英语四级考试技巧

大学英语四级快速阅读技巧 15分钟做完，先看小标，再通过1—7 小题的题干的名词、动词找出原句来做。 特别注意: 做题顺序，先看文章标题，直到文章主要内容，然后看第一小题，在小题部分的定位词先圈出来，在回原文找。找到第一小题后，再看第二小题。看一个题，作一个;不要把文章看完再做题，或题看完再读文章。 比较容易定位的词是: A. 不能用中心思想词定位，因为整篇文章都说的是它。 B. 时间、数字、地点、大写字母的单词容易定位。 C. 比较长，难的名词容易定位，好找。 D. 定位词找2—3个就行，多了也记不住。最好是位置不同的两个词。 一般判断N和NG的标准如下: NO题: (l)信息与原文相反 (2)将原文信息张冠李戴 (3)将原文中不确定的或未经证实的内容作为正确的或客观的来表述 (4)改变原文的条件、范围、频率、可能性等 NG题: (l)无中生有 (2)以个别代替整体，即将原文所举例子的特殊现象推广为普遍现象 (3)随意比较原文中提到的两个事物 (4)将原文具体化，即题目中涉及的范围小于原文涉及的范围 (5)原文中作者或某个人物的目标、目的、愿望、誓言等内容，在题目中作为客观事实陈述。 CET4&6阅读理解考试答题思路 根据《大学荚语教学大纲》的规定，CET4&6中的阅读理解部分主要测试四个方面，九个层次，具体表现为6种题型。?主旨题(包括大意);?细节题(包括事实);?词义题(包括词汇和短语);?逻辑题(包括句或句群);?推理题(包括引申);?观点题(包括态度)。 1 1. 有关主旨题的解题思路 主旨题的目的是检查对短文整体理解概括的能力。一般文章，尤其是说明文和议论文，往往有主题句表明中心思想，段中有段旨句展开段落中心。主题句通常在短文的开始或结尾，少数出现在文中，了解这一点，答主旨题往往会迎刃而解。有的文章，记述某个人物或事件，往往没有主题句，要靠综合文章，分析推理才能得出文章主旨，更要细心阅读。根据教学经验可知考生失误的重要原因之一是把太笼统或太具体、未能恰当反映文章整体思想的选项看作正确。还有一点有必要明确，历来试卷中的阅读理解短文均无标题，考生必须通过自己阅读理解，了解文章的主旨大意，而主旨大意的了解，意义远远超越答主旨题，因为答其他题往往也会涉及主旨。从这个意义上讲，不管本篇是否有主旨题，每篇都应了解主旨，养成这一良好习惯十分有益。 主旨(包括段旨)题常见的提问形式有: What is the main idea of the passage, What is the main subject of this passage, What is the main topic of this passage, The central point of the selection is that___________ The selection is concerned primarily with_______ The author is mainly concerned with _________ What does the passage mainly discuss, Which of the following best states the main idea of the passage, The passage is mainly about_________ Which illustrates the main idea of the selection, Which of the following sentences best describes the writer's main point in paragraph one, Which sentence best expresses the central point of the selection, The statement that best relates the main idea of this passage is 有时还令考生确定相应的文章标题来测试其对全文中心思想领悟。常用题有: What would be an appropriate title for this passage, Which of the following would be the most appropriate title for the passage, The best title for this passage would be/might be/is What might be the best title of this passage, 2 The most suitable title of the passage is Which is the best suggested title, The title that best expresses the ideas of this passage is The title below that best expresses the ideas of this passage is_______. 有时还令考生确定文章的基调或作者的写作目的，以此来测试其对全文意思的理解。常用的提问方式有:The tone of this essay is________________ The author's attitude toward， is best described as one of_____________ What is the author's main purpose in this passage, What might be the purpose of the author to write this passage, The author's main purpose of the passage is to___________ What is the primary purpose of the passage, 解决这类题型的要点就是抓住中心思想。一篇短文的中心思想是作者提出的最重要信息，它是贯穿文章的思想。因此，要把握文章的中心，首先必须抓住每一段落的中心，然后就可以归纳出文章的中心思想。 在回答主旨题型时，抓住文章的各段落的要点对答题是非常重要的。而各个段落的要点一般是由主题句体现的。主题句一般分为以下四种情况，位于段首的主题句，位于段末的主题句，位于段中的主题句、前后呼应的主题句以及无明确主题句。 ?位于段首的主题句 一般而言，以演绎法(deduction)阐述观点的文章，主题常常在文章的开头，即先点出主题，然后，围绕这一主题作具体的陈述。它常给读者以清新明了的感觉，使人马上就可明白文章所讲的是什么，即文章的主旨。 ?位于句末的主题句 以归纳法(induction)模式写作的文章，主题句常常出现在段落或文章的结尾，以强调根据阐述句提供的具体事实得出的结论。 ?位于段中的主题句 出现于段中的主题句有两种情况，或先提出问题，然后给予回答(主题句)，再给予解释或先提出问题，然后点出主题思想(主题句)，最后给予解释。 ?前后呼应的主题句 3 有些短文有前后两个主题句，这两个主题句叙说的是同一个内容，但用词不尽相同，这样不但强调了主题思想，而且更显得灵活多变。这两个句子并且简单地重复，后一个主题句或者对该主题作最后的评述，或把主要要点做一概括，或使之引申留给读者去思考。 ?无明确主题句 一篇短文通常包括两部分:?表明中心思想的主题句;?与中心思想有关或为其提供论据的一个或多个支持性句子。因此，能恰如其分地有针对性、概括性全面反映本篇短文的内容的句子，都可被认为是主题句。最令人棘手的恐怕要数所选的短文出现无主题句的情况。如果没有主题句，考生可以采用提纲挈领法，通过分析细节把文章的要点归纳出来。具体可参考如下方法寻找文章的主要思想: 1) 判断出文章的主题究竟是指一个人、一个地方还是一件事情，如某一概念、设想等;也可能是某一事情的过程、方法。总之，人、物、地点、思想或过程都可以成为主题句的主语。 2) 判断出与该主语有关的最主要的东西、该主语所做的事情，或者外界对于该主语所做的事情而成为该主题的动词。 2. 有关细节题的解题思路 主旨题型(获取主旨和大意)主要用于测试读者对整篇短文的概要理解的能力，包括全文的中心思想，作者的写作目的和意图等。它是提高阅读效率的一个重要技巧，但不是唯一的技巧。主题思想只是文章的框架，作者在构思过程中，还必须对要表达的观点或信息进行具体的陈述，读者应能确切注意或记住作者在陈述中谈到的是何人、何处、何事、何时和何故，这是十分重要的。因此，读者必须密切重视人名、日期、事实、数据和地点等。对于这类细节性的问题，多数文章都比较明显地提供了事实(facts)和细节(details)，其答案必定在文章论述范围之内。读者应该找出文章中为所作的选择提供依据的单词和句子，而不能脱离原文去获取信息，也不能仓促地作出没有原文根据的假设。 词义题的解题思路 阅读时利用各种已知信息推测判断某些超纲词汇或短语的词义是读者必须掌握的一项阅读技巧，同时也是阅读理解测试的基本解决方法之一。猜词能力主要取决于读者已经掌握的词汇量，熟悉英语语言结构的程度，各种常识与经验，以及逻辑推理的能力等等。即使考生掌握了新的《大学英语教学大纲》词表中规定的6500词，在阅读过程中，考生往往也会碰到生词、难词。这不仅很大程度上影响了他们的阅读速度，而且也会妨碍他们对文章的 4 正确理解。但是，我们可以通过上下文的种种提示来准确地猜出一些生词的意思。这是阅读理解中最重要的技能之一，考生应认真掌握。下面从八个方面来分别阐述。 一、根据定义猜测词义 我们在阅读文章时，不能因为生词的存在而却步，相反随着对全文的理解，会逐渐明白某个生词的词义。有些文章常常采取直接定义的方法，来解释说明生词的词义。 二、根据解释猜测词义 解释与定义有时很相似，但是它不如定义那样详尽、严密，尽管如此，它为我们提供的信息已足够猜测词义使用了。 三、根据复述猜测词义 复述也是一种解释方式，即换用不同的词语重新表达同一内容。复述部分可以是单词、短语，也可以是从句或者句子。 四、根据举例猜测词义 在阅读过程中，短文中常常出现“for example，such as，as.„„as.„„”等这 一类的词语，它对我们认识生词帮助很大。它通过恰当的举例能更清楚、更生动地表达词义。 五、根据对比关系猜测词义 这类题型的上下文提示不是作者对生词、难点所作的解释和说明，而是需要读者运用语言知识和分析能力去细心搜寻和领会的相关信息之间存在的种种逻辑关系。根据这种逻辑关系所提供的思路和范围，来分析判断有关生词的词义或相近意义，从而达到理解全文思想 让步和条件状语(从句)以及 “unlike”，“in spite of”，内容的目的。转折词“but” “despite”，“however”等一些介词和副词都可以帮助构成意义上的对比关系。 六、根据比较联系猜测词汇 同对比关系相反，比较关系表示意义上的相似关系，常常使用like， as， just as， also等词语来表示。 七、根据因果关系猜测词义 一定的原因导致一定结果，只要确认了这一逻辑关系，无论生词出现在原因方面，还是出现在结果方面，都可以根据这种因果关系来推测其词义。 八、根据构词法识别生词 掌握英语单词的构词法，能帮助读者认识生词，并单一反三，成倍地扩大词汇量。英文单词由两部分构成:词干和词缀。词缀又可分为前缀和后缀。有些词干本身可作为独立的词 5 使用，而不少单词则由词干附加词缀构成。由于词干与词缀都是包含一定语义的单词成分，不同词干与词缀组合就会构成新的词义。例如: 1.词干:patient (名人，病人) 加前缀:impatient(形容词，不耐心的) 再加后缀:impatiently(副词，不耐心地) 2.词干:state(动词，陈述，声明) 加前缀:restate(动词，重申) 再加后缀:restatement(名词，重新陈述)。 从以上例子可以看出，前缀和后缀改变了原来的词义或词性。所以掌握了构词法能帮助考生认识生词，并扩大词汇量。 4. 有关逻辑题的解题思路 既理解个别句子的意义，也理解上下文之间的逻辑关系是CET4&6对阅读理解部分所要求考生必须掌握的一种阅读技能之一。熟练掌握好此项阅读技能，有助于提高阅读速度和理解能力，从而在考试中获得高分。此项阅读技能是考生语篇理解能力的重要表现，即考生综合运用语感、语法、词汇、逻辑等方面的知识进行分析和判断的能力。需要注意的是，在阅读文章时，只理解个别句子的意思是不够的，还需要把上下文的意思联系起来，弄懂前后句之间的逻辑关系。同时也要注意句子间或段落间的上下过渡，或呼应的承接词语的作用，包括连接词、某些副词及介词短语等等。这些承接词语往往被用来表示主题思想与辅助论点之间、辅助论点本身之间的联系。我们可把它们看作指示器(信号词)，对我们的思维起着指示方向的作用。就像在一条长长的线路中，随时提醒读者何处照直走，何处该拐弯。借助它们的提示，才可以准确地分析句子结构和段落结构，分清层次，确定文章的主题思想和细节等等。例如，当我们读到“thus”，就会期待一个结果出现;而当我们读到“however”，就会知道随之而出现的必定是一种转折;看到“in addition”或者“furthermore”，就知道文章将提供进一步信息。 大学英语四级听力应试技巧 1.扎实的语言基本功 听力理解技巧是建立在听力理解水平基础上的，而听力理解水平是通过听力理解能力来体现的，它包括记忆和回想的能力、选择要点的能力、推断演绎的能力、判断和得出结论的能力以及运用背景知识的能力。词汇主要涉及如何处理"生词"的问题，即利用上下文、 6 同位语猜词的能力和一词多义的辨别能力。语法主要包括那些最基本的语法现象，如时态、语态、虚拟语气、比较级、最高级、否定式和说话人的口气等。语音、语调、词汇、语法是语言的基本要素，对它们的熟练掌握是打好语言基本功的关键。 2.预测、综合判断能力 总体来说听力技巧包括听前、听中和听后的准备，实施过程和相应的预测、记忆以及综合判断能力。听前预测是指从所给的文字材料和答案选项等线索中发现一些背景信息，力求缩小谈话者的话题，它能帮助考生搞清所听内容的类型和结构甚至主题。考生听的时候可避免过分注重每个单词从而影响对全篇中心思想的理解。考生应抢时间阅读试卷上的选项，争取主动，以便在听音时有针对性。听前预测有一定的客观依据，即话题所使用的词语的范围，这种内容越具体范围就越窄。不管什么人说话都有一定的逻辑性，这种逻辑性又具有共性，受过一定教育的人是可以把握的。也就是说通过阅读选项我们可以推测听力材料可能涉及到什么题材和它的内容。听的过程中要强化记忆，对所听的内容进行联想，并对所听到的内容进行适当的加工，对整体和细节不可偏废。重视整体的题目是询问对话或短文的中心思想，因此千万要有整体概念，不要只记细节而忽视整体。听完后必须对所听到的内容进行分析、综合、推理、判断，挑选和问题有关的信息，放弃无用的。 3.学会用英语思维 听的时候尽量避免将每个单词和句子翻译成汉语，这样做一是浪费时间，二是影响理解，因为两种语言的结构和思维不尽相同，不是所有的英语都有相对等的汉语。在短暂的15秒钟内，既要听，又要理解、翻译，还要进行综合判断，这是不太可能的，弄不好会影响以后的听力理解。最好的办法是逐渐培养用英语思维，不但可以节约时间还可以提高理解力。 4.有关学科及社会背景知识 语言是人们进行交际的手段，社会生活的变化、科技的普及发展、一国的文化历史传 统、生活方式、地理气候环境以及人们的思维方式都要反映到语言之中。具备一点背景知识对所听的对话和短文会有一种熟悉感，一个更深刻的理解，甚至能弥补语言上的一些不足。我们都知道英语和汉语是两种截然不同的语言，考生若对西方的社会文化因素不了解，缺少足够的有关学科知识，只是用我们所熟悉的思维、逻辑去判断对话或短文，就很可能出错。 5.恰当的选择练习资料 听力材料的选择对于听力考试能力的提高是至关重要的，推荐北京实力外语学校四六 7 级教材中的"听力技巧"、"听力训练"、"听力小对话"以及"历年真题"。 “听”出大学英语四级考试听力技巧 除了多听、多读、多讲„多写，熟能生巧，水到渠成之外，还应注意以下三种应试技巧: 一、理解好题意，做到心中有数 在听写考试中，我们发现不少考生由于过度紧张而忽视了题意，所以本应该完成得非常好的题从手中错过。08年Dictation考试从one to seven应填single word;从eight own words to finish the sentence.有的考生在做第8一10个to ten则要求use your 填空时，由于没弄懂题意，只想着全部听写下来，结果感到速度太快，记不下来。听写部分意思虽然理解了，也没用自己的话表达，白白地丢掉了好几分。 二、抢用短文，预测听写内容 听写的短文一般在100-200字左右，共重复三遍。考生可利用听指令前的空隙，略看一下短文，做到“有的放矢”。08年6月份大学英语四级考试中的听写文章:考生扫一眼便会知道是一篇关于policeman和他们的job的事，这样就不会措手不及，心慌意乱，影响正常水平的发挥了。 三、使用速记方法，从文中找出答案 学生们在听写时，往往会出现记下了听写的第一单词，而后面的几句后匆匆而过，来不及填写第二个空, 针对这个问题，我认为在考试中应采用速记方法，迅速记下每个听到的单词。所说的速记就是用一些简单的符号、缩写、字母记下所听到的内容，不让每个单词漏网。 例如:so-equal t-teacher sts,students, ad-advertisement， flu-influenza -professional, tec-detective fridge-refrigerator demo-demonstration等等。先pro 速记，然后再展开这些单词，这样所听的内容就不易漏掉了。此外，学生还会出现另一种现象，就是听懂了词意，不会写单词。遇到这样的问题，不妨从上下文找一找，看看是否有帮助提示的地方。例如:有这样一段话„of the United States Monday，the earthquake observatory in San Francisco reported today.听写的句子是An earthquake shook the northwestern coast(有些学生不会写地震earthquake这个字，我们通过上下文，便会很容易地写下这个单词。 8 总之，听力技巧的掌握以考生综合英语水平为基础，考生首先要具备较强的英语的耳听意会能力，对比较简单的概念最好能直接用英语进行思维，做到不用译成汉语也能理解听到的内容;同时应具备较强的英语快速阅读能力，才能迅速记下所听到的内容，在听力、听写测试中取得满意的成绩，顺利地通过大学英语四级考试。 大学英语四级考试听力复习四大技巧 (一)调整心理状态 心理状态就是一个人的心情。心情的好坏，会直接地影响我们工作、学习的效果。你也能看到，在体育比赛中，由于心理状态的起伏，参赛选手的发挥会跟着有较大的起伏。同样的道理，心理状态的正常与否对参加听力考试的同学来说也至关重要。心理方面的任何失衡都会使你手忙脚乱，得分率降低，平时掌握的内容也有可能发挥不出来;相反，保持良好的心态，则会使你如虎添翼，发挥出最佳水平。 考试中的心理偏差有两种，一是过于放松，难以集中注意力，总是想起别的东西，无法抓住听力内容的关键词;二是过于紧张，心跳加快，手心出汗，有头晕的感觉。出现前一种情况的同学要加强训练，找一个与考试环境相似的教室，模仿真实的考试场景，逐渐进入状态;出现后一种情况的同学可能是对自己的能力估计不足，心中无数，有一种惧怕心理。这就要从自身做起，平时加强听力训练，做到有的放矢，弥补弱项。从而充满自信，保持心理稳定。在考前，把指令背熟，然后在放指令的录音时，阅读选择项，并进行有关的预测，这时，紧张的心理自然消除了。另外，要做到顺其自然，我们的意思是不要怕漏听一些非关键部分，像介词、连词、冠词等，总之不要去想一个没听到或一个不熟悉的单词，否则，会漏听更多内容。关于心理准备。在开首，我们提出同学们在练习听力以及正式的考试中都必须遵循的一条，就是放松心情，但要使听觉系统紧张起来。只有放松心情，才能正常(甚至超水平)发挥听力。 听的过程中，一定要集中注意力，不要胡思乱想。在平时训练中，就要注意加强大脑与听觉系统之间的协调与沟通。 (二)注意辨别近音 同音、近音词句一样，在英语语言中也有许多单词读音很接近。它们在被读出时，很容易对考生造成干扰，使你产生多余的联想。另外，在对所提问题设定的选项中，通常会出现与听力材料中读音接近的单词，作为对原句中音或义的干扰。比如: 原文:W: I’ve got to buy a new car. 9 M: Really? Q: What does the woman mean? 选项:A) She purchased a car recently. B) She knew the car was in the lot. C) She always forgets to clean her car. D) She really needs a new car. 可以看出，B)项中的knew是对原文中new的近音干扰，C)项中的forget是对have got to的近音干扰。 因此，在遇到这类题时，要求考生要仔细，不要一看到干扰项就立即作出选择，从而中了题设陷阱。 此外，还要注意语音、语调的问题。中国考生对英语中以语调、语气表意的句子不熟悉，从而难以领会说话者要表达的真实意图，结果造成失分。因此，应试者应对这一项加以研究，并加强训练。以陈述句为表达形式而句末用升调，表示说话人的怀疑，不同意或不完全同意对方的观点。句子结构是陈述形式，但句末用的是降调或低升调，表示说话人的无所谓或乐观的态度，不表示怀疑。 感叹句用升调结尾，表怀疑。疑问句句末用升调表示怀疑，而用降调不表怀疑。如Is he honest?用降调表示说话者认为他是诚实的。同学们对连续和弱读的现象也应有所了解。 (三)要做必要记录 对于记忆的培养很重要。记有两种形式，一是用脑记，二是用手记。人的脑力是有时间局限的，超出一定的时间，信息就会弱化，甚至消失。因此，训练作笔录能力大有好处。在听较长的信息时，一边脑记并理解，一边还要做笔录，只有这样，才能有效地理解和判断。如果没有记住关键内容，所做的判断当然无凭无据，正确性就会大打折扣。 在四级考试中，听力两部分都要求考生具有迅速而准确地记录有效信息的能力。 在Section A中，有关于时间，数量推算之类的题目。做这类题目时，考生要记下有关数字，并作简单计算。否则，等听完之后，脑中暂歇的信息一经消退，你就可能无法得到正确答案，亦或出现混乱而出错。 例如: W:I only have ten dollars,is it enough for three tickets? M:Well, you can buy three , 2 tickets and three , 3 tickets, whichever you like. 10 W:I’ll like the cheaper seats,please. Q:How much money will the woman have after she buys the tickets? 作这个题时，最好记下几个数字:10，3，2，3，分别代表有10元钱，买3张票，有2元一张和3元一张的，当你听到买票者要便宜的一种，你立即可得出她还剩四元钱。 在section B中，一篇短文被连续地读出来，这时记录关键信息就显得尤为重要。只有你准确地记下了有关信息，才能顺利地完成后面的题目。 怎样记?记什么?我们说速记，简记;记要点，记关键词。简单到什么程度，只要是自己能看懂，能为做题服务就足够了，记的要点包括中心思想、主要人物、主要情节，有关的地点、时间、数字(要准确)等。 (四)快速浏览选项 考生要切记，对付一切听力考试都行之有效的做法是快速浏览选择项并提炼信息点，再找出选项间的联系点。当录音人在即将开始读Directions时，这就是你阅读选择项的最佳时机。应充分抓住这段时间，速读选项，预测内容，从而做到心中有数。通过阅读，应明确以下信息: a) 题目所涉及到的主要人物，地点等，如是场景类考题，应迅速联想起与该场景有关的词汇，全神贯注地倾听相关信息。 b) 一般四个选择项的设计都会和录音内容或多或少地有点关系，以使能够造成干扰。这时，你就要比较它们之间的联系点，大胆地进行猜想，事先得到一个印象，再与听力材料结合，就会迅速找出答案。 这一技巧是建立在考生有较强的阅读能力的基础上。当考生具有这一能力时，通过在播放录音前的短暂时间里对问题所设的选择项的涉及内容快速地通览一下，掌握其大意。这样，你就会有针对性，目的性地去注意听力材料中提供的信息。从而迅速地找出有效词句来，作出正确判断。 例如:选项:A)The doctor is busy tomorrow. B)The doctor won’t see her tomorrow. C)The doctor is busy all day today. D)The doctor will see her today. 当你阅读了这四个选项后，你就会联想到这是关于医生的活动安排的内容。这时，你就要集中注意力在医生的日程上。请看原文: W: When can the doctor see me? 11 M: He won’t be free until tomorrow. Q: What does the man mean? 你听到医生直到明天才会有空时，答案就很明显了。A)、B)、D)项都与原文所表达的意思不符。只有C)贴切。从这一点也可以看出，听力技巧的提高跟你阅读能力高低有很大关系，因此，平时还要加强阅读训练，以期能迅速理解选项意思。 大学英语四级考试常用翻译技巧 英语和汉语是两种差异比较大的语言，英语重形合，汉语重 意合。有人把英语句子比喻为“树木丛生、干枝纠缠的树林”，脉络难析，主次难辨，而把汉语句子比喻为“枝干分明的竹林”，脉络清晰，主次易辨。翻译时，根 据表达习惯，英语、汉语的句子结构有时需要进行相应的转换。英汉语复合句中主句和从句之间的时间顺序和逻辑顺序也不完全一致，因此，翻译时，也时常需要根 据表达习惯，对句序进行相应的调整。 现代翻译理论认为，句子是最重要的翻译单位。大学英语四级考试中的翻译题型也是以句子翻译为主。考生如果能够熟练掌握句子翻译的基本方法，那么对于处理四级考试中的句子翻译题必将是如虎添翼。 正反、反正表达法 由于民族文化和思维方式不同，英汉两种语言在表达同一概念时所采用的方式就有所不同。在表达否定概念时，英语和汉语使用的词汇、语法、语言逻辑就有很大的差 异。汉语中有些词、短语或者句子是从反面表达的，而译成英语时则需要从正面进行表达，如例1、例2、例3。反之，汉语中有些从正面表达的词、短语或者句子，译成英语时需要从反 、例5、例6。此外，汉语还有一些特殊的句子结构，如双重否定(例面进行表达，如例4 7)、否定转移(例8)在译成英语时也需要引起注意。 一、I.汉语从反面表达，译文从正面表达 例1:他提出的论据相当不充实。 译文:The argument he put forward is pretty thin. (词) 例2:我们确信，年轻一代将不会辜负我们的信任。 译文:We are confident that the younger generation will prove worthy of our trust. (短语) 12 例3:他七十岁了，可是并不显老。 译文:He was 70, but he carried his years lightly. (句子) II.汉语从正面表达，译文从反面表达 例4:他这个人优柔寡断，而且总是反复无常。 译文:He was an indecisive sort of person and always capricious. (词) 例5:调查结果清清楚楚地显示病人死于心脏病。 译文:The investigation left no doubt that the patient had died of heart disease. (短语) 例6:这类举动迟早会被人发觉的。 译文:Such actions couldn’t long escape notice. (句子) III.特殊的否定句式 例7:有利必有弊。 译文:There is not any advantage without disadvantage. (双重否定) 例8:我们在那个城市从未因为是犹太人而遭受歧视。 译文:In that city, we had never suffered discrimination because we were Jews. (否定转移) 大学英语四级考试写作知识与技巧 大学英语四级考试自1987年开始至今已走过了23个年头，而写作作为必考项目在这18年中无论是命题思路还是写作方法、写作技巧都几乎没有大的改动。从最近公布的新四级考试大纲和样题中我们也不难看到，这种稳定性在新四级考试中仍将得到进一步延续。结合多年来对四级写作的研究和一些丰富的教学经验，笔者认为非常有必要将一些四级写作知识和技巧进行总结，因为这不仅仅对现行四级的考生，而且对即将参加新四级考试的学生都有指导和借鉴意义。 四级写作的特点与要求 孙子云:“知己知彼，百战不殆”。想在写作考试中获得成功，就必须首先了解四级考试的要求和评分规则。由于新四级考试还没有开始进行，笔者就以一篇根据现行四级写作题目“Do‘Lucky Numbers’Really Bring Good Luck?”写成的学生作文为例来讲述几 个最基本的道理。 13 例文1: Some people think that certian(拼写错误) numbers will bring good luck to them. Numbers such as six, eight, sixteen and eighteen are regarded as lucky numbers. There are also people who think that their success is related to certain numbers. However, some other people think numbers have nothing to do with their luck. They believe in their own rather than“lucky numbers”. They don't do things according to certain numbers. As far as I am concerned, I think it is a person's own business whether he believes in a certain number or not. The most important thing is that he has done the work by himself and has done it quite well. As to the belief in numbers, it is their (前后指代不一致，应改为his) personal choice. 该文章是当年四级考试命题组印发给全国评卷老师的一篇例文，根据15分制的评分标 准，这篇例文被评为14分，供全国评卷老师作为评分参考。乍看起来，本文无论从遣词造 句还是思想深度，似乎都算不得一篇佳作;但它之所以能够被评为14分，还是有其内在深 层次原因的，那就是经常被考生们所忽视的议论文写作常识。简要地讲，可分为以下三个 部分: (一) 英文议论文的结构特点 汉语写作对文章结构的要求不是很高，如开头段应该包括什么、论题句应该在什么时 候出现、文章的结尾是否必须总结全文等等。而英语写作要求文章结构必须十分严谨，文 章各个部分的功能都要十分清晰，开头、中间和结尾都有严格的要求。 简而言之，英语议论文共有三大特点: 1、 观点鲜明的开头; 2、 紧扣主题的结尾; 3、 有主题句并且衔接自然的中间段落。 这三点当中，第1、2点早已为绝大多数中国学生所熟知，因为开头点题和结尾扣题同 样也是汉语文章的要求。但在长时间的学习过程中，这样的要求被很多学生以为是“老土” 而得不到足够的重视。如果将这种思想带到英语议论文写作当中，直接的后果就是中心分 散、观点不明确，加上中国学生普遍英文表达能力不强，这些因素就为整篇文章的失败埋 下了隐患。 14 另外，英语文章和汉语不同的是段落的主题句一定要放在段首，而不能按照中文的写作习惯放在段落的中间或者最后，在英文应试写作中更加如此。正因为没有“主题句”的思想，所以中国学生在写英语文章时经常“想到什么，就写什么”，这在英语议论文中是不能接受的。例如，例文1中每一段的首句都简要地概括出了该段的主要内容，换句话说，每段的内容都是根据首句来展开的，其顺序不能颠倒。 (二) 中心统一 在中心统一这个问题上，英语议论文和汉语议论文的概念也有所不同。中国人在写议论文时常常遵循“中庸”的原则，其具体的表现就是认为世界上没有任何事情是绝对的。当他们在文章中表扬一件事物或一种现象的时候，总要指出其不足;同样，在批评一件事物或一种现象的同时，也总不忘记指出其也有合理之处。这种做法从道理上来讲并没有什么不妥，但却不符合英语议论文的写作习惯，因为英语作家在写议论文时关注的是自己的辩论技巧和其结果对公众的影响力。换句话说，如果作者告诉大家两面都有道理也就等于说两面都没有道理，因为读者在读了文章之后仍旧不知道作者的看法是什么，以及自己在这种情况下到底该怎么做。 所以，既然四级考试考的是英语文章，大家就应该遵循英文议论文的写作思路和习惯:表示支持则旗帜鲜明地支持;表示反对就彻彻底底地反对，而不能采取“墙头草两边倒”的做法。以上面的例文1为例，如果作者的观点是“幸运数字是既有道理又无道理的”，这种观点就无法让人接受，因为在英语议论文中，这是典型的中心不统一。 大学英语四级写作:应对策略与语言组织技巧 一、文字通顺连贯 英语中的过渡句和连接词是文章通顺连贯的重要标志，根据语法中的平行和从属结构原则，一个复合句中必须要有一个连接词，否则句子是不符合语法规则的。如: All flights had been cancelled, the passengers had to go there by train. 本句的两部分都有完整的主谓，但并没有连接词加以连接，故是错误的，应改为:Because all flights had been cancelled, the passengers had to go there by train.或All flights had been cancelled, so the passengers had to go there by train.或用分词形式All flights having been cancelled, the passengers had to go there by train.由以上例子可以看出，复合句内部必须要有连接词，有时句子之间也需要连接词，而连接词体现的 15 是句子内部和句子之间严谨的逻辑和论证推理关系，是英文语言最大的价值之一。当然段 与段之间还需要过渡句或过渡词组来加以联系，以达到通顺之效果。 以下是我们对写作中英文逻辑关系以及引导各种逻辑关系连接词和词组的归纳: 总结关系过渡词语 generally speaking, generally, as a general rule, in general, on a larger scale, to take the idea further, to take the above opinion to an extreme, in a sense, in one sense, in a way, to some extent, in my opinion, in my view, as for me, as far as I am concerned, obviously, undoubtedly, in terms of, in conclusion, in short, in brief, in summary, in a word, on the whole, to sum up, to conclude 比较对比关系过渡词语 similarly, likewise, like, too, equally important, the same as, in common, in the same way, on the contrary, on the one hand, on the other hand, otherwise, in sharp contrast, whereas, rather than, conversely, instead, in/by contrast, but, however, yet, nevertheless 列举关系过渡词语 for example, for instance, as an example, as a case in point, such as, namely, that is, like, thus, first, second, third, finally, in the first place, initially, first of all, to begin with, to start with, what is more, furthermore, eventually, besides, in addition (to that), first and foremost, last but not least, next, also, moreover, for one thing, for another 因果关系过渡词语 because (of), as, since, for, owing to, due to, thanks to, on account of, ), consequently, for the reason that, as a as a result of, result in (from consequence, consequently, if follows that, accordingly, therefore, hence 让步关系过渡词语 although, even though, after all, in spite of, despite, granted that 强调关系过渡词语 anyway, certainly, surely, obviously, to be sure, especially, particularly, above all, in deed, in fact, even worse, needless to say, most important of all, no doubt 16 递进关系 in addition, furthermore, also, moreover, besides, again, and, likewise, what's more 时间顺序 afterwards, at last, at length, immediately, in the meantime, lately, meanwhile, presently, shortly, since, soon, temporarily, thereafter, while 方位序列 in front of, beside, beyond, above, below, inside, outside, on the left, on the right 方式手段 as, as if, as though, the way，by 目的关系 that, so that, lest, in case, for fear that, in order that 二、书写工整，避免严重语言错误。 分析修改下面的作文: Traffic has became an socially problem in big cities. Of course, have a car is a good think, but every people own a car, the streets will became too crowded. Traffic Jams occurred on the rush hours and accidents happened more often. One way to solving this problem is develop group transportion system. Such as, we should buy more bus and built more roads. And underground trains is also a good solution. Another way is to reduce the big city’s population. Our country population control is the wise and necessary police. If big city people reduce, traffic will less crowded. 写作中常见错误归纳 语法错误 ? 时态错误 在描述过去发生的事情时要用过去时，如果是一般事实应该用现在时„„。这些语法 规则是大家耳熟能详的，但落到笔下就容易忘记。 ? 一致性，尤其是主谓搭配 17 有些同学写下了主语，但是写谓语的时候就把主语扔到一边去了。比如写了 “The people„”，后面的系动词却成了 “is„”。集合名词(army, audience, cabinet, class, company, committee, crew, crowd, family, government, group, party, population, public, staff, team等)作主语，如果指整体，则谓语动词用单数;如果指具体成员，则谓语动词用复数。表示时间，距离，价格等的复数名词或短语，如果强调整体，谓语动词用单数;如果强调具体数量，则谓语动词用复数。单数名词如果跟着along with, as well as, besides, but, combined with, except, in addition to, rather than等时，谓语动词用单数。但用either„or„, neither„nor„, not only„but also„, or等连接的名词作主语时，谓语动词需要与最近的那个主语保持一致。 ? 代词指代的一致 如下面这个句子: We’re going to meet a lot of difficulties, but I believe we’ll overcome it. ? 句子不完整 有的同学写了上半句，就忘了下半句。所以写完一个句子以后要仔细再读一遍，如果觉得不对，需要回头补全句子。如 People who know the harmfulness of smoking if they are careful. ? 人称转换错误 这个毛病是绝大部分同学都容易犯的。我们在写作时，一篇文章里面不能出现太多的人称。另外在我们的文章中最保险的人称代词是 “we”，因为 “we”可以指“你，我，她/他”任何人。而且如果用 “we”，那么最好通篇文章都用，即使要有所变化，也最多再用一个 “I”或 “they”就行了。 ? 比较级使用错误 不少同学使用形容词或副词的比较级时出现错误，主要是因为中学的基础不是很牢固。如经常会看到这样的用法: more better than There are many advantages than„ I have as much twice apples than you do„ ? 冠词用法错误 如:a easy job, City of the Beijing, He is a brightest student in his class. ? 介词用法错误 18 介词一般都比较简单，但往往是简单的词用法最多，所以也最难掌握。这些词的用法非常灵活，需要多读，多写才能正确掌握。如下面的句子: This machine is superior than (to) the old one. The stamps I have are identical for his. In(On) condition that„ ? 大小写错误 一般来说，每一句的首字母应该大写，人名地名的首字母和专有名词的首字母大写。但有些同学容易忘记。如: it is well-known that smoking is harmful to people’s health. I went to beijing yesterday. How To Deal With The Problem Of Smoking is a huge task. 拼写错误 这方面的错误相当普遍，而且较难根除。因为大家背单词的时候有时背得并不牢。尤其是大家经常做客观题，只要知道应该选哪一个答案就可以了，并没有仔细背住单词的拼写。要解决这个问题，大家需要背单词时不仅能“识别”，而且能“使用”，需要多背多写。下面是一些经常容易搞混淆或拼错的单词: environment-------环境，容易写成enviroment government--------政府，容易误拼成goverment modern-------------现代的，容易拼成morden delighted-----------感到高兴的; delightful--------使人高兴的 economic-----------有关经济的; economical----节俭的，经济的 historic--------------有历史意义的; historical-------关于历史的 considerate---------关心别人的; considerable----相当大的，相当多的 sensible-------------合理的，可感知的; sensitive---------敏感的 credible-------------可信的; credulous--------容易轻信的 continual------------持续的，中间有间隔; continuous-------持续的，中间没有间隔 satisfied-------------满意的; satisfactory-------令人满意的 tired------------------疲倦的，累的; tiresome----------令人疲倦的 farther----------------更远，表示距离; further------------进一步，表示程度 industrial-------------工业的; industrious--------刻苦的，努力的 19 respectable---------受人尊敬的; respectful----尊敬别人的; respective---各自的 imaginary------想象中的; imaginative-----想象力丰富的; imaginable-----可以想象的 三、词语的使用 选 词 多用近义词 make manufacture buy purchase finish accomplish end terminate use utilize love affection agree accord discussion controversy tell inform enough sufficient speed velocity car vehicle open unclose choice alternative She is not a friend but a nodding acquaintance. 区分具体与抽象的词 词从语义上可分为具体与抽象两种类别，例如: 抽象 具体 good kind, honest, generous, warm-hearted, selfless, friendly laugh smile, chuckle, snigger scientist physicist, biologist, chemist fish shark, salmon, perch, eel tree shrub, bush, pollard, oak, plane, pine, willow 20 抽象词意范围大，概括力强，但给人以空洞的感觉，适合于文章的开头和结尾等总结性部分。具体词意义有针对性、个性和精确性，给人以确切的概念，适合用于段落中细节的刻画，论点的阐述以及事物的描写。如果用抽象的词来表达具体的事物，便会给人笼统的感觉: a. 抽象: The man is good. 具体: The man is selfless. b. 抽象: There are three men in the room. 具体: There are three little boys in the room. 善于使用代词 A scientist draws conclusions by studying the facts he collects. Such symbols as are used to represent chemical elements should be firmly kept in mind. 四、句式变换 在了解组织句子的四个特点之后，我们重点看一下句子组织形式的多样化，即在120,150词内，尽量使用不同的句子形式，常用的句型如下: 主语从句 定语从句 (限定性和非限定性) 状语从句 (时间，原因，地点，条件，让步等) 分词短语做定语或状语 强调句 倒装句 省略句 What句型 设问句 主语和主语从句 名词、代词、动名词、不定式以及名词性从句都可以作主语。后三种，学生在写作时用起来不是很熟练，但却很有价值，可以在很大程度上提高语言质量。下面我们看几组例句: 21 动名词作主语 Listening to some light music will help you calm down. Talking to a person like him is just like talking to a deaf. 不定式作主语 To see is to believe. To help others is to help yourself in a sense. To see things as they are, to go right to the right point, to disentangle a skein of thought, to detect what is sophistical, and to discard what is irrelevant aiming at. is after all, what a university training should be 主语从句 主语从句一般由what, who, which, why, how, when, which, whether„or„等引导，这些名词性从句作主语时，我们称之为主语从句。 Why he would reject such a good offer remained unknown all these years. Whether we can succeed or not depends upon our efforts. What you have done for us will be in our memory for ever. 当句子的实际主语太长时，英语习惯用先行代词it作形式主语，然后再引出真正的主 语 It is common knowledge that honesty is the best policy. And with our current methods, it is hard to estimate the loss in environmental terms as many negative results may take decades to emerge. 其他常用先行代词it作形式主语的句型还有: It is self-evident that„ 很明显的是 It goes without saying that„ 不用说 It is asserted that((( 有人主张„„ It is believed that((( 据信„„ It is generally considered that((( 人们普遍认为„„ It is hoped that((( 人们希望„„ It is reported that((( 据报道„„ It is said that((( 据说„„ 22 It is supposed that((( 据推测((( It is well-known that((( 众所周知„„ It must be admitted that((( 必须承认„„ It cannot be denied that„ 不可否认„„ It must be pointed out that((( 需指出的是„„ It was told that((( 据传„„ It will be said that((( 有人会说„„ It follows that„ 由此可见 It is inappropriate that„ „„是不合适的 宾语从句 宾语从句是置于谓语动词之后的名词性从句。大家来看下面几个例子: 1、They believe that the central government’s decision to develop the western part of the country and the success of Beijing’s bid to host the 2008 Olympics will open up further opportunities for a boom in the regional aviation market. 2、We cannot understand why they are so cruel to their beloved parents. 3、Experience from foreign countries suggests that no aircraft manufacturers can survive depending only on their domestic market. 写作中常用的跟宾语从句的谓语动词以主语是We举例如下: We assume that„ 我们设想、假设„„ We suggest that„ 我们认为、建议„„ We hold/maintain/ that„ 我们认为„„ We stress that„ 我们强调„„ We admit that„ 我们承认„„ We deny that„ 我们否认„„ We hope that„ 我们希望„„ We discover that„ 我们发现„„ We recommend that„ 我们推荐、建议„„ We mention that„ 我们提到„„ 表语从句 表语从句是主语，系动词，从句所构成的语句，其中系动词包括三类: 23 ? be的其各种形式; ? 表示变化的词如go, become, turn; ? 表示感觉的词，常有“„„起来”的含义如feel, smell, taste, look, sound等。 大家看下面的例句: That is why so many people want to work in the government. This is where she lived when she was young. Quality is what counts most. The problem is not who will go, but who will stay. The assumption is that things will improve. That is how we beat them in the contest. What he wants to know is if you may agree. What we want to know is whether the government may take measures to tackle this problem. The question is which one you may choose. 倒装句式 倒装句式是指主语和谓语或表语动词的位置颠倒，又分为部分倒装和全部倒装。 部分倒装是指谓语中的一部分，如助动词do, does, did, can, may, should, ought to, must, have, 系动词be等放在主语前面，其余部分包括谓语动词仍在主语后面。 部分倒装的情况: ? 虚拟语气的条件句，省略if，同时将had, were, should提到主语之前 Were it not for your help, we couldn’t have arrived there. ? so/such...that用于句首时，后面要倒装 So little did he know about the subject that he had to stay up preparing for the exam. ? as, though, no matter how (what), however引导让步状语时，从句需倒装 Young as he is, he has accomplished a lot. However cold it is, he will go swimming in the lake. ? 用于so, neither, nor后面 He didn’t go to the concert, neither did his family. 24 ? 表示否定意义的词 如no, hardly, never, scarcely, seldom, barely, rarely, no longer, not until, no sooner...than，hardly...when, not only...but also, not, little, at no time, by no means(决不), on no account(决不), in no case, in no way, under/in no circumstances等放在句首时后面主谓要倒装。 Under no circumstance and at no time shall we be the first to use nuclear weapons. On no account are visitors allowed to feed the animals in the zoo. Hardly had I arrived when a quarrel broke out. ? Only + adverb(副词), prepositional phrase(介词短语), adverbial clause (状语从句)置于句首时，后面的主谓需要倒装。 Only in this way can we hope to solve the problem of environmental pollution. 全部倒装 全部倒装是指包括表语和状语在内的整个谓语放在主语之前，它的语序是:表语或状 语+谓语动词+主语。全部倒装应用的情况 ? 用在作为地点状语的介词短语后面 On the bed lay the dying patient. ? 当用作表语的形容词或分词置于句首时 Great and spacious and beautiful is our beloved motherland. ? here/there/now/then/hence置于句首而主语不是人称代词时 Here comes the bus. 排比平行结构 排比平行结构是句子连贯的表现形式与标志之一，可以用来陈述一系列事实，也可并 列相同的语言成分。名词、冠词、形容词、副词、语法结构相同的词组，分词短语、主句 或分句都可以平行排比。大家看下面的例子: That means listening to music of all schools and all periods, old and new, conservative and modern. 五、段落组织技巧 开头段 25 开头段的作用是概括陈述主题，提出观点或论点，表明写作意图，要求语言精练，直 接切入主题或引出观点，一般不对主题进行深入的探讨，具体的论证或说明描述应该在中 间段落进行，开头段一般写三、四句即可。在组织开头段时要注意避免以下几点: ? 开头偏离主题太远，否则会容易导致切题不准，主题不明 ? 使用抱歉或埋怨之词句，因为社会主旋律是倡导积极向上的思想 ? 内容不具体，言之无物，使用不言自明的陈述，给人以充数累赘之感 四级写作中常用的开头段的表达方法举例如下: ? 使用引语(use a quotation) 使用一段名人名言，或人们常用的谚语、习语，以确定文章的写作范围和方向。 如: “Great minds must be ready not only to take the opportunity, but to make them.” Colton, a great writer once remarked. But it still has a profound significance now. To a person, in whose lifetime opportunities are not many, to make opportunities is more essential to his success. 分析:开头引用Colton的名言说明“创造机会”对于成功的重要性，点明主题。 ? 引用具体或粗略的数据 (use figures or statistics) 当然对于图表题型，该种方法是必须的选择，具体做法是给出一些具体或粗略的数据， 然后作出概括性分析，点明主题或引出需要论述的问题。 如: As is demonstrated in the table, more and more college graduates are out of a job in our country, which is a serious problem to our economic development and social security. It is estimated that in 2004, there are 500,000 unemployed graduates, more than 30% higher than in 2002. 分析:文章引用2004年找不到工作的毕业生达到50万这一数据来说明大学生找工作 难这一现象的严重性，很有说服力。 ? 提出问题(ask a question) 提出有争议或探讨性的具体问题，然后加以简要回答或展开引导性简短讨论。 如: What do you want from your work? Money? Promotions? Interesting challenges? Continual learning? Work-based friendships? The opportunity to 26 develop your own idea and potentials? Though we are all individuals and so our answers will differ, all agree that work provide more than material things. 分析:文章开头提出“你想从工作中得到什么”这一问题，然后自问自答，指出工作 除了物质利益，还可以给我们带来很多其它收获这一结论。 ? 给出具体实例或报道(offer relevant examples or reports) 给出具体生活实例或新闻报道 如: As regards the stress for college students, there has been a heated discussion among the public in the society. It was reported that a student killed four of his classmates just because of a trivial matter. It can be easily seen that pressure has become a serious issue we cannot neglect. 分析:文章通过引用新闻报道的一个实例，说明了大学生心理问题的严重性。 ? 定义法(give definition) 针对讨论的主题或问题加以定义，然后进行深入探讨。 如: As we all know, practice makes perfect. This is an accumulated experience we inherit from our forefathers, and now it is still widely applied to our daily life. It means that the more we practice, the more likely we are going to do things perfectly. 分析:文章用It means that这一句型，说明了practice makes perfect的含义。 ? 主题句法(use of topic sentence) 文章一开始就以主题句点明全文主题，然后围绕主题内容进行发展。 如: Nowadays one of the serious problems China is faced with is the increasing illiteracy among the adolescents. According to a recent survey by Dr. Li, dean of Educational Department of Beijing Normal University, about 18% of the children between 8 and 15 years old have dropped out of school across the country. 分析:文章开头即提出中国的文盲现象日益严重这一问题，然后再用实例数据加以佐 证。 开头段的常用核心句型归纳如下，大家可选择使用: 27 ? As opposed to generally accepted views, I believe that „ ? The arguer may be right about „, but he seems to neglect to mention the fact that „. ? Although it is commonly agreed that „, it is unlikely to be true that „. ? There is an element of truth in this statement, but it ignores a deeper and more basic fact that „. ? In all the discussion and debate over „, one important fact is generally overlooked. ? On the surface (At first thought), it (this) may seem a sound (an attractive) suggestion (solution / idea), but careful weighing on the mind (on closer analysis / on second thought), we find that „ ? Although many people believe that „, I wonder whether the argument bears much analysis ? The danger (problem / fact / truth / point) is that„. ? I agree with the above statement because I believe that „. ? There is a public controversy nowadays over the issue of „. Those who object to „ argue that „. But people who favor „, on the other hand, argue that„. ? Currently (In recent years / In the past few years / For many years now), there is (has been) a(n) general (widespread / growing / widely held) feeling towards concern over / attitude towards / trend towards / awareness of / realization of ( / illusion of / belief in)„. ? As far as I am concerned, however, I believe that „. ? Now it is commonly (widely / generally / increasingly) believed (thought / held / accepted/ felt / recognized / acknowledged) that „. But I wonder (doubt) whether „ 结尾段 28 结尾段的写作方法可以归纳如下: ? 总结归纳 简要总结归纳文章要点，以便深化主题印象。如: In conclusion I would like to say that children need to be understood but children also need to understand their parents. It is only when parents and children come to understand each other that we can solve problems effectively and narrow the generation gap. 分析:文章通过in conclusion引出对前面所作论述的归纳，使主题更加明确。 ? 重申主题 再次强调和确定文章开头阐述的中心思想。如: Admittedly, science has created atomic bombs and produced pervasive pollution. But it has transformed the lives of millions of people. It has multiplied man’s energy, hopes, ambitions and understanding. It has elevated and will continue to elevate man intellectually and spiritually. 分析:文章对前文的观点进行了重复，使之更加鲜明。 ? 预测展望 立足当前，放眼未来。如: So to sum up, we should offer our help to all who are in need. We expect to get love from others and we also give love to others. I believe that the relationship between people will be harmonious and our society will be a better place for us to live in. 分析:文章通过对未来积极的展望，说明了爱在生活中的重要性。 ? 提出建议 提出解决问题的途径、方法或呼吁人们采取相应的行动。如: As the issue plays such a key role in our society, sufficient attention should be paid from both the government and the public. The government should make sure that the census is well carried out and the people should be actively involved in the census. 分析:文章在结尾从政府和公众两个角度提出建议，以保证人口普查的顺利进行。 ? 提出问题 29 提出具有发人深省的问题，从而突出中心思想。如: Old people may choose to live alone for themselves and even embrace this living pattern. But in the deep part of their hearts, they must feel lonely. They need their children to stay with, to talk with, and take care of them. Why can’t young people think of the days when they are getting old? 分析:文章最有用一个反问句“年轻人为什么不想想自己年老时的情形”来提醒他们 将心比心，设身处地，去关心父母双亲。 ? 引用格言 用格言、谚语或习语总括全文中心思想。如: Many yeas ago, a great philosopher Francis Bacon remarked that “Knowledge „ is power.” This can now be translated into contemporary terms. In our social setting, “Knowledge is change”—and accelerating knowledge-acquisition, fueling the great engine of technology, means accelerating change. 分析: 文章借用培根“知识就是力量”名言的结构，指出“知识就是变化”以深化主 题，给读者留下深刻的印象。 结尾段常用的的核心句型归纳如下，大家可根据自己的习惯和需要选择使用: ? From what has been discussed above (Taking into account all these factors / Judging from all evidence offered), we may safely draw (reach / come to / arrive at) the conclusion that „. ? All the evidence (analysis) supports (justifies / confirms / warrants / points to) a(n)unshakable (unmistakable / sound / just) conclusion that „. ? It is high time that we place (lay / put) great (special / considerable) development / increase / promotion) of „. emphasis on the improvement ( ? It is high time that we put an end to the deep-seated (unhealthy / undesirable / deplorable) situation (tendency / phenomenon) of „. ? We must look (search / call / cry) for an immediate action (method / measure),because the present (current) situation (phenomenon / tendency / state / attitude) of „, if permitted (allowed) to continue (proceed), will surely (certainly) lead to (result in) the end (destruction / heavy cost) of „. 30 ? There is no easy (immediate / effective) solution (approach / answer / remedy) to the problem of „, but „ might be useful (helpful / beneficial). ? No easy method (solution / recipe / remedy) can be at hand (found / guaranteed) to solve (resolve / tackle) the problem of „, but the common (general / public) recognition of (realization of / awareness of / commitment to) the necessity (importance / significance) of „ might be the first step towards change (on the right way / in the right direction). ? Following these methods (suggestions) may not guarantee the success in (solution to)„, but the pay-off will be worth the effort. ? Obviously (Clearly / No doubt), if we ignore (are blind to) the problem, there is every chance that „. Unless there is a common realization of (general commitment to) „, it is very likely (the chances are good) that „. ? There is little doubt (no denying) that serious (special / adequate / immediate / further) attention must be called (paid / devoted) to the problem of „. ? It is necessary (essential / fundamental) that effective (quick / proper) action (steps /measures / remedies) should be taken to prevent (correct /check / end / fight) the situation (tendency / phenomenon). ? It is hoped (suggested / recommended) that great (continuous / persistent / sustained / corporate) efforts should be made to control (check/ halt / promote) the growth (increase / rise) of „. ? It is hoped that great efforts should be directed to (expended on / focused on) finding (developing / improving) „. ? It remains to be seen whether „, but the prospect (outlook) is not quite encouraging (that rosy). ? Anyhow, wider (more) education (publicity) should be given to the possible (potential / grave /serious / pernicious) consequences (effects) of „. 31 ? To reverse (check / control) the trend (tendency) is not a light task (an easy job), and it requires (demands / involves / entails) a different state of mind towards (attitude towards / outlook on) „. ? For these reasons, I strongly recommend that „. ? For the reasons given above, I feel that „. 中间段 再看一下中间段落的组织。中间段的任务是依据开头段所交代的内容来阐述文章的论 点，围绕主题或论点展开讨论，或就具体要求进行描述和说明。 中间段是文章的正文，其作用是从不同的层面对文章主题进行具体和详实的解释和论 证。中间段篇幅一般比开头段和结尾段长，每段有相应的主题句，包含定义、解释、描写 等手法，说明主题思想的扩展句采用实例、数据或个人经历等写作手段，当然不同种类的 段落采用不同的扩展手段。 中间段有以下具体特点: ? 所涉及内容应该准确、清楚，颇具说服力; ? 段落中一定具备主题句; ? 段落内容应该保持完整、统一，没有说明不足之处或多余冗长的细节; ? 内容顺序安排合理，逻辑性较强; ? 段落之间连贯自然; ? 段落中讨论的内容主次分明，材料比例适当; ? 词与句型运用合理并且有变化。 常用的中间段展开方法归纳如下: ? 列举法 例: Eating wild animals gives rise to a lot of negative effects. In the first place, as many wild animals carry parasites, when we eat them, the parasites enter our bodies, thus causing a lot of illnesses. The severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is a case in point. It was reported that the virus derived from a “delicious” animal and the disease has claimed thousands of lives throughout the world and brought great damages to people’s properties. In the second place, since animals are an indispensable part of our environment, the extinction of some animals 32 may disturb the natural balance. Last but not the least important, eating wild animals is cruel. After all, wild animals are our close friends. 分析:文章利用In the first place, in the second place, Last but not the lease important列举了吃野生动物所带来的危害。 ? 比较对比法 例: People who believe in the beneficial side may have some arguments as follows. To begin with, farmers can earn more money by working in the cities. Most of them will send part of their income back home to help their families. What’s more, these farmers will help develop the cities in many ways. According to a recent survey, most of the construction projects in big cities are actually done by farmers. By contrast, some people argue that farmer migration may give rise to a series of negative effects. They worry that much land will be deserted in the country. In addition, it is also believed that rising crimes in cities are partly related to this migration. 分析:文章利用By contrast对农民工迁移到城市这一现象所带来益处与弊端进行了 对比分析。 ? 因果法 例: The hamburger is the most popular food item in the United States. Every year Americans consume billions of them. They are sold in expensive restaurants and in humble diners. They are cooked at home on the kitchen stove or over a barbecue grill in the backyard. Why are they so popular? First, a hamburger is extremely easy to prepare. It is nothing more than a piece of ground beef, cooked for a few minutes. Then it is placed in a sliced bun. Nothing could be simpler. Even an unskilled cook can turn out hundreds of them in an hour. Besides that, the simple hamburger can be varied in many ways. You can melt some cheese on top of the beef to create a cheeseburger. You can also add some grilled bacon for an interesting flavor contrast. In addition, you can garnish the hamburger 33 with other things such as lettuce, tomato, onion, mushrooms, avocado, pickles, hot pepper, ketchup, relish, mayonnaise, mustard or whatever you wish! 分析:文章先在第一段的结尾用一问句提出汉堡为什么这么受欢迎，紧接着下一段以 原因列举展开。 ? 例证法 例: Take my neighbor as an example. There are three members in their family and the two adults were laid off last year. The only child will have to drop out of 300 yuan to school next semester. In order to help them, I donated all my money— pay the tuition. And I plan to call on others to donate more money. Though I cannot do a lot, I have given love which is like a lamp in a dark place where light is most needed. 分析:文中以我帮助邻家孩子的事情为例说明了展示爱的方式，并在段落结束时重申 了论点。 proves / demonstrates) that „. ? According to (As can be seen in / As is shown in) the figures (statistics / findings / data / graph / table) released (provided) by the government (an institute), it can be learned (seen / predicted) that „. ? There is (no) good (every / little / sufficient / considerable / strong) evidence (proof) to ? Personal experience (Examples I heard / read of) leads me to conclude that „. ? We must admit the undeniable fact that „. ? No one can deny (ignore / doubt / overlook / obscure / brush aside) the fact that „. ? Experience (Evidence) suggests (shows) that „. ? Take for example „ who (that) „. ? The same is true of „. ? As the saying goes, “„.” 六、写作步骤 34 “三步”曲: Pre-writing: Brainstorming While-writing: We cannot be too careful (做文) Post-writing: Reviewing 七、标点 1、英文没有顿号; 2、英文没有书名号，可用斜体，引号或下划线;专有名词常用斜体表示; 3、句号不同; 4、省略号(„); 5、破折号。 35