课后习题答案--《环境工程微生物学》_第三版_周群英1-4章

课后#习题#--《环境工程微生物学》_第三版_周群英1-4章 绪论 1、何谓原核微生物,它包括哪些微生物, 答,原核微生物的核很原始,发育不全,只有DNA链高度折叠形成的一个核区,没有核膜,核质裸露,与细胞质没有明显界限,叫拟核或似核。原核微生物没有细胞器,只有由细胞质膜内陷形成的不规则的泡沫体系,如间体核光合作用层片及其他内折。也不进行有丝分裂。原核微生物包括古菌,即古细菌,、真细菌、放线菌、蓝细菌、粘细菌、立克次氏体、支原体、衣原体和螺旋体。 2、何谓真核微生物,它包括哪些微生物, 答,真核微生物由发育完好的细胞核,核内由核仁核染色质。由核膜将细胞核和细胞质分开,使两者由明显的界限。有高度分化的细胞器,如线粒体、中心体、高尔基体、内质网、溶酶体和叶绿体等。进行有丝分裂。真核微生物包括除蓝藻以外的藻类、酵母菌、霉菌、原生动物、微型后生动物等。 3、微生物是如何分类的, 答,各种微生物按其客观存在的生物属性,如个体形态及大小、染色反应、菌落特征、细胞结构、生理生化反应、与氧的关系、血清学反应等,及它们的亲缘关系,由次序地分门别类排列成一个系统,从大到小,按界、门、纲、目、科、属、种等分类。种是分类的最小单位,“株”不是分类单位。 administrative leadership of the criticism, resulting in serious consequences, the pursuit of leadership, along with 500-1000 punishment. (5) significant near miss should be attempted as the case of responsible for the accident and construction team injuries accident penalty provisions, mutatis mutandis. Eight, should perform in the construction standards and specifications, serial number a 1 GB3323-2005 steel fusion welded butt joints, welding engineering-Ray lighting and quality rating of 2 GB11345-89 steel welds manual methods of ultrasonic inspection and testing results for grade 3 GB50236-2002 industrial pipe welding engineering code for construction and acceptance of field equipment 4 HGJ222-92 technical specification for welding of aluminium and its alloys 5 low temperature steel welding procedure 6 SH3525-2004 petrochemical JB/ T4708-2000 of welding procedure qualification for steel pressure vessels 7 JB/4709-2000 8 JB4730-2005 pressure vessel welding procedures of steel pressure vessel NDT 9 JB/T4744-2000 steel pressure vessel products mechanical properties test of welded plate II, mechanical equipment installation engineering 1 GB150-98 2 GB50128-2005 vertical cylindrical steel pressure vessel steel welded specification for construction and acceptance of oil tank 3 JB/ T4735-1997 steel welded atmospheric pressure vessel 4 GB50231-2009 mechanical equipment installation engineering construction and acceptance specification for 5 GB50275-98 compressor, fan 4、生物的分界共有几种分法,他们是如何划分的, 答,1969年魏泰克提出生物五界分类系统,后被Margulis修改成为普遍接受的五界分类系统,原核生物界(包括细菌、放线菌、蓝绿细菌)、原生生物界,包括蓝藻以外的藻类及原生动物,、真菌界,包括酵母菌和霉菌,、动物界和植物界。 我国王大 教授提出六界,病毒界、原核生物界、真核生物界、真菌界、动物界和植物界。 5、微生物是如何命名的,举例说明。 答,微生物的命名是采用生物学中的二名法,即用两个拉丁字命名一个微生物的种。这个种的名称是由一个属名和一个种名组成,属名和种名都用斜体字表示,属名在前,用拉丁文名词表示,第一个字母大写。种名在后,用拉丁文的形容词表示,第一个字母小写。如大肠埃希氏杆菌的名称是Escherichia coli。 6、写出大肠埃希氏杆菌和桔草芽孢杆菌的拉丁文全称。 答,大肠埃希氏杆菌的名称是Escherichia coli,桔草芽孢杆菌的名称是Bacillus subtilis。 7、微生物有哪些特点, 答,,一,个体极小 administrative leadership of the criticism, resulting in serious consequences, the pursuit of leadership, along with 500-1000 punishment. (5) significant near miss should be attempted as the case of responsible for the accident and construction team injuries accident penalty provisions, mutatis mutandis. Eight, should perform in the construction standards and specifications, serial number a 1 GB3323-2005 steel fusion welded butt joints, welding engineering-Ray lighting and quality rating of 2 GB11345-89 steel welds manual methods of ultrasonic inspection and testing results for grade 3 GB50236-2002 industrial pipe welding engineering code for construction and acceptance of field equipment 4 HGJ222-92 technical specification for welding of aluminium and its alloys 5 low temperature steel welding procedure 6 SH3525-2004 petrochemical JB/ T4708-2000 of welding procedure qualification for steel pressure vessels 7 JB/4709-2000 8 JB4730-2005 pressure vessel welding procedures of steel pressure vessel NDT 9 JB/T4744-2000 steel pressure vessel products mechanical properties test of welded plate II, mechanical equipment installation engineering 1 GB150-98 2 GB50128-2005 vertical cylindrical steel pressure vessel steel welded specification for construction and acceptance of oil tank 3 JB/ T4735-1997 steel welded atmospheric pressure vessel 4 GB50231-2009 mechanical equipment installation engineering construction and acceptance specification for 5 GB50275-98 compressor, fan 微生物的个体极小,有几纳米到几微米,要通过光学显微镜才能看见,病毒小于0.2微米,在光学显微镜可视范围外,还需要通过电子显微镜才可看见。 ,二,分布广,种类繁多 环境的多样性如极端高温、高盐度和极端pH造就了微生物的种类繁多和数量庞大。 ,三,繁殖快 大多数微生物以裂殖的方式繁殖后代,在适宜的环境条件下,十几分钟至二十分钟就可繁殖一代。在物种竞争上取得优势,这是生存竞争的保证。 ,四,易变异 多数微生物为单细胞,结构简单,整个细胞直接与环境接触,易受外界环境因素影响,引起遗传物质DNA的改变而发生变异。或者变异为优良菌种,或使菌种退化。 administrative leadership of the criticism, resulting in serious consequences, the pursuit of leadership, along with 500-1000 punishment. (5) significant near miss should be attempted as the case of responsible for the accident and construction team injuries accident penalty provisions, mutatis mutandis. Eight, should perform in the construction standards and specifications, serial number a 1 GB3323-2005 steel fusion welded butt joints, welding engineering-Ray lighting and quality rating of 2 GB11345-89 steel welds manual methods of ultrasonic inspection and testing results for grade 3 GB50236-2002 industrial pipe welding engineering code for construction and acceptance of field equipment 4 HGJ222-92 technical specification for welding of aluminium and its alloys 5 low temperature steel welding procedure 6 SH3525-2004 petrochemical JB/ T4708-2000 of welding procedure qualification for steel pressure vessels 7 JB/4709-2000 8 JB4730-2005 pressure vessel welding procedures of steel pressure vessel NDT 9 JB/T4744-2000 steel pressure vessel products mechanical properties test of welded plate II, mechanical equipment installation engineering 1 GB150-98 2 GB50128-2005 vertical cylindrical steel pressure vessel steel welded specification for construction and acceptance of oil tank 3 JB/ T4735-1997 steel welded atmospheric pressure vessel 4 GB50231-2009 mechanical equipment installation engineering construction and acceptance specification for 5 GB50275-98 compressor, fan 第一章 1.病毒是一类什么样的微生物,它有什么特点, 答,病毒是没有细胞结构,专性寄生在活的敏感宿主体内,可通过细菌过滤器,大小在0.2微米一下的超微小微生物。 特点,大小在0.2微米以下,故在光学显微镜下看不见,你必须在电子显微镜下方可合成蛋白质的机构——核糖体,也没有合成细胞物质和繁殖所必备的酶系统,不具独立的代谢能力,必须专性寄生在活的敏感宿主细胞内,依靠宿主细胞合成病毒的化学组成和繁殖新个体。病毒在活的敏感宿主细胞内是具有生命的超微生物,然而,在宿主体外却呈现不具生命特征的大分子物质,但仍保留感染宿主的潜在能力,一旦重新进入活的宿主细胞内又具有生命特征,重新感染新的宿主。 2.病毒的分类依据是什么,分为哪几类病毒, 答,病毒是根据病毒的宿主、所致疾病、核酸的类型、病毒粒子的大小、病毒的结构、有或无被膜等进行分类的。 根据专性宿主分类,有动物病毒、植物病毒、细菌病毒,噬菌体,、放线菌病毒,噬放线菌体,、藻类病毒,噬藻体,,真菌病毒,噬真菌体,。 administrative leadership of the criticism, resulting in serious consequences, the pursuit of leadership, along with 500-1000 punishment. (5) significant near miss should be attempted as the case of responsible for the accident and construction team injuries accident penalty provisions, mutatis mutandis. Eight, should perform in the construction standards and specifications, serial number a 1 GB3323-2005 steel fusion welded butt joints, welding engineering-Ray lighting and quality rating of 2 GB11345-89 steel welds manual methods of ultrasonic inspection and testing results for grade 3 GB50236-2002 industrial pipe welding engineering code for construction and acceptance of field equipment 4 HGJ222-92 technical specification for welding of aluminium and its alloys 5 low temperature steel welding procedure 6 SH3525-2004 petrochemical JB/ T4708-2000 of welding procedure qualification for steel pressure vessels 7 JB/4709-2000 8 JB4730-2005 pressure vessel welding procedures of steel pressure vessel NDT 9 JB/T4744-2000 steel pressure vessel products mechanical properties test of welded plate II, mechanical equipment installation engineering 1 GB150-98 2 GB50128-2005 vertical cylindrical steel pressure vessel steel welded specification for construction and acceptance of oil tank 3 JB/ T4735-1997 steel welded atmospheric pressure vessel 4 GB50231-2009 mechanical equipment installation engineering construction and acceptance specification for 5 GB50275-98 compressor, fan 按核酸分类,有DNA病毒,除细小病毒组的成员是单链DNA外,其余所有的病毒都是双链DNA,和RNA病毒,除呼肠孤病毒组的成员是双链RNA外,其余所有的病毒都是单链RNA,。 3.病毒具有什么样的化学组成和结构, 答,一、病毒的化学组成,病毒的化学组成有蛋白质和核酸,个体大的病毒如痘病毒,除含蛋白质和核酸外,还含类脂类和多糖。 二、病毒的结构,病毒没有细胞结构,却有其自身独特的结构。整个病毒分两部分,蛋白质衣壳和核酸内芯,两者构成核衣壳。完整的具有感染力的病毒叫病毒粒子。病毒粒子有两种,一种是不具被膜,亦称囊膜,的裸露病毒粒子,另一种是在核衣壳外面有被膜所构成的病毒粒子。寄生在植物体内的类病毒和拟病毒结构更简单,只具RNA,不具蛋白质。 1、蛋白质衣壳,是由一定数量的衣壳粒,由一种或几种多肽链折叠而成的蛋白质亚单位,按一定的排列组合构成的病毒外壳,成为蛋白质衣壳。由于衣壳粒的排列组合不同病毒有三种对称构型,立体对称型,螺旋对称型和复合对称型。 2、蛋白质的功能,保护病毒使其免受环境因素的影响。决定病毒感染的特异性,使病毒与敏感细胞表面特定部位有特异亲和力,病毒可牢固的附着在敏感细胞上。病毒蛋白质还有致病性、毒力和抗原性。动物病毒有的含DNA,有的含RNA。植物病毒大多数含RNA,少数administrative leadership of the criticism, resulting in serious consequences, the pursuit of leadership, along with 500-1000 punishment. (5) significant near miss should be attempted as the case of responsible for the accident and construction team injuries accident penalty provisions, mutatis mutandis. Eight, should perform in the construction standards and specifications, serial number a 1 GB3323-2005 steel fusion welded butt joints, welding engineering-Ray lighting and quality rating of 2 GB11345-89 steel welds manual methods of ultrasonic inspection and testing results for grade 3 GB50236-2002 industrial pipe welding engineering code for construction and acceptance of field equipment 4 HGJ222-92 technical specification for welding of aluminium and its alloys 5 low temperature steel welding procedure 6 SH3525-2004 petrochemical JB/ T4708-2000 of welding procedure qualification for steel pressure vessels 7 JB/4709-2000 8 JB4730-2005 pressure vessel welding procedures of steel pressure vessel NDT 9 JB/T4744-2000 steel pressure vessel products mechanical properties test of welded plate II, mechanical equipment installation engineering 1 GB150-98 2 GB50128-2005 vertical cylindrical steel pressure vessel steel welded specification for construction and acceptance of oil tank 3 JB/ T4735-1997 steel welded atmospheric pressure vessel 4 GB50231-2009 mechanical equipment installation engineering construction and acceptance specification for 5 GB50275-98 compressor, fan 含DNA。噬菌体大多数含DNA,少数含RNA。病毒核酸的功能是,决定病毒遗传、变异和对敏感宿主细胞的感染力。 3、被膜,囊膜,,痘病毒、腮腺炎病毒及其他病毒具有被膜,它们除含蛋白质和核酸外,还含有类脂质,其中50%~60%为磷脂,其余为胆固醇。痘病毒含糖脂和糖蛋白,多数病毒不具酶,少数病毒含核酸多聚酶。 4.叙述大肠杆菌T系噬菌体的繁殖过程。 答,大肠杆菌T系噬菌体的繁殖过程可分为四步,吸附,侵入,复制,聚集与释放。 1、吸附,首先大肠杆菌T系噬菌体以它的尾部末端吸附到敏感细胞表面上某一特定的化学成分,或是细胞壁,或是鞭毛,或是纤毛。 2、侵入,尾部借尾丝的帮助固着在敏感细胞的细胞壁上,尾部的酶水解细胞壁的肽聚糖形成小孔,尾鞘消耗ATP获得能量而收缩将尾鞘压入宿主细胞内,不具尾鞘的丝状大肠杆菌T系噬菌体将DNA压入宿主细胞内的速度较慢,尾髓将头部的DNA注入宿主细胞内,蛋白质外壳留在宿主细胞外,此时,宿主细胞壁上的小孔被修复。【噬菌体不能繁殖,这与噬菌体在宿主细胞内增值所引起的裂解不同】。 3、复制与聚集,噬菌体侵入细胞内后,立即引起宿主的代谢改变,宿主细胞胞内的核酸不能按自身的遗传特性复制和合成蛋白质,而有噬菌体核酸所携带的遗传信息控制,借用宿主细胞的合成机构如核糖体,mRNA、tRNA、ATP及酶等复制核酸,进而合成噬菌体的蛋白administrative leadership of the criticism, resulting in serious consequences, the pursuit of leadership, along with 500-1000 punishment. (5) significant near miss should be attempted as the case of responsible for the accident and construction team injuries accident penalty provisions, mutatis mutandis. Eight, should perform in the construction standards and specifications, serial number a 1 GB3323-2005 steel fusion welded butt joints, welding engineering-Ray lighting and quality rating of 2 GB11345-89 steel welds manual methods of ultrasonic inspection and testing results for grade 3 GB50236-2002 industrial pipe welding engineering code for construction and acceptance of field equipment 4 HGJ222-92 technical specification for welding of aluminium and its alloys 5 low temperature steel welding procedure 6 SH3525-2004 petrochemical JB/ T4708-2000 of welding procedure qualification for steel pressure vessels 7 JB/4709-2000 8 JB4730-2005 pressure vessel welding procedures of steel pressure vessel NDT 9 JB/T4744-2000 steel pressure vessel products mechanical properties test of welded plate II, mechanical equipment installation engineering 1 GB150-98 2 GB50128-2005 vertical cylindrical steel pressure vessel steel welded specification for construction and acceptance of oil tank 3 JB/ T4735-1997 steel welded atmospheric pressure vessel 4 GB50231-2009 mechanical equipment installation engineering construction and acceptance specification for 5 GB50275-98 compressor, fan 质,核酸和蛋白质聚集合成新的噬菌体,这过程叫装配。大肠杆菌噬菌体T4的装配过程如下,先合成含DNA的头部,然后合成尾部的尾鞘,尾髓和尾丝。并逐个加上去就装配成一个完整的新的大肠杆菌噬菌体T4。 4、宿主细胞裂解和成熟噬菌体粒子的释放,噬菌体粒子成熟后,噬菌体水解酶水解宿主细胞壁而使宿主细胞裂解,噬菌体被释放出来重新感染新的宿主细胞,一个宿主细胞课释放10~1000个噬菌体粒子。 5.什么叫毒性噬菌体,什么叫温和噬菌体, 答,毒性噬菌体,就是指侵入宿主细胞后,随即引起宿主细胞裂 解的噬菌体,是正常表现的噬菌体。 温和噬菌体,就是指侵入细胞后,其核酸附着并整合在宿主染 色体上,和宿主细胞的核酸同步复制,宿主细胞不裂解而继续 生长,这种不引起宿主细胞裂解的噬菌体称作温和噬菌体。 6.什么叫溶原细胞,菌,,什么叫原噬菌体, 答,溶原细胞就是指含有温和噬菌体核酸的宿主细胞。 原噬菌体就是指在溶原细胞内的温和噬菌体核酸,又称为前噬菌体。 7.解释Escherichia coil K12,λ,中的各词的含义。 答,溶原性噬菌体的命名是在敏感菌株的名称后面加一个括弧, 在括弧内写上溶原性噬菌体λ。大肠杆菌溶原性噬菌体的全称administrative leadership of the criticism, resulting in serious consequences, the pursuit of leadership, along with 500-1000 punishment. (5) significant near miss should be attempted as the case of responsible for the accident and construction team injuries accident penalty provisions, mutatis mutandis. Eight, should perform in the construction standards and specifications, serial number a 1 GB3323-2005 steel fusion welded butt joints, welding engineering-Ray lighting and quality rating of 2 GB11345-89 steel welds manual methods of ultrasonic inspection and testing results for grade 3 GB50236-2002 industrial pipe welding engineering code for construction and acceptance of field equipment 4 HGJ222-92 technical specification for welding of aluminium and its alloys 5 low temperature steel welding procedure 6 SH3525-2004 petrochemical JB/ T4708-2000 of welding procedure qualification for steel pressure vessels 7 JB/4709-2000 8 JB4730-2005 pressure vessel welding procedures of steel pressure vessel NDT 9 JB/T4744-2000 steel pressure vessel products mechanical properties test of welded plate II, mechanical equipment installation engineering 1 GB150-98 2 GB50128-2005 vertical cylindrical steel pressure vessel steel welded specification for construction and acceptance of oil tank 3 JB/ T4735-1997 steel welded atmospheric pressure vessel 4 GB50231-2009 mechanical equipment installation engineering construction and acceptance specification for 5 GB50275-98 compressor, fan 为Escherichia coil K12,λ,,Escherichia 是大肠杆菌的属 名,coil是大肠杆菌的种名,K12是大肠杆菌的株名,括弧内 的λ为溶原性噬菌体。 8.病毒,噬菌体,在固体培养基上有什么样的培养特征。 答,将噬菌体的敏感细菌接种在琼脂固体培养基上生长形成许多个 菌落,当接种稀释适度的噬菌体悬液后引起点性感染,在感染 点上进行反复的感染过程,宿主细菌菌落就一个个被裂解成一 个个空斑,这些空斑就叫噬菌斑。 9.噬菌体在液体培养基和固体培养基中各有什么样的培养特征。 答,噬菌体在固体培养基上的培养特征如上, 噬菌体在液体培养基上的培养特征是,将噬菌体的敏感细菌接 种在液体培养基中,经培养后敏感细菌均匀分布在培养基中而 使培养基浑浊。然后接种噬菌体,敏感细胞被噬菌体感染后发 生菌体裂解,原来浑浊的细菌悬液变成透明的裂解溶液。 10.什么叫噬菌斑,什么是PFU? 答,将噬菌体的敏感细菌接种在琼脂固体培养基上生长形成许多个菌落,当接种稀释适度的噬菌体悬液后引起点性感染,在感染点上进行反复的感染过程,宿主细菌菌落就一个个被裂解成一个个空斑,这些空斑就叫噬菌斑。 11.破坏病毒的物理因素有哪些,它们是如何破坏病毒的, administrative leadership of the criticism, resulting in serious consequences, the pursuit of leadership, along with 500-1000 punishment. (5) significant near miss should be attempted as the case of responsible for the accident and construction team injuries accident penalty provisions, mutatis mutandis. Eight, should perform in the construction standards and specifications, serial number a 1 GB3323-2005 steel fusion welded butt joints, welding engineering-Ray lighting and quality rating of 2 GB11345-89 steel welds manual methods of ultrasonic inspection and testing results for grade 3 GB50236-2002 industrial pipe welding engineering code for construction and acceptance of field equipment 4 HGJ222-92 technical specification for welding of aluminium and its alloys 5 low temperature steel welding procedure 6 SH3525-2004 petrochemical JB/ T4708-2000 of welding procedure qualification for steel pressure vessels 7 JB/4709-2000 8 JB4730-2005 pressure vessel welding procedures of steel pressure vessel NDT 9 JB/T4744-2000 steel pressure vessel products mechanical properties test of welded plate II, mechanical equipment installation engineering 1 GB150-98 2 GB50128-2005 vertical cylindrical steel pressure vessel steel welded specification for construction and acceptance of oil tank 3 JB/ T4735-1997 steel welded atmospheric pressure vessel 4 GB50231-2009 mechanical equipment installation engineering construction and acceptance specification for 5 GB50275-98 compressor, fan 答, 共有三类, 1、温度,高温使病毒的核酸和蛋白质衣壳受损伤,高温对病毒蛋 白质的灭活比病毒核酸的灭活要快。蛋白质的变性阻碍了病毒 吸附到宿主细胞上,削弱了病毒的感染力。 2、光及其他辐射,,1,紫外辐射,其灭活部位使病毒的核酸,使 核酸中的嘧啶环收到影响,形成胸腺嘧啶二聚体,尿嘧啶残基 的水和作用也会损伤病毒。,2,可见光,在氧气和燃料存在的 条件下,大多数肠道病毒对可见光很敏感而被杀死,这叫“光灭 活作用”,燃料附着在核酸上,催化光催化作用,引起病毒灭活。 ,3,离子辐射,X射线、r射线也有灭活病毒的作用。 3、干燥,被灭活的原因是在干燥环境中病毒RNA释放出来而随后裂解。 12.紫外线如何破坏病毒, 答, 紫外线照射到病毒之上,其灭活部位是病毒的核酸,是核酸中 的嘧啶环到影响,形成胸腺嘧啶二聚体,即在相邻的胸腺嘧啶 残基之间形成共价键,。尿嘧啶残基的水和作用也会损伤病毒。 13.灭活宿主体外壳的化学物质有哪些,他们是如何破坏病毒的, 答,酚,破坏病毒蛋白质的衣壳。 低离子强度,低渗缓冲溶液,的环境,使病毒蛋白质的衣壳发 生细微变化,阻止病毒附着在宿主细胞上。 administrative leadership of the criticism, resulting in serious consequences, the pursuit of leadership, along with 500-1000 punishment. (5) significant near miss should be attempted as the case of responsible for the accident and construction team injuries accident penalty provisions, mutatis mutandis. Eight, should perform in the construction standards and specifications, serial number a 1 GB3323-2005 steel fusion welded butt joints, welding engineering-Ray lighting and quality rating of 2 GB11345-89 steel welds manual methods of ultrasonic inspection and testing results for grade 3 GB50236-2002 industrial pipe welding engineering code for construction and acceptance of field equipment 4 HGJ222-92 technical specification for welding of aluminium and its alloys 5 low temperature steel welding procedure 6 SH3525-2004 petrochemical JB/ T4708-2000 of welding procedure qualification for steel pressure vessels 7 JB/4709-2000 8 JB4730-2005 pressure vessel welding procedures of steel pressure vessel NDT 9 JB/T4744-2000 steel pressure vessel products mechanical properties test of welded plate II, mechanical equipment installation engineering 1 GB150-98 2 GB50128-2005 vertical cylindrical steel pressure vessel steel welded specification for construction and acceptance of oil tank 3 JB/ T4735-1997 steel welded atmospheric pressure vessel 4 GB50231-2009 mechanical equipment installation engineering construction and acceptance specification for 5 GB50275-98 compressor, fan 附加,碱性环境课破坏蛋白质衣壳和核酸,当pH大到11以上 会严重破坏病毒。氯(次氯酸、二氧化氯、漂白粉)和臭氧灭活效 果极好,他们对病 毒蛋白质和核酸均有作用。 14.破坏病毒的蛋白质衣壳、核酸和脂类被膜的化学物质有哪些, 答,破坏病毒蛋白质衣壳的化学物质有,酚,低离子强度,破坏病 毒核酸的化学物质,甲醛,破坏核酸,但不改变病毒的抗原特 性,,亚硝酸,导致嘌呤和嘧啶碱基的脱氨基作用,,氨,引 起病毒颗粒内RNA的裂解,,破坏病毒脂类被膜的化学物质, 醚、十二烷基硫酸钠、氯仿、去氧胆酸钠等。 15.你怎么判断病毒有、无被膜, 答,凡对醚类等脂溶剂敏感的病毒为有被膜的病毒,对脂溶剂不敏 感的病毒为不具被膜的病毒。 16.病毒在水体和土壤中的存活时间主要受哪些因素影响 答,病毒在各种环境中由于影响因素的不同,其存活时间也是不同的。 1、病毒在水体中的存活,在海水和淡水中,温度是影响病毒存 活的主要因素,也与病毒类型也有关。在水体淤泥中,病毒 吸附在固体颗粒上或被有机物包裹在颗粒中间,受到保护其 存活时间会较长一些。 administrative leadership of the criticism, resulting in serious consequences, the pursuit of leadership, along with 500-1000 punishment. (5) significant near miss should be attempted as the case of responsible for the accident and construction team injuries accident penalty provisions, mutatis mutandis. Eight, should perform in the construction standards and specifications, serial number a 1 GB3323-2005 steel fusion welded butt joints, welding engineering-Ray lighting and quality rating of 2 GB11345-89 steel welds manual methods of ultrasonic inspection and testing results for grade 3 GB50236-2002 industrial pipe welding engineering code for construction and acceptance of field equipment 4 HGJ222-92 technical specification for welding of aluminium and its alloys 5 low temperature steel welding procedure 6 SH3525-2004 petrochemical JB/ T4708-2000 of welding procedure qualification for steel pressure vessels 7 JB/4709-2000 8 JB4730-2005 pressure vessel welding procedures of steel pressure vessel NDT 9 JB/T4744-2000 steel pressure vessel products mechanical properties test of welded plate II, mechanical equipment installation engineering 1 GB150-98 2 GB50128-2005 vertical cylindrical steel pressure vessel steel welded specification for construction and acceptance of oil tank 3 JB/ T4735-1997 steel welded atmospheric pressure vessel 4 GB50231-2009 mechanical equipment installation engineering construction and acceptance specification for 5 GB50275-98 compressor, fan 2、病毒在土壤中的存活,主要受土壤温度和湿度的影响最大, 低温时的存活时间比在高温时长,干燥易使病毒灭活,其灭 活的原因是病毒成分的解离和核酸的降解。 【附】,土壤的截留病毒的能力受土壤的类型、渗滤液的流速、 土壤孔隙的饱和度、pH、渗滤液中的阳离子的价数,阳离子 吸附病毒的能力,3价>2价>1价,和数量、可溶性有机物和 病毒的种类等的影响。 3、病毒在空气中的存活,干燥、相对湿度、太阳光中的紫外辐射、 温度和风速等的影响。相对湿度大,病毒存活时间长,相对湿 度小,越是干燥,病毒存活时间短。 administrative leadership of the criticism, resulting in serious consequences, the pursuit of leadership, along with 500-1000 punishment. (5) significant near miss should be attempted as the case of responsible for the accident and construction team injuries accident penalty provisions, mutatis mutandis. Eight, should perform in the construction standards and specifications, serial number a 1 GB3323-2005 steel fusion welded butt joints, welding engineering-Ray lighting and quality rating of 2 GB11345-89 steel welds manual methods of ultrasonic inspection and testing results for grade 3 GB50236-2002 industrial pipe welding engineering code for construction and acceptance of field equipment 4 HGJ222-92 technical specification for welding of aluminium and its alloys 5 low temperature steel welding procedure 6 SH3525-2004 petrochemical JB/ T4708-2000 of welding procedure qualification for steel pressure vessels 7 JB/4709-2000 8 JB4730-2005 pressure vessel welding procedures of steel pressure vessel NDT 9 JB/T4744-2000 steel pressure vessel products mechanical properties test of welded plate II, mechanical equipment installation engineering 1 GB150-98 2 GB50128-2005 vertical cylindrical steel pressure vessel steel welded specification for construction and acceptance of oil tank 3 JB/ T4735-1997 steel welded atmospheric pressure vessel 4 GB50231-2009 mechanical equipment installation engineering construction and acceptance specification for 5 GB50275-98 compressor, fan 第二章 原核微生物 1、细菌有哪几种形态,各举一种细菌为代表。 答,细菌有四种形态,球状、杆状、螺旋状和丝状。分别叫球菌、 杆菌、螺旋菌和丝状菌。 1、球菌,有单球菌(脲微球菌),双球菌,肺炎链球菌,。排列 不规则的金黄色葡萄球菌、四联球菌。八个球菌垒叠成立方 体的有甲烷八叠球菌。链状的有乳链球菌。 2、杆菌,有单杆菌,其中有长杆菌和短杆菌,或近似球形,。 产芽孢杆菌有枯草芽孢杆菌。梭状的芽孢杆菌有溶纤维梭菌 等。还有双杆菌和链杆菌之分。 3、螺旋菌呈螺旋卷曲状,厌氧污泥中有紫硫螺旋菌、红螺旋菌 属和绿螺旋菌属。螺纹不满一周的叫弧菌,如,脱硫弧菌。 呈逗号型的如,逗号弧菌,霍乱弧菌是其中的一直被那个。 弧菌可弧线连接成螺旋形。螺纹满一周的叫螺旋菌。 4、丝状菌,分布在水生环境,潮湿土壤和活性污泥中。有铁细 菌如,富有球衣菌、泉发菌属即原铁细菌属及纤发菌属。丝 状菌属如,发硫菌属,贝日阿托氏菌属、透明颤菌属、亮发 菌属等多重丝状菌。丝状体是丝状菌分类的特征。 【附】在正常的生长条件下,细菌的形态是相对稳定的。培养 基的化学组成、浓度、培养温度、pH、培养时间等的变化,administrative leadership of the criticism, resulting in serious consequences, the pursuit of leadership, along with 500-1000 punishment. (5) significant near miss should be attempted as the case of responsible for the accident and construction team injuries accident penalty provisions, mutatis mutandis. Eight, should perform in the construction standards and specifications, serial number a 1 GB3323-2005 steel fusion welded butt joints, welding engineering-Ray lighting and quality rating of 2 GB11345-89 steel welds manual methods of ultrasonic inspection and testing results for grade 3 GB50236-2002 industrial pipe welding engineering code for construction and acceptance of field equipment 4 HGJ222-92 technical specification for welding of aluminium and its alloys 5 low temperature steel welding procedure 6 SH3525-2004 petrochemical JB/ T4708-2000 of welding procedure qualification for steel pressure vessels 7 JB/4709-2000 8 JB4730-2005 pressure vessel welding procedures of steel pressure vessel NDT 9 JB/T4744-2000 steel pressure vessel products mechanical properties test of welded plate II, mechanical equipment installation engineering 1 GB150-98 2 GB50128-2005 vertical cylindrical steel pressure vessel steel welded specification for construction and acceptance of oil tank 3 JB/ T4735-1997 steel welded atmospheric pressure vessel 4 GB50231-2009 mechanical equipment installation engineering construction and acceptance specification for 5 GB50275-98 compressor, fan 会引起细菌的形态改变。或死亡,或细胞破裂,或出现畸形。 有些细菌则是多形态的,有周期性的生活史,如粘细菌可形 成无细胞壁的营养细胞和子实体。 2、细菌有哪些一般结构和特殊结构,它们各有哪些生理功能, 答,细菌是单细胞的。所有的细菌均有如下结构,细胞壁、细胞质膜、 细胞质及其内含物、细胞核质。部分细菌有特殊结构,芽孢、 鞭毛、荚膜、粘液层、菌胶团、衣鞘及光合作用层片。 1、细胞壁 【生理功能】,a、 保护原生质体免受渗透压引起破裂的作用, b、 维持细菌形态,可用溶菌酶处理不同的细菌细胞 壁后,菌体均呈现圆形得到证 明,, c 、细胞壁是多孔结构的分子筛,阻挡某些分子进入 和保留蛋白质在间质,革兰氏阴性菌细胞壁和细胞 质之间的区域,, d 、细胞壁为鞭毛提供支点,使鞭毛运动。 2、原生质体 【生理功能】,a、维持渗透压的梯度和溶质的转移, b、细胞质膜上有合成细胞壁和形成横膈膜组分的 酶,故在膜的外表面合成细胞壁, c、 膜内陷形成的中间体,相当于高等植物的线粒体,administrative leadership of the criticism, resulting in serious consequences, the pursuit of leadership, along with 500-1000 punishment. (5) significant near miss should be attempted as the case of responsible for the accident and construction team injuries accident penalty provisions, mutatis mutandis. Eight, should perform in the construction standards and specifications, serial number a 1 GB3323-2005 steel fusion welded butt joints, welding engineering-Ray lighting and quality rating of 2 GB11345-89 steel welds manual methods of ultrasonic inspection and testing results for grade 3 GB50236-2002 industrial pipe welding engineering code for construction and acceptance of field equipment 4 HGJ222-92 technical specification for welding of aluminium and its alloys 5 low temperature steel welding procedure 6 SH3525-2004 petrochemical JB/ T4708-2000 of welding procedure qualification for steel pressure vessels 7 JB/4709-2000 8 JB4730-2005 pressure vessel welding procedures of steel pressure vessel NDT 9 JB/T4744-2000 steel pressure vessel products mechanical properties test of welded plate II, mechanical equipment installation engineering 1 GB150-98 2 GB50128-2005 vertical cylindrical steel pressure vessel steel welded specification for construction and acceptance of oil tank 3 JB/ T4735-1997 steel welded atmospheric pressure vessel 4 GB50231-2009 mechanical equipment installation engineering construction and acceptance specification for 5 GB50275-98 compressor, fan 含有细胞色素,参与呼吸作用。中间体与染色体 的分离和细胞分裂有关,还为DNA提供附着点。 d、细胞质膜上有琥珀酸脱氢酶、NADH脱氢酶、细 胞色素氧化酶、电子传递系统、氧化磷酸化酶及 腺苷三磷酸酶。在细胞之抹上进行物质代谢和能 量代谢。 e、细胞质膜上有鞭毛基粒,鞭毛由此长出,即为鞭 毛提供附着点。 3、荚膜、粘液层、菌胶团和衣鞘 A荚膜, 【生理功能】a、具有荚膜的S-型肺炎链球菌毒力强,有助于肺炎链 球菌侵染人体, b、护致病菌免受宿主吞噬细胞的吞噬,保护细菌免受干燥的影响, c当缺乏营养时,有的荚膜还可作氮源, d废水处理中的细胞荚膜有生物吸附作用,将废水中的有机物、无机物及吸附在细菌体表面上。 B粘液层,在废水生物处理过程中有生物吸附作用,在曝气池中因曝气搅动和水的冲击力容易把细菌粘液冲刷入水中,以致增加水中有机物,它可被其他微生物利用。 administrative leadership of the criticism, resulting in serious consequences, the pursuit of leadership, along with 500-1000 punishment. (5) significant near miss should be attempted as the case of responsible for the accident and construction team injuries accident penalty provisions, mutatis mutandis. Eight, should perform in the construction standards and specifications, serial number a 1 GB3323-2005 steel fusion welded butt joints, welding engineering-Ray lighting and quality rating of 2 GB11345-89 steel welds manual methods of ultrasonic inspection and testing results for grade 3 GB50236-2002 industrial pipe welding engineering code for construction and acceptance of field equipment 4 HGJ222-92 technical specification for welding of aluminium and its alloys 5 low temperature steel welding procedure 6 SH3525-2004 petrochemical JB/ T4708-2000 of welding procedure qualification for steel pressure vessels 7 JB/4709-2000 8 JB4730-2005 pressure vessel welding procedures of steel pressure vessel NDT 9 JB/T4744-2000 steel pressure vessel products mechanical properties test of welded plate II, mechanical equipment installation engineering 1 GB150-98 2 GB50128-2005 vertical cylindrical steel pressure vessel steel welded specification for construction and acceptance of oil tank 3 JB/ T4735-1997 steel welded atmospheric pressure vessel 4 GB50231-2009 mechanical equipment installation engineering construction and acceptance specification for 5 GB50275-98 compressor, fan C菌胶团, D衣鞘, 【附】荚膜、粘液层、衣鞘和菌胶团对染料的亲和力极低,很难着色,都用衬托法着色。 4芽孢,抵抗外界不良化境,原因是大多数酶处于不活动状态,代谢力极低,。 特点,a含水率低,38%~~40% b壁厚而致密,分三层,外层为芽孢外壳,为蛋白质性质。中层为皮层,有肽聚糖构成,含大量2,6吡啶二羧酸。内层为孢子壁,有肽聚糖构成,包围芽孢细胞质和核质。芽孢萌发后孢子壁变为营养细胞的细胞壁。 c呀包中的2,6吡啶二羧酸,DPA,含量高,为芽孢干重的5%~~15%。 d含有耐热性酶 5鞭毛,是细菌运动,靠细胞质膜上的ATP酶水解ATP提供能量,。不同细菌的鞭毛着生的部位不同。有单根鞭毛,正端生和亚极端生,,周生鞭毛。 3、革兰氏阳性菌和革兰氏阴性菌的细胞壁结构有什么异同,各有哪些化学组成, 答,细菌分为革兰氏阳性菌和革兰氏阴性菌两大类,两者的化学组成和结构不同。格兰仕阳性菌的细胞壁厚,其厚度为20~~80nm,结administrative leadership of the criticism, resulting in serious consequences, the pursuit of leadership, along with 500-1000 punishment. (5) significant near miss should be attempted as the case of responsible for the accident and construction team injuries accident penalty provisions, mutatis mutandis. Eight, should perform in the construction standards and specifications, serial number a 1 GB3323-2005 steel fusion welded butt joints, welding engineering-Ray lighting and quality rating of 2 GB11345-89 steel welds manual methods of ultrasonic inspection and testing results for grade 3 GB50236-2002 industrial pipe welding engineering code for construction and acceptance of field equipment 4 HGJ222-92 technical specification for welding of aluminium and its alloys 5 low temperature steel welding procedure 6 SH3525-2004 petrochemical JB/ T4708-2000 of welding procedure qualification for steel pressure vessels 7 JB/4709-2000 8 JB4730-2005 pressure vessel welding procedures of steel pressure vessel NDT 9 JB/T4744-2000 steel pressure vessel products mechanical properties test of welded plate II, mechanical equipment installation engineering 1 GB150-98 2 GB50128-2005 vertical cylindrical steel pressure vessel steel welded specification for construction and acceptance of oil tank 3 JB/ T4735-1997 steel welded atmospheric pressure vessel 4 GB50231-2009 mechanical equipment installation engineering construction and acceptance specification for 5 GB50275-98 compressor, fan 构较简单,含肽聚糖,包括三种成分,D-氨基酸、胞壁酸和二氨基庚二酸,、磷壁酸,质,、少量蛋白质和脂肪。革兰氏阴性菌的细胞壁较薄,厚度为10nm,其结构较复杂,为外壁层和内壁层,外壁层又分三层,最外层是脂多糖,中间是磷脂层,内层为脂蛋白。内壁层含肽聚糖,不含磷壁酸。两者的细胞壁的化学组成也不停,革兰氏阴性菌含极少肽聚糖,独含脂多糖,不含磷壁酸。两者的不同还表现在各种成分的含量不同。尤其是脂肪的含量最明显,革兰氏阳性菌含脂肪量为1%~~4%,革兰氏阴性菌含脂肪量为11%~~22%细胞壁结构。 【附】 革兰氏阳性菌和革兰氏阴性菌细胞壁化学组成的比较 细菌 壁厚度/nm 肽聚糖/% 磷壁酸/% 脂多糖/% 蛋白质/% 脂肪/% 阳性菌 20~~80 40~~90 + — 约20 1~~4 阴性菌 10 10 — + 约60 11~~22 4、古菌包括哪几种,它们与细菌有什么不同, 答,古菌分为五大群,产甲烷古菌,古生硫酸盐还原菌,极端嗜盐菌,无细胞壁古生菌和极端嗜热硫代谢均。 与细菌的不同,大多数古菌生活在极端环境,如盐分高的湖泊水中,极热、极酸和据对厌氧的环境。有特殊的代谢途径,有的古菌还有热稳定性酶和其他特殊酶。繁殖速度较慢,进化速度也比细菌慢。 5、叙述细菌细胞质膜结构和化学组成,它有哪些生理功能, administrative leadership of the criticism, resulting in serious consequences, the pursuit of leadership, along with 500-1000 punishment. (5) significant near miss should be attempted as the case of responsible for the accident and construction team injuries accident penalty provisions, mutatis mutandis. Eight, should perform in the construction standards and specifications, serial number a 1 GB3323-2005 steel fusion welded butt joints, welding engineering-Ray lighting and quality rating of 2 GB11345-89 steel welds manual methods of ultrasonic inspection and testing results for grade 3 GB50236-2002 industrial pipe welding engineering code for construction and acceptance of field equipment 4 HGJ222-92 technical specification for welding of aluminium and its alloys 5 low temperature steel welding procedure 6 SH3525-2004 petrochemical JB/ T4708-2000 of welding procedure qualification for steel pressure vessels 7 JB/4709-2000 8 JB4730-2005 pressure vessel welding procedures of steel pressure vessel NDT 9 JB/T4744-2000 steel pressure vessel products mechanical properties test of welded plate II, mechanical equipment installation engineering 1 GB150-98 2 GB50128-2005 vertical cylindrical steel pressure vessel steel welded specification for construction and acceptance of oil tank 3 JB/ T4735-1997 steel welded atmospheric pressure vessel 4 GB50231-2009 mechanical equipment installation engineering construction and acceptance specification for 5 GB50275-98 compressor, fan 答,细胞质膜是紧贴在细胞壁的内侧而包围细胞的一层柔软而富有弹性的薄膜。 【结构】由上下两层致密的着色层,中间夹一个不着色层组成。不着色层是由具有正、负电荷,有记性的磷脂双分子层组成,是两性分子。亲水基朝着膜的内、外表面的水相,疏水基,由脂肪酰基组成,在不着色区域。蛋白质主要结合在膜的表面,有的位于均匀的双层磷脂中,疏水键占优势。有的蛋白质有外侧伸入膜的中部,有的穿透两层磷脂分子,膜表面的蛋白质还带有多糖。有些蛋白质在膜内的位置不固定,能转动和扩散,使细胞质膜成为一个流动镶嵌的功能区域。细胞质膜可内陷成层状、管状或囊状的膜内折系统,位于细胞质的表面或深部,常见的有中间体。 【化学组成】60~~70%的蛋白质,30~~40%的脂类和约2%的多糖。蛋白质与膜的透性及酶的活性有关。脂类是磷脂,有磷酸、甘油和含胆碱组成。 【生理功能】a 维持渗透压的梯度和溶质的转移, b细胞质膜上有合成细胞壁和形成横膈膜组分的酶,故在膜的外表面合成细胞壁, c 膜内陷形成的中间体,相当于高等植物的线粒体,含有细胞色素,参与呼吸作用。中间体与染色体的分离和细胞分裂有关,还为DNA提供附着点。 d细胞质膜上有琥珀酸脱氢酶、NADH脱氢酶、细胞色素氧administrative leadership of the criticism, resulting in serious consequences, the pursuit of leadership, along with 500-1000 punishment. (5) significant near miss should be attempted as the case of responsible for the accident and construction team injuries accident penalty provisions, mutatis mutandis. Eight, should perform in the construction standards and specifications, serial number a 1 GB3323-2005 steel fusion welded butt joints, welding engineering-Ray lighting and quality rating of 2 GB11345-89 steel welds manual methods of ultrasonic inspection and testing results for grade 3 GB50236-2002 industrial pipe welding engineering code for construction and acceptance of field equipment 4 HGJ222-92 technical specification for welding of aluminium and its alloys 5 low temperature steel welding procedure 6 SH3525-2004 petrochemical JB/ T4708-2000 of welding procedure qualification for steel pressure vessels 7 JB/4709-2000 8 JB4730-2005 pressure vessel welding procedures of steel pressure vessel NDT 9 JB/T4744-2000 steel pressure vessel products mechanical properties test of welded plate II, mechanical equipment installation engineering 1 GB150-98 2 GB50128-2005 vertical cylindrical steel pressure vessel steel welded specification for construction and acceptance of oil tank 3 JB/ T4735-1997 steel welded atmospheric pressure vessel 4 GB50231-2009 mechanical equipment installation engineering construction and acceptance specification for 5 GB50275-98 compressor, fan 化酶、电子传递系统、氧化磷酸化酶及腺苷三磷酸酶。在细胞之抹上进行物质代谢和能量代谢。 e细胞质膜上有鞭毛基粒,鞭毛由此长出,即为鞭毛提供附着点。 6、何谓核糖体,它有哪些生理功能, 答,原核微生物的核糖体是分散在细胞质中的亚微颗粒,是合成蛋白质的部位。RNA占60%,蛋白质占40%。生理功能,合成蛋白质。在生长旺盛的细胞中,每个核糖体和初生态的多肽链连接形成多聚核糖体。逐步将核糖体的蛋白质成分去掉不影响核糖体合成蛋白质的功能,核糖体的蛋白质成分只起维持形态和稳定功能的作用,起转录作用的可能是16S RNA。 7、在pH为6、pH为7和pH为7.5的溶液中细菌各带什么电荷,在pH为1.5的溶液中细菌带什么电荷,为什么, 答,细菌体含有50%以上的蛋白质,蛋白质由20种氨基酸按一定的排列顺序有肽腱连接组成。氨基酸是两性电解质,在碱性溶液中表现出带负电荷,在酸性溶液中表现出带正电荷,在某一定 pH溶液中,按激素啊所带的正电荷和负电荷相等时的pH成为该氨基酸的等电点【由氨基酸构成的蛋白质也是两性电解质,也呈现一定的等电点。细菌细胞壁表面含表面蛋白,所以,细菌也具有两性电解质的性质,它们也有各自的等电点。根据细菌在不同的pH中对一定燃料的着染性,根据细菌对阴、阳离子的亲和性,根据细菌在不同的pH的电场中的administrative leadership of the criticism, resulting in serious consequences, the pursuit of leadership, along with 500-1000 punishment. (5) significant near miss should be attempted as the case of responsible for the accident and construction team injuries accident penalty provisions, mutatis mutandis. Eight, should perform in the construction standards and specifications, serial number a 1 GB3323-2005 steel fusion welded butt joints, welding engineering-Ray lighting and quality rating of 2 GB11345-89 steel welds manual methods of ultrasonic inspection and testing results for grade 3 GB50236-2002 industrial pipe welding engineering code for construction and acceptance of field equipment 4 HGJ222-92 technical specification for welding of aluminium and its alloys 5 low temperature steel welding procedure 6 SH3525-2004 petrochemical JB/ T4708-2000 of welding procedure qualification for steel pressure vessels 7 JB/4709-2000 8 JB4730-2005 pressure vessel welding procedures of steel pressure vessel NDT 9 JB/T4744-2000 steel pressure vessel products mechanical properties test of welded plate II, mechanical equipment installation engineering 1 GB150-98 2 GB50128-2005 vertical cylindrical steel pressure vessel steel welded specification for construction and acceptance of oil tank 3 JB/ T4735-1997 steel welded atmospheric pressure vessel 4 GB50231-2009 mechanical equipment installation engineering construction and acceptance specification for 5 GB50275-98 compressor, fan 泳动方向,都可用相应的方法侧的细菌的等电点】。当细菌的培养液的pH若比细菌的等电点高,细菌的游离氨基电力受抑制,游离羧基电离,细菌则带负电荷,否则,游离氨基电离,游离羧基电离受抑制,细菌则带正电。已知细菌的等电点的pH为2~~5,pH为6、pH为7和pH为7.5的溶液属于偏碱性、中性和偏酸性,都高于细菌的等电点。所以细菌表面总是带负电荷。而在pH=1.5的溶液中细菌则带正电。 8、叙述革兰氏染色的机制和步骤。 答,1884年丹麦细菌学家Christain Gram创立了革兰氏染色法。将一大类细菌染上色,而另一类染不上色,一边将两大类细菌分开,作为分类鉴定重要的第一步。其染色步骤如下, 1在无菌操作条件下,用接种环挑取少量细菌于干净的载玻片上涂布均匀,固定。 2用草酸铵结晶紫染色1min,水洗去掉浮色。 3用碘—碘化钾溶液媒染1min,倾去多余溶液。 4用中型脱色剂如乙醇或丙酮酸脱色,革兰氏阳性菌不被褪色而呈紫色。革兰氏阴性菌被褪色而成无色 5用蕃红染液复染1min,格兰仕阳性菌仍呈紫色,革兰氏阴性菌则呈现红色。革兰氏阳性菌和格兰仕阴性菌即被区分开。 9何谓细菌菌落,细菌有哪些培养特征,这些培养特征有什么实践administrative leadership of the criticism, resulting in serious consequences, the pursuit of leadership, along with 500-1000 punishment. (5) significant near miss should be attempted as the case of responsible for the accident and construction team injuries accident penalty provisions, mutatis mutandis. Eight, should perform in the construction standards and specifications, serial number a 1 GB3323-2005 steel fusion welded butt joints, welding engineering-Ray lighting and quality rating of 2 GB11345-89 steel welds manual methods of ultrasonic inspection and testing results for grade 3 GB50236-2002 industrial pipe welding engineering code for construction and acceptance of field equipment 4 HGJ222-92 technical specification for welding of aluminium and its alloys 5 low temperature steel welding procedure 6 SH3525-2004 petrochemical JB/ T4708-2000 of welding procedure qualification for steel pressure vessels 7 JB/4709-2000 8 JB4730-2005 pressure vessel welding procedures of steel pressure vessel NDT 9 JB/T4744-2000 steel pressure vessel products mechanical properties test of welded plate II, mechanical equipment installation engineering 1 GB150-98 2 GB50128-2005 vertical cylindrical steel pressure vessel steel welded specification for construction and acceptance of oil tank 3 JB/ T4735-1997 steel welded atmospheric pressure vessel 4 GB50231-2009 mechanical equipment installation engineering construction and acceptance specification for 5 GB50275-98 compressor, fan 意义, 答,细菌菌落就是由一个细菌繁殖起来的,有无数细菌组成具有一定形态特征的细菌集团。 【培养特征】a在固体培养基上的培养特征就是菌落特征。 b在明胶培养基上的培养特征就是将不停形态的溶菌区,依据这些不同形态的溶菌区或溶菌与否可将细菌进行分类。 c在半固体培养集中的培养特征,呈现出各种生长状态,根据细菌的生长状态判断细菌的呼吸类型和鞭毛有无,能否运动。 d在液体培养基中的培养特征,根据细菌的属和种的特征的不同长成不同的生长状态。 10、可用什么培养技术判断细菌的呼吸类型和能否运动,如何判断, 答,用穿刺接种技术将细菌接种在含0.3%~~0.5%的琼脂半固体培养基中培养,细菌可呈现出各种生长状态。根据细菌的生长状态判断细菌的呼吸类型和鞭毛有无,能否运动。 判断细菌呼吸类型,如果细菌在培养基的表面及穿刺线的上部生长者为好氧菌。沿着穿刺线自上而下生长者为兼性厌氧菌或兼性好氧菌。如果只在穿刺线的下部生长者为厌氧菌。 判断细菌能否运动,如果只沿着穿刺线生长者为没有鞭毛,不运动的细菌,如果不但沿着穿刺线生长而且穿透培养基扩散生长着为有鞭毛运动的细菌。 administrative leadership of the criticism, resulting in serious consequences, the pursuit of leadership, along with 500-1000 punishment. (5) significant near miss should be attempted as the case of responsible for the accident and construction team injuries accident penalty provisions, mutatis mutandis. Eight, should perform in the construction standards and specifications, serial number a 1 GB3323-2005 steel fusion welded butt joints, welding engineering-Ray lighting and quality rating of 2 GB11345-89 steel welds manual methods of ultrasonic inspection and testing results for grade 3 GB50236-2002 industrial pipe welding engineering code for construction and acceptance of field equipment 4 HGJ222-92 technical specification for welding of aluminium and its alloys 5 low temperature steel welding procedure 6 SH3525-2004 petrochemical JB/ T4708-2000 of welding procedure qualification for steel pressure vessels 7 JB/4709-2000 8 JB4730-2005 pressure vessel welding procedures of steel pressure vessel NDT 9 JB/T4744-2000 steel pressure vessel products mechanical properties test of welded plate II, mechanical equipment installation engineering 1 GB150-98 2 GB50128-2005 vertical cylindrical steel pressure vessel steel welded specification for construction and acceptance of oil tank 3 JB/ T4735-1997 steel welded atmospheric pressure vessel 4 GB50231-2009 mechanical equipment installation engineering construction and acceptance specification for 5 GB50275-98 compressor, fan 11、何谓放线菌,革兰氏染色是何种反应, 答,放线菌是在固体培养基上呈辐射状生长而得名的细菌。大多数放线菌为腐生菌。 ****** 12、蓝细菌是一类什么微生物,分几纲,其中有那几属与水体富营养化有关, 答,蓝细菌,有一类细菌细胞结构简单,只具原始核,没有核仁和核膜,只有染色质,只具叶绿素,没有叶绿体。故将它隶属于原核生物界的蓝色光合菌门。 按蓝细菌的形态和结构的特征,老的分类为二纲,色球藻纲和藻殖段纲。 色球藻纲可分为色球藻属、微囊藻属、腔球藻属、管孢藻属及皮果藻属。其中的微囊藻属和腔球藻属课引起富营养化水体发生水华。 藻殖段纲分颤藻属、念珠藻属、筒孢藻属、胶腥藻属好、及单岐藻属。其中鱼腥藻属在富营养化水体中形成水华。 第三章 真核微生物 1、何谓原生动物,它有哪些细胞器和营养方式, 答,原生动物是动物中最原始、最低等。结构最简单的单细胞动物。 administrative leadership of the criticism, resulting in serious consequences, the pursuit of leadership, along with 500-1000 punishment. (5) significant near miss should be attempted as the case of responsible for the accident and construction team injuries accident penalty provisions, mutatis mutandis. Eight, should perform in the construction standards and specifications, serial number a 1 GB3323-2005 steel fusion welded butt joints, welding engineering-Ray lighting and quality rating of 2 GB11345-89 steel welds manual methods of ultrasonic inspection and testing results for grade 3 GB50236-2002 industrial pipe welding engineering code for construction and acceptance of field equipment 4 HGJ222-92 technical specification for welding of aluminium and its alloys 5 low temperature steel welding procedure 6 SH3525-2004 petrochemical JB/ T4708-2000 of welding procedure qualification for steel pressure vessels 7 JB/4709-2000 8 JB4730-2005 pressure vessel welding procedures of steel pressure vessel NDT 9 JB/T4744-2000 steel pressure vessel products mechanical properties test of welded plate II, mechanical equipment installation engineering 1 GB150-98 2 GB50128-2005 vertical cylindrical steel pressure vessel steel welded specification for construction and acceptance of oil tank 3 JB/ T4735-1997 steel welded atmospheric pressure vessel 4 GB50231-2009 mechanical equipment installation engineering construction and acceptance specification for 5 GB50275-98 compressor, fan 原生动物为单细胞,没有细胞壁,有细胞质膜、细胞质,有分化的细胞器,其细胞核具有核膜,较高级类型有两个和,,故属真和微生物。 营养方式,全动性营养、植物性营养和腐生性营养三种方式。 2、原生动物分几纲,在废水生物处理中有几纲, 答,原生动物分四纲,鞭毛纲、肉足纲、纤毛纲,包括吸管纲,及孢子纲。 鞭毛纲、肉足纲和纤毛纲存在水体中,在废水生物处理中起重要作用。孢子纲中的孢子虫营寄生生活,几声在人体和动物体内,可随粪便拍到污水中,故需要消灭之。 3、你如何区分鞭毛纲中的眼虫和杆囊虫, ***** 4、纤毛纲中包括哪些固着型纤毛虫,钟虫类,,你如何区分固着型纤毛虫的各种虫体, 答,纤毛纲中的固着型纤毛虫有独缩虫属、聚缩虫属、累枝虫属、盖纤虫属等。 这些群体很相像,单它们的虫体和尾柄还有各自的特征。独缩虫和聚缩虫的虫体很像,每个虫体的尾柄相连,但肌丝不相连,因此一个虫体收缩时不牵动其他虫体,故名独缩虫。聚缩虫不同,其尾柄相连,肌丝也相连。所以当一个虫体收缩时牵动其他虫体一起收缩,故administrative leadership of the criticism, resulting in serious consequences, the pursuit of leadership, along with 500-1000 punishment. (5) significant near miss should be attempted as the case of responsible for the accident and construction team injuries accident penalty provisions, mutatis mutandis. Eight, should perform in the construction standards and specifications, serial number a 1 GB3323-2005 steel fusion welded butt joints, welding engineering-Ray lighting and quality rating of 2 GB11345-89 steel welds manual methods of ultrasonic inspection and testing results for grade 3 GB50236-2002 industrial pipe welding engineering code for construction and acceptance of field equipment 4 HGJ222-92 technical specification for welding of aluminium and its alloys 5 low temperature steel welding procedure 6 SH3525-2004 petrochemical JB/ T4708-2000 of welding procedure qualification for steel pressure vessels 7 JB/4709-2000 8 JB4730-2005 pressure vessel welding procedures of steel pressure vessel NDT 9 JB/T4744-2000 steel pressure vessel products mechanical properties test of welded plate II, mechanical equipment installation engineering 1 GB150-98 2 GB50128-2005 vertical cylindrical steel pressure vessel steel welded specification for construction and acceptance of oil tank 3 JB/ T4735-1997 steel welded atmospheric pressure vessel 4 GB50231-2009 mechanical equipment installation engineering construction and acceptance specification for 5 GB50275-98 compressor, fan 叫聚缩虫。累枝虫和盖纤虫有相同处,尾柄都有分支,尾柄内没有肌丝,不能收缩,但在从提的基部有肌原纤维,当虫体收到刺激时,其基部收缩,前端胞口闭锁。其不同点是,累枝虫的虫体口缘有两圈纤毛环形成的似波动膜,和钟虫相像,其柄等分支或不等分支。盖纤虫的口缘有两齐全纤毛形成的盖形物,能运动,因有盖而得名。 5、原生动物中各纲在水体自净和污水生物处理中如何起指示作用, 答,原生动物在正常的环境条件下都各自保持自己的形态特征,但当环境条件变化,超过其适应能力时,都可使原生动物不能正常生活而形成胞囊。所以在水体自净和污水生物处理中,一旦形成胞囊,就可判断污水处理不正常。 6、何谓原生动物的胞囊,它是如何形成的? 答,在正常的环境条件下,所有的原生动物都各自保证、吃自己的形态特征。当环境条件变坏,如水干枯、水温和pH过高或过低,溶解氧不足,缺乏食物或排泄物积累过多,废水中的有机物浓度超过它的适应能里等原因,都可使原生动物不能正常生活而形成胞囊。所以胞囊是抵抗不良环境的一种休眠体。 胞囊的形成过程,先是虫体变圆,鞭毛、纤毛或伪足等细胞器缩入体内或消失,细胞水分陆续有伸缩泡排除,虫体缩小,最后伸缩泡消失,分泌一种胶状物质于体表,尔后凝固形成胞壳。胞壳有两层,外层较厚,表面凸起,内层薄而透明。胞囊很轻易随灰尘漂浮或被其他动物带至地方,胞囊遇到适宜环境其胞壳破裂回复虫体原型。 administrative leadership of the criticism, resulting in serious consequences, the pursuit of leadership, along with 500-1000 punishment. (5) significant near miss should be attempted as the case of responsible for the accident and construction team injuries accident penalty provisions, mutatis mutandis. Eight, should perform in the construction standards and specifications, serial number a 1 GB3323-2005 steel fusion welded butt joints, welding engineering-Ray lighting and quality rating of 2 GB11345-89 steel welds manual methods of ultrasonic inspection and testing results for grade 3 GB50236-2002 industrial pipe welding engineering code for construction and acceptance of field equipment 4 HGJ222-92 technical specification for welding of aluminium and its alloys 5 low temperature steel welding procedure 6 SH3525-2004 petrochemical JB/ T4708-2000 of welding procedure qualification for steel pressure vessels 7 JB/4709-2000 8 JB4730-2005 pressure vessel welding procedures of steel pressure vessel NDT 9 JB/T4744-2000 steel pressure vessel products mechanical properties test of welded plate II, mechanical equipment installation engineering 1 GB150-98 2 GB50128-2005 vertical cylindrical steel pressure vessel steel welded specification for construction and acceptance of oil tank 3 JB/ T4735-1997 steel welded atmospheric pressure vessel 4 GB50231-2009 mechanical equipment installation engineering construction and acceptance specification for 5 GB50275-98 compressor, fan 7、微型后生动物包括哪几种, 答,轮虫、线虫、寡毛类动物,飘体虫、颤蚓、水丝蚓等,、浮游甲壳动物、苔藓动物,苔藓虫,羽苔虫,。 8、常见的浮游甲壳动物有哪些,你如何利用浮游甲壳动物判断水体的清洁程度, 答,常见的浮游甲壳动物有剑水蚤和水蚤。 水蚤的血液含血红素,血红素溶于血浆,肌肉、卵巢和肠壁等细胞中也含血红素。血红素的含量常随环境中溶解氧量的高低而变化。水体中含氧量低,水蚤的血红素含量高,水蚤的含氧量高,水蚤的血红素含量低。由于在污染水体中的溶解氧低,清水中氧的含量高,所以,在污染水体中的水蚤颜色比在清水中的红些,这就是水蚤常呈不同颜色的原因,是适应环境的表现。可以利用水蚤的这个特点,判断水体的清洁程度。 9、藻类的分类依据是什么,它分为几门, 答,藻类的分类依据是,光合色素的种类,个体形态,细胞机构,生殖方式和生活史等。 分类,蓝藻门、裸藻门、绿藻门、轮藻们、金藻门、黄藻门、硅藻门、甲藻门、红藻门及褐藻门。 administrative leadership of the criticism, resulting in serious consequences, the pursuit of leadership, along with 500-1000 punishment. (5) significant near miss should be attempted as the case of responsible for the accident and construction team injuries accident penalty provisions, mutatis mutandis. Eight, should perform in the construction standards and specifications, serial number a 1 GB3323-2005 steel fusion welded butt joints, welding engineering-Ray lighting and quality rating of 2 GB11345-89 steel welds manual methods of ultrasonic inspection and testing results for grade 3 GB50236-2002 industrial pipe welding engineering code for construction and acceptance of field equipment 4 HGJ222-92 technical specification for welding of aluminium and its alloys 5 low temperature steel welding procedure 6 SH3525-2004 petrochemical JB/ T4708-2000 of welding procedure qualification for steel pressure vessels 7 JB/4709-2000 8 JB4730-2005 pressure vessel welding procedures of steel pressure vessel NDT 9 JB/T4744-2000 steel pressure vessel products mechanical properties test of welded plate II, mechanical equipment installation engineering 1 GB150-98 2 GB50128-2005 vertical cylindrical steel pressure vessel steel welded specification for construction and acceptance of oil tank 3 JB/ T4735-1997 steel welded atmospheric pressure vessel 4 GB50231-2009 mechanical equipment installation engineering construction and acceptance specification for 5 GB50275-98 compressor, fan 也有分为8门的,即使、把金藻门、黄藻门和硅藻门合并入金藻门,黄藻和硅藻列为金藻门的两个纲,黄藻纲和硅藻纲。分11门的是保留上述的10门之外另加隐藻门。 10、裸藻和绿藻有什么相似和不同之处, 答,【相同点】具有叶绿体,内含叶绿色a、b、β-胡萝卜素、3种叶黄素。上述色素使叶绿体呈现鲜绿色,与绿藻相同。都有鞭毛,在叶绿体内都有造粉核。 【不同】1、繁殖方式,裸藻为纵裂,绿藻为无性生殖和有性生殖。 2、生活环境,裸藻主要生长在有机物丰富的静止水体或才、缓慢的流水中,大量繁殖时形成绿色、红色或褐色的水花。绿藻在流动和静止的水体、土壤表面和树干都能生长。寄生的绿藻引起植物病害。 3、裸藻是水体富营养化的指示生物,而绿藻在水体自净中起净化和指示生物的作用。 11、绿藻在人类生活、科学研究和水体自净中起什么作用, 答,绿藻中的小球藻和栅藻富含蛋白质可供人食用和作动物饲料。绿藻是藻类生理生化研究的材料及宇宙航行的供氧体,有的可制藻胶。绿藻在水体自净中起净化和指示生物的作用。 12、硅藻和甲藻是什么样的藻类,水体富氧化与那些藻类有关, 答,多数的甲藻对光照强度 和水温范围要求严格,在适宜的光照和水温条件下,甲藻在短期内大量繁殖岛城海洋“赤潮”。 administrative leadership of the criticism, resulting in serious consequences, the pursuit of leadership, along with 500-1000 punishment. (5) significant near miss should be attempted as the case of responsible for the accident and construction team injuries accident penalty provisions, mutatis mutandis. Eight, should perform in the construction standards and specifications, serial number a 1 GB3323-2005 steel fusion welded butt joints, welding engineering-Ray lighting and quality rating of 2 GB11345-89 steel welds manual methods of ultrasonic inspection and testing results for grade 3 GB50236-2002 industrial pipe welding engineering code for construction and acceptance of field equipment 4 HGJ222-92 technical specification for welding of aluminium and its alloys 5 low temperature steel welding procedure 6 SH3525-2004 petrochemical JB/ T4708-2000 of welding procedure qualification for steel pressure vessels 7 JB/4709-2000 8 JB4730-2005 pressure vessel welding procedures of steel pressure vessel NDT 9 JB/T4744-2000 steel pressure vessel products mechanical properties test of welded plate II, mechanical equipment installation engineering 1 GB150-98 2 GB50128-2005 vertical cylindrical steel pressure vessel steel welded specification for construction and acceptance of oil tank 3 JB/ T4735-1997 steel welded atmospheric pressure vessel 4 GB50231-2009 mechanical equipment installation engineering construction and acceptance specification for 5 GB50275-98 compressor, fan 13、真菌包括哪些微生物,他们在废水生物处理中各起什么作用, 答,真菌属低等植物,种类繁多,形态、大小各异,包括酵母菌、霉菌及各种伞菌。酵母菌处理和有机固体废弃物生物处理中都起积极作用。酵母菌还可用作检测重金属,霉菌对废水中氰化物的去除率达90%以上。有的霉菌还可处理含硝基化合物废水。伞菌,既处理废水和固体废弃物,还可获得食用菌。 14、酵母菌有哪些细胞结构,有几种类型的酵母菌, 答,酵母菌的细胞结构有细胞壁、细胞质膜、细胞核、细胞质及内含物。酵母菌的细胞组分含葡聚糖、甘露聚糖、蛋白质及脂类。啤酒酵母还含几丁质。 15、霉菌有几种菌丝,如何区别霉菌和放线菌的菌落, 答,霉菌有营养菌丝和气生菌丝。 霉菌的菌落呈圆形绒毛状、絮状或蜘蛛网状。比其他微生物的菌落都答,长得很快可蔓延至整个平板。霉菌菌落疏松,与培养基结合不紧,用接种环很容易挑取。放线菌的菌落是由一个分生孢子或一段营养菌丝生长繁殖引起许多菌丝互相缠绕而成,质地紧密,表面呈绒状或紧密干燥多皱。菌丝潜入培养基,整个菌落像是潜入培养集中,不易呗挑取。有的菌落成白色粉末状,质地松散,易被挑取。 administrative leadership of the criticism, resulting in serious consequences, the pursuit of leadership, along with 500-1000 punishment. (5) significant near miss should be attempted as the case of responsible for the accident and construction team injuries accident penalty provisions, mutatis mutandis. Eight, should perform in the construction standards and specifications, serial number a 1 GB3323-2005 steel fusion welded butt joints, welding engineering-Ray lighting and quality rating of 2 GB11345-89 steel welds manual methods of ultrasonic inspection and testing results for grade 3 GB50236-2002 industrial pipe welding engineering code for construction and acceptance of field equipment 4 HGJ222-92 technical specification for welding of aluminium and its alloys 5 low temperature steel welding procedure 6 SH3525-2004 petrochemical JB/ T4708-2000 of welding procedure qualification for steel pressure vessels 7 JB/4709-2000 8 JB4730-2005 pressure vessel welding procedures of steel pressure vessel NDT 9 JB/T4744-2000 steel pressure vessel products mechanical properties test of welded plate II, mechanical equipment installation engineering 1 GB150-98 2 GB50128-2005 vertical cylindrical steel pressure vessel steel welded specification for construction and acceptance of oil tank 3 JB/ T4735-1997 steel welded atmospheric pressure vessel 4 GB50231-2009 mechanical equipment installation engineering construction and acceptance specification for 5 GB50275-98 compressor, fan administrative leadership of the criticism, resulting in serious consequences, the pursuit of leadership, along with 500-1000 punishment. (5) significant near miss should be attempted as the case of responsible for the accident and construction team injuries accident penalty provisions, mutatis mutandis. Eight, should perform in the construction standards and specifications, serial number a 1 GB3323-2005 steel fusion welded butt joints, welding engineering-Ray lighting and quality rating of 2 GB11345-89 steel welds manual methods of ultrasonic inspection and testing results for grade 3 GB50236-2002 industrial pipe welding engineering code for construction and acceptance of field equipment 4 HGJ222-92 technical specification for welding of aluminium and its alloys 5 low temperature steel welding procedure 6 SH3525-2004 petrochemical JB/ T4708-2000 of welding procedure qualification for steel pressure vessels 7 JB/4709-2000 8 JB4730-2005 pressure vessel welding procedures of steel pressure vessel NDT 9 JB/T4744-2000 steel pressure vessel products mechanical properties test of welded plate II, mechanical equipment installation engineering 1 GB150-98 2 GB50128-2005 vertical cylindrical steel pressure vessel steel welded specification for construction and acceptance of oil tank 3 JB/ T4735-1997 steel welded atmospheric pressure vessel 4 GB50231-2009 mechanical equipment installation engineering construction and acceptance specification for 5 GB50275-98 compressor, fan 第四章 微生物的生理 1、酶是什么,它有哪些组成,各有什么生理功能, 答,酶是动物、植物及微生物等生物体内合成的,催化生物化学反应的,并传递电子、源自和化学基团的生物催化剂。组成有两类,1、单组分酶,只含蛋白质。2、全酶,有蛋白质和不含氮的小分子有机物组成,或有蛋白质和不含氮的小分子有机物加上金属离子组成。 酶的各组分的功能,酶蛋白起加速生物化学反应的作用,酶基和辅酶起传递电子、原子、化学基团的作用,金属离子除传递电子之外,还起激活剂的作用。 2、什么是辅基,什么是辅酶,有哪些物质可作辅基或辅酶, 答, 3、简述酶蛋白的结构及酶的活性中心. 答,组成酶的20种氨基酸按一定的排列顺序有肽腱连接成多肽链,两条多肽链之间或一条多肽链卷曲后相邻的基团之间以氢键、盐键、脂键、疏水键、范德华力及金属键等相连接而成。分一、二、三级结构,少数酶具有四级结构。 酶的活性中心是指酶蛋白分子中与底物结合,并起催化最用的小部分氨基酸微区。构成活性中心的微区或处在同一条台联的不同部位,或处在不同肽链上,在多肽链盘曲成一定空间构型时,它们按一定位置靠近在一起,形成特定的酶活性中心。 administrative leadership of the criticism, resulting in serious consequences, the pursuit of leadership, along with 500-1000 punishment. (5) significant near miss should be attempted as the case of responsible for the accident and construction team injuries accident penalty provisions, mutatis mutandis. Eight, should perform in the construction standards and specifications, serial number a 1 GB3323-2005 steel fusion welded butt joints, welding engineering-Ray lighting and quality rating of 2 GB11345-89 steel welds manual methods of ultrasonic inspection and testing results for grade 3 GB50236-2002 industrial pipe welding engineering code for construction and acceptance of field equipment 4 HGJ222-92 technical specification for welding of aluminium and its alloys 5 low temperature steel welding procedure 6 SH3525-2004 petrochemical JB/ T4708-2000 of welding procedure qualification for steel pressure vessels 7 JB/4709-2000 8 JB4730-2005 pressure vessel welding procedures of steel pressure vessel NDT 9 JB/T4744-2000 steel pressure vessel products mechanical properties test of welded plate II, mechanical equipment installation engineering 1 GB150-98 2 GB50128-2005 vertical cylindrical steel pressure vessel steel welded specification for construction and acceptance of oil tank 3 JB/ T4735-1997 steel welded atmospheric pressure vessel 4 GB50231-2009 mechanical equipment installation engineering construction and acceptance specification for 5 GB50275-98 compressor, fan 4、按酶所在细胞的不同部位,酶可分为哪几种,按催化反应类型可分为哪几类,这两种划分如何联系和统一, 答,按酶在细胞的不同部位可把酶分为胞外酶、胞内酶和表面酶。 按催化反应类型可分为水解酶类、氧化还原酶类、异构酶类、转移酶类、裂解酶类和合成酶类。 【按酶作用底物的不同可分为淀粉酶、蛋白酶、脂肪酶、纤维素酶、核糖核酸酶】 上述三种分类和命名方法可右击低联系和统一起来。如,淀粉酶、蛋白酶、脂肪酶和纤维素酶均催化水解反应,属于水解酶类,而他们均位于细胞外,属胞外酶。除此之外的大多数酶类,如氧化还原酶、异构酶、转移酶、裂解酶和合成酶等,均位于细胞内,属胞内酶。 5、酶的催化作用有哪些特征, 答,1、酶积极参与生物化学反应,加速化学速度,速度按反应到达平衡的时间,但不改变反应的平衡点。 2、酶的催化作用具有专一性。一种酶只作用与一种物质或一类物质,或催化一种或一类化学反应,产生一定的产物。 3、酶的催化作用条件温和。 4、酶对环境条件极为敏感。高温、强酸和强碱都能使酶丧失活性,重金属离子能钝化酶,使之失活。【附】酶催化效率极高的原因是酶能降低反应的能阀,从而降低反应物所需的活化能】 administrative leadership of the criticism, resulting in serious consequences, the pursuit of leadership, along with 500-1000 punishment. (5) significant near miss should be attempted as the case of responsible for the accident and construction team injuries accident penalty provisions, mutatis mutandis. Eight, should perform in the construction standards and specifications, serial number a 1 GB3323-2005 steel fusion welded butt joints, welding engineering-Ray lighting and quality rating of 2 GB11345-89 steel welds manual methods of ultrasonic inspection and testing results for grade 3 GB50236-2002 industrial pipe welding engineering code for construction and acceptance of field equipment 4 HGJ222-92 technical specification for welding of aluminium and its alloys 5 low temperature steel welding procedure 6 SH3525-2004 petrochemical JB/ T4708-2000 of welding procedure qualification for steel pressure vessels 7 JB/4709-2000 8 JB4730-2005 pressure vessel welding procedures of steel pressure vessel NDT 9 JB/T4744-2000 steel pressure vessel products mechanical properties test of welded plate II, mechanical equipment installation engineering 1 GB150-98 2 GB50128-2005 vertical cylindrical steel pressure vessel steel welded specification for construction and acceptance of oil tank 3 JB/ T4735-1997 steel welded atmospheric pressure vessel 4 GB50231-2009 mechanical equipment installation engineering construction and acceptance specification for 5 GB50275-98 compressor, fan 6、影响酶活力,酶促反应速度,的主要因素有哪些,并加以讨论。 答,酶促反应速度受酶浓度和底物宁都的影响,也受温度,pH,激活剂和抑制剂的影响。 7、微生物含有哪些化学组成,各组分占的比例是多少, 答,微生物机体质量的70%~~90%为水分,其余的10%~~30%为干物质。【有机物占干物质质量的90%~~97%,包括蛋白质、核酸、糖类和脂类。无机物占干物质质量的3%~~10%,包括P、S、K、Na、Ca、Mg、Fe、Cl和微量元素Cu、Mn、Zn、B、Mo、Co、Ni等。 8、微生物需要哪些营养物质,供给营养时应注意什么,为什么, 答,微生物需要的营养物质有水、碳素营养源、氮素营养源、无机盐及 生长因子。供养时应当把所需物质按一定的比例配制而成。少的话不能正常生长,多的话就会导致反驯化。 9、根据微生物对碳源和能量需要的不同,可把微生物分为哪几种类型, 答,可分为无机营养微生物,光能自养微生物和化能自养微生物,、有机营养微生物和混合营养微生物。 10、当处理某一工业废水时,怎样着手和考虑配给营养, 答,为了保证废水生物处理的效果,要按碳氮磷比配给营养。但有的工业废水缺某种营养,当营养量不足时,应供给或补足。某些工业废水缺氮,洗涤剂废水磷过剩,也缺氮。对此可用粪便污水或尿素补充administrative leadership of the criticism, resulting in serious consequences, the pursuit of leadership, along with 500-1000 punishment. (5) significant near miss should be attempted as the case of responsible for the accident and construction team injuries accident penalty provisions, mutatis mutandis. Eight, should perform in the construction standards and specifications, serial number a 1 GB3323-2005 steel fusion welded butt joints, welding engineering-Ray lighting and quality rating of 2 GB11345-89 steel welds manual methods of ultrasonic inspection and testing results for grade 3 GB50236-2002 industrial pipe welding engineering code for construction and acceptance of field equipment 4 HGJ222-92 technical specification for welding of aluminium and its alloys 5 low temperature steel welding procedure 6 SH3525-2004 petrochemical JB/ T4708-2000 of welding procedure qualification for steel pressure vessels 7 JB/4709-2000 8 JB4730-2005 pressure vessel welding procedures of steel pressure vessel NDT 9 JB/T4744-2000 steel pressure vessel products mechanical properties test of welded plate II, mechanical equipment installation engineering 1 GB150-98 2 GB50128-2005 vertical cylindrical steel pressure vessel steel welded specification for construction and acceptance of oil tank 3 JB/ T4735-1997 steel welded atmospheric pressure vessel 4 GB50231-2009 mechanical equipment installation engineering construction and acceptance specification for 5 GB50275-98 compressor, fan 氮。若有的废水缺磷,则可用磷酸氢二钾补充。但如果工业废水不缺营养,就切勿添加上述物质,否则会导致反驯化,影响处理效果。 11、什么叫培养基,按物质的不同,培养基可分为哪几类,按实验目的和用途的不同,可分为哪几类, 答,根据各种微生物的营养要求,将谁、碳源、氮源、无机盐和生长因子等物质按一定的比例配制而成的,用以培养微生物的基质,即培养基。 根据实验目的和用途不同,培养基可分为,基础培养基、选择培养基、鉴别培养基和加富,富集,培养基。 【按物质的不同,培养基可分为合成培养基、天然培养基和符合培养基】 12、什么叫选择培养基,那些培养基属于选择培养基, 答,选择培养基就是用以抑制非目的微生物的生长并使所要分离的微生物生长繁殖的培养基。麦康盖培养基、乳糖发酵培养基。【配制选择培养基时可加入染料、胆汁盐、金属盐类、酸、碱或抗生素等其中的一种】 13、什么叫鉴别培养基,哪些培养基属于鉴别培养基, 答,当几种细菌由于对培养基中某一成分的分界能力不同,其菌落通过指示剂先是除不太那个的颜色而被区分开,这种起鉴别和区分不同细菌作用的培养基叫鉴别培养基。 administrative leadership of the criticism, resulting in serious consequences, the pursuit of leadership, along with 500-1000 punishment. (5) significant near miss should be attempted as the case of responsible for the accident and construction team injuries accident penalty provisions, mutatis mutandis. Eight, should perform in the construction standards and specifications, serial number a 1 GB3323-2005 steel fusion welded butt joints, welding engineering-Ray lighting and quality rating of 2 GB11345-89 steel welds manual methods of ultrasonic inspection and testing results for grade 3 GB50236-2002 industrial pipe welding engineering code for construction and acceptance of field equipment 4 HGJ222-92 technical specification for welding of aluminium and its alloys 5 low temperature steel welding procedure 6 SH3525-2004 petrochemical JB/ T4708-2000 of welding procedure qualification for steel pressure vessels 7 JB/4709-2000 8 JB4730-2005 pressure vessel welding procedures of steel pressure vessel NDT 9 JB/T4744-2000 steel pressure vessel products mechanical properties test of welded plate II, mechanical equipment installation engineering 1 GB150-98 2 GB50128-2005 vertical cylindrical steel pressure vessel steel welded specification for construction and acceptance of oil tank 3 JB/ T4735-1997 steel welded atmospheric pressure vessel 4 GB50231-2009 mechanical equipment installation engineering construction and acceptance specification for 5 GB50275-98 compressor, fan 常用的鉴别培养基远滕氏培养基、醋酸铅锌培养基、伊红—美蓝,EMB,培养基等。 14、如何从被粪便污染的水样中将大肠杆菌群中的四种菌逐一鉴别出来, 答,大肠菌属中的大肠埃希氏菌、枸 酸盐杆菌、产气杆菌、副大肠杆菌等均能在远藤氏培养基上生长,但它们对乳酸的分解能力不同,前三种能分界乳糖,但分解能力有强有弱,,大肠埃希氏菌分解能力最强,菌落呈紫红色带金属光泽,枸 酸盐杆菌次之,菌落呈紫红或深红色,产气杆菌第三,菌落呈淡红色。副大肠杆菌不能分界乳糖,菌落无色透明。 15、如何判断某水样是否被粪便污染, 16、营养物质是如何进入细胞的? 答,微生物的营养物质各种各样,有水溶性和脂溶性,有小分子和大分子。不同营养物质进入细胞的方式也不同,单纯扩散、促进扩散、主动运输和基团转位。 17、营养物质顺浓度梯度进入细胞的方式有哪些,是如何进入的, 答,有单纯扩散和促进扩散。单纯扩散是利用细胞质膜上的小孔,促进扩散是利用细胞质膜上的特殊蛋白质。 18、营养物质逆浓度梯度进入细胞的方式有哪些,是如何进入的, administrative leadership of the criticism, resulting in serious consequences, the pursuit of leadership, along with 500-1000 punishment. (5) significant near miss should be attempted as the case of responsible for the accident and construction team injuries accident penalty provisions, mutatis mutandis. Eight, should perform in the construction standards and specifications, serial number a 1 GB3323-2005 steel fusion welded butt joints, welding engineering-Ray lighting and quality rating of 2 GB11345-89 steel welds manual methods of ultrasonic inspection and testing results for grade 3 GB50236-2002 industrial pipe welding engineering code for construction and acceptance of field equipment 4 HGJ222-92 technical specification for welding of aluminium and its alloys 5 low temperature steel welding procedure 6 SH3525-2004 petrochemical JB/ T4708-2000 of welding procedure qualification for steel pressure vessels 7 JB/4709-2000 8 JB4730-2005 pressure vessel welding procedures of steel pressure vessel NDT 9 JB/T4744-2000 steel pressure vessel products mechanical properties test of welded plate II, mechanical equipment installation engineering 1 GB150-98 2 GB50128-2005 vertical cylindrical steel pressure vessel steel welded specification for construction and acceptance of oil tank 3 JB/ T4735-1997 steel welded atmospheric pressure vessel 4 GB50231-2009 mechanical equipment installation engineering construction and acceptance specification for 5 GB50275-98 compressor, fan 答,有主动运输和基团转位。主动运输需要渗透酶,单向转运载体、同向转运载体和反向转运载体,和能量。基团转位有特定的转移酶系统,是通过单向性的磷酸化作用而实现的,细胞质膜对大多数磷酸化的化合物有高度的不渗透性。 19、什么叫主动运输,什么叫基团转位, 答,主动运输,当微生物细胞内所积累的营养物质的浓度高于细胞外的浓度时,营养物质就不能按浓度梯度扩散到细胞内,而是逆浓度梯度被“抽”进细胞内,这种需要能量和渗透酶的逆浓度梯度积累营养物的过程, 基团转位,以糖为例,在细胞内,在酶I存在下,先是HPr被磷酸烯醇丙酮酸,细胞代谢产物,磷酸化形成HPr—磷酸,并被一道细胞质膜上。在膜的外侧,外界供给的糖有渗透酶携带到细胞质膜上,在特异性酶II的村华夏,糖被HPr—磷酸磷酸化形成糖—磷酸。渗透酶将膜上已被磷酸化的糖携带到细胞内,随即被代谢。基团转位是通过单向性的磷酸化作用而实现的。 20、什么叫新陈代谢, 答, 21、微生物呼吸作用的本质是什么,可分为哪几种类型,各类型有什么特点, 答,微生物呼吸作用的本质是氧化与还原的统一过程,这过程中有能量的产生和能量的转移。微生物的呼吸类型有三类,发酵、好氧呼administrative leadership of the criticism, resulting in serious consequences, the pursuit of leadership, along with 500-1000 punishment. (5) significant near miss should be attempted as the case of responsible for the accident and construction team injuries accident penalty provisions, mutatis mutandis. Eight, should perform in the construction standards and specifications, serial number a 1 GB3323-2005 steel fusion welded butt joints, welding engineering-Ray lighting and quality rating of 2 GB11345-89 steel welds manual methods of ultrasonic inspection and testing results for grade 3 GB50236-2002 industrial pipe welding engineering code for construction and acceptance of field equipment 4 HGJ222-92 technical specification for welding of aluminium and its alloys 5 low temperature steel welding procedure 6 SH3525-2004 petrochemical JB/ T4708-2000 of welding procedure qualification for steel pressure vessels 7 JB/4709-2000 8 JB4730-2005 pressure vessel welding procedures of steel pressure vessel NDT 9 JB/T4744-2000 steel pressure vessel products mechanical properties test of welded plate II, mechanical equipment installation engineering 1 GB150-98 2 GB50128-2005 vertical cylindrical steel pressure vessel steel welded specification for construction and acceptance of oil tank 3 JB/ T4735-1997 steel welded atmospheric pressure vessel 4 GB50231-2009 mechanical equipment installation engineering construction and acceptance specification for 5 GB50275-98 compressor, fan 吸和无氧呼吸。最终电子受体不同,分别为中间代谢产物、氧气、氧气外的无机化合物。另外产能的多少也不同。 22、葡萄糖在好氧条件下是如何氧化彻底的, 答,在好氧呼吸过程中,葡萄糖的氧化分解分两阶段,I葡萄糖经EMP途径酵解。这一过程不需要消耗氧,形成中间产物——丙酮酸。II丙酮酸的有氧分解。丙酮酸氧化过程的一系列步骤总称为三羧酸循环,TCA循环,。三羧酸,TCA,循环、乙醛酸循环和电子传递体系。 23、什么加底物水平磷酸化、氧化磷酸化和光合磷酸化, 答,底物水平磷酸化,厌氧微生物和兼性厌氧微生物在基质氧化过程中,产生一种含高自由能的中间体,如发酵中产生含高能键的1,3-二磷酸甘油酸。这一中间体将高能键,~,交给ADP,使ADP磷酸化而生成ATP。 氧化磷酸化,好氧微生物在呼吸时,通过电子传递体系产生ATP的过程。 光合磷酸化,光引起叶绿素、菌绿素或菌紫素逐出电子,通过电子传递产生ATP的过程。 24、何谓光合作用,比较阐扬光合作用和不产氧光合作用的异同。 administrative leadership of the criticism, resulting in serious consequences, the pursuit of leadership, along with 500-1000 punishment. (5) significant near miss should be attempted as the case of responsible for the accident and construction team injuries accident penalty provisions, mutatis mutandis. Eight, should perform in the construction standards and specifications, serial number a 1 GB3323-2005 steel fusion welded butt joints, welding engineering-Ray lighting and quality rating of 2 GB11345-89 steel welds manual methods of ultrasonic inspection and testing results for grade 3 GB50236-2002 industrial pipe welding engineering code for construction and acceptance of field equipment 4 HGJ222-92 technical specification for welding of aluminium and its alloys 5 low temperature steel welding procedure 6 SH3525-2004 petrochemical JB/ T4708-2000 of welding procedure qualification for steel pressure vessels 7 JB/4709-2000 8 JB4730-2005 pressure vessel welding procedures of steel pressure vessel NDT 9 JB/T4744-2000 steel pressure vessel products mechanical properties test of welded plate II, mechanical equipment installation engineering 1 GB150-98 2 GB50128-2005 vertical cylindrical steel pressure vessel steel welded specification for construction and acceptance of oil tank 3 JB/ T4735-1997 steel welded atmospheric pressure vessel 4 GB50231-2009 mechanical equipment installation engineering construction and acceptance specification for 5 GB50275-98 compressor, fan