初中英语语法练习

初中英语语法练习 9 代词 例题: 1 Mr. Wang is very friendly, and______ like him very much. A we B us C our D ours 2---Do you know Alice? ---Yes. I know_____ very well. A she B her C herself D hers 3 This is_____ school. I have spent three years studying here. A me B my C mine 4 An old friend of my sister’s always helps my brother and_____ with_____ English. A I, our B me, ourselves C I, my D me, our ---The pet dog in your hand is very nice. Is it______? 5 ---Yes, but I’ll give it to my friend, Lucy, as____ birthday present. A you, her B yours, hers C yours, her D you, hers 6---Is this kite_____, Tom? ---Yes, it’s mine. It’s made by_____. A yours, myself B mine, myself C ours, himself 7---Help_____ to some fish, my boy. ---Thanks. A you B yours C yourself 8 Millie gave_____ a baby cat yesterday that hurt______ when it fell from the tree. A me, it B myself, itself C me, itself D myself, it 9 I guess Tom and his sister Celia enjoyed______ at the party. A myself B himself C herself D themselves 10---Look! What’s_____ in the sky? ---It looks like a kite. A this B that C those 11用适当的代词填空:---Hello, who’s_____? ---Hello,______ is Mary. 12---Merry Christmas! ---_____. A Thanks very much B All right C And you D The same to you 13 They have an English lesson_____ day, Monday, Wednesday and Friday. A each other B every other C some other D other more 14---Orange juice? ---Sorry, we haven’t got_______, but we’ve got some apple juice. A some B any C many 15 I know_____ about the news. You can ask Peter. He can tell you the news. A everything B nothing C anything 16---Which do you prefer, coffee or tea? ---_____, thanks. I’d like a glass of water. A Either B Neither C Both D None 17 Paul has______ friends here, so he often feels lonely. A few B a few C some 18---How heavily it rained this early morning. ---Yes. But_____ of the students in our class was late for school. A some B none C all 19 My sister has two skirts. One is yellow, ______ is black. A other B another C others D the other 20 The girl_____ I just talked with is Ben’s sister. A whom B which C she 21---_____ are you talking about? ---Something about the A(H1N1) flu. A What B Where C Why D How 22---______ won the 100th gold at the Olympics for China? ---Zhang Yining, she’s from Beijng. A Who B What C When D Where 23---Have you found the information about famous people_____ you can use for the report? ---Not yet. I’m searching some on the Internet. A which B who C what D whom 单选: 1 Xiao Shenyang says that______ job is to make people happy. A his B he C him D himself 2---May I use your bike? _____ is broken. ---Sure. A My B Mine C Yours 1 3---Linda, help_____ to some fruit. ---Thank you! A you B yours C yourself D yourselves 4 Betty bought three sweaters and_____ of them are red. Red is her favorite color. A both B neither C all D none 5 The bottles of wine in my basket are more than_____ in Sally’s. A it B that C ones D those 6---How can I make friends in a new school? ---Say hello to____ you today, and you can have a friend tomorrow. A new someone B someone new C new anyone 7---Which of the two T-shirts will you take? ---I’ll take_____, one for my brother, the other for yourself. A either B neither C all D both 8---I’m leaving for the exam. Bye-bye, Mum. ---Well, make sure you’ve got_____ ready. A something B anything C everything D nothing 9 The doctor advised Elsa strongly that she should take a good rest, but _____ didn’t help. A she B It C which D he 10 My daughter wants a rabbit for long, but I have no time to buy____ for her. A it B one C the one D that 11 College students are old enough to teach______. A them B their C themselves D they 12 If the question______ incorrectly,______ question will be given to you. A is answered, other B answers, other C is answered, another D answers, another 13 “Hi, Kitty, I have passed_____ exams!” “Oh, congratulations! I hope my sister has also passed_____.” A my, her B mine, her C my, hers D mine, her 14---Is there_____ in today’s newspaper? ---No, they are_____ classmate’s. A something new B anything new C somebody special D anybody special 15---Excuse me, are these books_____? ---No, they are_____ classmate’s. A his, he B hers, hers C your, mine D yours, my 16---Do you want tea or coffee? ---_____. I really don’t mind. A None B Either C Neither D All 17 Make sure you’ve got tickets and guidebooks and_____ before you leave. A something B anything C everything D nothing 18---Do you have anything important to say for yourself? ---_____ except sorry. A Something B Nothing C Anything D Everything 19---The shoes don’t fit me. Would you please show me_____? ---Sure. Here you are. A the other one B the others C another pair D another one 20---Excuse me, I want to buy some milk. Where can I find a supermarket? ---Oh, I know____ not far from my home. A it B that C one 21 Don’t you think_____ important to protect our earth? A that B how C it D this 22---Do you know Alice? ---Yes, I know_____ very well. A she B herself C her D hers 23---What do you usually do in your spare time, playing the violin or the piano? ---I do_____ of them. I practice singing with some volunteers. A either B both C all D neither 24 If you can’t decide which of the two novels to borrow, why don’t you take_____? I won’t read them this month. A both B all C any D either 25---Does_____ know the answer to the question? ---Me. A everybody B anybody C somebody D nobody 26---I’m sorry for breaking your pen. ---Never mind. I have_____ one. A another B other C others 2 27 Helen has two sisters and a brother. Her brother is working, but_____ her sisters are still at school. A neither B either C all D both ---What a nice MP5! Whose is it? ---It’s____. My father bought it for me. A me B him C his D mine 28 29 Mum and Dad are____ movie lovers. They have many hobbies in common. A both B either C neither 30 Peter is a reporter, the tape recorder is____. A yours B hers C his D mine 31 Is there any difference between your idea and ____? A he B his C she D her 32 Sam looks like his Dad. They are_____ tall. A either B any C all D both 33---Is this your key, John? ---No, it isn’t. _____ is over there. A I B Me C My D Mine 34 Look! The boy is making a toy plane by_____. A itself B myself C yourself D himself 35 There are many trees and flowers on_____ side of Jingshi East Road. A both B all C each D every 36 I can____ swim ____ skate. Will you teach me how to swim and skate? A not only, but also B both, and C either, or D neither, nor 37---Where would you like to go, Jinan or Qufu? ---_____. I only want to go to Qingdao. A Neither B Either C Each D All 38---Are the keys over there______? ---No. Go and ask Anna. They may belong to her. A you B your C yours D yourself 39---Where is my pen? Have you seen_____? ---Oh, sorry. I have taken_____ by mistake. A it, yours B them, his C it, mine D them, hers 40---Are Jim and Bob playing outside? ---_____. They are doing their homework in the study. A Either B Both C Neither D None 41---Which of the two T-shirts do you like better? ---____ are Ok. A Each B Either C Both D All 42 I asked her for_____ milk, but she didn’t have_____. A any, some B some, any C some, some 10 连词 例题: 1 Linda tried to become an excellent teacher, _____ at last she succeeded. A so B or C but D and 2 Money is important_____ it’s not the most important thing. A and B but C or D so 3 Remember to return the book to the school library in time,______ you will be fined(罚款). A or B and C but D then 4---I hear____ your grandpa_____ your grandma like watching Min Opera. ---Right, just as many old people do in Fuzhou. A both, and B either, or C neither, nor D not only, but also 5 His hobby is_____ watching TV______ playing the piano. It’s reading books. A either, or B both, and C neither, nor 6_____ Tom_____ Mary speaks good Chinese, so they can communicate with these Chinese students very well. A Neither, nor B Not only, but also C Both, and D Either, or 7 ____ scientists have done a lot of research on A(H1N1) flu, there are still some cases for further day study. A As B Once C If D Although 8 The art club is for members only. You can’t go in_____ you are a member. A unless B because C if D though 9---Did you return Helen’s call? ---I didn’t need to____ I’ll see her tomorrow. A though B unless C when D because 3 单选: 1 We arrived_____ late that there were no seats left. A much B too C so D very 2 Now many parents send their children to foreign countries,______ they want them to get a better education. A until B though C because 3---Where was your brother at this time last night? ---He was writing an e-mail_____ I was watching TV at home. A as soon as B after C until D while 4---What a nice T-shirt! Can I have it, Mom? ---Well, it really looks nice,_____ I think it’s too expensive. A but B as C for D or 5---Have you heard of Liu Qian from Taiwan? ---Sure! His magic performance is_____ amazing for people_____ forget. A so, that B such, that C too, to 6 In Britain, you must be 18_____ you want to drive a car. A why B because C so D if 7_____ they may not succeed, they will try their best. A Though B When C Because D Unless 8 My grandfather is very old,______ he never stops learning. A than B though C but D unless 9 Tom knew nothing about it_____ his sister told him. A since B if C until 10---May I surf the Internet now? ---No,______ you have finished doing the dishes. A unless B if C because D when 11______ Henry’s mother_____ his father speaks English. They both speak Chinese. A Either, or B Neither, nor C Both, and D Not only, but also 12_____ the car’s old, it still runs well. A Because B So C Although D But 13 She can speak little English_____ she dare to talk with foreigners. A so B or C as D but 14 Help others whenever you can_____ you’ll make the world a nicer place to live. A and B or C unless D but 15 Paul is only three years old,_____ he draws very well. A so B but C or D then 16_____ you don’t go to bed earlier, you will feel tired in the morning. A Unless B If C Though D Until 17---You will fail the exam_____ you don’t work hard. ---OK, I’ll try my best. A and B though C but D if 18 The little boy ate a big meal_____ he said he wasn’t hungry. A if B though C because D as 19---What do you like doing after class? ---I like not only reading ____ painting. A and B but also C or D for 20---Listen! It is still noisy in the head teacher’s office. ---Go and see____ they have finished correcting the papers yet. A though B whether C unless D while 21---Would you like to go bike riding with us tomorrow? ---Sure,____ I am busy. A since B unless C when D until 22 We didn’t enjoy the picnic______ there was a sudden rain. A if B but C because D however 23 Xiao Hua felt_____ at the beginning of this term______ he got the textbooks for free. A excited, because B exciting, because C excited, so D exciting, so 24---Can you help me with my business? ---I’d like to,____ I have a meeting to attend. A because B as C but D and 25______ Switzerland is very small,______ it is the land of watch and it is very rich. A Though, but B Because, so C Because, / D Though, / 11 八大时态 例题: 4 1 There_____ many students in the library after school every day. A has B have C is D are ---What does your sister like doing in her spare time? ---She_____ watching TV. 2 A likes B liked C has liked D had liked 3 I_____ the wrong thing. Can I use your eraser? A Write B wrote C am writing D will write 4---I don’t believe you’ve already finished the book. ---I_____ it to you this morning! A was lending B lent C have lent 5---Did you give Tom a phone call? ---Yes, I did. But nobody______. A answer B answered C will answer D had answered 6 The football team played well, but they didn’t_____ the competition. A score B do C succeed D win 7 Look! The workers______ a bridge over the river. A build B built C will build D are building 8 My friend_____ me. I have to leave now. A waits for B waited for C is waiting for D was waiting for 9 Mr. Green_____ to the manager now. You’d better call him later. A talk B talked C is talking D was talking 10 It_____ outside. You’d better take an umbrella with you. A rains B is raining C rained D has rained 11---Could you please not keep the water running? ---______. I’m turning off the shower. A OK, I will B That’s all right C Sorry, I won’t 12 They_____ for Shanghai on Friday. Shall we go to see them off at the train station? A left B were leaving C have left D are leaving 13 Keep practicing and you______ your English. A improve B will improve C improved D were improving 14---Why are you in such a hurry, Mike? ---There_____ an NBA basketball game in ten minutes. A will have B will be C is going to have D are going to be 15---Has he returned the library book yet? ---Not yet. Don’t worry. He______ it soon. A returned B has returned C will return D returns 16 I bet Mrs. Black will come to help us with the celebration if she_____ too busy tomorrow. A is B will be C won’t be D isn’t 17 I’m not sure if you_____ in the exam, but you will be better if you_____ harder. A succeed, work B succeed, will work C will succeed, work 18 She______ as an animal trainer since 2003. A has worked B works C will work D worked 19---How clean the bedroom is! ---Yes, I am sure that someone____ it. A cleans B cleaned C has cleaned D had cleaned 20 Prison Break is the best American TV play that I_____ these years. A watch B will watch C have watched D was watching 21 Helen loves to talk about travel. She______ many places. A has gone to B has been to C has gone for D has been from 22---Did you watch the football match yesterday? ---Yes, I did. You know, my brother______ in the match. A is playing B was playing C has played D will play 23---How did the accident happen? ---You know, it_____ difficult to see the road clearly because it_____. A was, was raining B is, has rained C is, is raining D will be, will rain 24---Did you go to the flower show in the City Square? ---No, I_____ how to make food then. A learn B learned C was learning D am learning 5 25 I thought it______ interesting, but it wasn’t. A was B would be C will be D is ---Alice, Rita called you just now when you were out. ---Did she say when_____ me again, Dad? 26 A she will call B would she call C she would call 27 They_____ about eight hundred English words by the end of last term. A will learn B had learned C are going to learn D have learned 28 By the time we got to the cinema, the film_____ for five minutes. A has begun B had begun C have been on D had been on 单选: 1 He______ his bicycle when it began to rain. A was riding B is riding C will rain D not rains 2 Miss Gao isn’t here. She_____ to the bus station to meet Mr. Brown. A go B has gone C has been D would go 3 Why not come over at the weekend? My family_____ seeing you again. A enjoyed B would enjoy C will enjoy D have enjoyed 4---Were you at home at 7 o’clock last night?---Yes, I_____ a shower at that time. A has taken B took C will take D am taking 5 A(H1N1) flu is terrible, but our government_____ action to prevent it already. A has taken B took C will take D was taking 6 Have you read a book called Jane Eyre? ---Who_____ it? A writes B has written C was writing D wrote 7 They_____ the train until it disappeared in the distance. A saw B watched C noticed D realized 8 Attention, please. There_____ a football game between China and Korea this evening. A is going to be B has been C has D will have 9---Where is Peter? ---He______ volleyball with his friends in the school gym. A plays B played C is playing 10 I’ll go for a walk with you if it_____ tomorrow. A won’t rain B doesn’t rain C will rain D not rains 11 She will write to you as soon as she______ to Guangzhou. A got B will get C gets D get 12---The environment here is better than before. ---I agree. There_____ less pollution now. A are B is C were D was 13---Sam, do you know if Alice______ to my party next week? ---I think she will come if she____ free. A comes, is B comes, will be C will come, is D will come, will be 14---Nobody believes he’s read 100 books so far. ---But I fact he_____. You can see the news on the school website. A does B has C is 15---_____ you_____ your drawing? ---Not yet! It will be done in a few minutes. A Did, finish B Will, finish C Do, finish D Have, finished 16---Is Mr. Green at home? ---No, he_____ Shanghai. A has been to B has gone to C is going to 17---Is this the place that you_____? ---No. I’ve never been there before. A has visited B will visit C are visiting 18 Surprised and happy, Tony stood up and_____ the present from his boss. A received B accepted C refused 19---Where is my dad, mum? ---Oh, he_____ Xiao Shenyang’s video in the bedroom. A watches B watch C has watched D is watching 20 I first met Lisa three years ago when we_____ at a radio station together. A have worked B had been working C were working D had worked 21---Who’s won the first prize in the competition? ---Henry_____. He has_____ it for a week. 6 A is, won B is, got C has, had D has, been given 22 Don’t talk loudly at the meeting. If you_____, you will have to leave. A are B do C did D can 23 The population of the world_____ still_____ now. A has, grown B is growing C will, grow D is, grown 24---Good morning. I_____ to see Miss Mary. ---Oh, good evening. I’m sorry, but she is not in. A have come B come C comes D came 25 I will tell my daughter as soon as she_____ back from work. A will come B would come C comes D came 26 All the students in Class 5 will climb the mountain if it_____ rain tomorrow. A won’t B don’t C didn’t D doesn’t 27---Alice, turn down the TV, please. I_____ on the phone. ---Oh, sorry. A have talked B talked C am talking D talk 28---Can I help you? ---I bought this watch here yesterday, but it_____ work. A won’t B didn’t C doesn’t D wouldn’t 29---Susan stays alone in the classroom and looks sad. ---_____ to her? A What happens B What has happened C What is happening D What was happening 30---You are late. The meeting_____ for about ten minutes. ---I’m sorry. The traffic is heavy. A has begun B began C has been on 31---Where are the Greens, may I ask? ---Well, they____ to England. They have been there for nearly a week now. A have been B are going to C have gone D will go 32 Jimmy_____ TV when his mother got home. A will watch B watches C is watching D was watching 33---Nancy? You have straight hair! ---Yeah, it_____ be curly hair. A wanted to B loved to C used to D helped to 34---Tommy, do you know if Frank_____ to the zoo this Sunday if it_____? ---Sorry, I have no idea. A will go, is fine B goes, is fine C will go, is going to be fine D goes, will be fne 35 Yang Fen_____ every Saturday afternoon volunteering in an old people’s home. A costs B takes C pays D spends 36---It’s not just the government’s duty to protect the_____. ---I agree. My grandpa often_____ up garbage for recycling and takes good care of animals and plants. He is a good example to us. A environment, picked B environments, pick C environment, picks 37---When____ Jessy_____ to New York? ---Yesterday. A does, get B did, get C has, got D had, got 变形填空: 1---Hi, Jack. What_____ you _____(do) yesterday? ---I_____ (watch) the football match. What about you? ---So, I did. And what____ you____(do) tomorrow? ---I have no idea. 2---Tomorrow is Saturday. Shall we play pingpong? ---We’d better_____(make) a change. What about_____(visit) a farm? 3 An old man_____(see) the accident______(happen), when he ______(walk) in the street yesterday. 4 Ann’s aunt_____(go) to England already. She_____(be) back tomorrow. 5---Excuse me, Bob. May I borrow your bike? ---Sorry, Mike. It is broken. I_____(send) it to Uncle Wang. He_____(mend) it now. 6---______ you______(travel) to Nanjing by air last summer? 7 ---No. It was hard for me_____(get) the ticket then. 7 One of the biggest problems of our life today is pollution. For example, water pollution_____(make) some rivers and lakes dirty and lots of fished______(kill). 8 Dashan______ Chinese quite well.(speak) 9 Mr. King_______us English last term.(teach) 10 It_____ ______ outside. Please take this raincoat with you.(rain) 11_____ you ever_____ to London?(be) 12 The homework must_____ ______ by yourself.(do) 13 I don’t know if Tom______(come) tomorrow. If he_____(come), please let me know. 14 Though the test is hard___________(understand), I_________(already finish) it. 15 My mother_______(cook) when Kate______(knock) at the door yesterday morning. 选词、变形填空。每词用一次。 (talk, help, read, cost, keep, change, do, visit, go, sit) 1_____it_____ much to live here? 2 The teacher looked at the clean classroom and said we______ a good job. 3 The Smiths______ greatly in the last two years. 4 He heard her singing aloud in the next room, so he_____ in a louder voice. 5 It was said that some foreigners______ our class the next week. 6 They have done what they can________ us stop the sand-storm. 7 Why are there so many people over there? Let’s go and see what_____ on. 8 My family_____ at table when the door bell rang. 9 It’s very cold in the room. Let’s make a fire_____ us warm. 10 What do you think______ about at the meeting tomorrow? 12被动语态 例题: 1---How beautiful your hometown is! ---Yes, a number of trees______ around Dazhou every year. Our environment is getting better and better. A are plant B are planted C are planting D were planted 2---Look, what an old palace! It looks so great! ---Yeah, it_____ nearly 800 years ago. A was building B was built C has built D is built 3---Would you like to go to the movie with me? ---Sorry, I_____ to go out tonight. A won’t be allowed B am allowed C don’t allow D will allow 4---It’s difficult for the village children to cross the river for school. ---I think a bridge_____ over the river. A was built B is being built C has been built D should be built 5 No letters_____ since last Monday. A have received B have been received C had been received D have being received 6 He was made______ from morning till night. A to work B work C working D worked 7 句式转换: 1 They may plant fruit trees on the hill next spring.(改为被动语态) 8 Fruit trees may_____ _____ on the hill next spring. 2 She noticed him leave the house.(改为被动语态) He______ _______ ______ leave the house. 3 Jill drew the picture several days ago.(改为被动语态) The picture______ ______ by Jill several days ago. 4 My father showed me a new bike yesterday.(改为被动语态) I _____ ______ a new bike by my father yesterday. 5 We must keep the noise under 50 dbs here(改为被动语态) The noise must_____ _____ under 50 dbs here. The child was looked after by the nurse.(改为主动语态) 6 The nurse_____ ______ the child. 7 Did he water the flowers in the garden yesterday.(改为被动语态) _____ the flowers______ in the garden yesterday? 8 A book was given to me by the teacher.(改为主动语态) The teacher_____ ______ ______ a book. 9 People use metal for making machines.(改为被动语态) Metal______ ______ _______ making machines by people. 10 A long stick should be knocked into the earth by us.(改为主动语态) We should______ a long stick______ the earth. 8 Don’t worry. All the children_____ by the nurses. A are well taken care of B take good care of C are taken good care of D take good care 变型填空: 1 A new building______(build) next year. 2 The young trees should______ (water) often. 3 Your composition_______(must hand) I tomorrow morning. 4 He_____(tell) to do the work just now. 5 Can the bike_______(put) here? 6 A tape____ often_____(use) in our English class. 7 These pictures_____(take) in Beijing last spring. 8 My radio_____(repair) by Uncle Wang now. 9 I_____(make) to wash clothes yesterday. 10 This text_____(teach) next class. 11 He told us that the lost wallet________(find). 12 Our time should________(make) good use of. 13 Many books_______(print) in this factory. 14 The People’s Republic of China_________(found) on October 1st, 1949. 15 It_______(report) that a power station_______(build) in this area next year. 16 These words_______(teach) last week. 17 The sports meeting_______(hold) in our school next Sunday. 9 18 Both English and French__________(speak) in Canada. 19 Don’t worry about her. She______(meet) by her friends as soon as she arrives. 20 Our classroom__________(clean) every day. 21 The bridge_______(build) in 1959. 22 Polly________(take) good care of by John while Jim was away. 23 Today’s newspaper__________(read) already. 24 By the time I returned, my shirt___________(wash). 25 The glass__________(break) by my sister this morning. 26 An American film_______ often______(show) on TV on Saturday evenings. 27 Look! A big building_________(build) near the river. 28 These things can’t_________(put) in this room. 29 The CCP__________(found) on July 1, 1921. 30 Fruit trees________(plant) here next spring. 单选: 1 The sick boy______ to hospital by the police yesterday. A is taken B was taken C takes D took 2 The school dance is ______ by the students. A written B planned C writing D planning 3 Waste paper shouldn’t_____ everywhere. It’s our duty to keep our city clean. A be thrown B throw C is thrown D are thrown 4 Nick______ a job in a bank, but to our surprise, he didn’t take it. A is offered B offered C was offered D has offered 5 I won’t go to her party unless my best friend Jack______. A will invite B will be invited C is invited D invites 6---You are_____ on the phone, Tony. ---Yes, mum, ______. A wanted, I’m coming B called, I’m coming C needed, I’ll come D asked, I’ll come 7 The world has a big headache and it______ by money. It began in America last year. A cause B causes C is caused D are caused 8 It is reported that more new teaching buildings______ in our school in the next term. A will be built B was built C has built D will build 9---Can sixteen-year-olds drive their cars to school? ---No. They shouldn’t_____ to drive because they are not serious enough. A allow B allowed C be allowed D have allowed 10---Do you often plant trees in spring? ---Yes. Many trees_____ in our school every year. A plant B are planting C are planted 11 When and where to build the new school_____? A is not decided B are not decided C has not decided D have not decided 12 Don’t put off today’s work for tomorrow. I mean, today’s work______ today. A may do B must do C may be done D must be done 13 I _____ to get there before seven tomorrow, so I’ll have to get up early. A told B have told C will tell D was told 10 14 In 2008, the 29th Olympic Games______ in Beijing successfully. A will be held B was held C is held D can be held 15 Students are_____ to speak loudly in the reading room. A told B supposed C not supposed D allowed 16---How nice the building is! What is it used for? ---It_____ as a hotel. But I’m not sure. A must be used B is used C may be used D is using 17---Last year, Mary, a college student,______ to work for the UN. ---How lucky she was! A is choosing B is chosen C was choosing D was chosen ---Are we going to have the sports meeting this week? 18 ---No. It is_____ till next week because of the bad weather. A put away B put on C put off D put up 19---Look at the sign on the right. ---Oh, smoking____ here. A doesn’t allow B isn’t allowed C didn’t allow D wasn’t allowed 20---My football socks are_____ out. ---How long have you_____ them? A worn, bought B wearing, had C wearing, bought D worn, had 21 I_____ to leave at once, or I’ll be late for the meeting. A tell B be told C am told D was told 22---Can you tell me where the students of Class 2 are? ---They_____ reading the book on Scientific Outlook on Development just now. A will find B have found C were found D found 改为被动语态: 1 My mother had cooked supper before I got home._________________________________________________ 2 Some people were looking after the old man._____________________________________________________ 3 The workers have built two buildings. __________________________________________________________ 4 Jim told us he would clean the classroom._______________________________________________________ 5 They kept us waiting for an hour.______________________________________________________________ 6 The students must hand in their homework before school is over._____________________________________ 7 My mother gave me an pencil.________________________________________________________________ 8 Father bought me a new coat._________________________________________________________________ 9 Even a child can answer the question.___________________________________________________________ 10 I found him lying on the floor._______________________________________________________________ 11 I heard him sing an English song._____________________________________________________________ 12 I saw his mother go into the shop._____________________________________________________________ 13 He told us a story._________________________________________________________________________ 14 Who has broken the cup? ___________________________________________________________________ 15 You must throw the broken pottery away at once. ________________________________________________ 13 简单句 例题: 1---It’s sunny today. How about going skiing in Ying Yue Park? ---_____! Let’s ask the twins to go with us. A Sounds great B Best wishes C Good luck D That’s OK 2 Jenny asked me_____ another bag for her. A get B got C to get D getting 3---Do the dishes, Mike, or I will tell mum! ---Mind your own_____, Sue! A action B duty C business D way 11 4---We will build a subway in a Fuzhou before 2014. ---Wow,_____! Will it pass our place? A what an excited news B how excited the news is C what exciting news D how exciting news 5 She read the instructions to find out how_____ the computer. A use B to use C using D use 6 There are two libraries in this city,_____? A aren’t there B aren’t they C are two 7 There_____ a talk show on CCTV-4 at nine this evening. A will have B is going to be C is going to have D is having 8 Let’s_____ play in the street. Father tells me_____ do so. A not to, not to B not, not to C don’t, to not D not to, don’t 9 I thought_____ very important to take exercise every day. A its B it C that D this ---_____ yogurt do you need? ---Three cups. A How long B How far C How many D How much 10 11 There_____ many students in the library after school every day. A has B have C is D are 单选: 1---_____ do you write to your penfriend? ---Once a week. A How long B How soon C How far D How often 2---You’ve never seen dinosaur eggs, have you? ---_____. How I wish to visit the Dinosaur World! A Yes, I have B No, I haven’t C Certainly, I have D Of course, I haven’t 3---_____ did you begin to learn English? ---Three years ago. A When B Why C Where D What 4---Will your brother go for a picnic this Sunday? ---If I don’t go,_____. A so does he B so he will C neither will he D neither does he 5 He has never visited the Great Hall of the People,______? A hasn’t he B has he C does he D doesn’t he 6_____ natural things they are! A How B What C Which D Where 7 There is a beautiful clock on the wall,_____? A isn’t there B is there C isn’t it D doesn’t 8 There is little milk in the bottle,_____? A isn’t it B is it C isn’t there D is there 9 He has few friends in the new school,_____? A has he B is he C doesn’t he D did he 10---Please write to me when you have time. ---Sure. But_____ is your E-mail address? A when B where C what D which 改换句型: 1 I really don’t know which skirt I should buy.(改为同义句)_________________________________________ 2 It seems that he is ill.(改为同义句)___________________________________________________________ 3 David was so careless that he didn’t find the mistakes in his test paper.(改为简单句) David was_____ careless_____ find the mistakes in the test paper. 4 It took the workers and the engineers about two years to build the tunnel.(改为同义句) The workers and the engineers______ about two years_____ the tunnel. 5 We clean our classroom twice a day.(改为被动语态) Our classroom______ ______ twice a day. 6 There is something to drink in the fridge.(改为一般疑问句) _____ there______ to drink in the fridge? 7 The old man is very tired. He can’t walk on.(合并为简单句) The old man is______ tired______ walk on. 8 Several boys sat on the grass. They looked at the stars in the sky and numbered them.(合并为简单句) 12 Several boys sat on the grass,_______ at the stars in the sky and numbering them. 9 She found that he was a very good pupil.(改为简单句) She found______ _______ be a very good pupil. 10 I don’t want to go to the concert. She doesn’t want to go, either.(合并为简单句)_______________________ 11 She is a woman teacher.(改为复数形式) They are______ _______. 12 The twin needs some bananas.(改为否定句) The twin______ need______ bananas. 13 You mustn’t throw anything at the animals when you are in the zoo.(改为祈使句) _______ _______ anything at the animals when you are in the zoo. 14 The Changjiang River is the longest river of China.(用Yellow River改为选择疑问句) ______ is the longest river of China, the Changjiang River_____ the Yellow River? 15 I don’t think he can finish it on time.(改为反意疑问句) I don’t think he can finish it on time,________? 16 The river is 10 meters wide.(对划线部分提问) ______ ______ is the river? 17 Not only Tom but also Bob has been to that island.(改为同义句) ______ Tom and Bob______ been to the island. 18 I sent a letter to you last month.(改为被动语态) A letter______ ______ to you last month. 19 My dream is to travel around the world.(改为同义句) My dream is to travel______ ______ the world. 20 He likes reading books better than watching TV. He_____ reading books______ watching TV. 14复合句 例题: 1 The new-designed car is on show now. I wonder______. A how much it cost B how much did it cost C how much it costs D how much does it cost 2---Did Mrs King leave a message? ---Yes. She wanted to know______ this Sunday. A who you would go shopping B if you will go shopping with her C that you will go shopping D when will you o shopping with her 3---You can use MSN to talk with Kevin on the Internet. ---I know. But can you tell me______? A what I can use it B how can I use it C why can I use it D when I can use it 4---Do you know_____ have our summer holiday? ---Next week. A when will we B when are we C when we will 5---I really hope to keep in touch with Lily. ---Sorry. I don’t know_____. A what her name is B what her job is C what her number is D when she left 6 变为宾语从句: 1) What do you think about the Summer Palace? Could you tell me_________________________________ 2) Where can we go for our holiday? I’m not sure_______________________________________________ 3) How long do you do your homework at home? Could you tell us_________________________________ 4) How can I get to the post office? Please tell me_______________________________________________ 5) What kind of weather does Beijing have? Do you know________________________________________ 6) When did he finish his work? His father wanted to know_______________________________________ 7) Will the plane be on time? Could you please tell me___________________________________________ 8) There is a beautiful park in the town. She said________________________________________________ 13 9) Who is the best in your class? He asks me___________________________________________________ 10) Can you work it out? The teacher wanted to know_____________________________________________ 7 I really want to know______. A what is wrong with my brother B how will he go to Beijing tomorrow C if had he bought that car D where did he go yesterday 8 Sorry, we don’t have the coat______ you need. A what B who C whom D which 9 Is that the man______ helped us a lot after the earthquake? A whose B which C when D who 10---What are you looking for? ---I’m looking for the pen______ I bought yesterday. A who B which C whose 11 Disney is an amusement park_____ you can find all the normal attractions and Disney movies and characters. A which B where C that D when 12 That’s the man______ house was destroyed in the storm. A that B whose C who D which 13---Is everything______ we need to do? ---Yes. You needn’t worry about it. A which, has done B which, doing C that, has done D that done 14 All the children like the teachers______ can understand them. A what B which C who D whose 15---Do you know the man_____ came here yesterday? ---Yes, he brought me the most interesting book______ I had wanted to buy. A who, which B who, that C whom, which D what, that 16 Finally, the thief handed everything______ he had stolen to the police. A which B what C whatever D that 17 It’s quite common in Britain to say “Thank you” to the drivers______ people get off the bus. A after B since C until D when 18---Could you please tell Jim that I will call him later? ---Sure. I’ll tell him when he______. A comes B came C has come D will come 19 If you_____ carefully, you_____ the report well. A will listen, will be understood B will listen, understand C listen, will understand D listen, understand 20 After the meeting, we will have a party. If you______ free, come and join us. A are B will be C were 21_____ bad weather stops me, I go for a walk every day. A If B Since C As soon as D Unless 22 Betty didn’t come to school yesterday_____ she was ill. A but B than C if D because 23 Be sure to let Tom know the notice as soon as he_____. A will arrive B was arriving C arrives D arrived 24---How was your climbing on Mount Tai? ---I didn’t believe I could do it_____ I got to the top. A until B unless C after D when 25 补全句子: 1) 我给他包了点食物，让他不至于挨饿。 I packed him a little food______ he wouldn’t be hungry. 2) 我雇了条船，以便能钓鱼。 I hired a boat______ I could go fishing. 3) 我将按照你告诉我的去做。 I will do it_____ you tell me. 26 完成主从复合句: 1) 尽管这工作很辛苦，我还是很喜欢。 _____ it’s hard work, I enjoy it. 2) 不管工作多么艰难，他都从不放弃。 _____ hard the work was, he never gave it up. 3) 无论他是否能来，我们都能过得很快乐。We’ll have a good time______ he can come. 27_____ he is only 8 years old, he knows more about science than his father. A But B Though C So D Because 14 单选: 1 Judy likes music very much. She likes music ____she can dance to. A what B who C that 2 ---Do you know ___the man with sunglasses is? ---I’m not sure. Maybe a reporter. A who B what C where D how 3 ---What should I do here ? ---Just put all things ___ they were. A where B when C whose D which 4 I don’t know the teacher ___ is talking with Miss Wang. A what B whom C which D who 5 If I find his phone number, I ___you. A tell B told C will tell D have told 6 ---Can you tell me ___? ---She is in the computer lab. A where Linda was B where is Linda C where was Linda D where Linda is 7 It’s time to say goodbye to my school. I’ll always remember the people ___have helped me. A who B what C which D where 8 –What time will Mr Brown be back to China ? ---Sorry. I don’t know ___. A when did he go abroadB why he is going abroad C how soon will he be back D how long he will stay abroad 9 How lovely the dog is! Can you tell me_____? A where did you get it B where will you get it C where you got it 10 Can you tell me_____ you are going to do next week? A if B what C how D where 11---Excuse me. Could you tell me_____? ---Yes. There is a video shop next to the tall building. A where can I buy some CDs B where I can buy some CDs C when can I buy some CDs D when I can buy some CDs 12 Could you tell me______? A what the food is made of B which the food is made C how is the food made D who the food is made 13---I’d like to know_____. ---At 6:30. A when does your mother usually cook breakfast B how your mother usually cooks breakfast C when your mother usually cooks breakfast D how does your mother usually cook breakfast 14---Can you tell me______ your parents at home? ---I often wash clothes and sweep the floor. A how will you help B how you help C how you will help D how do you help 15 I love people______ are friendly to others. A which B whose C what D who 16 The train hasn’t arrived yet. Could you tell me_____? A why the train is late B that the train can come on time C when will the train arrive D why does the train arrive late 17 I’ve found some pictures of the most interesting places______ you can visit during the winter holidays. A where B which C what D that 18---Excuse me, could you tell me_____ the book about aliens? ---Sure, take the escalator to the second floor. A where I can buy B where can I buy C when can I buy D when I can buy 19 The girl_____ is sitting under the big tree is Lynn’s cousin. A who B whom C whose D which 20---When do you think_____? ---About half past five. I will pick him up at the airport. A he will come B will he come C did he come D he came 21 Sue told me that she_____ shopping with her sister the nest day. A will go B would go C goes D has gone 22 If you_____ in the exam, you will let your parents down. A fall B will fall C fail D will fail 15 23 Could you tell me_____? A what are you looking for B what you are looking for C what were you looking for D what you were looking for 24---Many people are talking about H1N1 these days. I really don’t know______. ---I’m not sure. But maybe a good lifestyle can help. A what can I do to stop it B why they talk about it C how I can keep myself safe 25---Can you tell me_____? ---By doing more speaking. A how I will improve my English B which way can I choose C how do I deal with my English D What’s wrong with my English 26 Boys and girls,_____ up your hands if you want to take part in the summer camp. A putting B to put C put 27 Everyone can play an important role in the society. As members, we should try our best to do______. A what we should do B what should we do C how we should do 28 Ten months has passed, but Chinese people still remember those exciting days_____ they spent during the Beijing 2008 Olympic Games. A that B who C when 29 I like the teacher_____ classes are very interesting and creative. A which B who C what D whose 30---Do you know______ the Boao Forum for Asia this year lasted? ---Three days, from April 11th to 13th. A how often B how about C how long D how soon 31 The skirt______ is made of silk is very expensive. I can’t afford it. A what B / C that D it 32 The whole world is fighting against the H1N1, a disease______ has caused many deaths. A who B which C whom D what 33 The young lady______ we met yesterday is our new math teacher. A what B whose C who D which 34 The place_____ interested me most was Jiuzhaigou. A which B where C what 35 T here are many works of art in the museum______ we will visit tomorrow. A where B who C which D what 36---I think science is more useful than art. ---I disagree . I think art is_____ science. A not so useful as B less useful than C the most useful of D as useful as 37 The factory which I visited yesterday was not the one______ I once worked. A where B which C what D that 38 Nancy enjoyed herself so much_____ she visited her friends in Sydney last year. A that B which C when D where 39 There are so many kinds of MP3 in the shop. We can’t decide_______. A what to buy B to buy what C which to buy D to buy which 40 I can’t use your pen______ there is no ink in it. A for B since C as D because 用适当的关系代词和副词填空: 1 This is the doctor______ saved the boy’s life. 2 The man______ they wanted to visit is a teacher. 3 I know a woman________ husband is a doctor. 4 This is the magazine_______ you are looking for. 5 The first English novel______ I read was A Tale of Two Cities. 6 I will never forget the day_____ I joined the League. 7 He told me everything_____ he had seen in the traffic accident. 16 8 I don’t know the reason_____ she didn’t come with me. 9 I began to work in Beijing in the year______ New China founded. 10 Do you know anyone_____ knows about the history of the Ming Tombs? 把简单句合并成带定语从句的复合句: 1 The bridge has been rebuilt now. It was built in 1959.______________________________________________ 2 She is going to the town. I do not know the town._________________________________________________ 3 He did not attend the meeting. He told me the reason.______________________________________________ 4 The train started at 4:50 p. m. I missed it.________________________________________________________ 5 The medicine was quite helpful. Dr. Li gave him it.________________________________________________ 6 The nurse is very kind. She looks after my little brother.____________________________________________ 7 The play was very interesting. We saw it the night before.___________________________________________ 8 The plane was late. It was going to Tibet.________________________________________________________ 9 The student studies very hard. Her father is a worker.______________________________________________ 10 He is the most careful boy. I know him.________________________________________________________ 11 The necklace is worth more than five hundred dollars. Polly stole it._________________________________ 12 The man is in the next room. He brought us the letter yesterday._____________________________________ 13 We met the woman at the gate. Do you know her?________________________________________________ 14 Cheese is made from milk. It is liked by people in western countries._________________________________ 15 The lady is our English teacher. You saw her just now.____________________________________________ 按要求将句子连成复合句: 1 When does the train leave? I want to know…(改为含宾语从句的复合句) I want to know_____ the train_____. 2 Does Mr. Green live near the park? Do you know?(合并为一个句子) Do you know ______ Mr. Green______ near the park? 3 She hopes to be back soon.(改为复合句) She hopes______ she_____ be back soon. 4 The box is very heavy. We can’t lift it.(改为状语从句) The box is_____ heavy_____ we can’t lift it. 5 Will you spend your holiday in Beijng? I want to know.(合并为一个复合句) I wanted to know_____ you______ spend your holiday in Beijing. 6 “ I’m going to borrow a tape from Jim.” Lily told me.(改为宾语从句) Lily told me______ ______ going to borrow a tape from Jim. 7 Get up early, and you will not miss the bus.(改为复合句) _______ ________ get up early, you won’t miss the bus. 8 Mother went to bed after she finished sewing.(变成意义相同的复合句) Mother_______ _______ to bed_______ she finished sewing. 9 Hurry up, or we’ll be late.(if… not替换or) _______ we ________ hurry, we’ll be late. 10 Why has John late for the meeting? Can you tell me?(改为含宾语从句的复合句)______________________ 15 主谓一致 例题: 1 Everyone except Tom and John______ seen the film. A is B has C are D have 17 2---I don’t think it’s good to drive eight hours without a rest. ---I agree. Eight hours______ really a very long time. A has B is C are ---He is a doctor and his brother is a doctor, too. ---You mean both he and his brother_____ doctors, right? 3 A is B be C are D was 4 The news_______ very interesting! Tell me more! A is B are C were D was 5 My family_______ a happy one. A be B are C is D has 单选: 1 She is going to be a reporter when she_____ up. A grows B will grow C is going to grow D grew 2 Diana, together with her friends,______ Chinese in China. A study B have studies C studies D are studying 3---When_____ Jessy_____ to New York? ---Yesterday. A does, get B did, get C has, got D had, got 4---I hear Yang Yan made an English speech at the graduation ceremony yesterday. ---_____, and______. A So she did, so did I B So did she, so I did C So she was, so I was D So was she, so I was 5---Can I help you? ---I bought this watch here yesterday, but it_____ work. A won’t B didn’t C doesn’t D wouldn’t 6---You are late. The meeting_____ for about ten minutes. ---I’m sorry. The traffic is heavy. A has begun B began C has been on 7 I bet Miss. Black will come to help us with the celebration if she _____ too busy tomorrow. A is B will be C won’t be D isn’t 8 Good news! There_____ fewer people catching this kind of illness now. A are B is C was D were 9---What do you think of what she did? ---What she did still_____ us feel very sad now. A makes B make C is making D is made 10 There______ a post office and two hotels near here. A is B are C has D have 11 What a funny person______! We all like talking with him. A is it B is he C it is D he is 12 I hear one third of the books in library_____ new. Let’s borrow some. A is B are C was D were 13 The number of students who_____ the English club______20. A take part in, is B join, are C take part in, are D join, is 14Working hard_____ success, so your dreams can come true. A bring B brings C to bring D bringing 15 That is one of those books that______ worth reading. A has B have C are D be 16 On the wall_____ maps of the world and China. A is B has C are D have 17 our team______ playing football on our school playground now. A is B are C was D were 18 _____ not only she but also we going to do exercises? A Is B Are C Has D Have 19 The writer and thinker______ yet. A don’t come B didn’t come C hasn’t come D haven’t come 20 A number of pupils______ playing computer games now. A likes B is C was D are 21 This English newspaper very easy for the students because there are _____ new words in it. A little B a little C few D a few 22---Do you like the pop star Zhou Jielun or the movie star Liu Dehua? ---_____. I am not their fan. A Both B Either C Neither D All 23---Did your parents go to climb the Zijin Mountain last Sunday? ---No, they_____ went to see a film. A both B all C either D every 18 24---People find it hard to get across the river. ---I think at least two bridges_____ over it. A need B are needing C will need D are needed 25 I’ve got many books on Chinese food. You can borrow______ if you like. A either B one C it D every 26_____ room is big and bright. They like it very much. A Tom and Sam B Tom’s and Sam C Tom and Sam’s D Tom’s and Sam’s 27 His family ______ the zoo last week. A visit B am visiting C visited D will visit 28---What a hot day! Have you had a drink? ---Yes. But I’d like to have______ after work. A It B one C other D another 29---Inventors have changed the way we live. ---So they are famous for the great things they_____. A do B did C are doing D had done 30---Would you like to have a look at some pants? They may fit you well. ---Well, I’d like to try those blue_____. A pairs B one C pant D pair 31 Trees and flowers_____ every year to make our country more beautiful. A is planted B was planted C are planted D were planted 32---How do you keep in touch with Tim, by letters or by phone? ---_____. By sending e-mails. A Neither B Either C Both 33 Neither Jim nor his cousins_____ to America, but_____ of them know the country very well. A have been, all B have been, both C has been, all D has been, both 34---It was quite a heavy snow last night. Is everyone here now? ---Yes, and_____ of us was late for school this morning. A neither B either C all D none 35---Could I have something to eat? ---Sure. Here’s some_____. A chicken B tomatoes C orange 36 All the workers were very tired, but_____ of them would take a rest. A all B neither C any D none 17 直接引语和间接引语 例题: 1 Sam asked me, ”Did you often ride a bike from place to place when you were at school?” (改为间接引语) Sam asked me_____________ from place to place when_______ at school. 2 Last Saturday my brother said to me, “I’m going to see you tomorrow.” (改为间接引语) Last Saturday my brother_____ me______ ______ ______ going to see______ ______ ______ ______. 3 Mary asked me if I had done it.(改为直接引语)___________________________________________________ 4 The mother said to her daughter, “Don’t take off your coat.”__________________________________________ 5 Henry asked Mr. Crisp, “Will you give a speech tomorrow?”(Change the sentence into indirect speech) 变为间接引语: 1 He told me, “Our teacher asks you to go to the office at once.”________________________________________ 2 He said, “I cleaned the classroom this morning.”___________________________________________________ 3 He said to her, “Xiao Li will go to see you this afternoon.”___________________________________________ 4 They said, “We have seen the film.”_____________________________________________________________ 5 He said to the boy, ”Don’t draw on the wall.”______________________________________________________ 6 Mr. Black told Jane, “Come to school on time tomorrow.”____________________________________________ 7 My father said to me, “Don’t eat too much.”______________________________________________________ 19 8 “Don’t talk in class, Xiao Ming,” the teacher said.__________________________________________________ 9 He said, “I don’t understand what you said.”______________________________________________________ 10 He asked the policeman, “How can I get there?”__________________________________________________ 变为直接引语: 1 The nurse told the children not to go there.________________________________________________________ 2 They asked Mike to give them a talk.____________________________________________________________ 3 The farmer asked us if we could do it.____________________________________________________________ 4 He asked me where I lived.____________________________________________________________________ 5 The doctor asked him how he was feeling.________________________________________________________ 18 虚拟语气 例题: 1 完成句子:如果我是你的话，我会向你的朋友谈谈吸烟的害处。 If I ______ you, I’d tell your friends about the danger of_______. 2 What _____ you ______ if you won the lottery(抽奖)? A will, do B do, do C would, do D do, would 3 If I had hurried, I______ the train. A would, catch B could catch C would have caught D had caught 4---I’ll be back before Christmas. ---I wish you______ back before Thanksgiving. A come B would come C will come D came 5 翻译句子: 1) With your permission, I would leave now.______________________________________________________ 2) Without food, it would be hard for us to work.__________________________________________________ 单选: 1 If I were you, I _____ stop them from swimming in the river. A will B would C must D can 2 If he were you, he _______ a new computer. A will buy B would buy C has bought D buys 3 I _____ certainly go if I had time. A should B will C would D did 4 If you ______, you would catch the bus. A hurry B are hurry C did hurry D hurried 5---Don’t press the button. ---What_____ if I did? A would happen B will happen C happens D is happening 6 If she were alive today, how happy we______! A are B will be C would be D were 7 If i______, we wouldn’t stay indoors. A isn’t raining B doesn’t rain C would rain D weren’t raining 8 What would you do if you_____ in his place? A are B were C would D will be 9 How nice it would be if Joe_____ a bit longer1 A stays B will stay C could stay D stay 10 If she______ you, everything would be all right. A were B are C is D will be 变形填空: 1 If I ______(be) you, I would buy a big house and have many servants. 2 If I _______(know) how to sing the song, I would have joined you that day. 3 It’s too bad. Helen isn’t here. If she_______(be) here, she________(know) what to do now. 4 He said that they______(leave) for home the next day. 5 I __________(not have) my breakfast, so I am hungry. 翻译句子: 1 我要是你，我就带把雨伞。 If I were you, I’d _____ _______ _______. 20 2 如果她在这儿，我会请她在我家吃晚饭的。 If she were here, I would ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ at home. 3 你喜欢对一两个人讲话而不愿意对多人讲话。 You like talking to one or two people ______ ______ to a group. 4 Tom病了，但他仍然去了晚会，因为他不想让他的朋友们沮丧。 Tom was ill, but he still went to the party because he didn’t want _____ _____ his friends ______. 5 老师昨天把我们班分成了8个小组。 The teacher ______ our class _____ eight groups yesterday. 6 要是地球是平的，会发生什么呢, If the earth _____ flat, what _____ _____ ? 7 我要是有很多钱，我就把它存进银行。 If I _____ a lot of money, I _____ _____ it _____ the bank. 8 我原以为他会来，结果他没有来。 I thought he ______ ______. As a result, he ______ ______. 9 如果他昨天在这儿，他会给我们更多帮助。 If he _____ _____ here yesterday, he _____ ______ _____ us much more help. 10 我要是有翅膀的话，我就能飞跃太平洋。 If I ____ wings, I _____ _____ up across the Pacific Ocean. 11 如果你对人更友好一些，你会有更多的朋友。 If you _____ ______ _____ to people, you would have more friends. 12 假如没有你的帮助，他不可能做那件事。 ______ your help he _____ ______ ______ it. 13 假如没有给你送礼物，我会很内疚的。 I _____ ______sorry _____ ______ you a present. 14 我要是记得她的名字就好了。 I wish I ______ her ______. _____ water people ______ ______ ______. 15 没有水，我们就活不了。 21