朱自清春的赏析

朱自清春的赏析 辞尽其形 文蕴其神 言律其音 【摘要】《春》作为初中语文教材重点篇目常为教师精讲细磨，确实其文刻画细腻，情感真挚，文辞赋予质感，丰厚而饱满。细读《春》，可以感受其描摹景物仿佛作画，又似作曲，还如作诗，其绘景艺术特色鲜明，值得揣摩品评。 【关键词】《春》 绘景艺术 形 神 音 景之于人是存在的客观，但它们却可以在文人的笔下焕发奇异的生命，正因文人以体肤感受景之态，以心灵感应景之情。 写景的散文很多，读过的也不少，但写时又觉无法表现出景致的特色。那么，如何才能让景色可感、可品、可回味呢。我们可以沉浸到朱自清的散文《春》中，细细地品赏其文写景之妙笔，画有形之景，绘有情之景，话有声之景。 一、辞尽其形 景而有形必有质感，生动而可触及，其形可以是样貌，可以使声响，可以使味道，都有具象，都可感触。使“字面儿的影象引起人们奇丽的感觉;这种影象所表示的往往是珍奇，华丽的景物，平常人不容易接触到的，所谓“七宝楼台”之类。”(《论百读不厌》) (一)浓墨重彩绘精致之景 近景或特写，必然能够看得清景的样貌、听得到声响、闻得到气味、也许还可以尝得到味道，可以因细切而亲切，可以绘其纹理，刻画出细节之美。 如:《春》里的“桃树、杏树、梨树，你不让我，我不让你，都开满了花赶趟儿。”“红的像火，粉的像霞，白的像雪。花里带着甜味儿，闭了眼，树上仿佛已经满是桃儿、杏儿、梨儿。花下成千成百的蜜蜂嗡嗡地闹着，大小的蝴蝶飞来飞去。”春花――有色(红、粉、白)、有声(赶趟儿的热闹)、有味道(甜)。 如:“‘吹面不寒杨柳风’，不错的，像母亲的手抚摸着你。风里带来些新翻的泥土的气息，混着青草味儿，还有各种花的香，都在微微润湿的空气里酝酿。”春风――有温度、有柔度、有湿度，还有混杂的特有的气息。 又如:“看，像牛毛，像花针，像细丝，密密地斜织着，人家屋顶上全笼着一层薄烟。”写春雨――有密度(牛毛)、粗细度(细丝)、光亮度(花针)、角度(斜)。 这许许多多与景物相关的物理属性都以形象可感的语词展现，自然而恰切地运用了比喻、拟人、引用、排比等修辞手法，这便是精心之举，却实令人感到仿佛立于春季，景物均触手可及。正如作者执着的“诗的表达，和比喻及组织关系appearance of the weld appearance quality technical requirements of the project must not have a molten metal stream does not melt the base metal to weld, weld seam and heat-affected zone surface must not have cracks, pores, defects such as crater and ash, surface smoothing, weld and base metal should be evenly smooth transition. Width 2-3 mm from the edge of weld Groove. Surface reinforcement should be less than or equal to 1 + 0.2 times the slope edge width, and should not be greater than 4 mm. Depth of undercut should be less than or equal to 0.5 mm, total length of the welds on both sides undercut not exceed 10% of the weld length, and long continuous should not be greater than 100 mm. Wrong side should be less than or at 0.2T, and should not be greater than 2 mm (wall thickness mm t) incomplete or not allow 7.5 7.5.1 installation quality process standards of the electrical enclosure Cabinet surface is clean, neat, no significant phenomenon of convex, close to nature, close the door. 7.5.2 Cabinet Cabinet face paints no paint, returned to rusted, consistent color. 7.5.3 uniform indirect gap from top to bottom, slot width <1.5mm 7.5.4 adjacent Cabinet surface roughness is 0. 7.5.5 the cabinets firmly fixed, crafts beautiful. 7.5.6 Cabinet surface gauge, switch cabinet mark clear, neat, firm paste. 7.5.7 Terminal row of neat, is reliable, the appearance is clean and not damaged. 7.5.8 cables neat and clean, solid binding, binding process in appearance. 7.5.9 the first cable production firm, crafts beautiful, clear signage does not fade. 7.5.10 fireproof plugging tight, no cracks and pores. 7.6 7.6.1 of the standard electrical wiring quality technology cable a, the multi-core wire bunch arrangement should be parallel to each other, horizontal wire harness or wire should be perpendicular to the longitudinal multi-core wire bunch. The distance between the wire harness and wire harness symmetry, and as close as possible. B-core wiring harness into round, multi-core wire bunch used g wire binding, fastening 甚大。诗人的譬喻要创新，至少变故为新，组织也总要新，要变。”作者如有神来之笔将春天可感之形摄录下来，一点点释放，不落窠臼，不由得你不感叹春色崭新诱人。 (二)轻描淡写绘辽远之景 远景，远望而得，轮廓大概，影像隐约，虽无近景之细致，必得境界之特立，形成或简约或朦胧之美。 如:遥望雨打屋顶“人家屋顶上全笼着一层薄烟。”这景象朦胧却别有韵味，是细细看过雨的人可感的，读者确也知道，雨丝击到屋顶反射回去，轻溅起，密密的，远远的望去，确如“烟雾”一般了，但春雨极其细小，于是只有那“薄薄”的一层而已。只两个字便绘尽了远望春雨落在屋顶的形态、风致。 又如:春日雨夜，“他们的房屋，稀稀疏疏的，在雨里静默着。”只望得稀稀疏疏的，也远近错落，却都有“静默”的风情，这夜便随之温柔了。 (三)虚实相应绘错觉之景 高处俯视可望“众山小”，这景无需细描，只将粗略的感受直接勾画出来便是真实的“错误”之美的再现了。如:“园子里，田野里，瞧去，一大片一大片满是的。”远远的望去，不局限在一点，便瞧得见“一大片一大片”的草晕染的“绿”。那“满是的”真让人感受到满世界的春草萌发，满眼是青春的绿的萌动。这些，不是近观可得的。近近的细细地瞧，恐怕无法感受到草已铺满了地面的视错觉。远眺而朦胧所见的错觉却也是实实在在的，着实可引人共鸣。 当然，错觉的产生也会因人而异，看，“花里带着甜味儿，闭了眼，树上仿佛已经满是桃儿、杏儿、梨儿。”那满是果实的花树便是作者的错觉，我们通常称之为“联想”。那是作者由花的甜香引发的对满树果实的憧憬，也更令人倍感花的娇艳。仿佛沈复《闲情记趣》中所描述的“夏蚊成雷，私拟作群鹤舞空，心之所向，则或千或百果然鹤也。”两者有异曲同工之处。这联想非实在的景，却极可引人入胜。 (四)动静相偕绘灵动之景 景物的刻画不能等同于静物的写生，写生绘得出形状、光影，却无动态。景物却是有生命力的，有着它们特有的活力，于是让它们体现出动感便能令人感受到自然的生趣。 如:“山朗润起来了，水涨起来了，太阳的脸红起来了。” 山、水、日色，一幅山水画。倘若问山是什么山，什么样子，水涨得多高，多广阔，太阳的色泽appearance of the weld appearance quality technical requirements of the project must not have a molten metal stream does not melt the base metal to weld, weld seam and heat-affected zone surface must not have cracks, pores, defects such as crater and ash, surface smoothing, weld and base metal should be evenly smooth transition. Width 2-3 mm from the edge of weld Groove. Surface reinforcement should be less than or equal to 1 + 0.2 times the slope edge width, and should not be greater than 4 mm. Depth of undercut should be less than or equal to 0.5 mm, total length of the welds on both sides undercut not exceed 10% of the weld length, and long continuous should not be greater than 100 mm. Wrong side should be less than or at 0.2T, and should not be greater than 2 mm (wall thickness mm t) incomplete or not allow 7.5 7.5.1 installation quality process standards of the electrical enclosure Cabinet surface is clean, neat, no significant phenomenon of convex, close to nature, close the door. 7.5.2 Cabinet Cabinet face paints no paint, returned to rusted, consistent color. 7.5.3 uniform indirect gap from top to bottom, slot width <1.5mm 7.5.4 adjacent Cabinet surface roughness is 0. 7.5.5 the cabinets firmly fixed, crafts beautiful. 7.5.6 Cabinet surface gauge, switch cabinet mark clear, neat, firm paste. 7.5.7 Terminal row of neat, is reliable, the appearance is clean and not damaged. 7.5.8 cables neat and clean, solid binding, binding process in appearance. 7.5.9 the first cable production firm, crafts beautiful, clear signage does not fade. 7.5.10 fireproof plugging tight, no cracks and pores. 7.6 7.6.1 of the standard electrical wiring quality technology cable a, the multi-core wire bunch arrangement should be parallel to each other, horizontal wire harness or wire should be perpendicular to the longitudinal multi-core wire bunch. The distance between the wire harness and wire harness symmetry, and as close as possible. B-core wiring harness into round, multi-core wire bunch used g wire binding, fastening 有多么暖。不可知。你只知道春来的时候，所有的景物都变了，这些变化里让你感受得到画面里的色彩渐变――“朗润起来”的墨而浅淡的绿;也感受得到影片中的音响的推进――“水涨起来”微弱转强的声音;也感受得到氛围里的温度的上升――“太阳的脸红起来”转暖的日光。这些景物动起来便让人也随着它们的变化而走进了春天渐行渐近的脚步。一切景物都是有生命的，都有活力。 (五)参差错落绘映衬之景 背景，衬于主体的背后，以烘托氛围为己任。背景，可以与主体是同色系的，画面有整体感，给人以统一和谐的感受;也可以与主体呈对比，画面会更具冲击力，色彩将炫目而令主体特别突出;有时主体与背景呈动景相对之态，也别有一般风味。当然，景物有时也可以互为背景，相互映衬。 如:“春花图”中“花下成千成百的蜜蜂嗡嗡地闹着，大小的蝴蝶飞来飞去。”描绘春花图，蜜蜂、蝴蝶理应是配角，它们却闹得“嗡嗡”的，又飞来飞去，是不是有“抢戏”的嫌疑,其实，这更显示出作者的匠心，他未曾将它们的形象着力描绘，权以它们来增添画面的声色和动态以衬托花色的艳丽、花味的香甜，令人对能如此“招蜂引蝶”的春花更生喜爱之情。 如:“野花遍地是:杂样儿，有名字的，没名字的，散在草丛里，像眼睛，像星星，还眨呀眨的。”对于春花图来说这野花也算得第二主角，于是春草在这里就成了配角，它们将野花隐藏其间，一个“散”字便将野花零零落落的图景展现出来。而“眨”字更让人感觉得到春风吹拂春草，野花或隐或现，若隐若现，情趣毕至，这时候的草便是野花展现风情的背景。而野花对于那些桃李花卉来说又有陪衬之用，因而连名字都没有，也没有特别的精细的刻画，但正因如此，这幅春花图才主次分明，更有层次美、立体美。 二、文蕴其神 景致生动可感固然引人入胜，但感人至深的却往往是作者在景致中寄托蕴含的情意或思想，这便是文章的精神，是景致的灵魂。这些景致可以成为作者情绪宣泄，思维表达的载体，它们也便因了作者的心灵之音而更具魅力，读者更易产生共鸣，作者也便得了知音。如此，作者寄情于景的绘景艺术也值得我们品评。 “一切景语皆情语”，景如画是展现形态之美，景含情则是蕴藏性灵之美。作者往往融情于景或借景抒情，充分地表达情感才真正是作者着力描绘景物的弦外之音。《春》更是字斟句酌，渲染出深情的自然景致。 (一)关注生动的自然 appearance of the weld appearance quality technical requirements of the project must not have a molten metal stream does not me- 3 - lt the base metal to weld, weld seam and heat-affected zone surface must not have cracks, pores, defects such as crater and ash, surface smoothing, weld and base metal should be evenly smooth transition. Width 2-3 mm from the edge of weld Groove. Surface reinforcement should be less than or equal to 1 + 0.2 times the slope edge width, and should not be greater than 4 mm. Depth of undercut should be less than or equal to 0.5 mm, total length of the welds on both sides undercut not exceed 10% of the weld length, and long continuous should not be greater than 100 mm. Wrong side should be less than or at 0.2T, and should not be greater than 2 mm (wall thickness mm t) incomplete or not allow 7.5 7.5.1 installation quality process standards of the electrical enclosure Cabinet surface is clean, neat, no significant phenomenon of convex, close to nature, close the door. 7.5.2 Cabinet Cabinet face paints no paint, returned to rusted, consistent color. 7.5.3 uniform indirect gap from top to bottom, slot width <1.5mm 7.5.4 adjacent Cabinet surface roughness is 0. 7.5.5 the cabinets firmly fixed, crafts beautiful. 7.5.6 Cabinet surface gauge, switch cabinet mark clear, neat, firm paste. 7.5.7 Terminal row of neat, is reliable, the appearance is clean and not damaged. 7.5.8 cables neat and clean, solid binding, binding process in appearance. 7.5.9 the first cable production firm, crafts beautiful, clear signage does not fade. 7.5.10 fireproof plugging tight, no cracks and pores. 7.6 7.6.1 of the standard electrical wiring quality technology cable a, the multi-core wire bunch arrangement should be parallel to each other, horizontal wire harness or wire should be perpendicular to the longitudinal multi-core wire bunch. The distance between the wire harness and wire harness symmetry, and as close as possible. B-core wiring harness into round, multi-core wire bunch used g wire binding, fastening 全篇文辞俊美，选择如许春之美景，无一不包含作者对自然之景的热爱，无论是做了主角的春花、春草、春风、春雨还是那些点缀在文中的些许配角:山、水、风筝，无一不是春天特有的，无一不充满着朝气。读者读着无法不为之打动，无法不为作者赞美春天，赞美自然时洋溢的热情而感染，这情诉得明白。 (二)关照生命的历程 关照，深入字里行间，除了看得到景物的美，更可以感触到景物们特有的生命力。 “小草偷偷地从土里钻出来。” “园子里，田野里，瞧去，一大片一大片满是的。” “桃树、杏树、梨树，你不让我，我不让你，都开满了花赶趟儿。” “闭了眼，树上仿佛已经满是桃儿、杏儿、梨儿” 在这一组景物里，“钻”“满”“不让”“赶趟”“满是”这些语词可以让你感悟得到一种勃发的力量。阅读、朗诵会让人们情绪激昂。这些景物又仿佛象征着人生的每一个历程:萌生、成长、竞争、成熟、成功，在这里，读者可以了解作者对生命历程充满了热情。 生活 (三)关注活力的 “风里带来些新翻的泥土的气息”。 “牛背上牧童的短笛，这时候也成天嘹亮地响着。” “在乡下，小路上，石桥边，有撑起伞慢慢走着的人;地里还有工作的农民，披着蓑戴着笠。” “城里乡下，家家户户，老老小小，也赶趟儿似的，一个个都出来了。舒活舒活筋骨，抖擞抖擞精神，各做各的一份儿事去”。 牧童短笛成天地响;到处都有忙碌的人;农人冒雨劳作;无论城乡、不管老小，人们都做着一份事，都赶着活动，精神都是抖擞的。这一组场景的刻画又让读者望得到田间春耕、放牧、插秧，也望得见时时处处不辍劳作的积极、繁忙。其语句多为短句，赋予节奏，语词也用暖色，完全给人愉悦的快感。这些场景的刻画无不让人领悟到作者充满了对忙碌而充实的生活的赞美。 读者可以从这些画面感受得到作者的愉悦、热切、欢乐的心情，更可以感悟到作者的情感:赞美蓬勃的春天，赞美激昂的人生，赞美富有朝气的生活，赞美一切乐观积极的景物、人物。同时，情感贯穿于全文，更令景物生动感人。当然，在感受到作者的赞美与热爱之余读者一定可以从中体悟出作者的志趣与追求，在与之产生共鸣之时，阅读文章的情趣与意趣便展现出来了。朱自清先生本身认为appearance of the weld appearance quality technical requirements of the project must not have a molten metal stream does not melt the base metal to weld, weld seam and heat-affected zone surface must not have cracks, pores, defects such as crater and ash, surface smoothing, weld and base metal should be evenly smooth transition. Width 2-3 mm from the edge of weld Groove. Surface reinforcement should be less than or equal to 1 + 0.2 times the slope edge width, and should not be greater than 4 mm. Depth of undercut should be less than or equal to 0.5 mm, total length of the welds on both sides undercut not exceed 10% of the weld length, and long continuous should not be greater than 100 mm. Wrong side should be less than or at 0.2T, and should not be greater than 2 mm (wall thickness mm t) incomplete or not allow 7.5 7.5.1 installation quality process standards of the electrical enclosure Cabinet surface is clean, neat, no significant phenomenon of convex, close to nature, close the door. 7.5.2 Cabinet Cabinet face paints no paint, returned to rusted, consistent color. 7.5.3 uniform indirect gap from top to bottom, slot width <1.5mm 7.5.4 adjacent Cabinet surface roughness is 0. 7.5.5 the cabinets firmly fixed, crafts beautiful. 7.5.6 Cabinet surface gauge, switch cabinet mark clear, neat, firm paste. 7.5.7 Terminal row of neat, is reliable, the appearance is clean and not damaged. 7.5.8 cables neat and clean, solid binding, binding process in appearance. 7.5.9 the first cable production firm, crafts beautiful, clear signage does not fade. 7.5.10 fireproof plugging tight, no cracks and pores. 7.6 7.6.1 of the standard electrical wiring quality technology cable a, the multi-core wire bunch arrangement should be parallel to each other, horizontal wire harness or wire should be perpendicular to the longitudinal multi-core wire bunch. The distance between the wire harness and wire harness symmetry, and as close as possible. B-core wiring harness into round, multi-core wire bunch used g wire binding, fastening 古代文学当用“载道”和“缘情”来概括，于是他便也在实践中自然而然地渗透了。正如林非论说的“朱自清的成功之处是:善于通过精确的观察，细腻地抒写出对自然景色的内心感受。”(《现代六十家散文札记》) 三、言律其音 传神绘景之笔可以摹图像，更可以奏乐律，作者表现景物之美之时不忘展示语言音韵本身的魅力，而“韵是一种复沓，可以帮助情感的强调和意义的集中。”(朱自清《新诗杂话》) 文中叠词的运用，短语的连用，反复与排比手法的运用本身就创造出一种音律之美，仿佛主旋律的反复咏叹，情感的重锤。 文章多短句，其实仿佛新诗，每句天然成节，节奏已然，情绪明晰。 尾词多为助词，可读轻声，似为舒缓强烈节奏的休止符，诵读时可转换气息。 文章可观可读。吟诵时不仅朗朗上口，更是抑扬有节，或铿锵，或舒柔，或急骤，或散逸„„实在琴韵非常，引人陶醉。正是“诗文主要是靠了声调”，这样“更显然直接诉诸听觉”，“容易唤起普遍的趣味和快感”。(朱自清《论百读不厌》) 景物，在这篇《春》中展现出具体而生动的形态，寄托了作者爱与乐的情愫，而文辞更有乐律之美感，使文章具有特别的情致和神韵。郁达夫说过:“朱自清虽则是一个诗人，可是他的散文仍能满贮着那一种诗意。文学研究会的散文作家中，除冰心女士外，文章之美，要算他。”(《中国新文学大系散文二集?导引》)朱自清先生刻画景物或近或远、或实或虚、或主或衬、或静或动，或浓墨重彩，或简单勾勒，极尽描摹之能事，实值得习作者琢磨推敲。 appearance of the weld appearance quality technical requirements of the project must not have a molten metal stream does not me- 5 - lt the base metal to weld, weld seam and heat-affected zone surface must not have cracks, pores, defects such as crater and ash, surface smoothing, weld and base metal should be evenly smooth transition. Width 2-3 mm from the edge of weld Groove. Surface reinforcement should be less than or equal to 1 + 0.2 times the slope edge width, and should not be greater than 4 mm. Depth of undercut should be less than or equal to 0.5 mm, total length of the welds on both sides undercut not exceed 10% of the weld length, and long continuous should not be greater than 100 mm. Wrong side should be less than or at 0.2T, and should not be greater than 2 mm (wall thickness mm t) incomplete or not allow 7.5 7.5.1 installation quality process standards of the electrical enclosure Cabinet surface is clean, neat, no significant phenomenon of convex, close to nature, close the door. 7.5.2 Cabinet Cabinet face paints no paint, returned to rusted, consistent color. 7.5.3 uniform indirect gap from top to bottom, slot width <1.5mm 7.5.4 adjacent Cabinet surface roughness is 0. 7.5.5 the cabinets firmly fixed, crafts beautiful. 7.5.6 Cabinet surface gauge, switch cabinet mark clear, neat, firm paste. 7.5.7 Terminal row of neat, is reliable, the appearance is clean and not damaged. 7.5.8 cables neat and clean, solid binding, binding process in appearance. 7.5.9 the first cable production firm, crafts beautiful, clear signage does not fade. 7.5.10 fireproof plugging tight, no cracks and pores. 7.6 7.6.1 of the standard electrical wiring quality technology cable a, the multi-core wire bunch arrangement should be parallel to each other, horizontal wire harness or wire should be perpendicular to the longitudinal multi-core wire bunch. The distance between the wire harness and wire harness symmetry, and as close as possible. B-core wiring harness into round, multi-core wire bunch used g wire binding, fastening