下颌后静脉并面静脉变异一例

下颌后静脉并面静脉变异一例 导效率和安全性问题.到现在为止,经重编程获得iPSC 的转导效率仍然相当低.在Kim的团队中,他们用一 个转录因子Oct4获得iPSC的效率和采用4个因子进 行转导的效率均只有0.014.c—Myc转录因子可以 提高转导效率,但是却提高了突变致癌的概率.同时 虽然采用了新的载体代替逆转录病毒等,提高了安全 性,但其转导效率的降低,迫使人们不得不探索新的方 法,以期在转导效率和安全性方面获得更好的结果. 参考文献 [1]TakahashiK,YamanakasInductionofpluripotentstemcells frommouseembryonicandadultfibroblastculturesbydefined factors口].Cell,2006,126(4):663—676. [2]AoiT,YaeK,NakagawaM,eta1.Generationofpluripotent stemcellsfromadultmouseliverandstomachcells_J].Science, 2008,321(41):699—702. [3]HannaJ,MarkoulakiS,SchorderetP,eta1.Directreprogram— mingofterminallydifferentiatedmatureBlymphocytestopluri— potency[J].Cell,2008,133(2):250—264. [4]StadtfeldM,BrennandK,HochedlingerK.Reprogrammingof pancreaticBetacellsintoinducedpluripotentstemcells[J].Curr Biol,2008,18(12):890—894. [5]KimJB,ZaehresH,WuG,eta1.Pluripotentstemcellsinduced fromadultneuralstemcellsbyreprogrammingwithtwofactors l_J].Nature,2008,454(7204):646—651. [6]TakahashiK,TanabeK,YamanakaS,eta1.Inductionofpluri— potentstemcellsfromadulthumanfibroblastsbydefinedfactors [J].Cell,2007,131(5):861872. [7]YuJ,VodyanikMA,Smuga—OttoK,eta1.Inducedpluripotent stemcelllinesderivedfromhumansomaticcells[J].Science, 2007,318(5858):1917—1920. [8]WernigM,ZhaoJP,PruszakJ,eta1.Neuronsderivedfromre— programmedfibroblastsfunctionallyintegrateintothefetalbrain andimprovesymptomsofratswithParkinson'sdisease[J].Proc NatlAcadSciUSA,2008,105(15):5856—5861. [9]StadtfeldM,NagayaM,UtikalJ,eta1.Inducedpluripotent stemcellsgeneratedwithoutvira1integration[J].Science,2008, 322(5903):945—949. [1O]YuJ,HuK,SmugaOttoK,eta1.Humaninducedpluripotent stemcellsfreeofvectorandtransgenesequences[J].Science, 2009,324(5928):797-801. [11]ZhouHY,WuL,JooJY,eta1.Generationofinducedpluripo tentstemcellsusingrecombinantproteins[J].CellStemCeil, 2009,4(5):381—4. [12]KimD,KimCH,MoonJI,eta1.Generationofhumaninduced pluripotentstemcellsbydirectdeliveryofreprogrammingpro— teins[J].CellStemCell,2009,4(6):472—476. [13]ParkIH,ZhaoR,WestJA,eta1.Reprogrammingofhuman somaticcellstopluripotencywithdefinedfactors[J].Nature, 2008,451(7175):141—146. [14]OkitalK,IchisakaT,YamanakaS.Generationofgermline-com— petentinducedpluripotentstemcells[J].Nature,2007,448 (7151):313—317. 1,15]NakagawaM,KoyanagiM,TanabeK,eta1.Generationofin— ducedpluripotentstemcellswithoutMycfrommouseandhuman fibroblasts[J].NatureBiotechnol,2008,26(1):101—106. [16]KimJB,SebastianoV,WuG,eta1.Oct4一inducedpluripotency inadultneuralstemcells-J].Cell,2009,136(3):411—419. [171LiaoJ,wuZ,WangY,eta1.Enhancedefficiencyofgenerating inducedpluripotentstem(iPS)cellsfromhumansomaticcellsby acombinationofsixtranscriptionfactors-J].CellRes,2008,18 (5):600—603. 1-18]HannaJ,WernigM,MarkoulakiS,eta1.Treatmentofsicklecell anemiamousemode1withiPScellsgeneratedfromautologous 1923. skin[J].Science,2007,318(5858):1920— [19]JaenischR,SoldnerF,HockemeyerD,eta1.Parkinson,sdisease patient—-derivedinducedpluripotentstemcellsfreeofviralrepro—— grammingfactors[J].Cell,2009,136(5):964—977. [2O]DimosJT,RodolfaKT,NiakanKK,eta1.Inducedpluripotent stemcellsgeneratedfrompatientswithALScanbedifferentiated intomotorneurons_J].Science,2008,321(5893):1169—1170. 1,2I]EbertAD,YuJ,RoseFFJr,eta1.Inducedpluripotentstem cellsfromaspinalmuscularatrophypatient[J].Nature,2009, 457(7227):277—280. [22]ParkIH,AroraN,HuoH,eta1.Disease-specificinducedpluri— potentstemcells口].Cell,2008,134(5):877—886. (编辑:王栋) 解剖学杂志2011年第34卷第2期 下颌后静脉并面静脉变异一例 刘宏伟 (承德护理职业学院人体解剖学教研室,承德067000) 笔者发现1例下颌后静脉和面静脉变异,现报道如下. 成年男性,身高约166ClTI.下颌后静脉由颞浅静脉和上颌 静脉在腮腺内汇合而成,但下颌后静脉没有分前,后支,面直接 向下延续为颈外静脉.面静脉起自内眦静脉,伴行于面动脉的 第1作者E-mail:cdlhw@163.com 收稿日期:2010—07—30;修回日期:2010—10—01 后方,在下颌骨下缘收纳一颈前区属支后,注入颈外静脉.颈内 静脉收纳舌静脉,甲状腺上,中静脉. 了解下颌后静脉并面静脉这一变异,对颈部相关手术有一 定的参考意义. (编辑:黄会龙)