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高三化学计算专题物质的量、气体摩尔体积、燃烧及关于方程式的计算

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高三化学计算专题物质的量、气体摩尔体积、燃烧及关于方程式的计算高三化学计算专题物质的量、气体摩尔体积、燃烧及关于方程式的计算 化学计算专题 ——物质的量、气体摩尔体积、燃烧及关于方程式的计算 [考点扫描] 1(有关物质的量的计算 2(有关气体摩尔体积的计算 3(利用化学方程式的计算 4(有关燃烧热的简单计算 [知识指津] 1(本章知识网络 clearly, for maintenance management. 4. install (1) all sorts of switches, sockets and other equipment should be in...
高三化学计算专题物质的量、气体摩尔体积、燃烧及关于方程式的计算
高三化学计算专题物质的量、气体摩尔体积、燃烧及关于方程式的计算 化学计算专题 ——物质的量、气体摩尔体积、燃烧及关于方程式的计算 [考点扫描] 1(有关物质的量的计算 2(有关气体摩尔体积的计算 3(利用化学方程式的计算 4(有关燃烧热的简单计算 [知识指津] 1(本章知识网络 clearly, for maintenance management. 4. install (1) all sorts of switches, sockets and other equipment should be installed firmly, position accurate, when installing rocker panel, switches, switch should be consistent, generally up to "close" down to "off" switch should cut off the line. Switches the elevation and location of the socket should conform to the drawings, the same interior height difference should not be greater than 5mm. (2) liquid level automatic control device used in a variety of angle brackets, there should be galvanized. (3) fixed lamp hanging boxes are plastic with rotary table round table. (4) light bulb capacity of 100W or less, available resin lamp, 100W and the tide sealed lamps, porcelain lamps. (5) the wiring inside the lamp shall not be less than 0.4mm2 wires. (6) the chandelier with a weight of more than 3kg, the embedded hook-bolts, install lighting in the brick or concrete structures, should use expansion bolts or plastic tube, ban the use of wooden wedges instead. (7) the ceiling mounted light fixtures, border of the shade should cover Panel joints and snapped the ceiling panel, determine the size lamp open position, strictly according to the drawings. (8) the lamps arranged orderly, symmetrical when installing the vertical and horizontal center lines should be on the same line, deviation is less than 5mm. (9) the emergency lighting installation: according to the design and specifications to determine location of evacuation lighting, signs should 2(摩尔质量的计算 (1)物质的量(n)、物质的质量(m)和物质的摩尔质量(M)之间的关系为: (2)已知阿伏加德罗常数(N)和摩尔质量,则一个某粒子的质量(m)为: Aa 同理,若已知m、N,则M=m?N。 aAaA 3(标准状况下气体体积的计算 (1)体积(V)与物质的量(n)的关系 n(mol)= (2)体积(V)与气体质量(m)的关系 = (3)体积(V)与粒子数(N)的关系 = 总之: 4(阿伏加德罗定律的推论: 根据理想气体状态方程pV=nRT及n=、 可得出下列结论: clearly, for maintenance management. 4. install (1) all sorts of switches, sockets and other equipment should be installed firmly, position accurate, when installing rocker panel, switches, switch should be consistent, generally up to "close" down to "off" switch should cut off the line. Switches the elevation and location of the socket should conform to the drawings, the same interior height difference should not be greater than 5mm. (2) liquid level automatic control device used in a variety of angle brackets, there should be galvanized. (3) fixed lamp hanging boxes are plastic with rotary table round table. (4) light bulb capacity of 100W or less, available resin lamp, 100W and the tide sealed lamps, porcelain lamps. (5) the wiring inside the lamp shall not be less than 0.4mm2 wires. (6) the chandelier with a weight of more than 3kg, the embedded hook-bolts, install lighting in the brick or concrete structures, should use expansion bolts or plastic tube, ban the use of wooden wedges instead. (7) the ceiling mounted light fixtures, border of the shade should cover Panel joints and snapped the ceiling panel, determine the size lamp open position, strictly according to the drawings. (8) the lamps arranged orderly, symmetrical when installing the vertical and horizontal center lines should be on the same line, deviation is less than 5mm. (9) the emergency lighting installation: according to the design and specifications to determine location of evacuation lighting, signs should ?同温同压下,气体的分子数与其体积成正比:T、p相同= ?温度、体积相同的气体,压强与其分子数成正比:T、V相同= ?分子数相等,压强相同的气体,体积与其温度成正比:n、p相同= ?分子数相等,温度相同的气体,压强与其体积成反比:n、T相同= ?同温同压下,气体的密度与其相对分子质量(实际是摩尔质量)成正比:T、p相同= ?同温同压下,体积相同的气体,相对分子质量与其质量成正比:T、P、V相同= ?同温同压下,等质量的气体相对分子质量与其体积成反比:T、P、m相同= 5(气体摩尔体积的计算 (标准状况下V=22.4L/mol) m 6(关于物质的量浓度的计算 (1)基本关系式的计算公式:c=,c物质的量浓度,n溶质的物质的量,V溶液的BBB clearly, for maintenance management. 4. install (1) all sorts of switches, sockets and other equipment should be installed firmly, position accurate, when installing rocker panel, switches, switch should be consistent, generally up to "close" down to "off" switch should cut off the line. Switches the elevation and location of the socket should conform to the drawings, the same interior height difference should not be greater than 5mm. (2) liquid level automatic control device used in a variety of angle brackets, there should be galvanized. (3) fixed lamp hanging boxes are plastic with rotary table round table. (4) light bulb capacity of 100W or less, available resin lamp, 100W and the tide sealed lamps, porcelain lamps. (5) the wiring inside the lamp shall not be less than 0.4mm2 wires. (6) the chandelier with a weight of more than 3kg, the embedded hook-bolts, install lighting in the brick or concrete structures, should use expansion bolts or plastic tube, ban the use of wooden wedges instead. (7) the ceiling mounted light fixtures, border of the shade should cover Panel joints and snapped the ceiling panel, determine the size lamp open position, strictly according to the drawings. (8) the lamps arranged orderly, symmetrical when installing the vertical and horizontal center lines should be on the same line, deviation is less than 5mm. (9) the emergency lighting installation: according to the design and specifications to determine location of evacuation lighting, signs should 体积(L) (2)与溶液质量分数的换算:c= c表示物质的量浓度,表示溶液的密度,W表示溶液的质量分数,M表示溶质的摩尔质量。 (3)溶液稀释(浓缩)的计算:cV=cV(稀释定律) 1122 稀释前后溶质的物质的量不变,用于物质的量浓度溶液稀释。 (4)气体溶于水的物质的量浓度的计算: 气体溶于水,所得溶液的体积跟水的体积不相同,溶液的体积也不等于气体的体积和水的体积的加和,必须依据溶液质量和密度来计算水溶液的体积(V,m/)。例如在标准状况下,1体积水中溶解V体积气体X,所得溶液的密度为,溶质的摩尔质量为M,计算c(X)。计算时可令1L水中溶解VL气体X。计算步骤为: 先求溶液的质量: m(液)=1000mL×1g/mL+×M 再求溶液的体积: -3 V(液)= = ×10L/mL 最后求物质的量浓度: c(X)== [范例点击] [例1] N为阿伏加德罗常数,下列叙述正确的是( ) A A(80g硝酸铵含有氮原子数为2N A-1 B(1L1mol?L的盐酸溶液中,所含氯化氢分天数为N A C(标准状况下11.2L四氯化碳所含分子数为0.5N A D(在铜与硫的反应中,1mol铜失去的电子数为2N A [答案] A clearly, for maintenance management. 4. install (1) all sorts of switches, sockets and other equipment should be installed firmly, position accurate, when installing rocker panel, switches, switch should be consistent, generally up to "close" down to "off" switch should cut off the line. Switches the elevation and location of the socket should conform to the drawings, the same interior height difference should not be greater than 5mm. (2) liquid level automatic control device used in a variety of angle brackets, there should be galvanized. (3) fixed lamp hanging boxes are plastic with rotary table round table. (4) light bulb capacity of 100W or less, available resin lamp, 100W and the tide sealed lamps, porcelain lamps. (5) the wiring inside the lamp shall not be less than 0.4mm2 wires. (6) the chandelier with a weight of more than 3kg, the embedded hook-bolts, install lighting in the brick or concrete structures, should use expansion bolts or plastic tube, ban the use of wooden wedges instead. (7) the ceiling mounted light fixtures, border of the shade should cover Panel joints and snapped the ceiling panel, determine the size lamp open position, strictly according to the drawings. (8) the lamps arranged orderly, symmetrical when installing the vertical and horizontal center lines should be on the same line, deviation is less than 5mm. (9) the emergency lighting installation: according to the design and specifications to determine location of evacuation lighting, signs should [解析] 80g硝酸铵即为1molNHNO,含2molN;B项中盐酸溶液不存氯化氢分子,C项中标43 准状况下四氯化碳是液体,而不是气体。D项中铜与硫的反应产生硫化亚铜,1mol钢只失 -去1mole。故B、C、D各项都是错误的叙述,仅是A项叙述正确。 [例2] 若某原子的摩尔质量是Mg/mol,则一个该原子的真实质量是( ) A(Mg B(g C(g D(g [答案] C [解析] 23 摩尔质量指的是1摩尔物质的质量,即6.02×10个粒子的质量,因此一个该原子的真实质量可用表示。 [例3] 若50滴水正好是mmL,则1滴水所含的分子数是( ) 23 A(m×50×18×6.02×10 23 B(×6.02×10 23 C(×6.02×10 D( [答案] C、D [解析] 3 由已知,1滴水的体积为mL,又因为HO的密度为1g/cm,故1滴水的质量即为2 23g,相当于mol,所含的分子数为:×6.02×10。 clearly, for maintenance management. 4. install (1) all sorts of switches, sockets and other equipment should be installed firmly, position accurate, when installing rocker panel, switches, switch should be consistent, generally up to "close" down to "off" switch should cut off the line. Switches the elevation and location of the socket should conform to the drawings, the same interior height difference should not be greater than 5mm. (2) liquid level automatic control device used in a variety of angle brackets, there should be galvanized. (3) fixed lamp hanging boxes are plastic with rotary table round table. (4) light bulb capacity of 100W or less, available resin lamp, 100W and the tide sealed lamps, porcelain lamps. (5) the wiring inside the lamp shall not be less than 0.4mm2 wires. (6) the chandelier with a weight of more than 3kg, the embedded hook-bolts, install lighting in the brick or concrete structures, should use expansion bolts or plastic tube, ban the use of wooden wedges instead. (7) the ceiling mounted light fixtures, border of the shade should cover Panel joints and snapped the ceiling panel, determine the size lamp open position, strictly according to the drawings. (8) the lamps arranged orderly, symmetrical when installing the vertical and horizontal center lines should be on the same line, deviation is less than 5mm. (9) the emergency lighting installation: according to the design and specifications to determine location of evacuation lighting, signs should [答案] B [例4] 如果ag某气体中含有的分子数为b,则cg该气体在标准状况下是(式中N为阿A伏加德罗常数)( ) A( B( C( D( [答案] A [解析] 由题知为一个分子的质量,而×N,即为1mol该气体质量,c?为气体的物A 质的量(即为),所以体积为 L。 [例5] 下列有关气体体积的叙述中,正确的是( ) A(一定温度和压强下,各种气态物质体积的大小,由构成气体的分子大小决定 B(一定温度和压强下,各种气态物质体积的大小,由构成气体的分子数决定 C(不同的气体,若体积不同,则它们所含的分子数也不同 D(气体摩尔体积是指1mol任何气体所占的体积约为22.4L E(一定温度和压强下,各种气体的物质的量决定了它们的体积 [答案] B、E [解析] A(气态物质体积与构成气体的分子大小无关,C(比较气体的体积一定要在相同状况下,D(气体摩尔体积是指在标准状况下,1mol任何气体所占的体积约为22.4L。 5 [例6] 在0?和1.01x10Pa下;下列各组气体混合后得到的混合气体,其平均相对分子质量可能为40的是( ) A(N和O 22 clearly, for maintenance management. 4. install (1) all sorts of switches, sockets and other equipment should be installed firmly, position accurate, when installing rocker panel, switches, switch should be consistent, generally up to "close" down to "off" switch should cut off the line. Switches the elevation and location of the socket should conform to the drawings, the same interior height difference should not be greater than 5mm. (2) liquid level automatic control device used in a variety of angle brackets, there should be galvanized. (3) fixed lamp hanging boxes are plastic with rotary table round table. (4) light bulb capacity of 100W or less, available resin lamp, 100W and the tide sealed lamps, porcelain lamps. (5) the wiring inside the lamp shall not be less than 0.4mm2 wires. (6) the chandelier with a weight of more than 3kg, the embedded hook-bolts, install lighting in the brick or concrete structures, should use expansion bolts or plastic tube, ban the use of wooden wedges instead. (7) the ceiling mounted light fixtures, border of the shade should cover Panel joints and snapped the ceiling panel, determine the size lamp open position, strictly according to the drawings. (8) the lamps arranged orderly, symmetrical when installing the vertical and horizontal center lines should be on the same line, deviation is less than 5mm. (9) the emergency lighting installation: according to the design and specifications to determine location of evacuation lighting, signs should B(CO和O 22 C(SO 2 D(HI和Cl 2 [答案] B、D [解析] HI与Cl混合,两者发生反应:2HI+Cl,2HCl+I(固),因为HCl相对分子质量为36.5,222只要Cl或HI任一种气体过量(二者相对分子质量均大于40),其相对分子质量可能为40。 2 [例7] 在烧瓶中充满干燥标况下HCl与N的混合气体,已知其相对分子质量是34.8,2进行喷泉实验后所得溶液的物质的量浓度为( ) A(0.022mol/L B(0.045mol/L C(0.8mol/L D(0.1mol/L [答案] B [解析] 无论HCl与N以怎样的体积混合,当进行喷泉实验时,只有HCl所占那部分体积能被2 溶液所占据(N不溶于水),故可看成是1体积HCl溶于水中形成1体积溶液。 2 则:C(HCl)==0.045mol/L -1 [例8] 300mL某浓度的NaOH溶液中含有60g溶质。现欲配制1mol?L的NaOH溶液, 应取原溶液与蒸馏水的体积比约为( ) A(1:4 B(1:5 C(2:1 D(2:3 [答案] A [解析] -1 依题意,原NaOH溶液的浓度是C,=5mol?L,设原溶液与(NaOH)水混合时体积不变,则以体积比1:4稀释即为试题所要求的溶液。 [答案] A clearly, for maintenance management. 4. install (1) all sorts of switches, sockets and other equipment should be installed firmly, position accurate, when installing rocker panel, switches, switch should be consistent, generally up to "close" down to "off" switch should cut off the line. Switches the elevation and location of the socket should conform to the drawings, the same interior height difference should not be greater than 5mm. (2) liquid level automatic control device used in a variety of angle brackets, there should be galvanized. (3) fixed lamp hanging boxes are plastic with rotary table round table. (4) light bulb capacity of 100W or less, available resin lamp, 100W and the tide sealed lamps, porcelain lamps. (5) the wiring inside the lamp shall not be less than 0.4mm2 wires. (6) the chandelier with a weight of more than 3kg, the embedded hook-bolts, install lighting in the brick or concrete structures, should use expansion bolts or plastic tube, ban the use of wooden wedges instead. (7) the ceiling mounted light fixtures, border of the shade should cover Panel joints and snapped the ceiling panel, determine the size lamp open position, strictly according to the drawings. (8) the lamps arranged orderly, symmetrical when installing the vertical and horizontal center lines should be on the same line, deviation is less than 5mm. (9) the emergency lighting installation: according to the design and specifications to determine location of evacuation lighting, signs should [配套练习] 一、选择题(本题共10个小题,每题3分共30分,每题只有一个选项正确) 1(下列物质中,含原子个数最多的是( ) A(0.45mol氧气 B(4?时10mL水 C(标准状况下5.6L甲烷 D(10g氖气 [答案] C 2(同温同压下,某气体对空气的密度为2,该气体是( ) A(CH 4 B(CH 24 C(CH 22 D(CH 410 [答案] D [解析] P、T相同=或M=M?D(D为相对密度)=29×2=58。 22 -1 3(300mL某浓度的NaOH溶液中含有60g溶质。现欲配制1mol?LNaOH溶液,应取原溶液与蒸馏水的体积比约为( ) A(1:4 B(1:5 C(2:1 D(2:3 [答案] A [解析] 本题要求体积比,可设原溶液与蒸馏水的体积分别为x、y,由题意知:未告诉密度,即混合时的体积变化可忽略不计。 -1 因此据物质的量浓度的计算式可有:=1mol?L,整理得x:y=1:4。 4(下列说法(N表示阿伏加德罗常数)正确的是( ) A A(在常温常压下,11.21LCl含有的分子数为0.5N 2A clearly, for maintenance management. 4. install (1) all sorts of switches, sockets and other equipment should be installed firmly, position accurate, when installing rocker panel, switches, switch should be consistent, generally up to "close" down to "off" switch should cut off the line. Switches the elevation and location of the socket should conform to the drawings, the same interior height difference should not be greater than 5mm. (2) liquid level automatic control device used in a variety of angle brackets, there should be galvanized. (3) fixed lamp hanging boxes are plastic with rotary table round table. (4) light bulb capacity of 100W or less, available resin lamp, 100W and the tide sealed lamps, porcelain lamps. (5) the wiring inside the lamp shall not be less than 0.4mm2 wires. (6) the chandelier with a weight of more than 3kg, the embedded hook-bolts, install lighting in the brick or concrete structures, should use expansion bolts or plastic tube, ban the use of wooden wedges instead. (7) the ceiling mounted light fixtures, border of the shade should cover Panel joints and snapped the ceiling panel, determine the size lamp open position, strictly according to the drawings. (8) the lamps arranged orderly, symmetrical when installing the vertical and horizontal center lines should be on the same line, deviation is less than 5mm. (9) the emergency lighting installation: according to the design and specifications to determine location of evacuation lighting, signs should B(在常温常压下,1mol氦气含有的原子数为N A C(32g氧气含有的原子数目为N A D(在同温同压下,相同体积的任何气体单质所含的原子数目相同 [答案] B [解析] 0.5N个Cl分子0.5molCl标准状况下11.2LCl,A不对;1molHeNA222A个He,与温度压强无关,B正确,32gO1molO分子2molO原子2N个O22A原子。C不正确。D据阿伏加德罗定律及注意到气体单质有叁、双、单原子分子之分,可知应是“分子数目相同”D不对。 2+- 5(20g密度为dg/mL的硝酸钙溶液里含有1gCa,则NO离子的浓度是( ) 3 A(d/400mol/L B(mol/L C(2.5dmol/L D(1.25mol/L [答案] C [解析] --20g硝酸钙溶液含NO的物质的量为(×2)mol,其体积为L,故[NO]=,332.5dmol/L。 6(在体积为VL的密闭窖器中通入amolNO和bmolO,反应后氮原子数和氧原子数之2 比为(已知2NO+O=2NO)( ) 22 A( B( C( D( clearly, for maintenance management. 4. install (1) all sorts of switches, sockets and other equipment should be installed firmly, position accurate, when installing rocker panel, switches, switch should be consistent, generally up to "close" down to "off" switch should cut off the line. Switches the elevation and location of the socket should conform to the drawings, the same interior height difference should not be greater than 5mm. (2) liquid level automatic control device used in a variety of angle brackets, there should be galvanized. (3) fixed lamp hanging boxes are plastic with rotary table round table. (4) light bulb capacity of 100W or less, available resin lamp, 100W and the tide sealed lamps, porcelain lamps. (5) the wiring inside the lamp shall not be less than 0.4mm2 wires. (6) the chandelier with a weight of more than 3kg, the embedded hook-bolts, install lighting in the brick or concrete structures, should use expansion bolts or plastic tube, ban the use of wooden wedges instead. (7) the ceiling mounted light fixtures, border of the shade should cover Panel joints and snapped the ceiling panel, determine the size lamp open position, strictly according to the drawings. (8) the lamps arranged orderly, symmetrical when installing the vertical and horizontal center lines should be on the same line, deviation is less than 5mm. (9) the emergency lighting installation: according to the design and specifications to determine location of evacuation lighting, signs should [答案] C [解析] 此题看起来应属于过量计算,而a和b又不是确定的数值,所以应讨论计算。实质上,此题考查点在于,化学反应是原子的重新组合,反应前后原子数不会发生改变即原子守恒。所以反应前后的N、O原子个数比一样。 n(N),mol n(O),(a+2b)mol 即:, 7(用100g溶剂中所含溶质的物质的量来表示的溶液浓度叫做质量摩尔浓度,其单位是 3mol/kg,5mol/kg的硫酸的密度是1.2894g/cm,则其物质的量浓度是( ) A(3.56mol/L B(5.23mol/L B(4.33mol/L D(5.00mol/L [答案] 依题意:=4.33(mol/L) 8(若N为阿伏加德罗常数,则下列叙述正确的是( ) A A(0.1mol乙醇中含有C,H键的数目为0.6N A B(标准状况下,VL戊烷所含分子数为(V/22.4)N A C(常温、常压下,0.2mol的SiO所含分子数为0.2N 2A D(31g白磷(P)中含有(3/2)NA个P,P键 4 [答案] D [解析] A项中考查了乙醇的结构H,,O,H,虽然每lmol乙醇中含有6molH,但其中有1molH为羟基H,故0.1mol中只含C—H键0.5N;B项中要求分子个数,必须先求VLA 的物质的量,但由于戊烷标况下为液态,因此不可与22.4L/mol换算成V升体积的物质的量,因此不对;C项中,由于SiO是原子晶体,不存在分子,故不能求分子个数;D项中首先2 明确白磷的结构为正四面体结构,每摩尔分子中含有6molP,P键,故=molP 4clearly, for maintenance management. 4. install (1) all sorts of switches, sockets and other equipment should be installed firmly, position accurate, when installing rocker panel, switches, switch should be consistent, generally up to "close" down to "off" switch should cut off the line. Switches the elevation and location of the socket should conform to the drawings, the same interior height difference should not be greater than 5mm. (2) liquid level automatic control device used in a variety of angle brackets, there should be galvanized. (3) fixed lamp hanging boxes are plastic with rotary table round table. (4) light bulb capacity of 100W or less, available resin lamp, 100W and the tide sealed lamps, porcelain lamps. (5) the wiring inside the lamp shall not be less than 0.4mm2 wires. (6) the chandelier with a weight of more than 3kg, the embedded hook-bolts, install lighting in the brick or concrete structures, should use expansion bolts or plastic tube, ban the use of wooden wedges instead. (7) the ceiling mounted light fixtures, border of the shade should cover Panel joints and snapped the ceiling panel, determine the size lamp open position, strictly according to the drawings. (8) the lamps arranged orderly, symmetrical when installing the vertical and horizontal center lines should be on the same line, deviation is less than 5mm. (9) the emergency lighting installation: according to the design and specifications to determine location of evacuation lighting, signs should ?6×= molP,P键,故D项正确。 9(在标准状况下,如果2.8L氧气含n个氧分子,则阿伏加德罗常数为( ) A( B( C(16n D(8n [答案] D [解析] 应用数学表达式:物质的量= ?阿伏加德罗常数= =8nmol ?应选D。 = -1-1 10(有五瓶溶液分别是:?10mL0.60mol?LNaOH水溶液,?20mL0.50mol?LHSO24-1-1-1水溶液,?30mL0.40mol?LHCl水溶液,?40mL0.30mol?LHAc水溶液,?50mL0.20mol?L蔗糖水溶液。以上各瓶溶液所含离子、分子总数的大小顺序是( ) A(?>?>?>?>? B(?>?>?>?>? C(?>?>?>?>? D(?>?>?>?>? [答案] D [解析] 对于NaOH溶液来说,由于NaOH完全电离,其中溶质离子的物质的量是 -10.60mol?L×2×0.01L=0.012mol;溶剂HO的物质的量为=0.55mol;相比之下,溶2 剂分子占了绝大部分。其他4瓶溶液中,溶剂的物质的量更大,而且依次增大。因此,只要比较溶剂的量的大小,即可得出离子、分子总数的排列顺序。 二、选择题(本题共8个小题,每小题3分共24分,每题中有1,2个选项正确。) 11(常温常压下,分别将等物质的量的HS、SO充入密闭容器,最后容器内压强为混22 clearly, for maintenance management. 4. install (1) all sorts of switches, sockets and other equipment should be installed firmly, position accurate, when installing rocker panel, switches, switch should be consistent, generally up to "close" down to "off" switch should cut off the line. Switches the elevation and location of the socket should conform to the drawings, the same interior height difference should not be greater than 5mm. (2) liquid level automatic control device used in a variety of angle brackets, there should be galvanized. (3) fixed lamp hanging boxes are plastic with rotary table round table. (4) light bulb capacity of 100W or less, available resin lamp, 100W and the tide sealed lamps, porcelain lamps. (5) the wiring inside the lamp shall not be less than 0.4mm2 wires. (6) the chandelier with a weight of more than 3kg, the embedded hook-bolts, install lighting in the brick or concrete structures, should use expansion bolts or plastic tube, ban the use of wooden wedges instead. (7) the ceiling mounted light fixtures, border of the shade should cover Panel joints and snapped the ceiling panel, determine the size lamp open position, strictly according to the drawings. (8) the lamps arranged orderly, symmetrical when installing the vertical and horizontal center lines should be on the same line, deviation is less than 5mm. (9) the emergency lighting installation: according to the design and specifications to determine location of evacuation lighting, signs should 合反应前压强的( ) A(1/4 B(3/4 C(1/2 D(1/3 [答案] A [解析] T、V相同,P/P=n/n,设反应前压强为1大气压,两种气体各为1mol。1212 2HS+SO=3S?+2HO,则余SO0.5摩,1/P=2/0.5,?P=0.25,故答案为A。 222222 12(下列有关使用托盘天平的叙述,不正确的是(填写标号)( ) A(称量前先调节托盘天平的零点 B(称量时左盘放被称量物,右盘放砝码 C(潮湿的或具有腐蚀性的药品,必须放在玻璃器皿里称量,其他固体药品可直接放在天平托盘上称量 D(用托盘天平可以准确称量至0.01g [答案] C、D [解析] 本题考查了托盘天平的使用方法及使用注意事项。使用天平时,无论称量何种性质的物品,都不能直接放在托盘称量,故C错。同时,天平为粗略称量物品质量的仪器其准确度为0.1g,读数时,不带估读数字,故D也错误。选C、D。 -14 13(在一个密闭容器中盛有11gX气体(X的摩尔质量为44g?mol时,压强为1×10Pa) 4如果在相同温度下,把更多的气体X充入容器,使容器内压强增至5×10Pa,这时容器内气体X的分子数约变为( ) 25 A(3.3×10 24 B(3.3×10 23 C(7.5×l0 22 D(7.5×10 [答案] C [解析] 本题考查学生对阿伏加德罗定律及其推论的理解和应用,属中等难度题目。推论指出:在一定温度和体积下,气体的压强比等于物质的量比,也等于其分子数比。在起始条件下气 -1体的物质的量容易求出,即11g/44g?mol=0.45mol,则终态的物质的量为: 23-123×0.25mol=1.25mol,个数为1.25mol×6.02×10mol=7.5×10,答案为C。 clearly, for maintenance management. 4. install (1) all sorts of switches, sockets and other equipment should be installed firmly, position accurate, when installing rocker panel, switches, switch should be consistent, generally up to "close" down to "off" switch should cut off the line. Switches the elevation and location of the socket should conform to the drawings, the same interior height difference should not be greater than 5mm. (2) liquid level automatic control device used in a variety of angle brackets, there should be galvanized. (3) fixed lamp hanging boxes are plastic with rotary table round table. (4) light bulb capacity of 100W or less, available resin lamp, 100W and the tide sealed lamps, porcelain lamps. (5) the wiring inside the lamp shall not be less than 0.4mm2 wires. (6) the chandelier with a weight of more than 3kg, the embedded hook-bolts, install lighting in the brick or concrete structures, should use expansion bolts or plastic tube, ban the use of wooden wedges instead. (7) the ceiling mounted light fixtures, border of the shade should cover Panel joints and snapped the ceiling panel, determine the size lamp open position, strictly according to the drawings. (8) the lamps arranged orderly, symmetrical when installing the vertical and horizontal center lines should be on the same line, deviation is less than 5mm. (9) the emergency lighting installation: according to the design and specifications to determine location of evacuation lighting, signs should 1212 14(假如C相对原子质量为24,以0.024千克12C所含的C原子数为阿伏加德罗常数。下列数值肯定不变的是( ) A(氧气的溶解度 B(气体摩尔体积 C(一定质量气体的体积 D(市售浓HSO的物质的量24浓度 E(阿伏加德罗常数 F(O相对分子质量 2 G(氧元素的相对原子质量 H(跟mLH相化合的O质222量、物质的量 I(一定温度下NaCl在1mL水中溶解的质量、物质的量 [答案] A、C [解析] 此题作为“客观因素”的氧气的溶解度、一定质量的气体积、跟2mLH相化合的O的质22量、溶解在1mL水中的NaCl的质量、一定T和P下气体的密度不会改变;而相对原子质量变为原标准的2倍,即摩尔质量变为原来的2倍,质量一定(客观因素),则物质的量将会变小了1,引起气体摩尔体积变为原来的2倍,物质的量浓度变为原来的,故选A、C。 -1 15(将0.2molMnO和50mL12mol?L盐酸混合后缓缓加热(HCl无损失),反应完全后向2 余下的溶液中加入足量的AgNO溶液,下列判断生成AgCl沉淀的物质的量正确的是( ) 3 A(等于0.3mol B(大于0.3mol C(大于0.3mol,小于0.6mol D(以上结论都不正确 [答案] C [解析] -3-1 n(HCl)=50×10L×12mol?L=0.6mol MnO + 4HCl(浓) MnCl + Cl? + 2HO 2222 1mol 4mol 1mol 0.2mol 0.6mol 0.15mol - n(Cl)最大值为0.6mol,而HCl与MnO完全反应要生成0.15molCl且随着反应的进行,22 盐酸浓度下降,反应自行停止,故生成Cl的量要小于0.15mol,故选C。 2 16(在常温常压下,某容器真空时质量为201.0克,当它盛满CH时质量为203.4克,4 而盛满某气体Y时质量为205.5g,则Y气体可能是( ) A(O 2 B(N 2 clearly, for maintenance management. 4. install (1) all sorts of switches, sockets and other equipment should be installed firmly, position accurate, when installing rocker panel, switches, switch should be consistent, generally up to "close" down to "off" switch should cut off the line. Switches the elevation and location of the socket should conform to the drawings, the same interior height difference should not be greater than 5mm. (2) liquid level automatic control device used in a variety of angle brackets, there should be galvanized. (3) fixed lamp hanging boxes are plastic with rotary table round table. (4) light bulb capacity of 100W or less, available resin lamp, 100W and the tide sealed lamps, porcelain lamps. (5) the wiring inside the lamp shall not be less than 0.4mm2 wires. (6) the chandelier with a weight of more than 3kg, the embedded hook-bolts, install lighting in the brick or concrete structures, should use expansion bolts or plastic tube, ban the use of wooden wedges instead. (7) the ceiling mounted light fixtures, border of the shade should cover Panel joints and snapped the ceiling panel, determine the size lamp open position, strictly according to the drawings. (8) the lamps arranged orderly, symmetrical when installing the vertical and horizontal center lines should be on the same line, deviation is less than 5mm. (9) the emergency lighting installation: according to the design and specifications to determine location of evacuation lighting, signs should C(CH 26 D(NO [答案] C、D [解析] 根据阿伏加德罗定律可知:同温同压下,同体积的气体中所占的分子数相同。所以同体积的不同气体的摩尔质量之比等于其质量之比。 M(CH):M(Y)W(CH):W(Y) 44 =(203.4,201.0):(205.5,201.0)=2.4:4.5 M(Y)== ,30g/mol CH、NO的摩尔质量均为30g/mol,故选C、D。 26 17(把aL硫酸铵和硝酸铵混合液分为两等份,一份需用bmol烧碱刚好把氨气全部赶 -出,另一份与BaCl溶液反应恰好消耗cmolBaCl。则原溶液中NO的物质的量浓度是( ) 223 -1 A( mol?L -1 B( mol?L -1 C( mol?L -1 D( mol?L [答案] D [解析] +2- 每一份中n(NH)=bmol n(SO)=cmol 44 根据溶液呈电中性则有: - bmol=2cmol+n(NO) 3- ?n(NO)=(b,2c)mol 3 - ?原溶液中:C(NO)= mol,选D。 3 18(空气和二氧化碳按体积比5:1混合,将混合气体与足量的红热焦炭充分反应。设空气中氮气和氧气的体积比为4:1,不计其他成分,且体积都是在伺温、同压下测定的,则反应后的气体中一氧化碳的体积分数是( ) clearly, for maintenance management. 4. install (1) all sorts of switches, sockets and other equipment should be installed firmly, position accurate, when installing rocker panel, switches, switch should be consistent, generally up to "close" down to "off" switch should cut off the line. Switches the elevation and location of the socket should conform to the drawings, the same interior height difference should not be greater than 5mm. (2) liquid level automatic control device used in a variety of angle brackets, there should be galvanized. (3) fixed lamp hanging boxes are plastic with rotary table round table. (4) light bulb capacity of 100W or less, available resin lamp, 100W and the tide sealed lamps, porcelain lamps. (5) the wiring inside the lamp shall not be less than 0.4mm2 wires. (6) the chandelier with a weight of more than 3kg, the embedded hook-bolts, install lighting in the brick or concrete structures, should use expansion bolts or plastic tube, ban the use of wooden wedges instead. (7) the ceiling mounted light fixtures, border of the shade should cover Panel joints and snapped the ceiling panel, determine the size lamp open position, strictly according to the drawings. (8) the lamps arranged orderly, symmetrical when installing the vertical and horizontal center lines should be on the same line, deviation is less than 5mm. (9) the emergency lighting installation: according to the design and specifications to determine location of evacuation lighting, signs should A(29, B(43, C(50, D(100, [答案] C [解析] 根据气体定律可知,在同温、同压下气体的体积之比等于气体的物质的量之比。例如: 2C+O=2CO(C过量时,最终生成CO) 2 化学计量数之比2:1:2 物质的量之比2:1:2 气体体积之比1:2 从题设中可知,1体积空气中O占1/5体积,N占4/5体积,因而可设共有5L空气,22 其中的1LO参加反应。由2C+O=2CO,生成2LCO,余4LN。按题意CO为1L,它与红2222热焦炭反应,CO+C=2CO,得到2LCO。所以反应后气体中有4LCO和4LN,CO的体积22分数是50,。 三、填空题(15分) 19((1)在标准状况下,1体积水大约溶解500体积的HCl气体,所得溶液的密度为 -3g?cm,所得盐酸的质量分数为______________________,物质的量浓度为______________________。 -3 (2)若用盛满HCl气体的烧瓶(标况下)做喷泉实验,所得溶液的密度为dg?cm,此时所得盐酸的质量分数为______________________,物质的量浓度为 ______________________。 [答案] -1 (1)44.9, 12.3 mol?L -1 (2), 0.045mol?L 20(将一定体积的CO通入VLNaOH溶液中,已知NaOH完全反应。在反应后向溶液2 中加入足量石灰水,得到mg沉淀。 (1)能否用上述数据确定参加反应的CO的体积(标准状况),2 ______________________(“能”或“不能”),若能,列式表示为______________________;若不能,理由是______________________。 (2)能否用以上数据确定NaOH溶液的物质的量浓度,______________________(“能”或clearly, for maintenance management. 4. install (1) all sorts of switches, sockets and other equipment should be installed firmly, position accurate, when installing rocker panel, switches, switch should be consistent, generally up to "close" down to "off" switch should cut off the line. Switches the elevation and location of the socket should conform to the drawings, the same interior height difference should not be greater than 5mm. (2) liquid level automatic control device used in a variety of angle brackets, there should be galvanized. (3) fixed lamp hanging boxes are plastic with rotary table round table. (4) light bulb capacity of 100W or less, available resin lamp, 100W and the tide sealed lamps, porcelain lamps. (5) the wiring inside the lamp shall not be less than 0.4mm2 wires. (6) the chandelier with a weight of more than 3kg, the embedded hook-bolts, install lighting in the brick or concrete structures, should use expansion bolts or plastic tube, ban the use of wooden wedges instead. (7) the ceiling mounted light fixtures, border of the shade should cover Panel joints and snapped the ceiling panel, determine the size lamp open position, strictly according to the drawings. (8) the lamps arranged orderly, symmetrical when installing the vertical and horizontal center lines should be on the same line, deviation is less than 5mm. (9) the emergency lighting installation: according to the design and specifications to determine location of evacuation lighting, signs should “不能”)。若在上述CO与NaOH反应后的溶液中不加入石灰水而是加入足量CaCl溶液,22结果得到了ng沉淀。设原NaOH溶液的物质的量浓度为C,则?当n=m时,C=______________________;?当n=0时,C=______________________;?当n设计
了如下实验: 2 (1)取一个配上合适胶塞的洁净干燥的锥形瓶称量其质量为m1g。 (2)向锥形瓶中通入干燥CO气,塞好胶塞,称量;再重复收集,称量,至两次称量结2 构基本相同,得到质量m。 3 -1(g?L),空气平均分子量29.0, 已知实验时的温度为t(?),压强p(kPa),水的密度水 -1密度(g?L)。试回答下面问题: 空气() (1)本实验的原理是(具体说明)____________________________________________。 (2)步骤(2)中为什么要重复操作至两次测量结果基本相同______________________。 (3)锥形瓶的容积是______________________;锥形瓶内空气质量是 ______________________;锥形瓶内CO气质量是______________________;实验测得CO22的相对分子质量表达式为______________________。 [答案] (1)阿伏加德罗定律。即同温同压下,同体积的气体,质量比等于摩尔质量之比,= (2)定量实验一定要做平行实验,以证明实验结果准确可靠。此实验重复操作是证明瓶内空气全被排出,并充满了CO气。 2 clearly, for maintenance management. 4. install (1) all sorts of switches, sockets and other equipment should be installed firmly, position accurate, when installing rocker panel, switches, switch should be consistent, generally up to "close" down to "off" switch should cut off the line. Switches the elevation and location of the socket should conform to the drawings, the same interior height difference should not be greater than 5mm. (2) liquid level automatic control device used in a variety of angle brackets, there should be galvanized. (3) fixed lamp hanging boxes are plastic with rotary table round table. (4) light bulb capacity of 100W or less, available resin lamp, 100W and the tide sealed lamps, porcelain lamps. (5) the wiring inside the lamp shall not be less than 0.4mm2 wires. (6) the chandelier with a weight of more than 3kg, the embedded hook-bolts, install lighting in the brick or concrete structures, should use expansion bolts or plastic tube, ban the use of wooden wedges instead. (7) the ceiling mounted light fixtures, border of the shade should cover Panel joints and snapped the ceiling panel, determine the size lamp open position, strictly according to the drawings. (8) the lamps arranged orderly, symmetrical when installing the vertical and horizontal center lines should be on the same line, deviation is less than 5mm. (9) the emergency lighting installation: according to the design and specifications to determine location of evacuation lighting, signs should (3)V= (因瓶内空气与水的质量相差悬殊,m,m近似看成水的质量。)m瓶空31=V?,m(CO),?(m-m)表示瓶内CO和空气 , ?m,m+?气空气空气221221 质量差,再加上空气的质量,恰好为CO气体的质量;M(CO)= ?29(根据同T22同p同V的气体=这一气态方程的推论,由于m(CO)和m(空气)已经算出,则可计2算出M(CO)。 2 五、计算题(13分) 23(取50.0mLNaCO和NaSO的混合溶液,加入过量BaCl溶液后得到14.51g白色23242沉淀,用过量的稀硝酸处理后沉淀量减少到4.66g,并有气体放出。试计算: (1)原混合溶液中NaCO和NaSO的物质的量浓度; 2324 (2)产生的气体在标准状况下的体积。 [答案] (略) [解析] 本题涉及的反应有 NaCO+BaCl,BaCO?+2NaCl 2323 NaSO+BaCl,BaSO?+2NaCl 2424 BaCO+2HNO,Ba(NO)+CO?+HO 333222 下列物质的物质的量有等同关系: NaCO,BaCO,CO;NaSO,BaSO 2332244 由:n(NaCO)= =0.05(mol) 23 -1 c(NaCO)= =1(mol?L) 23 V(CO)=0.05×22.4=1.12(L) 2 -1 c(NaSO)= =0.4(mol?L) 24 24(将一定量的CO气体通入500mL某NaOH溶液,充分反应后,将溶液在低温下蒸2 发,得到不含结晶水的白色固体A。取三份质量不同的该白色固体A分别与50mL相同浓 度的盐酸反应,得到气体的体积(标准状况)与固体A的质量关系如下表所示。 clearly, for maintenance management. 4. install (1) all sorts of switches, sockets and other equipment should be installed firmly, position accurate, when installing rocker panel, switches, switch should be consistent, generally up to "close" down to "off" switch should cut off the line. Switches the elevation and location of the socket should conform to the drawings, the same interior height difference should not be greater than 5mm. (2) liquid level automatic control device used in a variety of angle brackets, there should be galvanized. (3) fixed lamp hanging boxes are plastic with rotary table round table. (4) light bulb capacity of 100W or less, available resin lamp, 100W and the tide sealed lamps, porcelain lamps. (5) the wiring inside the lamp shall not be less than 0.4mm2 wires. (6) the chandelier with a weight of more than 3kg, the embedded hook-bolts, install lighting in the brick or concrete structures, should use expansion bolts or plastic tube, ban the use of wooden wedges instead. (7) the ceiling mounted light fixtures, border of the shade should cover Panel joints and snapped the ceiling panel, determine the size lamp open position, strictly according to the drawings. (8) the lamps arranged orderly, symmetrical when installing the vertical and horizontal center lines should be on the same line, deviation is less than 5mm. (9) the emergency lighting installation: according to the design and specifications to determine location of evacuation lighting, signs should 组 别 1 2 3 盐酸的体积(mL) 50 50 50 固体A的质量(g) 3.80 6.20 7.20 气体体积(mL) 896 1344 1344 (1)上表中第_____组数据表明加入的50mL盐酸反应后有剩余,其理由是_____________________________。 (2)请通过计算、讨论、判断固体A是什么物质,其成分的质量百分含量为多少, [答案] (1)1,1?2,固体的量增加,说明在1中有酸剩余 (2)固体为NaCO和NaHCO的混合物NaCO,=55.79,,NaHCO,=44.21, 233233 [解析] 应用第1组数据计算最合理从气体CO=0.04mol入手作假设分析 2 假设CO全部是由NaCO转变来的,则NaCO的质量=0.04×106=4.24(g) 22323 假设CO全部是由NaHCO转变来的,则NaHCO的质量=0.04×84=3.36(g) 233 4.24g之间, 而实际固体的质量为3.80g,介于3.36g, 所以,固体为NaCO和NaHCO的混合物,,95 1:1(物233 质的量比) 因此,各物质的质量百分含量NaCO,=×100,=55.79,,NaHCO,233=44.21,。 clearly, for maintenance management. 4. install (1) all sorts of switches, sockets and other equipment should be installed firmly, position accurate, when installing rocker panel, switches, switch should be consistent, generally up to "close" down to "off" switch should cut off the line. Switches the elevation and location of the socket should conform to the drawings, the same interior height difference should not be greater than 5mm. (2) liquid level automatic control device used in a variety of angle brackets, there should be galvanized. (3) fixed lamp hanging boxes are plastic with rotary table round table. (4) light bulb capacity of 100W or less, available resin lamp, 100W and the tide sealed lamps, porcelain lamps. (5) the wiring inside the lamp shall not be less than 0.4mm2 wires. (6) the chandelier with a weight of more than 3kg, the embedded hook-bolts, install lighting in the brick or concrete structures, should use expansion bolts or plastic tube, ban the use of wooden wedges instead. (7) the ceiling mounted light fixtures, border of the shade should cover Panel joints and snapped the ceiling panel, determine the size lamp open position, strictly according to the drawings. (8) the lamps arranged orderly, symmetrical when installing the vertical and horizontal center lines should be on the same line, deviation is less than 5mm. (9) the emergency lighting installation: according to the design and specifications to determine location of evacuation lighting, signs should
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