红酒知识与红酒文化

红酒知识与红酒文化 【喝酒寻开心 不宜当药饮】 话说葡萄酒在中国渐渐打开销路,媒体关于葡萄酒保健功能的报道功不可没。近年来,韩国的葡萄酒进口呈明显上升趋势,饮者也是冲着其保健功能而解囊的。重视保健乃是人类的共性,然而,东亚人民对养生具有特殊的热情,但闻新方,便趋之若鹜。 萝卜青菜,各有所爱。人人都有选择和调配食品的自由。不过,笔者想通过这篇拙文达一个想法:饮食是生活中一大乐趣。善待食品也就是善待自己。物应尽其用,食应尽其味。若要保持原味,就得讲求纯正。若要调味,则应调得艺术。无论保持原味还是进行调味,都应遵循一个基本原则:可口。药膳有一定的药效,但它也是美味的。否则的话,谁会花钱买“苦口”呢,在家里熬一付汤剂喝了不是更有效吗,生姜和胡椒有健胃作用,至今没听说有谁把它们泡到上好的龙井茶里喝。饮食的搭配确实是文化底蕴的反映。 葡萄酒是醇郁的琼浆,这正是它令人愉悦的地方。怎么可以想象,泡上洋葱,弄出一股怪味道,然后屏住呼吸喝下去,这不是把好好的葡萄酒糟蹋了吗,谁舍得用几十元、近百元、甚至几百元一瓶的葡萄酒泡洋葱呢,若使用便宜的伪劣葡萄酒,难道不怕反而伤身吗, 葡萄酒是适于单喝的,不宜掺这掺那。有一段时间,国人时兴掺上雪碧喝,出了国仍沿用此法,着实被老外讥笑了一阵。人家在讥笑我们暴殄天物。现在又兴起洋葱酒,真还有点按下葫芦起了瓢的味道。中国是药酒大国,三蛇酒,三鞭酒,蛤蚧酒,枸杞酒,难以尽数,可以随意选用,何必自己再去炮制这、炮制那, 葡萄酒本身确实有些保健作用,但是,它的价值和使命首先是“助兴”。我们必须明白,葡萄酒是把双刃剑。因为含有酒精和多酚,它便有活血化淤的作用。要知道,葡萄酒的活血化淤作用,再大也打不过丹参滴丸或麝香保心丹。特别是,酒这个东西,喝了会上瘾,越喝量越大,到头来,必然伤害肝脏的功能。在被称为葡萄酒王国的法国,好几位葡萄酒爱好者对笔者说,对于葡萄酒的危害,法国医生不止一次地发出了求援的SOS信号。任何东西都有两面性。片面的文章,俯拾即是。广告就更不必说了:那有花钱宣扬自己缺点的,所以,我们要学会听两面之词。 外国太遥远,跟前的事更容易理解。广西的巴马县是中国有名的长寿乡。一位去过那里采访的朋友说,当地人以玉米和薯类为主食,饮用自然的井水。你想想,那些长寿的老婆婆们喝过葡萄酒吗, 葡萄酒不是生活必需品,是美食品。面包是填饱肚子的,燕窝是满足富人的朵颐或虚荣心的。吃饭不配葡萄酒行不行,当然行,之所以用葡萄酒配菜,那时因为葡萄酒的香气令人陶醉,还因为它能增加菜色的美味。这是一项美酒配美食的系统组合艺术。 面对美酒美食,我们应该采取什么态度,人们取向不同,难分高低,应该相互尊重。不过我觉得,若有了美酒美食,最好的态度便是放开性情,尽量享用一番。“烹羊宰牛且为乐,会须一饮三百杯”。这两句诗把李白的潇洒和豪爽表现得淋漓尽致。这样的生活,何等痛快,可以肯定地说,李白吃喝时,绝不会每每想到血糖和血脂的指数。 2004年8月12日,美国家喻户晓的电视厨艺明星朱莉娅?蔡尔德:Julia Child:溘然长逝,美国人痛失了一位“国宝级”人物。她身高1.88米,双手也并不灵巧。1948年随她的外交官丈夫到了巴黎,爱上了法国餐点,从此致力于教授美国人做法国菜,终生乐此不疲,为此获得了美国公民的最高奖“总统自由勋章”和法国最高级别的“荣誉军团勋章”。教手艺固然值得赞颂,但是,对人更有启发的是她的“快乐烹饪、开心饮食”的理念。20世纪80年代,“健康饮食”概念开始风行,老太太对此不以为然。她把那些整天唠唠叨叨警告人们防备高血脂、高胆固醇、高热量的营养专家们戏称为“食品恐怖主义者”,觉得他们的警告,如果被人们片面地实行,那就可能剥夺大众的美食乐趣。适量是条重要的原则。她说:“我宁可醉心地享用几小块薄薄的优等牛排,或者一小份巧克力慕司,一小片肥鹅肝,也不愿吃些无脂果冻布丁之类的东西”。她一直坚持“想吃就吃,开心就好”的方针。可以想象,在美国的环境中,蔡尔德没有少吃高脂高糖食品,然而,这并没有妨碍她的长寿:只差两天,她就活满了92年。她的最后一餐是一份法式洋葱汤。可见老太太对洋葱的喜爱。洋葱是好蔬菜,凉拌、炒食和做汤都不错。没听说蔡尔德用它泡过葡萄酒。她可能没有获悉过这个方子,不过,可以肯定,她即使知道了也决不会如法配制的。 air, keep house air fresh, cooling, moisture, reduce the body temperature of the chicken, which is a measure of the chicken house the first element of the environment. (1) the parameters: ventilation in summer peak demand calculations, 4~5 cubic metres per kilogram of body weight per hour, harmful gas concentration does not exceed 20ppm ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, l0ppm, co 0.15%. (2) ventilation natural ventilation and mechanical ... 5. thermal insulation roof cold season is the region of greatest heat loss, are also hot towel sunlight than any other region, so the roof insulation is the most important region, followed by the walls, if open sheds to make doors and Windows switches freely, and seal well. On most of the walls and roof insulation must be taken or equivalent devices, thermal insulation materials require higher thermal resistance, good thermal insulation properties, and thicken the North wall must also be taken of thickness and measures such as roof and ceiling canopy. In places with more rain, due the eaves of roofs on both sides extending outward. Pheasants (pheasants) farm building (a) site choose pheasant fields should be selected gaozao terrain, sand texture, well drained, slightly to the South of terrain. Mountain areas should be selected under the sunny, spacious, ventilation, sunshine, where the drainage is good. Pheasant farms should be built in a quiet, safe place, away from residential areas, factories, the main traffic artery, but taking into account feed, transportation problems. A clean water source, water is not contaminated. To have a reliable power supply, not only to maintain normal lighting,air, keep house air fresh, cooling, moisture, reduce the body temperature of the chicken, which is a measure of the chicken house the first element of the environment. (1) the parameters: ventilation in summer peak demand calculations, 4~5 cubic metres per kilogram of body weight per hour, harmful gas concentration does not exceed 20ppm ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, l0ppm, co 0.15%. (2) ventilation natural ventilation and mechanical ... 5. thermal insulation roof cold season is the region of greatest heat loss, are also hot towel sunlight than any other region, so the roof insulation is the most important region, followed by the walls, if open sheds to make doors and Windows switches freely, and seal well. On most of the walls and roof insulation must be taken or equivalent devices, thermal insulation materials require higher thermal resistance, good thermal insulation properties, and thicken the North wall must also be taken of thickness and measures such as roof and ceiling canopy. In places with more rain, due the eaves of roofs on both sides extending outward. Pheasants (pheasants) farm building (a) site choose pheasant fields should be selected gaozao terrain, sand texture, well drained, slightly to the South of terrain. Mountain areas should be selected under the sunny, spacious, ventilation, sunshine, where the drainage is good. Pheasant farms should be built in a quiet, safe place, away from residential areas, factories, the main traffic artery, but taking into account feed, transportation problems. A clean water source, water is not contaminated. To have a reliable power supply, not only to maintain normal lighting, 英雄所见略同。鲁迅的饮食观与李白和蔡尔德的饮食观是相通的。有一次,他和朋友讨论聚会的事,他说,不吃便罢,要吃就要吃好些。他反对把饮食和 或其他理由挂起钩来。1936年9月,即在他辞世前一个月的时候,他的身体已弱不可支了,但他还坚持写了篇文章,题目是“这也是生活”。这实际上是给家人留下的遗嘱。同时,他也讲了生活的道理。当时,日本已经开始了对中国的侵略。上海的《申报》发表过一篇文章,号召国人在吃西瓜时,应该想到国土被瓜分的情形。鲁迅对此不以为然,认为用不着把饮食的愉快和 或其他理由联系起来。他说,“一面这样想,一面吃西瓜,我恐怕一定咽不下去”。他老人家还说,“这样整天哭丧着脸去吃,不多久,胃口就倒了,还抗什么敌。” 大家都知道,鲁迅有胃病,但老酒照喝,香烟照抽。在大事大非的问题上,他义无反顾。在饮食嗜好上,则决不夹着尾巴做人。我想,有了他这种态度,喝葡萄酒的人就能喝出个好来。 法国是世界上葡萄酒生产历史最悠久的国家之一，不仅葡萄种植园面积广大，葡萄酒产量大，消费量大，而且葡萄酒质量是世界上公认是第一的。 法国葡萄酒的品种划分 葡萄酒是以用新鲜葡萄果实或果汁,经完全或部分酒精发酵酿制而成的饮料。依据酿造方法可大致分为: ? 帄静葡萄酒:摄氏20度时,不起泡的葡萄酒,它包括红葡萄酒和白葡萄酒: ——红葡萄酒:采摘后连同葡萄皮一起压榨酿造,酒红色来自葡萄皮的颜色。通常,红葡萄酒是用红葡萄和紫葡萄酿造的。 ——白葡萄酒:酿造时只用葡萄汁,而不要葡萄皮,通常由白葡萄或绿葡萄酿造。通常所讲的葡萄酒一般就是指帄静葡萄酒。 ? 气泡葡萄酒:采用二次发酵酿制的葡萄酒 我们通常所讲的香槟酒就属于此类。由于原产地命名的原因,只有法国香槟产区内生产的气泡葡萄酒才能命名为"香槟酒",其他的起泡葡萄酒不能称香槟酒,只能叫气泡葡萄酒。 ? 蒸馏葡萄酒:采用蒸馏酒工艺酿制的葡萄酒。通常所讲的干邑 XO就属于此类。 法国葡萄酒知识之分类 1,原产地名称监制葡萄酒:AOC:是法国葡萄酒中的极品,政府对这类酒的出品有严格的法规进行控制,这些法规涉及生产、葡萄品种、最低酒精含量、单位面积最高产量、葡萄栽培方法、酿酒方法,有时甚至包括储藏和陈酿条件等,“原产地名称监制葡萄酒”只有在符合了该酒的特定标准以后,才有资格冠以“地名监制”的美称,否则无权使用“地名监制”。 2,特酿葡萄酒:VDQS:它的生产必须经过:“国家原产地地名协会”的严格控制和管理,其生产条件包括:生产地区、使用的葡萄品种、最低酒精含量、单位面积最高产量、葡萄栽培方法、酿酒方法等,在顺利通过官方委员会进行的品尝试验之前,这类酒不能从地方企业联合会取得VDQS标签。 3,当地产葡萄酒:VINS DE PAYS:又称乡土葡萄酒,该类酒只能用经认可的葡萄品种进行酿制,且葡萄品种必须是酒标上所使用地名的当地产品。 4,佐餐葡萄酒:VINS DE TABLE:是除当地产葡萄酒外的佐餐酒,酒精度一般在8.5%-15%之间,他们可以是不同地区,甚至不同国家葡萄酒的混合品。 法国葡萄酒无论是佐餐葡萄酒还是AOC葡萄酒,开始生产直到被消费,都受到全方位的严格控制,控制内容涉及到生产、批发商、销售和消费等内容。 法国葡萄酒知识之产区 法国葡萄酒10大产区 ? 香槟产区 Champagne ? 阿尔萨斯产区 Alsace ? 卢瓦尔河谷产区 Vallee de la Loire air, keep house air fresh, cooling, moisture, reduce the body temperature of the chicken, which is a measure of the chicken house the first element of the environment. (1) the parameters: ventilation in summer peak demand calculations, 4~5 cubic metres per kilogram of body weight per hour, harmful gas concentration does not exceed 20ppm ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, l0ppm, co 0.15%. (2) ventilation natural ventilation and mechanical ... 5. thermal insulation roof cold season is the region of greatest heat loss, are also hot towel sunlight than any other region, so the roof insulation is the most important region, followed by the walls, if open sheds to make doors and Windows switches freely, and seal well. On most of the walls and roof insulation must be taken or equivalent devices, thermal insulation materials require higher thermal resistance, good thermal insulation properties, and thicken the North wall must also be taken of thickness and measures such as roof and ceiling canopy. In places with more rain, due the eaves of roofs on both sides extending outward. Pheasants (pheasants) farm building (a) site choose pheasant fields should be selected gaozao terrain, sand texture, well drained, slightly to the South of terrain. Mountain areas should be selected under the sunny, spacious, ventilation, sunshine, where the drainage is good. Pheasant farms should be built in a quiet, safe place, away from residential areas, factories, the main traffic artery, but taking into account feed, transportation problems. A clean water source, water is not contaminated. To have a reliable power supply, not only to maintain normal lighting,air, keep house air fresh, cooling, moisture, reduce the body temperature of the chicken, which is a measure of the chicken house the first element of the environment. (1) the parameters: ventilation in summer peak demand calculations, 4~5 cubic metres per kilogram of body weight per hour, harmful gas concentration does not exceed 20ppm ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, l0ppm, co 0.15%. (2) ventilation natural ventilation and mechanical ... 5. thermal insulation roof cold season is the region of greatest heat loss, are also hot towel sunlight than any other region, so the roof insulation is the most important region, followed by the walls, if open sheds to make doors and Windows switches freely, and seal well. On most of the walls and roof insulation must be taken or equivalent devices, thermal insulation materials require higher thermal resistance, good thermal insulation properties, and thicken the North wall must also be taken of thickness and measures such as roof and ceiling canopy. In places with more rain, due the eaves of roofs on both sides extending outward. Pheasants (pheasants) farm building (a) site choose pheasant fields should be selected gaozao terrain, sand texture, well drained, slightly to the South of terrain. Mountain areas should be selected under the sunny, spacious, ventilation, sunshine, where the drainage is good. Pheasant farms should be built in a quiet, safe place, away from residential areas, factories, the main traffic artery, but taking into account feed, transportation problems. A clean water source, water is not contaminated. To have a reliable power supply, not only to maintain normal lighting, ? 勃艮第产区 Bourgogne ? 汝拉和萨瓦产区 Jura et Savoir ? 罗纳河谷产区 Rhone Valley ? 波尔多产区 Bordeaux ? 西南产区 Sud-Ouest ? 朗格多克,鲁西雍产区 Languedoc-Roussillon ? 普罗旺斯,科西嘉产区 Provence et Corse 有些专家将香槟产区、勃艮第产区和波尔多产区列为法国三大代表性产区 ? 香槟产区主要是起泡葡萄酒 ? 波尔多产区主要是调配葡萄酒 ? 勃艮第产区主要是单一葡萄品种的葡萄酒 波尔多和波肯地、香槟并称为法国三大葡萄酒产地。 法国葡萄酒知识之产地介绍 波尔多:BORDEAUX:位于法国西南部,加龙河、多尔多涅河和卲龙德河谷地区,有葡萄园近11万公顷,年均产酒5亿瓶左右,是公认的世界最大葡萄酒产地。由于地广土肥,葡萄品种齐全,几乎所有的葡萄酒都有生产,有香醇味浓的红葡萄酒,有带辣味或甜味的白葡萄酒,还有玫瑰红葡萄酒等。从高级佳酿到普通佐餐酒,应有尽有,尤其以红葡萄酒口味最为优雅细腻。 梅多克:MEDOC:位于卲龙德河左岸,波尔多地区的西北部,地势帄坦,表土多为沙砾鹅卵石质,下层土为赤褐色含铁土质,较好的葡萄酒来自奥麦多克村等8个地区,并以村名作葡萄酒名。 圣?爱斯泰夫村:ST.ESTEPHE)所产的葡萄酒呈鲜艳的深红色,浓郁甘美。名酒有CH.COS D’ ESTOURNEL。 波亚克村(PAUILLAC)是出产最高级的波尔多红葡萄酒的葡萄园,所产红葡萄酒具有浓厚的红宝石颜色,香味优雅,口味细腻,是经过长期成熟的红葡萄酒,在麦多克五大葡萄酒中有四种出自该村,如:拉费特罗氏查尔德堡(CH.LAFIT ROTHSCHILD),拉杜堡(CH.LATOUR)等。 圣?于连村(ST.JULIEN)与普衣克毗邻,所产葡萄酒呈稍带紫色的浓红色,因为涩味与酸度控制调和得很圆满,所以该地区产的红葡萄酒十分著名。但产量不多,价格较贵。如: LEVOVILLE-LAS-CASES, LEOVILLE-POYFERRE等。 玛歌村(MARGAUX)生产的葡萄酒色调十分美丽,呈红宝石色。以生产涩味较弱,口味柔软细腻的葡萄酒为主,因涩味和酸味调和恰当,口味芳醇可口。此村拥有AOC法规,所有产品商标上都有注明,如极品中的玛高堡(CH.MARGAUX)。 莫丽斯村(MOULIS)是属于上游地区靠森林一带的产酒村庄,产品中公认为高级葡萄酒的并没有,但品质优良可取。 波尔多地区葡萄种植园很多,产品又各自相对独立,为了控制其质量,法国政府于1855年对此进行分类,1973年又进行第二次分类,其结果基本与1855年相同:头苑4种,二苑15种,三苑14种,四苑10种,五苑18种。 格拉芙(GRAVES)位于加龙河左岸,该地区生产红葡萄酒,也有一些佳酿产品。较有名的村庄有奥?伯里翁城堡(CH〃HAUT-BRION)和帕佩。克勒芒特(PAPE CLEMENT)。该区所产的红葡萄酒比麦多克区来得更浓厚强烈,香味也很特别,而白葡萄酒又分甜味与辣味两种。其中以辣味的品质较为优良。1855年麦多克进行的葡萄酒分类,将奥?伯里翁城堡列入头苑。苏太尼斯地区(SAUTERNES)位于格拉夫斯地区南部并为之包围,拥有波米斯等5个村庄。该区出产世界最著名的甜白葡萄酒,且生产方法独特,酒农们先让葡萄在树上充分成熟,葡萄叶凋落后,阳光直射葡萄,使过熟的葡萄糖份得以浓缩,不但糖份充足,而且会因菌类作用而形成“贵腐“状(NOBLE ROT),这种现象更增加了葡萄糖份的产生,因此发酵后葡萄酒中仍有甜味残留,从而产生了自然甜美芳香的白葡萄酒。巴萨克村是该区5个村中唯一具有AOC系统的种植园,葡萄酒口味与其他4村不太相同,甜味较少,香味浓郁。圣?艾米利翁(ST〃EMILION)该地区以盛产波尔多红葡萄酒而知名,所产葡萄酒色调呈淡红宝石色,涩味少,成熟快,酒体匀称,著名酒品有:乌召尼堡(CH〃AUSONE)白马堡(CH〃CHEVAL-BLANC)等。波默洛尔(POMEROL)位于圣?艾米利翁西北部的一个小葡萄种植园,该地产的著名红葡萄酒色泽深红,柔软芳醇,耐力好,能长久储藏而不变质。 勃艮地:BOURGOGNE:是法国古老的葡萄酒产地之一,也是唯一可以与波尔多葡萄酒抗衡的地区,既生产著名的红葡萄酒,也生产 air, keep house air fresh, cooling, moisture, reduce the body temperature of the chicken, which is a measure of the chicken house the first element of the environment. (1) the parameters: ventilation in summer peak demand calculations, 4~5 cubic metres per kilogram of body weight per hour, harmful gas concentration does not exceed 20ppm ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, l0ppm, co 0.15%. (2) ventilation natural ventilation and mechanical ... 5. thermal insulation roof cold season is the region of greatest heat loss, are also hot towel sunlight than any other region, so the roof insulation is the most important region, followed by the walls, if open sheds to make doors and Windows switches freely, and seal well. On most of the walls and roof insulation must be taken or equivalent devices, thermal insulation materials require higher thermal resistance, good thermal insulation properties, and thicken the North wall must also be taken of thickness and measures such as roof and ceiling canopy. In places with more rain, due the eaves of roofs on both sides extending outward. Pheasants (pheasants) farm building (a) site choose pheasant fields should be selected gaozao terrain, sand texture, well drained, slightly to the South of terrain. Mountain areas should be selected under the sunny, spacious, ventilation, sunshine, where the drainage is good. Pheasant farms should be built in a quiet, safe place, away from residential areas, factories, the main traffic artery, but taking into account feed, transportation problems. A clean water source, water is not contaminated. To have a reliable power supply, not only to maintain normal lighting,air, keep house air fresh, cooling, moisture, reduce the body temperature of the chicken, which is a measure of the chicken house the first element of the environment. (1) the parameters: ventilation in summer peak demand calculations, 4~5 cubic metres per kilogram of body weight per hour, harmful gas concentration does not exceed 20ppm ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, l0ppm, co 0.15%. (2) ventilation natural ventilation and mechanical ... 5. thermal insulation roof cold season is the region of greatest heat loss, are also hot towel sunlight than any other region, so the roof insulation is the most important region, followed by the walls, if open sheds to make doors and Windows switches freely, and seal well. On most of the walls and roof insulation must be taken or equivalent devices, thermal insulation materials require higher thermal resistance, good thermal insulation properties, and thicken the North wall must also be taken of thickness and measures such as roof and ceiling canopy. In places with more rain, due the eaves of roofs on both sides extending outward. Pheasants (pheasants) farm building (a) site choose pheasant fields should be selected gaozao terrain, sand texture, well drained, slightly to the South of terrain. Mountain areas should be selected under the sunny, spacious, ventilation, sunshine, where the drainage is good. Pheasant farms should be built in a quiet, safe place, away from residential areas, factories, the main traffic artery, but taking into account feed, transportation problems. A clean water source, water is not contaminated. To have a reliable power supply, not only to maintain normal lighting, 饮誉世界的白葡萄酒。品种繁多,各具特色,有的雄浑饱满,有的精致典雅,千差万别,因此出产的AOC葡萄酒相对较少,主要有夏布丽?科多尔尼伊(COTE DE NUITS)和科多尔?博纳(COTE DE BEAUNE)等地的优良红、白葡萄酒,以及扎奥?卢瓦尔地区的白葡萄酒。著名产地有:夏布丽(CHABLIS)位于奥克斯勒镇附近,帄均年产110万加仑干白葡萄酒。该地的葡萄酒十分著名,其特征是色泽金黄带绿,清亮晶莹,带有刺激性辣味,香气优美而轻盈,精细而淡雅,口味细腻而清爽,纯洁雅致而富有风度,尤其适合佐餐生蚝,故有“生蚝葡萄酒“之美称。酒度在11%左右。夏布丽地区特级葡萄园有7个,这些地区生产的葡萄酒都是辣味清晰,风味清爽,干型,酒体匀称的佳酿高级品,此外还有21个一级葡萄园。科多尔(COTE D’OR)由科?尼伊和科?博纳两部分组成。科?尼伊又称为“黄金色的丘陵”,该区以生产红葡萄酒为主,且生产波肯地最好的红葡萄酒。著名品种有:卲夫海?香百丹(GEVREY-CHAMBERTIN)这是富于原味的强烈红葡萄酒。香菠萝?玛西尼(CHAMBOLLE-MUSIGNY)品质优雅,香味柔软?乌姣(VOUGEOT)佛尼斯?罗马奶(VOSNE ROMANEE)等。科?博纳主要生产波肯地上好的白葡萄酒,该区的布利尼?蒙拉谢(PULIGNY MONTRACHET)村是世界最高级的辣味白葡萄酒产地。拥有4个特级葡萄园,其中最出名的蒙拉谢有着芳醇诱人的香味和钢铁般强劲的辣味,所以有“白葡萄酒之王“的尊称。南波肯地包括科?夏龙(COTE CHALONNAISE)、玛孔:MACONNAIS:和博若莱斯3区,葡萄酒品丰富,风格多变,名酒很多。 科.夏龙主要生产波肯地起泡酒,该区麦尔科累:MARCUREY:出产的普衣府水:POUILLY FUISE:酒是波肯地最杰出的白葡萄酒,色泽浅绿,光泽丰润,辣味清淡可口,是十分爽口的干型白葡萄酒。 博若莱斯是波肯地最大的葡萄产地,面积达5万多英亩,年均产量超过200万加仑,“博若莱斯”几乎是上等红葡萄酒的代名词,以佳美葡萄为原料的红葡萄酒清淡可口。颇受好评,但所有博若莱斯葡萄酒必须在年轻时饮用,该地葡萄酒常以村名作酒名,如于莲娜:JULIENAS:、谢娜:CHENAS:、花坊:FLEURIE:、风磨:MOULIN-A-VENT:,风磨酒是博若莱斯著名的葡萄酒,其酒味厚质良,颜色深浓,果香显著,具有独特的迷人风格,外销量很大。 阿尔卑斯(ALSACE)位于东部莩日山脉东侧,隔莱茵河与德国相望,历史上曾几次被德国占领,其葡萄酒风格与德国葡萄酒极为相似, 科.罗衲(COTE DU RHONE)位于东南部,罗衲河流域,葡萄种植面积9万7千多英亩,年均产酒3500万加仑,品种有红有白,有干有甜,甚至还有起泡葡萄酒,较为齐全。 普罗旺斯(PROVENCE)是法国最早的葡萄种植园,希腊殖民者从这进入法国,在此定居,并开始种植葡萄。该地生产著名的玫瑰红葡萄酒,冰冻至10?时饮用香味最优美。产品多在AOC等级内。 卢瓦尔(LOIRE)位于西北部卢瓦尔河流域,出产各种玫瑰葡萄酒和红葡萄酒。 香槟(CHAMPAGNE)位于巴黎东北郊大约100英里处,出产号称“酒中之王”的香槟酒,从公元3世纪起,香槟地区开始生产红、白葡萄酒,直到1700年才第一次开始生产香槟酒,用于生产香槟酒的葡萄品种主要来自必奴葡萄家族,品种有黑必奴、默尼埃必奴和白必奴。香槟酒是葡萄酒完成发酵以后,进行倒桶、澄清和混合调配,然后将调配的葡萄酒加上甜味,装瓶后再经二次发酵,此时所释放的二氧化碳便溶解于葡萄酒中,这就是香槟酒在开瓶时会产生泡沫的原因。陈年香槟酒在上市前必须至少装瓶储存3年左右。 法国葡萄酒知识之小常识 ? 法国葡萄酒之所以最好,是因为法国在上述6大因素上的具备天赐优厚的条件。决定葡萄酒好坏的6大因素:葡萄品种、气候、土壤、湿度、葡萄园管理和酿酒技术。 同样的葡萄,如果种在山坡上就与山脚下不同,例如,海拔上升则温度下降,采摘时间就得延后,另外,阳光照射时间也很重要,太少则酸,太多则甜,法国政府规定的葡萄从开花至采摘间的日照时数为1300小时;同理,如果土壤不同,质量也不同:土地越贫瘠,葡萄酒越好。土地肥沃则葡萄含糖量过高。湿度也重要:看的见河流的地方才能酿出好酒…… 法国葡萄酒的真假鉴别知识 第一步,看酒瓶外观 ? 看酒瓶标签印刷是否清楚,是否仿冒翻印, air, keep house air fresh, cooling, moisture, reduce the body temperature of the chicken, which is a measure of the chicken house the first element of the environment. (1) the parameters: ventilation in summer peak demand calculations, 4~5 cubic metres per kilogram of body weight per hour, harmful gas concentration does not exceed 20ppm ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, l0ppm, co 0.15%. (2) ventilation natural ventilation and mechanical ... 5. thermal insulation roof cold season is the region of greatest heat loss, are also hot towel sunlight than any other region, so the roof insulation is the most important region, followed by the walls, if open sheds to make doors and Windows switches freely, and seal well. On most of the walls and roof insulation must be taken or equivalent devices, thermal insulation materials require higher thermal resistance, good thermal insulation properties, and thicken the North wall must also be taken of thickness and measures such as roof and ceiling canopy. In places with more rain, due the eaves of roofs on both sides extending outward. Pheasants (pheasants) farm building (a) site choose pheasant fields should be selected gaozao terrain, sand texture, well drained, slightly to the South of terrain. Mountain areas should be selected under the sunny, spacious, ventilation, sunshine, where the drainage is good. Pheasant farms should be built in a quiet, safe place, away from residential areas, factories, the main traffic artery, but taking into account feed, transportation problems. A clean water source, water is not contaminated. To have a reliable power supply, not only to maintain normal lighting,air, keep house air fresh, cooling, moisture, reduce the body temperature of the chicken, which is a measure of the chicken house the first element of the environment. (1) the parameters: ventilation in summer peak demand calculations, 4~5 cubic metres per kilogram of body weight per hour, harmful gas concentration does not exceed 20ppm ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, l0ppm, co 0.15%. (2) ventilation natural ventilation and mechanical ... 5. thermal insulation roof cold season is the region of greatest heat loss, are also hot towel sunlight than any other region, so the roof insulation is the most important region, followed by the walls, if open sheds to make doors and Windows switches freely, and seal well. On most of the walls and roof insulation must be taken or equivalent devices, thermal insulation materials require higher thermal resistance, good thermal insulation properties, and thicken the North wall must also be taken of thickness and measures such as roof and ceiling canopy. In places with more rain, due the eaves of roofs on both sides extending outward. Pheasants (pheasants) farm building (a) site choose pheasant fields should be selected gaozao terrain, sand texture, well drained, slightly to the South of terrain. Mountain areas should be selected under the sunny, spacious, ventilation, sunshine, where the drainage is good. Pheasant farms should be built in a quiet, safe place, away from residential areas, factories, the main traffic artery, but taking into account feed, transportation problems. A clean water source, water is not contaminated. To have a reliable power supply, not only to maintain normal lighting, ? 看酒瓶的封盖是否有异样,有没有被打开过的痕迹, ? 看酒瓶背面标签上的国际条形码是否以3字打头:法国国际码是3 ? 看酒瓶背面标签上是否有中文标识:根据中国法律,所有进口食品都要加中文背标,如果没有中文背标,有可能是 进口,则质量不 能保证。 第二步,看葡萄酒液 ? 看葡萄酒的颜色是否不自然, ? 看葡萄酒上是否有不明悬浮物,:注:瓶底的少许沉淀是正常的结晶体) ? 酒质变坏时颜色有浑浊感 第三步,看酒塞标识 ? 打开酒瓶,看木头酒塞上的文字是否与酒瓶标签上的文字一样。 在法国,酒瓶与酒塞都是专用的。 第四步,闻葡萄酒的气味 ? 如果葡萄酒有指甲油般呛人的气味,就变质了 第五步,品葡萄酒的口感 ? 饮第一口酒,酒液经过喉头时,正常的葡萄酒是帄顺的,问题酒则有刺激感。 ? 咽酒后,残留在口中的气味有化学气味或臭气味,则不正常。 ? 好葡萄酒饮用时应该令人神清气爽。 法国葡萄酒的好坏鉴别,红酒标签知识 第一步,从标签看该葡萄酒所属的级别,法国法律将法国葡萄酒分为4级: 1、法定产区葡萄酒 AOC 2、优良地区餐酒 VDQS 3、地区餐酒 VIN DE PAYS 4、日常餐酒 VIN DE TABLE 法定产区葡萄酒,级别简称 AOC,是法国葡萄酒最高级别 ——AOC在法文意思为“原产地控制命名”。 ——原产地地区的葡萄品种、种植数量、酿造过程、酒精含量等都要得到专家认证。 ——只能用原产地种植的葡萄酿制,绝对不可和别地葡萄汁勾兑。 ——AOC产量大约占法国葡萄酒总产量的35,。 ——酒瓶标签标示为 Appellation+产区名+Controlee。 凡属于A.O.C的酒,必须符合以下规定: 1.标明原产地名; 2.葡萄品种的名称; 3.酒精浓度一般都在10-13%之间; 4.限定葡萄园每公顷的生产量,以防止过量生产而使质量降低; 5.规定它的栽培方式,含剪枝、去蕊、去叶及施肥的标准; 6.采收葡萄时,符合含糖分量的规定才能发酵; 7.发酵方式; 8.贮藏的规定; 9.装瓶的时机。 优良地区餐酒,级别简称 VDQS 此为品质优良的上等餐酒,是属于优良地区所生产的,相比较于A.O.C的限制条件也差不多,但检定执行较为宽松。 ——是普通地区餐酒向AOC级别过渡所必须经历的级别。如果在VDQS时期酒质表现良好,则会升级为AOC。 air, keep house air fresh, cooling, moisture, reduce the body temperature of the chicken, which is a measure of the chicken house the first element of the environment. (1) the parameters: ventilation in summer peak demand calculations, 4~5 cubic metres per kilogram of body weight per hour, harmful gas concentration does not exceed 20ppm ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, l0ppm, co 0.15%. (2) ventilation natural ventilation and mechanical ... 5. thermal insulation roof cold season is the region of greatest heat loss, are also hot towel sunlight than any other region, so the roof insulation is the most important region, followed by the walls, if open sheds to make doors and Windows switches freely, and seal well. On most of the walls and roof insulation must be taken or equivalent devices, thermal insulation materials require higher thermal resistance, good thermal insulation properties, and thicken the North wall must also be taken of thickness and measures such as roof and ceiling canopy. In places with more rain, due the eaves of roofs on both sides extending outward. Pheasants (pheasants) farm building (a) site choose pheasant fields should be selected gaozao terrain, sand texture, well drained, slightly to the South of terrain. Mountain areas should be selected under the sunny, spacious, ventilation, sunshine, where the drainage is good. Pheasant farms should be built in a quiet, safe place, away from residential areas, factories, the main traffic artery, but taking into account feed, transportation problems. A clean water source, water is not contaminated. To have a reliable power supply, not only to maintain normal lighting,air, keep house air fresh, cooling, moisture, reduce the body temperature of the chicken, which is a measure of the chicken house the first element of the environment. (1) the parameters: ventilation in summer peak demand calculations, 4~5 cubic metres per kilogram of body weight per hour, harmful gas concentration does not exceed 20ppm ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, l0ppm, co 0.15%. (2) ventilation natural ventilation and mechanical ... 5. thermal insulation roof cold season is the region of greatest heat loss, are also hot towel sunlight than any other region, so the roof insulation is the most important region, followed by the walls, if open sheds to make doors and Windows switches freely, and seal well. On most of the walls and roof insulation must be taken or equivalent devices, thermal insulation materials require higher thermal resistance, good thermal insulation properties, and thicken the North wall must also be taken of thickness and measures such as roof and ceiling canopy. In places with more rain, due the eaves of roofs on both sides extending outward. Pheasants (pheasants) farm building (a) site choose pheasant fields should be selected gaozao terrain, sand texture, well drained, slightly to the South of terrain. Mountain areas should be selected under the sunny, spacious, ventilation, sunshine, where the drainage is good. Pheasant farms should be built in a quiet, safe place, away from residential areas, factories, the main traffic artery, but taking into account feed, transportation problems. A clean water source, water is not contaminated. To have a reliable power supply, not only to maintain normal lighting, ——产量只占法国葡萄酒总产量的2,。 ——酒瓶标签标示为 Appellation+产区名+Qualite Superieure。 地区餐酒 VIN DE PAYS (英文意思Wine of Country) 即乡土地区所生产的葡萄酒。各地区餐酒都有其独特的风味和口感,不限制年份、葡萄品种,但限制产区且不得混合酒,只要符合A.O.C 规定的123项即是。 ——日常餐酒中最好的酒被升级为地区餐酒 ——地区餐酒的标签上可以标明产区。 ——可以用标明产区内的葡萄汁勾兑,但仅限于该产区内的葡萄。 ——产量约占法国葡萄酒总产量的15,。 ——酒瓶标签标示为 Vin de Pays + 产区名 ——法国绝大部分的地区餐酒产自南部地中海沿岸。 日常餐酒 VIN DE TABLE (英文意思 Wine of the table) 适合于一般佐餐调配的葡萄酒,占法国葡萄酒产量的75%。法国本土多喝此级酒,它不限制年份、葡萄品种产地及包装;若是出口, 只要注明"法国产制"就可 ——是最低档的葡萄酒,作日常饮用。 ——可以由不同地区的葡萄汁勾兑而成,如果葡萄汁限于法国各产区,可称法国日常餐酒。 ——不得用欧共体外国家的葡萄汁 ——产量约占法国葡萄酒总产量的38,。 ——酒瓶标签标示为 Vin de Table ) 第二步,如果是AOC级别的葡萄酒,还可细分为很多等级 ? 法定产区葡萄酒AOC在法文意思为"原产地控制命名"。 ,酒瓶标签标示为 Appellation+产区名+Controlee。 ? 产区名标明的产地越小,酒质越好 例如,波尔多Bordeaux大产区下面可细分为MEDOC次产区、GRAVE次产区等, 而 MEDOC次产区内部又有很多村庄,如MARGAUX村庄, MARGAUX村庄内有包含几个城堡:法文Chateau),如Chateau Lascombes。 ——最低级是大产区名AOC:例如 Appellation+波尔多产区 +Controlee, ——次低级是次产区名AOC:如 Appellation+MEDOC次产区 +Controlee ——较高级是村庄名AOC:如 Appellation+MARGAUX村庄 +Controlee ——最高级是城堡名AOC:如Appellation+Chateau Lascombes城堡 +Controlee ? 要了解法国葡萄酒,请记住法文词"城堡" CHATEAU,也可译为"酒庄"。 第三步,对于一些波尔多葡萄酒,它还有其特殊的分级方式,有更高的分级,用法文的顶级酒庄 Premiers Grands Crus Classes 表 示, 请记住法文 CRU (意为"土地" ) 五大顶级酒庄: ——Chateau Lafite-Rothshild ——Chateau Margaux ——Chateau Latour ——Chateau Haut Brion ——Chateau Monton-Rothshild 波尔多葡萄酒的分级表 ? 1855年波尔多红白葡萄酒等级表 1855年,世界万国博览会在巴黎举行。为弘扬法国美酒文化,当时的法国国王拿破仑三世命令波尔多商会将波尔多产区的葡萄酒 进行等级评定,结果共有61家红葡萄酒酒庄和1家白葡萄酒分成5级入围。 波尔多葡萄酒等级表流传至今,但我们在查阅它时须知: ——该等级表以MEDOC次产区的葡萄酒为主,GRAVES次产区只有一款红葡萄酒入围,且名列5大顶级酒庄之列,因为Chateau air, keep house air fresh, cooling, moisture, reduce the body temperature of the chicken, which is a measure of the chicken house the first element of the environment. (1) the parameters: ventilation in summer peak demand calculations, 4~5 cubic metres per kilogram of body weight per hour, harmful gas concentration does not exceed 20ppm ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, l0ppm, co 0.15%. (2) ventilation natural ventilation and mechanical ... 5. thermal insulation roof cold season is the region of greatest heat loss, are also hot towel sunlight than any other region, so the roof insulation is the most important region, followed by the walls, if open sheds to make doors and Windows switches freely, and seal well. On most of the walls and roof insulation must be taken or equivalent devices, thermal insulation materials require higher thermal resistance, good thermal insulation properties, and thicken the North wall must also be taken of thickness and measures such as roof and ceiling canopy. In places with more rain, due the eaves of roofs on both sides extending outward. Pheasants (pheasants) farm building (a) site choose pheasant fields should be selected gaozao terrain, sand texture, well drained, slightly to the South of terrain. Mountain areas should be selected under the sunny, spacious, ventilation, sunshine, where the drainage is good. Pheasant farms should be built in a quiet, safe place, away from residential areas, factories, the main traffic artery, but taking into account feed, transportation problems. A clean water source, water is not contaminated. To have a reliable power supply, not only to maintain normal lighting,air, keep house air fresh, cooling, moisture, reduce the body temperature of the chicken, which is a measure of the chicken house the first element of the environment. (1) the parameters: ventilation in summer peak demand calculations, 4~5 cubic metres per kilogram of body weight per hour, harmful gas concentration does not exceed 20ppm ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, l0ppm, co 0.15%. (2) ventilation natural ventilation and mechanical ... 5. thermal insulation roof cold season is the region of greatest heat loss, are also hot towel sunlight than any other region, so the roof insulation is the most important region, followed by the walls, if open sheds to make doors and Windows switches freely, and seal well. On most of the walls and roof insulation must be taken or equivalent devices, thermal insulation materials require higher thermal resistance, good thermal insulation properties, and thicken the North wall must also be taken of thickness and measures such as roof and ceiling canopy. In places with more rain, due the eaves of roofs on both sides extending outward. Pheasants (pheasants) farm building (a) site choose pheasant fields should be selected gaozao terrain, sand texture, well drained, slightly to the South of terrain. Mountain areas should be selected under the sunny, spacious, ventilation, sunshine, where the drainage is good. Pheasant farms should be built in a quiet, safe place, away from residential areas, factories, the main traffic artery, but taking into account feed, transportation problems. A clean water source, water is not contaminated. To have a reliable power supply, not only to maintain normal lighting, Haut-Brion Pessac这款酒太好了。 ——波尔多产区内Saint-Emilion圣,艾米伦次产区的葡萄酒也非常著名,但该表未收入, 所以要以Saint-Emilion次产区自己的葡萄酒等级表作参考。 ——当时的分类不用酒庄CHATEAU一词,而用词汇CRU,意为土壤,标明CRU的葡萄酒一般都比较好 ? 格拉夫GRAVES次产区葡萄酒庄表 1953年,格拉夫次产区自行评定的红白葡萄酒表,但未分级别。 ? 圣-爱美隆SAINT,EMILLION次产区葡萄酒等级表 1954年,圣-爱美隆次产区将自己860公顷土地上的美酒分级,它在顶级酒庄中又分为A级和B级,A级比B级酒质高很多。 ? GRAND VIN 意为"伟大的葡萄酒"。一些波尔多葡萄酒标注它,表示该葡萄酒在 酒庄中已储藏3年,其中橡木桶中贮存18,24月后,装瓶1年之上,其间没有出问题 经受了考验,所以是好酒,"伟大的酒"。 ? 有些酒标为Bordeaux Superieur, 这种称谓只是当时的一种分类方法,绝大多数波尔 多葡萄酒都属此列,所以它并不表示该葡萄酒有多好。 ? 波尔多产区最贵的葡萄酒是 "贝托斯酒庄" CHATEAU PETRUS,因为其土壤构成 是陨石构成,全球独有,所以酒价昂贵。 ? 波尔多产区最著名的白葡萄酒是 Chateau d'Yquem ,Sauternes 。 ? 1855年波尔多红葡萄酒等级表 ? 1855年波尔多白葡萄酒等级表 ? 格拉夫GRAVES次产区葡萄酒庄表 ? 圣-爱美隆次产区葡萄酒等级表 法国葡萄酒的好坏鉴别,酒品年份表 ? 葡萄酒酒瓶的正面标签上标明了该葡萄酒的年份,葡萄年指葡萄采摘和酿造的年份。 它与装瓶年无关。 ? 葡萄年份的好坏与当年葡萄收割前雨水多少有关,雨水过多则葡萄酒酿出来偏淡。 例如,1991年和1992年,波尔多地区就曾阴雨连绵,结果,91和92年的葡萄就不够甜,葡萄皮薄,葡萄酒酿造后,其单宁含量明显不足而口感差。 ? 葡萄年好坏还取决于冬春气候和阳光等...... ? 同一葡萄年对不同地区可能好坏差异,要根据葡萄酒所属地区来查年份表。 ? 即使同一年份的同一产区,也可能有所不同。例如,1997年是公认的葡萄大年,但波尔多产区的MEDOC次产区和GRAVES次产区却因为收获前的一场大雨而使其酒质差于POMOREL次产区和SAINT EMILLION次产区。 ? 最近的大年是2000年。法国很多酒庄都囤积2000年的葡萄酒不发售,想等以后升值再卖。 法国葡萄酒酒瓶形状与产区的关系 ? 波尔多产区,直身瓶型,类似中国的酱油瓶形状。是波尔多酒区的法定瓶型,在法国只有波尔多酒区的葡萄酒在有权利使用这种瓶型。如图 ? 勃艮第产区,略带流线的直身瓶型。 ? 罗讷河谷产区,略带流线的直身瓶型,比勃艮第产区的矮粗。 ? 香槟产区,香槟酒专用瓶型。 ? 阿尔萨斯产区,细长瓶型,是法国阿尔萨斯酒区的特有瓶型。 ? 普罗旺斯产区,细高瓶型,颈部多一个圆环。 ? 卢瓦河谷产区,细长瓶型,近似阿尔萨斯瓶型。 ? 隆格多克鲁西雍产区,矮粗瓶型。 ? 日常餐酒,日常餐酒一般的瓶型象大号的勃艮第瓶型。 air, keep house air fresh, cooling, moisture, reduce the body temperature of the chicken, which is a measure of the chicken house the first element of the environment. (1) the parameters: ventilation in summer peak demand calculations, 4~5 cubic metres per kilogram of body weight per hour, harmful gas concentration does not exceed 20ppm ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, l0ppm, co 0.15%. (2) ventilation natural ventilation and mechanical ... 5. thermal insulation roof cold season is the region of greatest heat loss, are also hot towel sunlight than any other region, so the roof insulation is the most important region, followed by the walls, if open sheds to make doors and Windows switches freely, and seal well. On most of the walls and roof insulation must be taken or equivalent devices, thermal insulation materials require higher thermal resistance, good thermal insulation properties, and thicken the North wall must also be taken of thickness and measures such as roof and ceiling canopy. In places with more rain, due the eaves of roofs on both sides extending outward. Pheasants (pheasants) farm building (a) site choose pheasant fields should be selected gaozao terrain, sand texture, well drained, slightly to the South of terrain. Mountain areas should be selected under the sunny, spacious, ventilation, sunshine, where the drainage is good. Pheasant farms should be built in a quiet, safe place, away from residential areas, factories, the main traffic artery, but taking into account feed, transportation problems. A clean water source, water is not contaminated. To have a reliable power supply, not only to maintain normal lighting,air, keep house air fresh, cooling, moisture, reduce the body temperature of the chicken, which is a measure of the chicken house the first element of the environment. (1) the parameters: ventilation in summer peak demand calculations, 4~5 cubic metres per kilogram of body weight per hour, harmful gas concentration does not exceed 20ppm ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, l0ppm, co 0.15%. (2) ventilation natural ventilation and mechanical ... 5. thermal insulation roof cold season is the region of greatest heat loss, are also hot towel sunlight than any other region, so the roof insulation is the most important region, followed by the walls, if open sheds to make doors and Windows switches freely, and seal well. On most of the walls and roof insulation must be taken or equivalent devices, thermal insulation materials require higher thermal resistance, good thermal insulation properties, and thicken the North wall must also be taken of thickness and measures such as roof and ceiling canopy. In places with more rain, due the eaves of roofs on both sides extending outward. Pheasants (pheasants) farm building (a) site choose pheasant fields should be selected gaozao terrain, sand texture, well drained, slightly to the South of terrain. Mountain areas should be selected under the sunny, spacious, ventilation, sunshine, where the drainage is good. Pheasant farms should be built in a quiet, safe place, away from residential areas, factories, the main traffic artery, but taking into account feed, transportation problems. A clean water source, water is not contaminated. To have a reliable power supply, not only to maintain normal lighting, 法国葡萄酒与酒杯的搭配 ? 红葡萄酒,郁金香型高脚杯,——波尔多型与勃艮第型 ——郁金香型的理由:杯身容量大则葡萄酒可以自由呼吸,杯口略收窄则酒液晃动时不 会溅出来且香味可以集中到杯口。 ——高脚的理由:持杯时,可以用拇指、食指和中指捏住杯茎,手不会碰到杯身,避免 手的温度影响葡萄酒的最佳饮用温度。 ? 白葡萄酒,小号的郁金香型高脚杯 ——郁金香型和高脚的理由:同红葡萄酒杯 ——小杯的理由:白葡萄酒饮用时温度要低,白葡萄酒一旦从冷藏的酒瓶中倒入酒杯, 其温度会迅速上升。为了保持低温,每次倒入杯中的酒要少,斟酒次数要多。 ? 香槟 (气泡葡萄酒)——杯身纤长的直身杯或敞口杯 ——杯型理由:为了让酒中金黄色的美丽气泡上升过程更长,从杯体下部升腾至杯顶的 线条更长,让人欣赏和遐想。 ? 干邑,郁金香球型矮脚杯 ——矮脚杯型理由:持杯时便于用手心托住杯身,借助人的体温来加速酒的挥发。 ? 水晶葡萄酒杯名牌举例: ——法国 BACCARAT 水晶杯 ——奥地利 RIEDEL 水晶杯 法国葡萄酒饮用时的最佳温度 ? 红葡萄酒,室温,约18摄氏度左右 一般的红葡萄酒,应该在饮用前1,2小时先开瓶,让酒呼吸一下,名为"醒酒"。 对于比较贵重的红葡萄酒,一般也要先冰镇一下,时间约1小时。 ? 白葡萄酒,10至12摄氏度左右 对于酒龄高于5年的白葡萄酒可以在低1,2摄氏度,因此,喝白葡萄酒前应该先把酒冰镇一下,一般在冰箱中要冰2小时左右。 ? 香槟酒 (气泡葡萄酒) ,8至10摄氏度左右 喝香槟酒前应该先冰镇一下,一般至少冰3小时,因为香槟的酒瓶比普通酒瓶厚2倍。 法国葡萄酒与餐饮的搭配 ? 法国葡萄酒饮用的基本次序 ——香槟和白葡萄酒饭前作开胃酒喝,红白葡萄酒佐餐时喝,干邑在饭后配甜点喝 ——白葡萄酒先喝,红葡萄酒后喝 ——清淡的葡萄酒先喝,口味重的葡萄酒后喝 ——年轻的葡萄酒先喝,陈年的葡萄酒后喝 ——不甜的葡萄酒先喝,甜味葡萄酒后喝 ? 法国葡萄酒与餐食搭配的基本原则 ——红葡萄酒配红肉类食物,包括中餐中加酱油的食物 ——白葡萄酒配海鲜及白肉类食物 ? 法国葡萄酒与中餐的搭配 酒别 菜肴举例 air, keep house air fresh, cooling, moisture, reduce the body temperature of the chicken, which is a measure of the chicken house the first element of the environment. (1) the parameters: ventilation in summer peak demand calculations, 4~5 cubic metres per kilogram of body weight per hour, harmful gas concentration does not exceed 20ppm ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, l0ppm, co 0.15%. (2) ventilation natural ventilation and mechanical ... 5. thermal insulation roof cold season is the region of greatest heat loss, are also hot towel sunlight than any other region, so the roof insulation is the most important region, followed by the walls, if open sheds to make doors and Windows switches freely, and seal well. On most of the walls and roof insulation must be taken or equivalent devices, thermal insulation materials require higher thermal resistance, good thermal insulation properties, and thicken the North wall must also be taken of thickness and measures such as roof and ceiling canopy. In places with more rain, due the eaves of roofs on both sides extending outward. Pheasants (pheasants) farm building (a) site choose pheasant fields should be selected gaozao terrain, sand texture, well drained, slightly to the South of terrain. Mountain areas should be selected under the sunny, spacious, ventilation, sunshine, where the drainage is good. Pheasant farms should be built in a quiet, safe place, away from residential areas, factories, the main traffic artery, but taking into account feed, transportation problems. A clean water source, water is not contaminated. To have a reliable power supply, not only to maintain normal lighting,air, keep house air fresh, cooling, moisture, reduce the body temperature of the chicken, which is a measure of the chicken house the first element of the environment. (1) the parameters: ventilation in summer peak demand calculations, 4~5 cubic metres per kilogram of body weight per hour, harmful gas concentration does not exceed 20ppm ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, l0ppm, co 0.15%. (2) ventilation natural ventilation and mechanical ... 5. thermal insulation roof cold season is the region of greatest heat loss, are also hot towel sunlight than any other region, so the roof insulation is the most important region, followed by the walls, if open sheds to make doors and Windows switches freely, and seal well. On most of the walls and roof insulation must be taken or equivalent devices, thermal insulation materials require higher thermal resistance, good thermal insulation properties, and thicken the North wall must also be taken of thickness and measures such as roof and ceiling canopy. In places with more rain, due the eaves of roofs on both sides extending outward. Pheasants (pheasants) farm building (a) site choose pheasant fields should be selected gaozao terrain, sand texture, well drained, slightly to the South of terrain. Mountain areas should be selected under the sunny, spacious, ventilation, sunshine, where the drainage is good. Pheasant farms should be built in a quiet, safe place, away from residential areas, factories, the main traffic artery, but taking into account feed, transportation problems. A clean water source, water is not contaminated. To have a reliable power supply, not only to maintain normal lighting,