C对应第二段末句。 they didn't take me very seriously because I'm a kid." The experiment was straightforward: 21 TT therapists stuck their hands, palms 17. Very few TT practitioners responded to the $1 million offer because ____________.up, through a screen. Emily held her own hand over one of theirs-left or right-and the A) they didn't take the offer seriously practitioners had to say which hand it was. When the results were recorded, they'd B) they didn't want to risk their career done no better than they would have by simply guessing. if there was an energy field, C) they were unwilling to reveal their secret they couldn't feel it. D) they thought it was not in line with their practice 注:争议题，B、C皆可。 21. We learn from the first paragraph that two systems of automated highways __________. A) are being planned 18. The purpose of Emily Rosa's experiment was ____________. B) are being modified A) to see why TT could work the way it did C) are now in wide use B) to find out how TT cured patient's illness D) are under construction C) to test whether she could sense the human energy field 注:on the drawing borad就是planned D) to test whether a human energy field really existed 注:对应文章第三段首句 22. A special-purpose lane system is probably advantageous in that ________________. 19. Why did some TT practitioners agree to be the subjects of Emily's experiment? A) it would require only minor changes to existing highways A) It involved nothing more than mere guessing. B) it would achieve the greatest highway traffic efficiency B) They thought it was going to be a lot of fun. C) it has a lane for both automated and partially automated vehicles C) It was more straightforward than other experiments. D) it offers more lanes for automated vehicles accidents. and once a vehicle had settled into automated travel, the drive would be free to release the wheel, open the morning paper or just relax.注:A选项说反了 26. According to the author, the conventional notion of intelligence measured n terms 23. Which of the following is true about driving on an automated highway? of one's ability to read, write and compute _____________. A) Vehicles traveling on it are assigned different lanes according to their destinations. A) is a widely held but wrong concept B) A car can join existing traffic any time in a mixed lane system. B) will help eliminate intellectual prejudice C) The driver should inform his car computer of his destination before driving onto it. C) is the root of all mental distress D) The driver should share the automated lane with those f regular vehicles. D) will contribute to one's self-fulfillment 注:对应第二段开头 注:作者态度题，应该选负选项 24. We know form the passage that a car can enter a special-purpose lane 27. It is implied in the passage that holding a university degree _____________. _____________. A) may result in one's inability to solve complex real-life problems A) by smoothly merging with cars on the conventional lane B) does not indicate one's ability to write properly worded documents B) by way of a ramp with electronic control devices C) may make one mentally sick and physically weak C) through a specially guarded gate D) does not meat that one is highly intelligent D) after all trespassers are identified and removed 注:争议题 28. The author thinks that an intelligent person knows _____________. A) how to put up with some very prevalent myths 25. When driving in an automated lane, the driver ___________. B) how to find the best way to achieve success in life A) should harmonize with newly entering cars C) how to avoid depression and make his life worthwhile B) doesn't have to rely on his computer system D) how to persuade others to compromise C) should watch out for potential accidents 注:对应第二段第一句话 D) doesn't have to hold not to the steering wheel 注:文章最后一段 29. In the last paragraph, the author tells us that _____________. A) difficulties are but part of everyone's life What might driving on an automated highway be like? The answer depends on B) depression and unhappiness are unavoidable in life反 what kind of system is ultimately adopted. Two distinct types are on the drawing board. C) everybody should learn to avoid trying circumstances反 The first is a special-purpose lane system, in which certain lanes are reserved for automated vehicles. The second is a mixed traffic system: fully automated vehicles D) good feelings can contribute to eventual academic excellence would share the road with partially automated or manually driven cars. A special-purpose land system would require more extensive physical modifications to 30. According to the passage, what kind of people are rare? existing highways, but it promises the greatest gains in freeway(高速公路)capacity.A) Those who don't emphasize bookish excellence in their pursuit of happiness. B) Those who are aware of difficulties in life but know how to avoid unhappiness. Under either scheme, the driver would specify the desired destination, furnishing C) Those who measure happiness by an absence of problems but seldom suffer this information to a computer in the car at the beginning of the trip or perhaps just form N. B. D.'s. before reaching the automated highway. If a mixed traffic system was in place, D) Those who are able to secure happiness though having to struggle against trying automated driving could begin whenever the driver was on suitably equipped roads. If special-purpose lanes were available, the car could enter them and join existing traffic circumstances. 注:文章最后一句 in two different ways. One method would use a special onramp(入口引道). As the driver approached the point of entry for the highway, devices installed on the roadside Taking charge of yourself involves putting to rest some very prevalent myths. At would electronically check the vehicle to determine its destination and to ascertain that the top of the list is the notion that intelligence is measured by your ability to solve it had the proper automation equipment in good working order. Assuming it passed complex problems; to read, write and compute at certain levels, and to resolve abstract such tests, the driver would then be guided through a gate and toward an automated equations quickly. This vision of intelligence asserts formal education and bookish lane. In this case, the transition from manual to automated control would take place on excellence as the true measures of self-fulfillment. It encourages a kind of intellectual the entrance ramp. An alternative technique could employ conventional lanes, which prejudice that has brought with it some discouraging results. We have come to believe would be shared by automated and regular vehicles. The driver would steer onto the that someone who has more educational merit badges, who is very good at some form highway and move in normal fashion to a "transition" lane. The vehicle would then shift of school discipline is "intelligent." Yet mental hospitals are filled with patients who under computer control onto a lane reserved for automated traffic. (The limitation of have all of the properly lettered certificates. A truer indicator of intelligence is an these lanes to automated traffic would presumably be well respected, because all effective, happy life lived each day and each present moment of every day.trespassers(非法进入者)could be swiftly identified by authorities.) If you are happy, if you live each moment for everything it's worth, then you are an Either approach to joining a lane of automated traffic would harmonize the intelligent person. Problem solving is a useful help to your happiness, but if you know movement of newly entering vehicles with those already traveling. Automatic control that given your inability to resolve a particular concern you can still choose happiness here should allow for smooth merging, without the usual uncertainties and potential for D) it is time to get acquainted with other cultures for yourself, or at a minimum refuse to choose unhappiness, then you are intelligent. You are intelligent because you have the ultimate weapon against the big N. B. 注:B反了 D-Nervous Break Down. "Intelligent" people do not have N. B. D.'s because they are in charge of Our culture has caused most Americans to assume not only that our language is themselves. They know how to choose happiness over depression, because they universal but that the gestures we use are understood by everyone. We do not realize know how go deal with the problems of their lives. that waving good-bye is the way to summon a person from the Philippines to one's You can begin to think of yourself as truly intelligent on the basis of how you side, or that in Italy and some Latin-American countries, curling the finger to oneself is choose to feel in the face of trying circumstances. The life struggles are pretty much a sign of farewell. the same for each of us. Everyone who is involved with other human beings in any Those private citizens who sent packages to our troops occupying Germany after social context has similar difficulties. Disagreements, conflicts and compromises are a World War II and marked them GIFT to escape duty payments did not bother to find out part of what it means to be human Similarly, money, growing old, sickness, deaths that "Gift" means poison in German. Moreover, we like to think of ourselves as friendly, natural disasters and accidents are all events which present problems to virtually all yet we prefer to be at least 3 feet or an arm's length away form others. Latins and human beings. But some people are able to make it, to avoid immobilizing depression Middle Easterners like to come closer and touch, which makes Americans and unhappiness despite such occurrences, while others collapse or have an N. B. D. uncomfortable. Those who recognize problems as a human condition and don't measure happiness by Our linguistic(语言上的)and cultural blindness and the casualness with which we an absence of problems are the most intelligent kind of humans we know; also, the take notice of the developed tastes, gestures, customs and languages of other most rare. countries, are losing us friends, business and respect in the world. Even here in the United States, we make few concessions to the needs of foreign 21. It can be inferred that Americans being approached too closely by Middle visitors. There are no information signs in four languages on our public buildings or Easterners would most probably ______________. monuments; we do not have multilingual(多语的)guided tours. Very few restaurant A) stand still menus have translations, and multilingual waiters, bank clerks and policemen are rare. B) jump aside Our transportation systems have maps in English only and often we ourselves have C) step forward difficulty understanding them. D) draw back When we go abroad, we tend to cluster in hotels and restaurants where English is 注:对应文章第二段 spoken. The attitudes and information we pick up are conditioned by those natives-usually the richer-who speak English. Our business dealings, as well as the 22. The author gives many examples to criticize Americans for their ___________. nation's diplomacy, are conducted through interpreters. A) cultural self-centeredness For many years, America and Americans could get by with cultural blindness and B) casual manners linguistic ignorance. After all, America was the most powerful country of the free world, C) indifference toward foreign visitors the distributor of needed funds and goods. D) arrogance towards other cultures But all that is past. American dollars no longer buy all good things, and we are 注:对应文章第四段首句 slowly beginning to realize that our proper role in the world is changing. A 1979 Harris poll reported that 55 percent of Americans want this country to play a more significant 23. In countries other than their own most Americans _______________. role in world affairs; we want to have a hand in the important decisions of the next A) are isolated by the local people century, even though it may not always be the upper hand. B) are not well informed due to the language barrier C) tend to get along well with the natives 26. What makes women blind to the deceptive nature of high heels? D) need interpreters in hotels and restaurants A) The multi-functional use of high heels. 注:对应文章第五段，inform对应information B) Their attempt to show off their status. C) The rich variety of high heel styles. 24. According to the author, Americans' cultural blindness and linguistic ignorance will D) Their wish to improve their appearance. ____________. 注:B选项show off炫耀，C是迷惑选项。 A) affect their image in the new era B) cut themselves off from the outside world 27. The author's presentation of the positive side of high heels is meant C) limit their role in world affairs ______________. D) weaken the position of the US dollar A) to be ironic 注:对应倒数第二段 B) to poke fun at women C) to be fair to the fashion industry 25. The author's intention in writing this article is to make Americans realize that D) to make his point convincing ________. 注:讽刺意味的 A) it is dangerous to ignore their foreign friends B) it is important to maintain their leading role in world affairs 28. The author uses the expression "those babies" (Line 3, Para.2) to refer to high C) it is necessary to use several languages in public places heels __________. 注:选一个烂的，bleak黯淡无光 A) to show their fragile characteristics B) to indicate their feminine features 32. The author's biggest concern is ____________. C) to show women's affection for them A) elementary school children's disinterest in reading classics D) to emphasize their small size B) the surprisingly low rate of literacy in the U.S. C) the musical setting American readers require for reading 29. The author's chief argument against high heels is that ____________. D) the reading ability and reading behavior of the middle class A) they pose a threat to lawns B) they are injurious to women's health 33. A major problem with most adolescents who can read is ___________. C) they don't necessarily make women beautiful A) their fondness of music and TV programs D) they are ineffective as a weapon of defense B) their ignorance of various forms of art and literature C) their lack of attentiveness and basic understanding 30. It can be inferred from the passage that women should _______________. D) their inability to focus on conflicting input A) see through the very nature of fashion myths B) boycott the products of the fashion industry 34. The author claims that the best way a reader can show admiration for a piece of C) go to a podiatrist regularly for advice poetry or prose is ____________. D) avoid following fashion too closely A) to be able to appreciate it and memorize it B) to analyze its essential features In department stores and closets all over the world, they are waiting. Their C) to think it over conscientiously outward appearance seems rather appealing because they come in a variety of styles, D) to make a fair appraisal of its artistic value textures, and colors. But they are ultimately the biggest deception that exists in the fashion industry today. What are they? They are high heels - a woman's worst enemy 35. About the future of the arts of reading the author feels ____________. (whether she knows it or not). High heel shoes are the downfall of modern society. A) upset Fashion myths have led women to believe that they are more beautiful or sophisticated B) uncertain for wearing heels, but in reality, heels succeed in posing short as well as long term C) alarmed hardships. Women should fight the high heel industry by refusing to use or purchase D) pessimistic them in order to save the world from unnecessary physical and psychological suffering. 注:对应最后一段 For the sake of fairness, it must be noted that there is a positive side to high heels. First, heels are excellent for aerating(使通气)lawns. Anyone who has ever worn heels It is hardly necessary for me to cite all the evidence of the depressing state of on grass knows what I am talking about. A simple trip around the yard in a pair of those literacy. These figures from the Department of Education are sufficient: 27 million babies eliminates all need to call for a lawn care specialist, and provides the Americans cannot read at all, and a further 35 million read at a level that is less than perfect-sized holes to give any lawn oxygen without all those messy chunks of dirt sufficient to survive in our society. lying around. Second, heels are quite functional for defense against oncoming But my own worry today is less that of the overwhelming problem of elemental enemies, who can easily be scared away by threatening them with a pair of these literacy than it is of the slightly more luxurious problem of the decline in the skill even sharp, deadly fashion accessories. of he middle-class reader, of his unwillingness to afford those spaces of silence, those Regardless of such practical uses for heels, the fact remains that wearing high luxuries of domesticity and time and concentration, that surround the image of the heels is harmful to one's physical health. Talk to any podiatrist(足病医生), and you will classic act of reading. it has been suggested that almost 80 percent of America's hear that the majority of their business comes from high-heel-wearing women. High literate, educated teenagers can no longer read without an accompanying noise heels are known to cause problems such as deformed feet and torn toenails. The risk (music) in the background or a television screen flickering(闪烁)at the corner of their of severe back problems and twisted or broken ankles is three times higher for a high field of perception. We know very little about the brain and how it deals with heel wearer than for a flat shoe wearer. Wearing heels also creates the threat of simultaneous conflicting input, but every common-sense intuition suggests we should getting a heel caught in a sidewalk crack or a sewer-grate(阴沟栅)and being thrown be profoundly alarmed. This violation of concentration, silence, solitude(独处的状态)to the ground-possibly breaking a nose, back, or neck. And of course, after wearing goes to the very heart of our notion of literacy; this new form of part-reading, of heels for a day, any woman knows she can look forward to a night of pain as she tries part-perception against background distraction, renders impossible certain essential to comfort her swollen, aching feet. acts of apprehension and concentration, let alone that most important tribute any human being can pay to a poem or a piece of prose he or she really loves, which is to 31. The picture of the reading ability of the American people, drawn by the author, is learn it by heart. Not by brain, by heart; the expression is vital. _____. Under these circumstances, the question of what future there is for the arts of A) rather bleak reading is a real one. Ahead of us lie technical, psychic(心理的), and social B) fairly bright transformations probably much more dramatic than those brought about by Gutenberg, C) very impressive the German inventor in printing. The Gutenberg revolution, as we now know it, took a D) quite encouraging long time; its effects are still begin debated. The information revolution will touch every facet of composition, publication, distribution, and reading. No one in the book industry have to compel human beings to leave their tracks on the planet's reddish surface. can say with any confidence what will happen to the book as we've known it.Could it be that science, which has long played a minor role in exploration, is at last destined to take a leading role? The question naturally invites a couple of others: Are there experiments that only humans could do on Mars? Could those experiments 36. According to the passage, the chief purpose of explorers in going to unknown provide insights profound enough to justify the expense of sending people across places in the past was ______________. interplanetary space? A) to display their country's military might B) to accomplish some significant science C) to find new areas for colonization D) to pursue commercial and state interests 注:对应文章第一段 37. At present, a probable inducement for countries to initiate large-scale space ventures is _____________. A) international cooperation B) nationalistic reasons C) scientific research D) long-term profits 注:对应文章第三段，B和D相反都排除 38. What is the main goal of sending human missions to Mars? A) To find out if life ever existed there. B) To see if humans could survive there. C) To prove the feasibility of large-scale space ventures. D) To show the leading role of science in space exploration. 39. By saying "With Mars the scientific stakes are arguably higher than they have ever been" (Line 1, Para.4), the author means that _________________. A) with Mars the risks involved are much greater than any previous space ventures B) in the case of Mars, the rewards of scientific exploration can be very high C) in the case of Mars, much more research funds are needed than ever before D) with Mars, scientists argue, the fundamental interests of science are at issue 注:争议太多，对应末段 40. The passage tells us that proof of life on Mars would _______________. A) make clear the complex chemistry in the development of life B) confirm the suggestion that bacterial fossils traveled to Earth on a meteorite C) reveal the kind of conditions under which lie originates D) provide an explanation why life is common in the universe For centuries, explorers have risked their lives venturing into the unknown for reasons that were to varying degrees economic and nationalistic. Columbus went west to look for better trade routes to the Orient and to promote the greater glory of Spain. Lewis and Clark journeyed into the American wilderness to find out what the U.S. had acquired when it purchased Louisiana, and the Appolo astronauts rocketed to the moon in a dramatic show of technological muscle during the cold war. Although their missions blended commercial and political-military imperatives, the explorers involved all accomplished some significant science simply by going where no scientists had gone before. Today Mars looms(隐约出现)as humanity's next great terra incognita(未探明 之地). And with doubtful prospects for a short-term financial return, with the cold war a rapidly fading memory and amid a growing emphasis on international cooperation in large space ventures, it is clear that imperatives other than profits or nationalism will